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id="toc-Under_independent_Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Nigerian civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 International recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_events_and_Biafran_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_events_and_Biafran_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Post-war events and Biafran nationalism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war_events_and_Biafran_nationalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-war events and Biafran nationalism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war_events_and_Biafran_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_People_of_Biafra_(IPOB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_People_of_Biafra_(IPOB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_People_of_Biafra_(IPOB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biafra_Republic_Government_in_Exile_(BRGIE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biafra_Republic_Government_in_Exile_(BRGIE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biafra_Republic_Government_in_Exile_(BRGIE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Biafra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بيافرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيافرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بیافرا جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیافرا جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বিয়াফ্রা প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়াফ্রা প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Біяфра (рэспубліка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяфра (рэспубліка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биафра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биафра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biaffra" title="Biaffra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Biaffra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπιάφρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπιάφρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafro" title="Biafro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biafro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بیافرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیافرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC" title="비아프라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비아프라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyafara" title="Biyafara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Biyafara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%8Bafra" title="Bịafra – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bịafra" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADafra" title="Bíafra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bíafra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ביאפרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביאפרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serxweb%C3%BBna_Biyafray%C3%AA" title="Serxwebûna Biyafrayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serxwebûna Biyafrayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بيافرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيافرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بیَفرو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیَفرو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Biafra" title="Republiek Biafra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Republiek Biafra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ビアフラ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビアフラ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬਿਆਫ਼੍ਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਆਫ਼੍ਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بيافرا جمهوريت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بيافرا جمهوريت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биафра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биафра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Biafra (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biafra (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бијафра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бијафра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra_Cumhuriyeti" title="Biafra Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biafra Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byafra" title="Byafra – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Byafra" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біафра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біафра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بيافرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بيافرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="比亚法拉共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比亚法拉共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Biafra" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89" title="比亞法拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比亞法拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biafra&params=6_27_N_7_30_E_source:kolossus-svwiki_type:city">6°27′N 7°30′E / 6.450°N 7.500°E / 6.450; 7.500</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Biafra&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Partially recognised state in West Africa (1967–1970)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about former partially-recognised state. For the musician, see <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Biafra</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bìá fá rá</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1967–1970</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Biafra.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Biafra"><img alt="Flag of Biafra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/125px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/188px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/250px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Biafra.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Biafra"><img alt="Coat of arms of Biafra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_arms_of_Biafra.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_arms_of_Biafra.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="653" /></a></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Peace, Unity, and Freedom"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Rising_Sun_(national_anthem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of the Rising Sun (national anthem)">Land of the Rising Sun</a>"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="Biafra_anthem_audio.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Biafra_anthem_audio.mp3/Biafra_anthem_audio.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Biafra_anthem_audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Republic of Biafra in red, with its puppet state of the Republic of Benin in striped red, and Nigeria in dark gray."><img alt="The Republic of Biafra in red, with its puppet state of the Republic of Benin in striped red, and Nigeria in dark gray." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg/250px-Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg/375px-Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg/500px-Map_of_Biafra_with_Benin_and_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="327" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Republic of Biafra in red, with its puppet state of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Republic of Benin</a> in striped red, and Nigeria in dark gray.