CINXE.COM
ChemSpider | Help
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!--[if IE 8 ]><html class="ie ie8" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE)]><!--> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><!--<![endif]--> <head id="ctl00_ctl00_Head1"><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a15316c0c34ec4fbd38","applicationID":"1241802044","transactionName":"NVxUYkYCWBBZAExcWgwWd2VkTF4GVBNVUFsXF1dFRBs=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":20,"agent":"","atts":""}</script><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1385941450",accountID:"3079591",trustKey:"1029994",xpid:"VwYAWFNaCRABVlVTDwEFVlAF",licenseKey:"NRJS-a15316c0c34ec4fbd38",applicationID:"1241802044"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(31),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),S=t(15),P=t(10),M=t("ee"),C=M.get("tracer"),N=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),P.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),P.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),S.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),C.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),P.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(P,"new-jsonp"),a(P,"jsonp-end"),a(P,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,N(!0)),w[v]("load",i,N(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},N(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(32),a=t(31);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(31),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(28),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);return e.protocol&&"data"===e.protocol?void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded"):void(e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this)))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=t(25).recordSupportability,y=NREUM.o.REQ,x=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof x&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof x&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;if("string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof y?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n),"data"!==this.params.protocol){var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof y&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){if(this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),"data"===this.params.protocol)return void g("Ajax/DataUrl/Excluded");this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];if(0===(t||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(31),s=t(32),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(33);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?l("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&l("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(f&&f<r.startTime)return;var o=[r],i=a({});i&&o.push(i),l("lcp",o)}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||l("cls",[t])})}function a(t){var e=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(e)return e.type&&(t["net-type"]=e.type),e.effectiveType&&(t["net-etype"]=e.effectiveType),e.rtt&&(t["net-rtt"]=e.rtt),e.downlink&&(t["net-dlink"]=e.downlink),t}function s(t){if(t instanceof w&&!y){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};a(n),e<=h.now()?n.fid=h.now()-e:e>h.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=h.offset,n.fid=h.now()-e):e=h.now(),y=!0,l("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function c(t){"hidden"===t&&(f=h.now(),l("pageHide",[f]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var f,u,d,p,l=t("handle"),h=t("loader"),m=t(30),v=t(23),w=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){u=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(g){}d=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{d.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(g){}p=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{p.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(g){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var y=!1,x=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];x.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,s,v(!1))})}m(c)}},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(t)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(31),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!T++){var t=O.info=NREUM.info,e=m.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(E,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+O.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=m.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=l+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===m.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+O.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(31),f=t("ee"),u=t(29),d=t(21),p=t(23),l=d.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",h=window,m=h.document,v="addEventListener",w="attachEvent",g=h.XMLHttpRequest,y=g&&g.prototype,x=!1;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:h.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:g,REQ:h.Request,EV:h.Event,PR:h.Promise,MO:h.MutationObserver};var b=""+location,E={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1216.min.js"},R=g&&y&&y[v]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),O=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:b,features:{},xhrWrappable:R,userAgent:u,disabled:x};if(!x){t(20),t(27),m[v]?(m[v]("DOMContentLoaded",i,p(!1)),h[v]("load",r,p(!1))):(m[w]("onreadystatechange",o),h[w]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var T=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(32),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]);</script> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <script class="optanon-category-C0001" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/887aa0cb-2793-45c3-8af4-00264a14f0d5/OtAutoBlock.js" ></script> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="887aa0cb-2793-45c3-8af4-00264a14f0d5" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; var target = document.querySelector('head script:nth-of-type(11)'); if (target) { target.parentNode.insertBefore(j, target); } else { console.error('Target element not found'); } })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NBMLLNP'); }); </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link href="/js/jquery.1.9.0/themes/base/jquery-ui-1.9.0.custom.css?version=20150206" rel="stylesheet" /><link href="/js/jquery.1.9.0/themes/base/ip-jquery-ui-1.9.0.custom.css?version=20150206" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/scripts.