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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeno of Citium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_van_Citium" title="Zeno van Citium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zeno van Citium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A" title="زينون الرواقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زينون الرواقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Citio" title="Zenón de Citio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zenón de Citio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitiyal%C4%B1_Zenon" title="Kitiyalı Zenon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitiyalı Zenon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Зенон Китийский – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зенон Китийский" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зянон з Кітыёна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зянон з Кітыёна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Зенон от Китион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зенон от Китион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kitijski" title="Zenon Kitijski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zenon Kitijski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%B3_de_C%C3%ADtion" title="Zenó de Cítion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zenó de Cítion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9n%C3%B3n_z_Kitia" title="Zénón z Kitia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zénón z Kitia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_fra_Kition" title="Zenon fra Kition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zenon fra Kition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_von_Kition" title="Zenon von Kition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zenon von Kition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kitionist" title="Zenon Kitionist – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zenon Kitionist" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82" title="Ζήνων ο Κιτιεύς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζήνων ο Κιτιεύς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Citio" title="Zenón de Citio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zenón de Citio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenono_el_Kitiono" title="Zenono el Kitiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zenono el Kitiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Zitiokoa" title="Zenon Zitiokoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zenon Zitiokoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="زنون رواقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنون رواقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_de_Kition" title="Zénon de Kition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zénon de Kition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%B3n_de_Citio" title="Zenón de Citio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zenón de Citio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%9C%EB%85%BC" title="키티온의 제논 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키티온의 제논" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Զենոն Կիտիոնացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զենոն Կիտիոնացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kitijski" title="Zenon Kitijski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zenon Kitijski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_dari_Kition" title="Zenon dari Kition – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zenon dari Kition" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_fr%C3%A1_K%C3%ADt%C3%ADon" title="Zenon frá Kítíon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Zenon frá Kítíon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenone_di_Cizio" title="Zenone di Cizio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zenone di Cizio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="זנון מכתיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זנון מכתיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ზენონ კიტიონელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზენონ კიტიონელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Китийлік Зенон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Китийлік Зенон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Зенон Китиондук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зенон Китиондук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_Citieus" title="Zeno Citieus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zeno Citieus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%93nons_no_Kitijas" title="Zēnons no Kitijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zēnons no Kitijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenonas_Kitijietis" title="Zenonas Kitijietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zenonas Kitijietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_va_Citium" title="Zeno va Citium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zeno va Citium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitioni_Z%C3%A9n%C3%B3n" title="Kitioni Zénón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kitioni Zénón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%B4na_avy_any_Kiti%C3%B4na" title="Zenôna avy any Kitiôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zenôna avy any Kitiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="زينون الرواقى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زينون الرواقى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="زنون رواقی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زنون رواقی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_van_Citium" title="Zeno van Citium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeno van Citium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE)" title="ゼノン (ストア派) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼノン (ストア派)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_fra_Kition" title="Zenon fra Kition – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zenon fra Kition" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_fr%C3%A5_Kition" title="Zenon frå Kition – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zenon frå Kition" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kitionlik" title="Zenon Kitionlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zenon Kitionlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕੀਟੀਅਨ ਦਾ ਜ਼ੇਨੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀਟੀਅਨ ਦਾ ਜ਼ੇਨੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="زینون رواقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زینون رواقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_z_Kition" title="Zenon z Kition – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zenon z Kition" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen%C3%A3o_de_C%C3%ADtio" title="Zenão de Cítio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zenão de Cítio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_din_Kition" title="Zenon din Kition – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zenon din