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Republic of Biafra in May 1967"><img alt="Republic of Biafra in May 1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/250px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/375px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg/500px-Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="850" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Republic of Biafra in May 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Partially recognised state</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_(city)" title="Enugu (city)">Enugu</a> (1967)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a> (1967–1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a> (1969–1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> (1970)</li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biafra&params=6_27_N_7_30_E_source:kolossus-svwiki_type:city">6°27′N 7°30′E / 6.450°N 7.500°E / 6.450; 7.500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a><a href="#cite_note-smith-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div>Minority languages<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijaw language">Ijaw</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ejagham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> (70%)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Biafran</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Republic</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Biafra" title="List of presidents of Biafra">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">C. Odumegwu Ojukwu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Council of Chiefs</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Consultative Assembly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Rejoins Federal Nigeria </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1967</th><td class="infobox-data">77,306<a href="#cite_note-land-3">[3]</a> km2 (29,848 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,500,000<a href="#cite_note-land-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$40.750 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biafran_pound" title="Biafran pound">Biafran pound</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Biafara <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">anglicized</a> as Biafra (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/biˈæfərə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">/ˌbiːə-ˈfɑː-rə/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> officially the Republic of Biafra,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">partially recognised state</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> that declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and existed from 1967 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Its territory consisted of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Region</a> of Nigeria, predominantly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-smith-1">[1]</a> Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer and Eastern Region governor <a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a> under his presidency, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Nigerian military attempted to reclaim the territory of Biafra, resulting in the start of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>. Biafra was officially <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvalier dynasty">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> while receiving <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> recognition and covert military support from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> After nearly three years of war, during which around two million Biafran civilians died, president Ojukwu fled into exile in Ivory Coast as the Nigerian military approached the capital of Biafra. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a> became the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Biafra" title="List of presidents of Biafra">president of Biafra</a>, and he oversaw the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Biafran_Armed_Forces" title="Biafran Armed Forces">Biafran forces</a> to Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo nationalism</a> became a strong political and social force after the civil war. It has grown more militant since the 1990s, calling for the independence of the Biafran people and the establishment of their state.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Various Biafran secessionist groups have emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People_of_Biafra" title="Indigenous People of Biafra">Indigenous People of Biafra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biafra_Zionist_Front" title="Biafra Zionist Front">Biafra Zionist Front</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg/220px-Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg/330px-Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg/440px-Atlas_Ortelius_KB_PPN369376781-006av-006br.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>Map of Africa (<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, 1584)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_(Guinea,_the_Bight_of_Benin,_Congo)_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg/220px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg/330px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg/440px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_West_Africa_%28Guinea%2C_the_Bight_of_Benin%2C_Congo%29_-_Geographicus_-_WestAfrica-bonne-1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Map of West Africa (<a href="/wiki/Rigobert_Bonne" title="Rigobert Bonne">Rigobert Bonne</a> (Royal Cartographer of France) 1770)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg/250px-West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg/330px-West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg/500px-West_Africa_1839_Mitchell_map_-_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Map of West Africa (1839); Biafra is shown in the region of "<a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinea" title="Lower Guinea">Lower Guinea</a>"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae,_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Kingd._of_Biafara._Africae%2C_Described._The_manners_of_their_Habits_and_buildings_newly_done_into_English_by_I.S_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Biafara, map by <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a> (1676)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a> maps of Africa from the 15th to the 19th centuries, drawn from accounts written by explorers and travellers, show references to Biafar, Biafara, Biafra,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and Biafares.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to the maps, the European travellers used the word Biafara to describe the region of today's West Cameroon, including an area around today's Equatorial Guinea. The German publisher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Zedler" title="Johann Heinrich Zedler">Johann Heinrich Zedler</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Grosses_vollst%C3%A4ndiges_Universal-Lexicon" title="Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon">encyclopedia of 1731</a>, published the exact geographical location of the capital of Biafara, namely alongside the river <a href="/wiki/Wouri_River" title="Wouri River">Rio dos Camaroes</a> in today's Cameroon, underneath 6 degrees 10 min latitude.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The words Biafara and Biafares also appear on maps from the 18th century in the area around Senegal and Gambia.