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/utils.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/jquery.1.8.2/js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/jquery.1.8.2/js/jquery-ui-1.9.0.custom.min.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/jquery.cookie.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/jquery_mobile.1.4.5/jquery.mobile.custom.min.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/yahoo-dom-event.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/inlineHelp.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/jsmol/JSmol.min.nojq.js?version=20150206"></script> <!-- Responsive design --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/global/webfonts/museo.css?version=20150206" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-ui.css?version=20150206" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-ui-layout.css?version=20150206" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-ui-controls.css?version=20150206" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-ui-masthead.css?version=20190625" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-ui-footer.css?version=20190625" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/rsc.org/core/css/rsc-theme-blue.css?version=20150206" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/rsc.org/core/js/rsc-ui.js?version=20190625"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/rsc.org/core/js/rsc-ui-masthead.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { // This is a OneTrust callback function that runs after the banner script has loaded var onetrustGeolocationResponse = OneTrust.getGeolocationData(); if (onetrustGeolocationResponse.state == "ca") { // If GeoLocation state is CA (Califronia) then show the CA footer link document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca").style.display = "block"; } else if (onetrustGeolocationResponse.country == "br") { // If GeoLocation country is BR (Brazil) then show the BR footer link document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br").style.display = "block"; } } </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /><link rel="manifest" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/site.webmanifest" /><link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5" /><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2d89ef" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/responsive/css/chemspider-ui.css?version=20151708" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/responsive/css/chemspider.css?version=20150206" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/responsive/css/ie-fix.css?version=20150206" /> <style type="text/css"> .rsc-ui .site-msg-wrapper { background-color: #f6f6f7; border: 1px solid #737373; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px -4px rgba(25,25,25,.1); color: #252729; line-height: 24px; margin: 15px 0; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } .rsc-ui .site-msg-wrapper .site-msg-title { background-color: #54585a; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; width: 100%; padding: 12px 16px; font-weight: 700; } .rsc-ui .site-msg-wrapper .site-msg-message { box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; padding: 16px 16px 2px; } /* RSC OneTrust styles */ .rsc-onetrust-cookie-settings { text-align: right; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy { background-color: #FFFFFF; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 1px solid #147098 !important; color: #147098 !important; font-size: 1em !important; line-height: 1em !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:hover { background-color: #147098 !important; border: 1px solid #147098 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; font-size: 1em !important; line-height: 1em !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a { color: #147098 !important; text-decoration: none !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a:hover { color: #004976 !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer { background-color: #252729; padding: 1em; padding-bottom: 10em; color: #E5E5E5; text-align: center; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a { color: #78D9EA; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:focus, .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline; } </style> <script class="optanon-category-C0001" type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="/responsive/js/chemspider.js?version=20150206"></script> <link href="/js/FooTable-2/css/footable.core.css?version=20150206" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="/js/FooTable-2/js/footable.js?version=20150206" data-ot-ignore type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <script type="text/plain" async data-ot-ignore src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" class="optanon-category-C0004"></script> <script type="text/plain" async data-ot-ignore src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js" class="optanon-category-C0001"></script> <!-- <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> --> <script> // Set a page level variable // We need to check for consent to Targetting cookies: C0004 var gptLimitedAds = !(otCookieCheck('C0004')); // Return a boolean value based on the users consent // The decpded value of the OptanonConsent cookie is in this form: // consentId=96ee171a-c334-4ede-aa50-763e47f620fd&datestamp=Thu Jul 21 2022 12:01:54 GMT+0100 (British Summer Time)&version=6.37.0&interactionCount=1&isGpcEnabled=0&isIABGlobal=false&hosts=&landingPath=NotLandingPage&groups=C0001:1,C0002:1,C0003:1,C0004:1 function otCookieCheck(category) { var otCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie('OptanonConsent')); return otCookie.indexOf(category + ":1") > -1; } // Classic get cookie value loop function // Returns the value of a specified cookie function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') { c = c.substring(1); } if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) { return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } } return ""; } </script> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <!-- <script type="text/javascript"> --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0001"> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/ChemSpider_MPU_Top', [300, 250], 'div-dfp-ad-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/ChemSpider_MPU_Spotlight', [300, 250], 'div-dfp-ad-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/ChemSpider_Leaderboard', [728, 90], 'div-dfp-ad-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/ChemSpider_MPU_Bottom', [[300, 250], [300, 100]], 'div-dfp-ad-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({'limitedAds': gptLimitedAds}); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/academic_search.css?version=20150206" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/responsive/css/pt.css?version=20150206" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/google.css?version=20150206" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/ct.communitytagging.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/cs.compoundinfo.css" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="ChemSpider" href="/ChemSpiderOpenSearch.xml" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ChemSpider Blog" href="http://blogs.rsc.org/chemspider/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ChemSpider New Compounds" href="/rss.ashx?c=compounds" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ChemSpider Rich Descriptions" href="/rss.ashx?c=descriptions" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ChemSpider Data Sources" href="/rss.ashx?c=datasources" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ChemSpider Spectra" href="/rss.ashx?c=spectra" /> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/content_loader.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/infobox2.js?version=20150206"></script> <script class="optanon-category-C0001" type="text/javascript" language="javascript" src="/js/jquery.print_area.js?version=20150206"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-ot-ignore src="/js/infotab.js?version=20150206"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9 ]> <script type="text/javascript"> document.createElement('header'); document.createElement('nav'); document.createElement('section'); document.createElement('article'); document.createElement('aside'); document.createElement('footer'); </script> <![endif]--> <link href="/css/chemspider.widgets.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" /><title> ChemSpider | Help </title></head> <body id="ctl00_ctl00_chemspider_body" class="rsc-ui"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NBMLLNP" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <form name="aspnetForm" method="post" action="./HelpMenu.aspx" id="aspnetForm" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTTARGET" id="__EVENTTARGET" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTARGUMENT" id="__EVENTARGUMENT" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="/wEPDwULLTEwMDUyNjYzMjgPFgIeBlJFQ19JRAL/////DxYCZg9kFgJmD2QWAgIDD2QWAgIBD2QWBAICDw9kFgIeCm9uS2V5UHJlc3MFXmphdmFzY3JpcHQ6aWYgKGV2ZW50LmtleUNvZGUgPT0gMTMpIHsgX19kb1Bvc3RCYWNrKCdjdGwwMCRjdGwwMCRxc19xdWVyeScsJycpOyByZXR1cm4gZmFsc2U7IH1kAgMPFgIeB29uQ2xpY2sFM2phdmFzY3JpcHQ6IF9fZG9Qb3N0QmFjaygnY3RsMDAkY3RsMDAkcXNfcXVlcnknLCcnKWRkgK9kqzhbP4BZpfFDvugNs32Q+H0=" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var theForm = document.forms['aspnetForm']; if (!theForm) { theForm = document.aspnetForm; } function __doPostBack(eventTarget, eventArgument) { if (!theForm.onsubmit || (theForm.onsubmit() != false)) { theForm.__EVENTTARGET.value = eventTarget; theForm.__EVENTARGUMENT.value = eventArgument; theForm.submit(); } } //]]> </script> <script src="/WebResource.axd?d=TzhW4Uh4L8M7ktG6h2BMgn7YHuqxiTbiEO2Z_RM738iBQjEMSSfYBX_WHxCMsqUXuaoYUd6xiu7ZVVOKGklihn-qAjw1&t=638240385260000000" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/js/jquery.chemspider.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="Scripts/WebForms/MsAjax/MicrosoftAjax.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="Scripts/WebForms/MsAjax/MicrosoftAjaxWebForms.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="6C7B1B3A" /> </div> <a href="#pnlMainContent" class="skipto" tabindex="1">Jump to main content</a> <a href="#pnlSiteNav" class="skipto" tabindex="1">Jump to site nav</a> <div class="masthead-slider" id="pnlMastheadSlider"> <div class="viewport"> <a href="#" class="button icon fl-r" id="btnCloseSliderNav"> <img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/cross-light.png" width="24" height="24" alt="" data-ot-ignore /></a> <a href="https://www.rsc.org/" title="Royal Society of Chemistry homepage" class="rsc-logo"> <img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/logo/rsc-logo-rev-180x120.png" width="180" height="120" alt="" /></a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership & professional community</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigning & outreach</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/">Journals, books & databases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/teaching-and-learning/">Teaching & learning</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News & events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/locations-contacts/">Locations & contacts</a></li> <li class="search"> <label for="text1"> <input type="text" name="searchRsc" id="searchRsc" placeholder="Search rsc.org" onkeypress="javascript:if (event.keyCode == 13){$('#btnSearchRsc').click();return false;}" /> <button name="btnSearchRsc" id="btnSearchRsc" class="blue bg" type="button" onclick="if($('#searchRsc').val()!