Kition" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Зенон Китийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зенон Китийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenoni_nga_Citiumi" title="Zenoni nga Citiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zenoni nga Citiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zeno of Citium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9n%C3%B3n_z_Kitia" title="Zénón z Kitia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zénón z Kitia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_iz_Kitija" title="Zenon iz Kitija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zenon iz Kitija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_iz_Kitijuma" title="Zenon iz Kitijuma – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zenon iz Kitijuma" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_iz_Kitija" title="Zenon iz Kitija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zenon iz Kitija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_Kitionilainen" title="Zenon Kitionilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zenon Kitionilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenon_fr%C3%A5n_Kition" title="Zenon från Kition – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zenon från Kition" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_ng_Citio" title="Zeno ng Citio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zeno ng Citio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เซโนแห่งซิเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซโนแห่งซิเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_Zenon" title="Kıbrıslı Zenon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıbrıslı Zenon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Зенон із Кітіона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зенон із Кітіона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_x%E1%BB%A9_Citium" title="Zeno xứ Citium – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zeno xứ Citium" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citiumi_Zenon" title="Citiumi Zenon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Citiumi Zenon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_han_Citio" title="Zeno han Citio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zeno han Citio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%E4%B8%AA%E8%8A%9D%E8%AF%BA" title="季蒂昂个芝诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="季蒂昂个芝诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E8%AB%BE_(%E5%89%8D4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80)" title="芝諾 (前4世紀) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="芝諾 (前4世紀)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%9D%E8%AF%BA" title="季蒂昂的芝诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="季蒂昂的芝诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hellenistic philosopher, founder of Stoicism (c. 334–c. 262 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hellenistic philosopher. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zeno (disambiguation)">Zeno</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zeno of Citium</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Napoli,_1969)_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zeno of Citium. Bust in the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnese collection">Farnese collection</a>, Naples. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a>, 1969.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 334 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Citium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Cyprus">Classical Cyprus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 262 BC (aged c. 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy#Knowledge" title="Philosophy">three branches of philosophy (physics, ethics, logic)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stoic_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoic ethics">rationality of human nature</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phantasiai" title="Phantasiai">phantasiai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">katalepsis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">world citizenship</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zeno of Citium</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ζήνων">Ζήνων</a> ὁ Κιτιεύς</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Zēnōn ho Kitieus</i></span>; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a> philosopher from <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Citium</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κίτιον</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kition</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> school of philosophy, which he taught in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> from about 300 BC. Based on the moral ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a>, Stoicism laid great emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">goodness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">peace of mind</a> gained from living a life of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. It proved very popular, and flourished as one of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">major schools of philosophy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, and enjoyed revivals in the Renaissance as <a href="/wiki/Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoicism</a> and in the current era as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Stoicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Stoicism">Modern Stoicism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeno was born c. 334 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-dates_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the colony of <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Citium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yon_9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yon_9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ancestry is disputed between <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because Citium contained both Phoenician and Greek inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whibley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whibley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a number of contemporary and modern historians regard Zeno as a Phoenician,<sup id="cite_ref-Tarn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other modern scholars have contested this arguing for a Greek<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whibley_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whibley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Greco-Phoenician background.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only things that historians know with certainty, are that Zeno had a <a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek name</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greek higher education</a> and that there is no evidence he knew a language other than Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Mnaseas, had a name ambiguously meaningful both in Phoenician ("one causing to forget") and in Greek ("mindful").