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg/250px-Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg/330px-Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg/500px-Gulf_of_Guinea_Guillaume_Lavasseur_de_Dieppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>French map of the Gulf of Guinea from 1849</figcaption></figure> In his personal writings from his travels, a Rev. Charles W. Thomas defined the locations of islands in the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a> as "between the parallels of <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">longitude 5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/9th_meridian_east" title="9th meridian east">9° East</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_parallel_north" title="4th parallel north">latitude 4° North</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_parallel_south" title="2nd parallel south">2° South</a>".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_independent_Nigeria">Under independent Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under independent Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> became independent of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic, cultural, religious, or political boundaries. Thus, the northern region of the country has a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Muslim</a> majority, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. The southern population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Christian</a>, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and Igbo states in the west and east respectively. Following independence, Nigeria was demarcated primarily along ethnic lines: a <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> majority in the north, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> majority in the West, and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> majority in the East.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-20">[20]</a> Ethnic tension had simmered in Nigeria during discussions of independence, but in the mid-twentieth century, ethnic and religious riots began to occur. In 1945 an ethnic riot<a href="#cite_note-Plotnicov1971-21">[21]</a> flared up in <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a> in which Hausa-Fulani people targeted Igbo people and left many dead and wounded. Police and army units from Kaduna had to be brought in to restore order. A newspaper article describes the event: <blockquote>At <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a> in 1945, a sudden and savage attack by Northerners took the Easterners completely by surprise, and before the situation could be brought under control, the bodies of Eastern women, men, and children littered the streets and their property worth thousands of pounds reduced to shambles<a href="#cite_note-Plotnicov1971-21">[21]</a></blockquote> Three thousand Igbo people were murdered in the Jos riots.<a href="#cite_note-WWWN-22">[22]</a> In 1953 a similar riot occurred in <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>. A decade later in 1964 and during the Western political crisis,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the Western Region was divided as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Akintola" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Akintola">Ladoke Akintola</a> clashed with <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>. Widespread reports of fraud tarnished the election's legitimacy. Westerners especially resented the political domination of the Northern People's Congress, many of whose candidates ran unopposed in the election. Violence spread throughout the country, and some began to flee the North and West, some to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Dahomey</a>. The apparent domination of the political system by the North, and the chaos breaking out across the country, motivated elements within the military to consider decisive action. The federal government, dominated by Northern Nigeria, allowed the crisis to unfold with the intention of declaring a state of emergency and placing the Western Region under martial law. This administration of the Nigerian federal government was widely perceived to be corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In January 1966, the situation reached a breaking point. A <a href="/wiki/1966_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Nigerian coup d'état">military coup occurred</a> during which a mixed but predominantly Igbo group of army officers assassinated 30 political leaders, including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa" title="Abubakar Tafawa Balewa">Abubakar Tafawa Balewa</a>, and the Northern premier, Sir <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello" title="Ahmadu Bello">Ahmadu Bello</a>. The four most senior officers of Northern origin were also killed. <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, the President, of Igbo extraction, and the favoured Western Region politician <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a> were not killed. The commander of the army, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">General Aguiyi Ironsi</a>, seized power to maintain order.<a href="#cite_note-Omoigui2-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bozimo-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-onlinenigeria-27">[27]</a> In July 1966, northern officers and army units staged a countercoup, killing General Aguiyi Ironsi and several southern officers. The predominantly Muslim officers named a general from a small ethnic group (the Angas) in central Nigeria, General <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu "Jack" Gowon</a>, as the head of the Federal Military Government (FMG). The two coups deepened Nigeria's ethnic tensions. In September 1966, <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">approximately 30,000 Igbo civilians were killed and hundreds of thousand more maimed, had their properties confiscated and fled the north</a>, and some Northerners were expelled in backlashes in eastern cities.<a href="#cite_note-onwar-28">[28]</a> In January 1967, the military leaders <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu "Jack" Gowon</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Ojukwu</a> and senior police officials of each region met in <a href="/wiki/Aburi" title="Aburi">Aburi</a> in Ghana and agreed on a less centralised union of regions. The Northerners were at odds with this agreement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accords</a>; <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>, the leader of the Western Region warned that if the Eastern Region seceded, the Western Region would also, which persuaded the northerners.<a href="#cite_note-onwar-28">[28]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:420px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Now, therefore, I, Lieutenant-Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, by virtue of the authority, and pursuant to the principles, recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria together with her continental shelf and territorial waters shall henceforth be an independent sovereign state of the name and title of "The Republic of Biafra". </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></cite></div> </div> After returning to Nigeria, the federal government reneged on the agreement and unilaterally declared the creation of several new states including some that <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandered</a> the Igbos in Biafra. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_civil_war">Nigerian civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nigerian civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></div> On 26 May, Ojukwu decreed secession from Nigeria after consultations with community leaders from across the Eastern Region. Four days later, Ojukwu unilaterally declared the independence of the Republic of Biafra, citing the Igbos killed in the post-coup violence as reasons for the declaration of independence.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-onwar-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It is believed this was one of the major factors that sparked the war.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The large amount of oil in the region also created conflict, as oil was already becoming a major component of the Nigerian economy.<a href="#cite_note-AU-32">[32]</a> Biafra was ill-equipped for war, with fewer army personnel and less equipment than the Nigerian military, but had advantages over the Nigerian state as they were fighting in their homeland and had the support of most Biafrans.<a href="#cite_note-Omoigui-33">[33]</a> The FMG attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967. Nigeria's initial efforts were unsuccessful; the Biafrans successfully launched their own offensive, and expansion efforts; occupying areas in the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Region,_Nigeria" title="Mid-Western Region, Nigeria">mid-Western Region</a> in August 1967. This led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Republic of Benin</a>, a short lived puppet state. However, with the support of the British, American and Soviet governments, Nigeria turned the tide of the war. By October 1967, the FMG had regained the land after intense fighting.<a href="#cite_note-onwar-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC.On_This_Day-34">[34]</a> In September 1968, the federal army planned what Gowon described as the "final offensive". Initially, the final offensive was neutralised by Biafran troops. In the latter stages, a Southern FMG offensive managed to break through the fierce resistance.<a href="#cite_note-onwar-28">[28]</a> Due to the proliferation of television and international news organizations, the war found a global audience. 1968 saw the images of malnourished and starving Biafran children reach the mass media of <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a> and led to <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisations</a> become involved to provide humanitarian aid, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Biafran_airlift" title="Biafran airlift">Biafran airlift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> After two-and-a-half years of war, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (three-quarters of them small children) died from starvation caused by the total <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the region by the Nigerian government,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Biafran forces under Nigeria's motto of "No-victor, No-vanquished" surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG)</a>. The surrender was facilitated by the Biafran Vice President and Chief of General Staff, Major General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a>, who assumed leadership of the Republic of Biafra after the first President, Colonel <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a>, fled to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> After the surrender of Biafrans, some Igbos who had fled the conflict returned to their properties but were unable to claim them back from new occupants. This became law in the Abandoned Properties Act (28 September 1979).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It was purported that at the start of the civil war, Igbos withdrew their funds from Nigerian banks and converted it to the Biafran currency. After the war, bank accounts owned by Biafrans were seized and a Nigerian panel resolved to give every Igbo person an account with only 20 pounds.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Federal projects in Biafra were also greatly reduced compared to other parts of Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-WWWN-22">[22]</a> In an Intersociety study it was found that Nigerian security forces also extorted approximately $100 million per year from illegal roadblocks and other methods from <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> – a cultural sub-region of Biafra in what is now southern Nigeria, causing the Igbo citizenry to trust the Nigerian security forces even less than before.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biafra_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biafra_sat.png/220px-Biafra_sat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biafra_sat.png/330px-Biafra_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Biafra_sat.png/440px-Biafra_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of the former Republic of Biafra</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Biafra comprised over 29,848 square miles (77,310 km2) of land,<a href="#cite_note-land-3">[3]</a> with terrestrial borders shared with <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the north and west, and with <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to the east. Its coast is on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> in the south. The country's northeast bordered the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benue_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benue Hills (page does not exist)">Benue Hills</a> and mountains that lead to Cameroon. Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea: the <a href="/wiki/Imo_River" title="Imo River">Imo River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The territory of the Republic of Biafra is covered nowadays by the reorganised <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_State_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta State (Nigeria)">Delta</a> and southern Kogi and Benue states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The languages of Biafra were <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, Anaang, Efik, Ibibio, Ogoni, and Ijaw.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was used as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">national language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> The Republic of Biafra, a short-lived state that existed from 1967 to 1970, was characterized by a unitary republic structure administered under emergency measures. It comprised an executive branch led by the Biafran president and the Biafran Cabinet, along with a judicial branch that included the Ministry of Justice, the Biafran Supreme Court, and other subordinate courts, reflecting its attempts to establish a functioning governmental system during the period of secession.