CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913439a3ac8c5f32',cH: 'OOck0WksIPthOaJvZfTDxl8cB.qyFIpIdTk4rHeYyeA-1739779031-1.2.1.1-YGzoJ7U46uDrNYm3_lvwQKMcDllYdEC0Yg2XxrmuZb0l1FZ3ApVFT3QzBdQBLcwY',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Iman%20Abu-Rub&__cf_chl_tk=d3.3p1OVHLJLXFD99R5eq23zTWHf91vadYS7wKjGd8E-1739779031-1.0.1.1-1ZAujrDdUdYuoxHhvuwFMt02mv7wG_KlprB5f6zTHMA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739779031',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Iman%20Abu-Rub&__cf_chl_f_tk=d3.3p1OVHLJLXFD99R5eq23zTWHf91vadYS7wKjGd8E-1739779031-1.0.1.1-1ZAujrDdUdYuoxHhvuwFMt02mv7wG_KlprB5f6zTHMA",md: "MwqSVecmEpSS8xhjtEmgF1iHFky2lY6y_elOAKMAwVo-1739779031-1.2.1.1-_bL_8JOh47EJxVgtmgQaiu3Mz26kdUzjEf0Sht_OkNPxeKmTGfwJxwWovJRPvLeA1Q.uhYwccADlGmiLSaifM5cB1voOCCMAdJQ39YFplrsOGrNofnnYLG6Sxw74ykY2iKyStAHb9vBh0X5mzoOxx5vXHIB2lekVTnpinFP._9pkBqBpcacr.7twheDV3uXdpp8Sa7JR5D5mR13AAXL2Y12_WMH9_PP6dv58acWnisWF18Tk4nvgYB2boMcmzHXe2za4ZBL610ahuJ9pbG10EaWQsWQ9rsRnY.tXhLYSXNW47yy9Vr5fkbWDWRFKdzRIixuIdpaal2qDNRkwU4xIwdG7Lkrf6ohV1CMqHLqJj0FgOlkxdYaVZ.b6qJz2zkzfo9pkZ028VKzvB8mcNdpzzmG_uK1fe1yjw7hC_PkyuXqMNfVOrRLWoIP2p6_knbai1tTg..GLbcE9H05q5tP.jUjQV6WuKy1PMDpYiuVHvTEk2N..dnh8vyVOipF7Dv7pacm3a5NiDu.DvkHXrQTW_7YoDqs.1caVV4ZoV9J9yagNgM.ZybNie_1Sw7mtMYydnLaXlLJsDcy61hdPGKP77mZRYKE208COaNr.J6.SEAii79K9OR1ri_d6GbGSZl55jTlWoT5st1QY63IHpcC5n2LbQ_Ly.d9XMYrPmbL3FHcnbX_Z0jCPs3vdKu4ExosljLWxzXrXja.vLx7Sps7LZP0JGLU5FO2LOE2Tc_HMXQwACw5C_.YYfFStLPYSRKTTQttcMVFNkWdnnlVCmwC5zV19W.tZDevLBeoQi.eSwBoPK633LcmhfH.8xymG7jRfTxZHYf4Iy0rinsfhuOVXOKxZL.oxQPi14gAVxziwogBUzs34n.i6I55zqGqaVuJdHKkrskCuyVC8o8L8zqlm85Sc0GH1viD3SYNoG039zsqMCzy4Wuq7oQAG4054o9XKuJihV_V8LIpcV7orKjSQRkwWUIFtKZmEPttktwhkRX386WQpIpah28sWewytiF6S4_.AHGL6uaKaZOvuSIjBO1rxm0cKDiY3OhsyWtz8ljrRPC2Db003AbK52GKelQlzMkfW26T4IPltWMOYWaeMI8WegoYwIM19DY02xFIsdJd3GQpoHwfxPlcH_6xqP5MC6VMZtC4DqS3DzOKBBwQE7MAVvSS0cmJ3ApzbjQZGfx7qdtnqEGIXWiCGCsF9zbtBE.p4cH8niq21sraWUkbNzGdsK8VJMBvVTffB8WTzXMWIfjSYXoB0lbAFZUhRaoqLL3DmS13el.TLtYorgjNNcA9tCwO4AMjaOkLZPh06yLEfcSW494.8UOB3ZbDDPg_ghIj5Jncs6Yi5TZ3XJa96xCjtBM8LiqB2wNP7UMTcsWo.QY9dd3FplO9AJxuvKsE2XwnwzqzwcEdgYFooXcYQUvfWomcZt2fnJLiNJdSiFHQLV9IcQMSlUcsWbh9r7GKuGO0KAaLexZ0BzIgB_Jv.FL2o2Inc4RxBrU8rvCrQ88FjgB7oBxDl81LcNCTNtA_Ev.KVsGyiG2wZHOQPYSu9bP58IrS0WZCin.ZoBoPqqjEnvCXGUtK55Dpz_swZn4m48D2dowDS7WIfWcQpzCvwNCl4iUJ40KXCrq.019SQNu2ul0yqynxm6E__IMbVpyMRRx2XjCQOFO.R1bg2r84vdVf_evEz_dDLAejH_gghcOcPfkZVQzbLDX_VuP_4EZjF_7OZieIvGgcTBhX94sb7.Hgv6EsN8.LKNeSuXMoXDAUqJXhA8CJoVO18HdeSdDSXNMY7H.8Yzjk7iSiMF7qUmL7I5Hs1pBkXwrWWIS47h5Q7PlXhv1c5MKbapaLTNoup__lanBV1QSDUkXBxFI1wP6khaVy0asqbZ7Fevmy.WaSp4UY8XWaA3G531BeFMRMe4ehqY8owQN4gqCo5sRbID9RWJKCv_c_uKBE2Z_xFVno",mdrd: "Zc547qkyfPRnws6Zl9OKVWT8HNcj.cDcn2yvEKpnBlE-1739779031-1.2.1.1-ZM9mpm0kvzk_0EFHCxyXVeF8uKG199gt2pf2IYzJ0r_zR5KW_X4YNLUVzRem_RRPk47Ea9O3678SFlL32CvXnaS7G4HSwuPSTq1xaFIGnlH7QLYTzGd.5w7XBAUy6Mg6jGXaMMpKOiaUJr255bz4NiHSEhdswO9C9LxikEMDoOgNch9l_NA_DwLTtANhPt9nXJxuIUgcT32YEHBA2sLHTDJpM.6IHiJ7h1d9xB8cBrbeU36BWpG0ZmR4brA1YiBS5MJdM6BGAGqNl9yQmVMUpKwhs48Y07.8bTnTPxzWnOYiwHV9MnLC._1rBWF2fcide7pAsU5wO_1HnY7vNrb7ozhOSdd0uUXUjItqgpTiQ_ICv1MFBwkkmb3elT5vvHsR7IErrBjdi1oVFaW_f0bbvsoLlbX1UESg_jBFpBTAz0rPWT5EcHIJYY7NK2F6PvUw3KWIKpzOAasL0GFr8kUql16NyHvI3IHt755t3eL3tn1H1pntleqLfBL7j0qMau_fM0pI5ZBAt184dK96qAfo6g5AuAZm_wOsmnmTjz09.LSjbsWaMaCaL20Jw_rgK7KYCiJTobc010LFjaRiyteuzT2RQ9OQzPpohzq9gjj92AKvIL9h1AB0Soq3Bp2Z4Sqs2iHnhMEJoNnKpSjSNbgCwZHKrN_nvpprSpIOyW4WIF9iZWsNyjaju0uEmPgJjFSy_asmSoj9HakOYy2xcidzlXlRQ5tSBn2.dg0CqffMFySc0Pa680D_Gyetv1dhcu0eQ2aMOEXATH84HpOVZqqWtvmdxdQuEthvP11PG3tvvMlpfAlJk.eKETKCvOaPrLHTKj_AmlsL45.edupGhahUQIYVtEgqZexB1Ai72B1U0Je7U1CF65ku2kTZXlZsICQPWkqdGDHXReP6TVE0hQqT8tZ6M9mYiGDQEBjtEd7HrRtzWm_HAhV5DvKysvo.kLO6EUjpoeFrb5s9yAQWotLW1P_tZ1dvEI67Wj_GcPEhC6bXfIhkhLASfI_VdAlq9vnq0ARzU7zpaJijH1vDl9Uc6PPFAp06DAiaSLUTG57SYlJKZtTS5PGh3EYpU9u8uM59qBnsP23Qj76ltIB.0pto7xzje0U8s7NEDNKo4vd96hzgBE9.tDFUpACWrx3h22whNOj.ZUMtx3VcDUz1DVxAycRaFYlqlN8_5yA02GnrdLL5LMi5Dk8Dx9IETchZB3sV0o_ewySKPXEmu0JG3v_U2lKssOT14Zco.gbb0duIvM3izslRtjN4O17PdhrqLAWx5taEUjwjMHZkxwH9sXGl63GdLvZD8sWOS96K__n9j0fBZvIgpwaE.i8m2xiUWUK529E5qx29SFcX_syuDD57EUoqvjQb6032ngcWcqg2UURicLkVIvlIXwiBWTE38qPNMo7V5gqA3c_415TKJSZRKBtOiGKxrJcQZlWsk6bm1FPVILsVFe8Zl59B_1NetI7fTCXqQdAC1V86ardfGj5zh057vus_t7bfjOXCtuyPEKwJ7GeyGUbMUeGjq_fNdZffqYk_NHME9Z3cN1j3fsiAJnWN4av09lxT2c9GlQBQPW3v_XJMRtUi_09dl3e7efWvU7Rv.lUpCI8_F6yJYbGel8_hbZwkkiH7oE8kwCFhH_KwO4bv_PoeA.urZgoyquzWTAe_vvnNz2K9MD6ecrdSWX4G4YhJEijSHiI0Dq5Swtzd6lY0gVwDYZNj9VKISlKJGZqkamystaW7Jw8qkBZYp0RgcReysC47MOEksqhWHut0K4mG2PPTHgzMLNDvS3VVDf_eisO2JfbxIGcEHQ2PU2d8X1cYUGT2ZbBy68BrFfdyhx.GfzCNJJZNEN.aJRBdrLRgK8H3.AqfW7ui18mnu_yI.rtOu2RF8dbNYDoxFL28yqcE9E6ADpk5icuGG3uKTVGwk4X00PFBCAR6Z60KscQLvrkS9vAUumqpD_QOUOgQkv_YbjRd69lVmoz3aBzU"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913439a3ac8c5f32';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Iman%20Abu-Rub&__cf_chl_rt_tk=d3.3p1OVHLJLXFD99R5eq23zTWHf91vadYS7wKjGd8E-1739779031-1.0.1.1-1ZAujrDdUdYuoxHhvuwFMt02mv7wG_KlprB5f6zTHMA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>