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother and her name are not recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the details known about his life come from the biography and anecdotes preserved by <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_and_Opinions_of_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers">Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</a></i> written in the 3rd century AD, a few of which are confirmed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i> (a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes reports that Zeno's interest in philosophy began when "he consulted <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">the oracle</a> to know what he should do to attain the best life, and that the gods' response was that he should take on the complexion of the dead. Whereupon, perceiving what this meant, he studied ancient authors."<sup id="cite_ref-Diogenes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diogenes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno became a wealthy merchant. </p><p>On a voyage from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peiraeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peiraeus">Peiraeus</a> he survived a shipwreck, after which he went to Athens and visited a bookseller. There he encountered <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i>. He was so pleased with the book's portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> that he asked the bookseller where men like Socrates were to be found. Just then, <a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates of Thebes</a> – the most famous <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> living at that time in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> – happened to be walking by, and the bookseller pointed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2–3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2–3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diogenes Laërtius describes Zeno as a haggard, dark-skinned person,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living a spare, <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> life<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_26–27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_26–27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite his wealth. This coincides with the influences of Cynic teaching, and was, at least in part, continued in his Stoic philosophy. From the day Zeno became Crates’ pupil, he showed a strong bent for philosophy, though with too much native modesty to assimilate <i>Anaideia;</i> Cynic “shamelessness” and the disregard for societal norms in favor of freedom. An example of this may be found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> who narrates an incident where Crates and <a href="/wiki/Hipparchia_of_Maroneia" title="Hipparchia of Maroneia">Hipparchia</a>, his wife and fellow Cynic, engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Public_sex" title="Public sex">public act of sexual intercourse</a> and, as such, drew a crowd. Zeno, upon catching sight of this, covered them both with his cloak so as to prevent bystanders from witnessing the copulating couple, displaying his own inability to be apathetic to the expectations of society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence Crates, desirous of curing this defect in him, gave him a potful of lentil-soup to carry through the <a href="/wiki/Ceramicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramicus">Ceramicus</a> (the pottery district); and when he saw that Zeno was ashamed and tried to keep it out of sight, Crates broke the pot with a blow of his staff. As Zeno began to run off in embarrassment with the lentil-soup flowing down his legs, Crates chided, "Why run away, my little Phoenician? Nothing terrible has befallen you."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his contemporaries, Zeno was attracted only to boys and other men,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Diogenes Laërtius mentions by name at least one with whom he was enamored, a young man named Chremonides<sup id="cite_ref-Diogenes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diogenes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who may or may not be the Athenian statesman and general <a href="/wiki/Chremonides" title="Chremonides">Chremonides</a>). </p><p>Apart from Crates, Zeno studied under the philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_24_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialecticians</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16,_25_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16,_25-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also said to have studied <a href="/wiki/Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonist">Platonist</a> philosophy under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_25_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeno began teaching in the <a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">colonnade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens" title="Ancient Agora of Athens">Agora of Athens</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Stoa_Poikile" title="Stoa Poikile">Stoa Poikile</a> (Greek Στοὰ Ποικίλη) in 301 BC. His disciples were initially called "Zenonians," but eventually they came to be known as "Stoics," a name previously applied to poets who congregated in the Stoa Poikile. </p><p>Among the admirers of Zeno was king <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, whenever he came to Athens, would visit Zeno. Zeno is said to have declined an invitation to visit Antigonus in Macedonia, although their supposed correspondence preserved by Laërtius<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is undoubtedly the invention of a later writer.<sup id="cite_ref-brunt_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno instead sent his friend and disciple <a href="/wiki/Persaeus" title="Persaeus">Persaeus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had lived with Zeno in his house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_13,_comp._36_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_13,_comp._36-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Zeno's other pupils there were <a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios" title="Aristo of Chios">Aristo of Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphaerus" title="Sphaerus">Sphaerus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a> who succeeded Zeno as the head (<i><a href="/wiki/Scholarch" title="Scholarch">scholarch</a></i>) of the Stoic school in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_37_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_37-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeno is said to have declined Athenian citizenship when it was offered to him, fearing that he would appear unfaithful to his native land,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was highly esteemed, and where he contributed to the restoration of its baths, after which his name was inscribed upon a pillar there as "Zeno the philosopher".