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_recognition">International recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International recognition">edit</a>]</div> Biafra was formally <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvalier dynasty">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Zambia</a>. Other nations, that did not officially recognise Biafra, but granted <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> recognition in the form of diplomatic support or military aid, included <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> Biafra received aid from <a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state actors</a>, including Joint Church Aid, foreign <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost Fathers">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> of Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas Internationalis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Doctors Without Borders</a> also originated in response to the suffering. Although the government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> maintained an officially neutral stance during the war, there was strong public support for Biafra in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive was founded by American activists to spread pro-Biafran propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was sympathetic to Biafra. Before he won the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>, he accused Nigeria of committing genocide against Biafrans and called for the United States to intervene in the war to support Biafra. However, he was ultimately unsuccessful in his efforts to aid Biafra due to the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> An early institution created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, accomplished under "Decree No. 3 of 1967".<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> The bank carried out all central banking functions including the administration of foreign exchange and the management of the public debt of the Republic.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> The bank was administered by a governor and four directors; the first governor, who signed on bank notes, was <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Ugoh" title="Sylvester Ugoh">Sylvester Ugoh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> A second decree, "Decree No. 4 of 1967", modified the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> The bank was first located in Enugu, but due to the ongoing war, it was relocated several times.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> Biafra attempted to finance the war through foreign exchange. After Nigeria announced its currency would no longer be legal tender (to make way for a new currency), this effort increased. After the announcement, tons of Nigerian bank notes were transported in an effort to acquire foreign exchange. The currency of Biafra had been the Nigerian pound until the Bank of Biafra started printing out its own notes, the <a href="/wiki/Biafran_pound" title="Biafran pound">Biafran pound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> The new currency went public on 28 January 1968, and the Nigerian pound was not accepted as an exchange unit.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> The first issue of the bank notes included only 5 shillings notes and 1 pound notes. The Bank of Nigeria exchanged only 30 pounds for an individual and 300 pounds for enterprises in the second half of 1968.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> In 1969, new notes were introduced: <a href="/wiki/Pound_(currency)" title="Pound (currency)">£</a>10, £5, £1, 10<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">/-</a> and 5/-.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> It is estimated that a total of £115–140 million Biafran pounds were in circulation by the end of the conflict, with a population of about 14 million, approximately £10 per person.<a href="#cite_note-banknotes-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biafran_Armed_Forces" title="Biafran Armed Forces">Biafran Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Biafra_(1967%E2%80%931970).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/220px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/330px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/440px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">Roundel</a> of the Biafran Air Force.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg/220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg/330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg/440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_093_New_Nigerian_newspaper_page_7_January_1970._End_of_the_Nigerian_civil_war_with_Biafra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4347" data-file-height="6716" /></a><figcaption>New Nigerian newspaper page, 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra. "Owerri is now captured. Ojukwu flees his enclave." Photographs of the military Obasanjo, Jallo, Bissalo, Gowon.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the war Biafra had 3,000 soldiers, but at the end of the war, the soldiers totalled 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> There was no official support for the Biafran Army by any other nation throughout the war, although arms were clandestinely acquired. Because of the lack of official support, the Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Europeans served in the Biafran cause; German-born <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Steiner" title="Rolf Steiner">Rolf Steiner</a> was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade and Welshman <a href="/wiki/Taffy_Williams" title="Taffy Williams">Taffy Williams</a> served as a Major until the very end of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established, designed to emulate the insurrectionist guerrilla forces of the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">American – Vietnamese War</a>, targeting Nigerian Federal Army supply lines and forcing them to shift forces to internal security efforts.<a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[55]</a> The Biafrans managed to set up a small yet effective air force. The BAF commander was <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ace <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zumbach" title="Jan Zumbach">Jan Zumbach</a>. Early inventory included four <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> American bombers: two <a href="/wiki/B-25_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchells</a>, two <a href="/wiki/B-26_Invader" class="mw-redirect" title="B-26 Invader">B-26 Invaders</a> (Douglas A-26) (one piloted by Zumbach),<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> a converted Douglas <a href="/wiki/DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">DC-3</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and one British <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">de Havilland Dove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 1968 the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_von_Rosen" title="Carl Gustaf von Rosen">Carl Gustaf von Rosen</a> suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmö MFI-9">MFI-9Bs</a> in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, calling them the "Biafra Babies". They were painted in green camouflage and armed with two Matra Type 122 rocket pods, each being able to carry six 68 mm SNEB anti-armour rockets under each wing and had Swedish <a href="/wiki/WW2" class="mw-redirect" title="WW2">WW2</a> reflex sights from old <a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">FFVS J 22s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The six aeroplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-French <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">North American T-6 Texans (T-6G)</a>, which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another aircraft lost on the ferry flight. These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 and were flown by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> ex-military pilots.<a href="#cite_note-Air_Enthusiast-61">[60]</a> Biafra also had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success that their air force did. It was headquartered in Kidney Island, <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>, and commanded by Winifred Anuku. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armour-reinforced civilian vessels armed with machine guns or captured <a href="/wiki/6-pounder_gun" title="6-pounder gun">6-pounder guns</a>. It mainly operated in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger River delta</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starved_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/250px-Starved_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/330px-Starved_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Starved_girl.jpg/500px-Starved_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and <a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">malnutrition</a> during the Nigerian blockade</figcaption></figure> The international humanitarian organisation <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> originated in response to the suffering in Biafra.<a href="#cite_note-MSF-62">[61]</a> During the crisis, French medical volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. French doctor <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a> also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and, when he returned to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">Red Cross</a> for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims.<a href="#cite_note-hih-63">[62]</a> In their study Smallpox and its Eradication, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Fenner</a> and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> campaign led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_vaccination" title="Ring vaccination">focal vaccination</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] technique, later adopted worldwide by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, which led to the early and cost-effective interruption of smallpox transmission in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>: 876–879, 880–887, 908–909  In 2010, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolinska Institutet">Karolinska Institutet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nigeria,_Nsukka" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nigeria, Nsukka">University of Nigeria at Nsukka</a> showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from obesity, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended in the early 1970s. The findings are in line with the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis suggesting that malnutrition in early life is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes later in life.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> A 2017 paper found that Biafran "women exposed to the war in their growing years exhibit reduced adult stature, increased likelihood of being overweight, earlier age at first birth, and lower educational attainment. Exposure to a primary education program mitigates the impacts of war exposure on education. War-exposed men marry later and have fewer children. War exposure of mothers (but not fathers) has adverse impacts on child growth, survival, and education. Impacts vary with the age of exposure. For mother and child health, the largest impacts stem from adolescent exposure."<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_events_and_Biafran_nationalism">Post-war events and Biafran nationalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war events and Biafran nationalism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra</a> (MASSOB) emerged in 1999 as a nonviolent Biafran nationalist group, associated with <a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo nationalism</a>. The group enacted a "re-launch" of Biafra in <a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a>, the commercial centre of <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia State</a> and a major commercial centre in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> It has two arms of government, the Biafra Government in Exile and the Biafra Shadow Government.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> MASSOB accuses Nigeria of marginalising Biafran people.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Since August 1999, protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria's south-east. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with large numbers of people reportedly killed. Many others have been injured and/or arrested.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On 29 May 2000, the Lagos <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_(Nigeria)" title="The Guardian (Nigeria)">Guardian</a> newspaper reported that the former president <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons, soldiers and officers, who fought for the breakaway Republic of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967–1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy".<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In July 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_World_Indigenous_Studies" title="Center for World Indigenous Studies">Center for World Indigenous Studies</a> reported that government-sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>, because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafrans, particularly members of the MASSOB.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The Nigerian federal government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and was detained on treason charges. He has since been released and has been rearrested and released more than five times. In 2009, MASSOB leader Chief Uwazuruike launched an unrecognised "Biafran International Passport" and also launched a "Biafra Plate Number" in 2016 in response to persistent demand by some Biafran sympathizers in the diaspora and at home.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On 16 June 2012, a Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organisation, was formed. The body is made up of some prominent persons in the Biafra region. They sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Debe Odumegwu Ojukwu, the eldest son of ex-President / General Ojukwu and a Lagos state-based lawyer was the lead counsel that championed the case.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> MASSOB leader Chief Ralph Uwazuruike established <a href="/wiki/Radio_Biafra" title="Radio Biafra">Radio Biafra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 2009, with <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Kanu" title="Nnamdi Kanu">Nnamdi Kanu</a> as his radio director; later Kanu was said to have been dismissed from MASSOB because of accusations of supporting violence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray-79">[78]</a> The Nigerian Government, through its broadcasting regulators, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigerian and Nigerian Communications Commission, has sought to clamp down on Radio Biafra with limited success. On 17 November 2015, the Abia state police command seized an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People_of_Biafra" title="Indigenous People of Biafra">Indigenous People of Biafra</a> radio transmitter in <a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> On 23 December 2015, Kanu was detained and charged with charges that amounted to treason against the Nigerian state. He was released on bail on 24 April 2017 after spending more than 19 months without trial of his treason charges.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Self-determination is not a crime in Nigerian law.