=''){window.location='http://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=' + $('#searchRsc').val();}"> <img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/search-light.png" width="24" height="24" class="btn-icon" alt="" data-ot-ignore></button> </label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <header class="rsc-masthead"> <div class="viewport"> <div class="tab"><a href="#" id="btnRSCTab"><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/logo/rsc-tab-dark.png" height="40" alt=""/></a></div> <nav class="primary"> <ul class="nav-mobile"> <li><a href="#" id="btnMobileNav"><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/hamburger-light.png" height="24" alt="" data-ot-ignore/></a></li> <li><a href="#" id="btnMobileSearch"><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/search-light.png" height="24" alt="" data-ot-ignore/></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/rsc-id/authorization?client_id=4CCAE009-455C-4866-8D0E-AF558D0046BA&response_type=code&state=a1332c77-77c3-46f4-9d35-0cd9959e9519&scope=developer&isLoginPageRequired=True&redirect_uri=http%3a%2f%2fwww.chemspider.com%2fHelpMenu.aspx"><img height="24" src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/profile-light.png"></a></li> <li><a href="/HelpMenu.aspx"><img height="24" alt="" src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/help-blue.png" data-ot-ignore></a></li> </ul> <ul class="nav-full" id="pnlSiteNav"> <ul class="n"> <li><a href="/Default.aspx" title="Main homepage">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/About.aspx">About us</a></li> <li><a href="https://developer.rsc.org" title="Online calculations and web services">Web APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/HelpMenu.aspx" title="Various help pages">Help</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/rsc-id/authorization?client_id=4CCAE009-455C-4866-8D0E-AF558D0046BA&response_type=code&state=9a5681b3-e58d-4c73-b597-600bf1df42b2&scope=developer&isLoginPageRequired=True&redirect_uri=http%3a%2f%2fwww.chemspider.com%2fHelpMenu.aspx"><img height="12" width="12" src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/profile-light.png"> Sign in</a></li> </ul> </nav> <hr class="clear"/> <a href="/" class="masthead-logo"> <span class="title">ChemSpider</span> <span class="strap">Search and share chemistry</span> </a> <span class="search-wrapper" id="pnlSiteSearch"> <label for="text1"> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$qs_query" type="text" id="ctl00_ctl00_qs_query" name="qs_query" placeholder="Search ChemSpider" onKeyPress="javascript:if (event.keyCode == 13) { __doPostBack('ctl00$ctl00$qs_query',''); return false; }" /><button><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/search-light.png" id="ctl00_ctl00_search_btn" width="24" height="24" class="btn-icon" onClick="javascript: __doPostBack('ctl00$ctl00$qs_query','')" /></button> </label> </span> <hr class="clear"/> </div> </header> <nav class="bar-wrapper"> <div class="viewport"> <ul class="bar list"> <li><a href="/Search.aspx" title="Search on Synonym, InChIKey, InChIKey (skeleton), SMILES, InChI, Registry. Input e.g. benzene, c1ccccc1, InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6H, 236 (same as /SimpleSearch.aspx).">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/StructureSearch.aspx" title="Search for a compound or compounds including a specified substructure. Options for exact match, tautomers, skeleton or isomers. Input: Convert from Name, SMILES or InChI; Load from MOL, SDF, CDX, SKC, GIF, JPG, PNG, TIFF; Draw in ACD/Labs SDA or Symyx Jdraw.">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/FullSearch.aspx" title="Combined search by Structure, Identifier, Elements, Properties, Calculated Properties, Data Source and/or LASSO similarity. Input e.g. bromine must be present and carbon must not be present, molecular weight <=100.">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/History.aspx" title="Shows all searches (with links to their results) performed within the last day.">History</a></li> </ul> <hr class="clear"/> </div> </nav> <hr class="clear" /> <div class="main-content viewport" id="pnlMainContent"> <div class="content-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager._initialize('ctl00$ctl00$ScriptManSection$ScriptManager1', 'aspnetForm', [], [], [], 90, 'ctl00$ctl00'); //]]> </script> <h1>Help</h1> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/GettingStarted.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Getting Started</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>A quick guide to showcase the types of information that you might find in ChemSpider.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/SearchHelp.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Searching</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Find out more about searching by Name or Structure, and learn about Advanced searching.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/FAQ.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">FAQ</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Frequently asked questions about ChemSpider.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/Contact.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Contact Us</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>How to contact the ChemSpider team.</li> </ul> </div><hr class="clear"> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/RegistrationAndAccounts.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Registration</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Information on how to create a ChemSpider account, and what you can do with it once you have created one.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/Curation.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Curation</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Details of how to curate records and best practice.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/Deposition.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Deposition</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Resources to help you contribute structures and related data.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8E2339C24DCAF622"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Help Videos</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Take a look at our ChemSpider playlist on the Royal Society of Chemistry YouTube channel.