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We are also told that Zeno was of an earnest, gloomy disposition;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he preferred the company of the few to the many;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_14_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_14-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was fond of burying himself in investigations;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he disliked verbose and elaborate speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18,_22_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18,_22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes Laërtius has preserved many clever and witty remarks by Zeno,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18–25_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18–25-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these anecdotes are generally considered unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-brunt_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunt-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeno died around 262 BC.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Anone"><a href="#endnote_Anone">[a]</a></sup> Laërtius reports about his death: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>As he was leaving the school he tripped and fell, breaking his toe. Striking the ground with his fist, he <a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">quoted</a> the line from the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus#Niobe" title="Aeschylus">Niobe</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>I come, I come, why dost thou call for me?</p></blockquote> <p>and died on the spot through holding his breath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>At Zeno's funeral an <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> was composed for him stating: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if thy native country was Phoenicia, </p><p>What need to slight thee? Came not Cadmus thence, </p><p>Who gave to Greece her books and art of writing?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_30_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This signified that even though Zeno was of <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">non-Greek</a> background the Greeks still respected him, comparing him to the legendary Phoenician hero <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> who had brought the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">alphabet</a> to the Greeks, as Zeno had brought Stoicism to them and was described as "the noblest man of his age" with a bronze statue being built in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Zeno received appreciation for his philosophical and <a href="/wiki/Pedagogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical">pedagogical</a> teachings. Among other things, Zeno was honored with the golden crown,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a tomb was built in honor of his moral influence on the youth of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_10–12_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_10–12-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crater <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(crater)" title="Zeno (crater)">Zeno</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG/250px-Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG/330px-Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Zenon_Kitiefs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Modern bust of Zeno in Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Old Academy</a>, Zeno divided <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> into three parts: <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> (a wide subject including <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and the theories of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>); <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> (not just <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> nature of the universe as well); and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, the end goal of which was to achieve <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a> through the right way of living according to Nature. Because Zeno's ideas were later expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> and other Stoics, it can be difficult to determine precisely what he thought. But his general views can be outlined as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg/220px-1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg/330px-1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/1_Socrate_2_Platon_3_Pythagore_4_Aristote_5_Zenon_-_Pouqueville_Fran%C3%A7ois_Charles_Hugues_Laurent_-_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> & Zeno by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">François Pouqueville</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic">Logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his treatment of logic, Zeno was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Megarian_school_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Megarian school of philosophy">Megarians</a>. Zeno urged the need to lay down a basis for logic because the wise person must know how to avoid deception.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> accused Zeno of being inferior to his philosophical predecessors in his treatment of logic,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it seems true that a more exact treatment of the subject was laid down by his successors, including <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno divided true conceptions into the comprehensible and the incomprehensible,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitting for free-will the power of assent (<i>sinkatathesis</i>/συνκατάθεσις) in distinguishing between sense impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-cicero1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno said that there were four stages in the process leading to true <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, which he illustrated with the example of the flat, extended hand, and the gradual closing of the fist: </p> <blockquote><p>Zeno stretched out his fingers, and showed the palm of his hand, – "Perception," – he said, – "is a thing like this."– Then, when he had closed his fingers a little, – "Assent is like this." – Afterwards, when he had completely closed his hand, and showed his fist, that, he said, was Comprehension. From which simile he also gave that state a new name, calling it <i><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">katalepsis</a></i> (κατάληψις). But when he brought his left hand against his right, and with it took a firm and tight hold of his fist: – "Knowledge" – he said, was of that character; and that was what none but a wise person possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, in Zeno's view, is <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_148_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_148-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a divine reasoning entity, where all the parts belong to the whole.