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> According to the South-East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organisations, security forces under the directive of the federal government have killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Pro-Biafra_Protesters_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Killing of Pro-Biafra Protesters (2015–2016)">renewed clampdown</a> on the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> A report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> between August 2015 and August 2016, at least 150 pro-Biafran activists overall were killed by Nigerian security forces, with 60 people shot in a period of two days in connection with events marking Biafran Remembrance Day.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The Nigerian military killed at least 17 unarmed Biafrans in the city of <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a> prior to a march on 30 May 2016 commemorating the 49th anniversary of Biafra's 1967 declaration of independence.<a href="#cite_note-WWWN-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Another group is the Biafra Nations League, formerly known as Biafra Nations Youth League, which has its operational base in the <a href="/wiki/Bakassi_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakassi Peninsula">Bakassi Peninsula</a>. The group is led by Princewill Chimezie Richard, alias Prince Obuka, and Ebuta Akor Takon (not to be confused wth the group's former deputy, Ebuta Ogar Takon). The group also has a Chief of Staff and operational commander who are both natives of the <a href="/wiki/Bakassi" title="Bakassi">Bakassi</a>. BNL have recorded a series of security clampdowns, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Bakassi" title="Bakassi">Bakassi</a> where soldiers of 'Operations Delta Safe' apprehended the National Leader, Princewill, in the Ikang-Cameroon border area on 9 November 2016. During an attempt to mobilise a protest in support of Kanu's release, he was again re-arrested by the Nigeria Police Force in the same area on 16 January 2018 along with 20 of their supporters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>]<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Many media outlets reported that BNL is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Southern Cameroons separatists</a>; although the group confirms this, they denied involvement in violent activities in Cameroon. The Deputy Leader, Ebuta Akor Takon is an Ejagham native, a tribe in Nigeria and also in significant number in Cameroon.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> BNL, which operates more in the Gulf of Guinea, has links with Dokubo Asari, a former militant leader. About 100 members of the group were reportedly arrested in Bayelsa during a meeting with Dokubo on 18 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The Incorporated Trustees of Bilie Human Rights Initiative, representing the Indigenous People of Biafra, have filed a lawsuit against the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Attorney General of the Federation, seeking the actualisation of the sovereign state of Biafra by legal means. The Federal High Court, Abuja has fixed 25 February 2019 for hearing the suit.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On 31 July 2020, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra/Biafra Independence Movement (BIM-MASSOB) joined the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO).<a href="#cite_note-unpowelcomes5newmembers-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-guam-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_People_of_Biafra_(IPOB)">Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)">edit</a>]</div> The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) is a separatist group in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> that aims to restore the defunct <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Biafra">Republic of Biafra</a>, a country which seceded from Nigeria in 1967 prior to the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> and was subsequently dissolved following its defeat in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Since 2021, IPOB and other Biafran separatist groups have been fighting a <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">low-level guerilla conflict in southeastern Nigeria</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian government</a>. The group was founded in 2012<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Kanu" title="Nnamdi Kanu">Nnamdi Kanu</a> who has been the leader<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uche_Mefor" title="Uche Mefor">Uche Mefor</a>, who served as the deputy leader.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Kanu is known as a British <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activist</a> known for his advocacy of the contemporary Biafran independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> It was declared a terrorist organization by the Nigerian government in 2017 under the Nigerian Terrorism Act but the declaration was nullified by a High Court sitting in Enugu in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> As of May 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> started denying asylum to members of IPOB who allegedly engaged in human rights abuses, though the UK government clarified that IPOB had not been designated as a terrorist organisation.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> IPOB has criticized the Nigerian federal government for poor investment, political alienation, inequitable resource distribution, ethnic marginalization, and heavy military presence, extrajudicial killings in the South-Eastern, South-Central and parts of North-Central regions of the country.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The organization rose to prominence in the mid-2010s and is now the largest Biafran independence organization by membership. In recent years, it has gained significant media attention for becoming a frequent target of political crackdowns by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of Nigeria">Nigerian government</a>. It also has numerous sites and communication channels serving as the only trusted social apparatus educating and inculcating first-hand information and news to its members.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biafra_Republic_Government_in_Exile_(BRGIE)">Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE)">edit</a>]</div> An organization for the restoration of an independent Biafran state has been led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ekpa" title="Simon Ekpa">Simon Ekpa</a>, a Finnish politician and Biafran political activist. Ekpa describes himself as Nnamdi Kanu's disciple. He has served as the leader ("prime minister") of the Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE) since 2023.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2023, BRGIE inaugurated an administrative office in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> It initiated the process of declaring the restoration of Biafra and in October 2023, it convened a three-day convention where the possibility of a Biafra <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was discussed, attended by over 500 Biafrans and delegates globally.<a href="#cite_note-Epka3day-114">[113]</a> On 1 February 2024, a digital <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">e-voting system</a> was adopted, and a <a href="/wiki/Biafra_Referendum" title="Biafra Referendum">self-referendum</a> launched the same day.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Within days of the referendum exercise, more than two million electorates were reportedly recorded.