</li> </ul> </div><hr class="clear"> <div class="column four wide"> <a class="menu-detail-link" href="/ACDLabs.aspx"> <h2 class="block-header"><img class="btn-chevron" height="12" src="./i/chevron-right.png" width="12">Predicted Properties</h2> </a> <ul class="unstyled"> <li>Definitions of compound properties predicted from ACD/Labs.</li> </ul> </div> <div id="ad_top" style="text-align: center;" class="hide-below-tablet"> <br /> <!-- Chemspider leader board slot--> <p><span>Advertisement</span><br /> <div id='div-dfp-ad-3'> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <!-- <script type="text/javascript">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-3'); });</script> --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0001">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-3'); });</script> </div> </p> </div> <div style="clear: both;"> <!-- this is needed so that jquery dialogs work ok --> </div> </div> <div class="advert-wrapper"> <!-- Chemspider advert and spotlight slots--> <p> <span>Advertisement</span><br /> <div id='div-dfp-ad-1'> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <!-- <script type="text/javascript">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-1'); });</script> --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0001">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-1'); });</script> </div> </p> <br /> <p> <span>Spotlight</span><br /> <div id='div-dfp-ad-2'> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <!-- <script type="text/javascript">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-2'); });</script> --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0001">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-2'); });</script> </div> </p> <br /> <p> <span>Advertisement</span><br /> <div id='div-dfp-ad-4'> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <!-- <script type="text/javascript">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-4'); });</script> --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0001">googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-dfp-ad-4'); });</script> </div> </p> </div> </div> <hr class="clear" /> <div data-id="pnlGlobalFooter"> <div class="rsc-ui"> <!-- start oxygen footer --> <footer class="rsc-footer"> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <div class="viewport"> <ul> <li class="extra"><a href="https://www.rsc.org/">rsc.org</a></li> <li class="extra"><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/chevron-right-light.png" width="8" height="8" alt="" data-ot-ignore/> <a href="https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/">Journals, books & databases</a></li> <li class="extra"><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/chevron-right-light.png" width="8" height="8" alt="" data-ot-ignore/> <a href="https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/databases-literature-updates/">Databases & literature updates</a></li> <li><img src="/rsc.org/core/images/icons/chevron-right-light.png" width="8" height="8" alt="" data-ot-ignore/> <a href="#" class="selected">ChemSpider</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="nav" id="pnlSiteMap"> <div class="viewport"> <div class="rsc-logo"> <img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/logo/rsc-logo-rev.png" alt="Royal Society of Chemistry homepage" /> </div> <div class="links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership & professional community</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigning & outreach</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/">Journals, books & databases</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/teaching-and-learning/">Teaching & learning</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News & events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/locations-contacts/">Locations & contacts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/awards-funding/">Awards & funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/advertise/">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/help-legal/">Help & legal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/help-legal/legal/privacy/">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/help-legal/legal/terms-conditions/">Terms & conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <hr class="clear" /> </div> </div> <div class="baseline"> <div class="viewport"> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/RoyalSocietyofChemistry" class="facebook"><span>Facebook</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/global/header-footer/images/icons/facebook.png" height="32" width="32" alt="" /></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RoySocChem" class="twitter"><span>Twitter</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/global/header-footer/images/icons/twitter.png" height="32" width="32" alt="" /></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/23105" class="linkedin"><span>LinkedIn</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/global/header-footer/images/icons/linkedin.png" height="32" width="32" alt="" /></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/wwwRSCorg" class="youtube"><span>Youtube</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/global/header-footer/images/icons/youtube.png" height="32" width="32" alt="" /></a> </div> <div class="copyright"> © Royal Society of Chemistry 2024<br />Registered charity number: 207890 </div> </div> </div> <hr class="clear" /> <!-- chemspider-cookies --> <div class="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer"> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global"> See how this site uses <a href="/Cookies.aspx">Cookies</a>. </span> <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca" style="display: none;"> <a href="/Cookies.aspx">Do not sell my personal data</a>. </span> </div> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br" style="display: none;"> Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experi锚ncia ao usu谩rio. <span> Veja como este site usa <a href="/Cookies.aspx">Cookies</a>. </span> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- end oxygen footer --> </div> </div> <div style="clear: both;"><!-- this is needed so that jquery dialogs work ok --></div> </form> </body> </html>