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into this <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> system he incorporated the physics of <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>; the universe contains a divine artisan-fire, which foresees everything,<sup id="cite_ref-cicero2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extending throughout the universe, must produce everything: </p> <blockquote><p>Zeno, then, defines nature by saying that it is artistically working fire, which advances by fixed methods to creation. For he maintains that it is the main function of art to create and produce and that what the hand accomplishes in the productions of the arts we employ, is accomplished much more artistically by nature, that is, as I said, by artistically working fire, which is the master of the other arts.<sup id="cite_ref-cicero2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This divine fire,<sup id="cite_ref-cicero1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or aether,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the basis for all activity in the universe,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating on otherwise passive matter, which neither increases nor diminishes itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_150_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_150-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary substance in the universe comes from fire, passes through the stage of air, and then becomes water: the thicker portion becoming earth, and the thinner portion becoming air again, and then rarefying back into fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_142,_comp._136_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_142,_comp._136-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual <a href="/wiki/Souls" class="mw-redirect" title="Souls">souls</a> are part of the same fire as the <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">world-soul</a> of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Heraclitus, Zeno adopted the view that the universe underwent regular cycles of formation and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the universe is such that it accomplishes what is right and prevents the opposite,<sup id="cite_ref-cicero3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is identified with unconditional <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Fate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_88,_148,_etc.,_156_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_88,_148,_etc.,_156-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while allowing it the free-will attributed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-cicero2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zeno's beliefs, "[t]rue happiness" can only be found by obeying natural laws and living in tune with the course of fate.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg/220px-Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg/330px-Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg/440px-Zeno_of_Citium_Nuremberg_Chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Zeno, portrayed as a medieval scholar in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a>, Zeno recognised a single, sole and simple good,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the only goal to strive for.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Happiness is a good flow of life," said Zeno,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this can only be achieved through the use of right reason coinciding with the universal reason (<i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i>), which governs everything. A bad feeling (<i>pathos</i>) "is a disturbance of the mind repugnant to reason, and against Nature."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consistency of soul, out of which morally good actions spring, is <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> true good can only consist in virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_102,_127_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_102,_127-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeno deviated from the Cynics in saying that things that are morally <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">adiaphora</a> (indifferent) could nevertheless have value. Things have a relative value in proportion to how they aid the natural instinct for self-preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That which is to be preferred is a "fitting action" (<i><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">kathêkon</a></i>/καθῆκον), a designation Zeno first introduced. Self-preservation, and the things that contribute towards it, has only a conditional value; it does not aid happiness, which depends only on moral actions.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as virtue can only exist within the dominion of reason, so <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">vice</a> can only exist with the rejection of reason. Virtue is absolutely opposed to vice,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two cannot exist in the same thing together, and cannot be increased or decreased;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no one moral action is more virtuous than another.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All actions are either good or bad, since impulses and desires rest upon free consent,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence even passive mental states or emotions that are not guided by reason are immoral,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produce immoral actions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno distinguished four negative <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>: desire, fear, pleasure and sorrow (<i>epithumia, phobos, hêdonê, lupê</i> / ἐπιθυμία, φόβος, ἡδονή, λύπη),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was probably responsible for distinguishing the three corresponding positive emotions: will, caution, and joy (<i>boulêsis, eulabeia, chara</i> / βούλησις, εὐλάβεια, χαρά), with no corresponding rational equivalent for pain. All errors must be rooted out, not merely set aside,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced with right reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>None of Zeno's original writings have survived except as fragmentary quotations preserved by later writers. The most famous of his works was his <i>Republic</i>, written in conscious imitation of, or opposition to, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>. Although it has not survived, more is known about it than any of his other works. It outlined Zeno's vision of the ideal Stoic society. </p><p>A manuscript that was attributed to Zeno, matching a known title of one of Zeno's works, Περὶ φύσεως (<i>On Nature),</i> was discovered in 1949 in an <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Old Armenian</a> translation. In 1956 it was translated into Russian and published with an extensive commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent philological investigation concluded that the author could not have been Zeno and was instead an anonymous Christian philosopher of the late sixth century or a little later, writing in the tradition of ancient philosophy, but doing so as a Christian. He is now known as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Zeno" title="Pseudo-Zeno">Pseudo-Zeno</a>. His work shows an integration of Christian and philosophical concepts, but in a very restrained way.