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Prior to the self-referendum exercise, BRGIE had already inaugurated a committee for the Biafra restoration declaration process in January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> On 24 June 2024, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_Emerging_African_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of Emerging African States (page does not exist)">Organization of Emerging African States</a> (OEAS) endorsed the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> BRGIE intended to issue a "declaration of the restoration of independent state of Biafra" on December 2, 2024, at the 2024 Finland convention.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Former U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jim_Moran" title="Jim Moran">Jim Moran</a> advocates for Biafran independence under the BRGIE with a contract that has been in effect since June 15, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In emulation of Lithuania's historical part on the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania</a> that restored <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> as an independent State on 11 March 1990, the Biafra Restoration Declaration Act was enacted with the term "Declaration of the restoration of the independent State of Biafra" adopted. The recruitment process for the drafting board to be responsible for the restoration declaration of independence was opened on 2 January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Following the conclusion of the self-referendum exercise held from 1 February to 28 November 2024 through electronic and physical voting, the restoration of Biafra was declared on 29 November 2024 by Biafrans gathered in <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Nigerien crisis">2023 Nigerien crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_of_a_Yellow_Sun" title="Half of a Yellow Sun">Half of a Yellow Sun</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanization">Pakistanization</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Roland_the_Headless_Thompson_Gunner" title="Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner">Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner</a>", a song by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Zevon" title="Warren Zevon">Warren Zevon</a> that references the state</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" />See <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War#International_involvement" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War#International involvement</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punch+Newspapers&rft.atitle=Ekpa+not+bailable%2C+followers+declare+United+States+of+Biafra+in+Finland&rft.date=2024-11-29&rft.aulast=Reporters&rft.aufirst=Our&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchng.com%2Fekpa-not-bailable-followers-declare-united-states-of-biafra-in-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiafra" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaly2020" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Republic+of+Biafra%3A+Law%2C+Crime%2C+and+the+Nigerian+Civil+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Fury+Childs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiafra" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55906">Online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersh" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_M._Hersh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seymour M. Hersh">Hersh, Seymour M.</a> The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. pp. 141–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+Kissinger+in+the+Nixon+White+House&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiafra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biafra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biafra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biafra">Biafra</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/pqtjt">"Republic of Biafra collection <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1968–1970"</a>. EU Libraries. <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>. 1968–1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Biafra+collection+%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E+1968%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft.date=1968%2F1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpid.emory.edu%2Fark%3A%2F25593%2Fpqtjt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiafra" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">"Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stuart+A.+Rose+Manuscript%2C+Archives%2C+and+Rare+Book+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frose.library.emory.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiafra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biafra_articles115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biafra_topics" title="Template:Biafra topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biafra_topics" title="Template talk:Biafra topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biafra topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biafra_articles115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biafra</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigeria-Biafra War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahiara_Declaration" title="Ahiara Declaration">Ahiara Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aburi_Accord" title="Aburi Accord">Aburi Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Benin_(1967)" title="Republic of Benin (1967)">Republic of Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Biafra" title="Blockade of Biafra">Blockade of Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_airlift" title="Biafran airlift">Biafran airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbunigwe" title="Ogbunigwe">Ogbunigwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 Niger Delta conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Biafra_(1967%E2%80%931970).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)"><img alt="Roundel of the Biafran Air Force (1967–1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/80px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/120px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg/160px-Roundel_of_Biafra_%281967%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_(city)" title="Enugu (city)">Enugu (first capital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia (second capital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu" title="Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu">Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Effiong" title="Philip Effiong">Philip Effiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafran armed forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang people">Annang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Andoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbema_tribe" title="Egbema tribe">Egbema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biafran_pound" title="Biafran pound">Biafran pound (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Rising_Sun_(anthem)" title="Land of the Rising Sun (anthem)">"Land of the Rising Sun" (national anthem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Biafra" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Biafra">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biafra" title="Category:Biafra">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div 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