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The titles of many of Zeno's writings are, however, known and are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_4_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_4-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ethical writings: <ul><li>Πολιτεία – <i>The Republic</i></li> <li>Περὶ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν βίου – <i>On Life according to Nature</i></li> <li>Περὶ ὁρμῆς ἢ Περὶ ἀνθρώπου φύσεως – <i>On Impulse, or on the Nature of Humans</i></li> <li>Περὶ παθῶν – <i>On Passions</i></li> <li>Περὶ τοῦ καθήκοντος – <i>On Duty</i></li> <li>Περὶ νόμου – <i>On Law</i></li> <li>Περὶ τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς παιδείας – <i>On Greek Education</i></li></ul></li> <li>Physical writings: <ul><li>Περὶ ὄψεως – <i>On Sight</i></li> <li>Περὶ τοῦ ὅλου – <i>On the Universe</i></li> <li>Περὶ σημείων – <i>On Signs</i></li> <li>Πυθαγορικά – <i>Pythagorean Doctrines</i></li></ul></li> <li>Logical writings: <ul><li>Καθολικά – <i>General Things</i></li> <li>Περὶ λέξεων</li> <li>Προβλημάτων Ὁμηρικῶν εʹ – <i>Homeric Problems</i></li> <li>Περὶ ποιητικῆς ἀκροάσεως – <i>On Poetical Readings</i></li></ul></li> <li>Other works: <ul><li>Τέχνη</li> <li>Λύσεις – <i>Solutions</i></li> <li>Ἔλεγχοι βʹ</li> <li>Ἄπομνημονεύματα Κράτητος ἠθικά</li> <li>Περὶ οὐσίας – <i>On Being</i></li> <li>Περὶ φύσεως – <i>On Nature</i></li> <li>Περὶ λόγου – <i>On the Logos</i></li> <li>Εἰς Ἡσιόδου θεογονίαν</li> <li>Διατριβαί – <i>Discourses</i></li> <li>Χρεῖαι</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dates-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dates_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dates for Zeno's life are controversial. According to <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus</a>, as quoted by <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a>, Zeno died in Arrheneides' <a href="/wiki/Archon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Archon of Athens">archonship</a> (262/1 BC). According to <a href="/wiki/Persaeus" title="Persaeus">Persaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> vii. 28), Zeno lived for 72 years. His date of birth is thus 334/3 BC. A plausible chronology for his life is as follows: He was born 334/3 BC, and came to Athens in 312/11 BC at the age of 22 (<a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 28). He studied philosophy for about 10 years (<a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 2); opened his own school during Clearchus' archonship in 301/0 BC (Philodemus, <i>On the Stoics</i>, col. 4); and was the head of the school for 39 years and 3 months (Philodemus, <i>On the Stoics</i>, col. 4), and died 262/1 BC. For more information see <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1911">Ferguson 1911</a>, pp. 185–186; and <a href="#CITEREFDorandi2005">Dorandi 2005</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claims of Zeno's Phoenician descent are often based on the fact that he was often called "Phoenician" by his contemporaries, but such epithets do not necessarily indicate ethnic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/stoicism/">"Stoicism – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iep.utm.edu&rft.atitle=Stoicism+%E2%80%93+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fstoicism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunnin & Yu (2004). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig2005" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEh-AgAAQBAJ"><i>The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Routledge. p. 1076. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134344093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134344093"><bdi>978-1134344093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shorter+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=1076&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1134344093&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEh-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadjisavvas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hadjisavvas, Sophocles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html"><i>The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition</i></a>. Vol. I. Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenician+Period+Necropolis+of+Kition&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Shelby+White+and+Leon+Levy+Program+for+Archaeological+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hadjisavvas&rft.aufirst=Sophocles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~semitic%2Fwl%2Fpublications%2F2012%2Fhadjisavvas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yon_9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yon_9_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYonWilliam_A._P.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Yon, Marguerite; William A. P. (Nov 1997). "Kition in the Tenth to Fourth Centuries B.C.". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>308</b> (308): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357405">10.2307/1357405</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357405">1357405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156694103">156694103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Kition+in+the+Tenth+to+Fourth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=308&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156694103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357405&rft.aulast=Yon&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft.au=William+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Chilton_Pearson" title="Alfred Chilton Pearson">Pearson, Alfred Chilton</a> (1891). <i>The Fragments of Zeno & Cleanthes with Introduction & Explanatory Notes</i>. C.J. Clay & Sons. p. 2. <q>Zeno, the son of Mnaseas', was born at Citium , a Greek city in the south-east of Cyprus, whose population had been increased by Phoenician immigrants. Whether he was of pure Greek blood or not we cannot tell...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragments+of+Zeno+%26+Cleanthes+with+Introduction+%26+Explanatory+Notes&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=C.J.+Clay+%26+Sons&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Chilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThereianos1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thereianos, Dionysios (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N30vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Διάγραμμα Στωικής Φιλοσοφίας</i></a> [<i>Diagram of Stoic Philosophy</i>] (in Greek). Trieste, Austro-Hungarian Empire: Τυπογραφείον του Αυστριακού Λόυδ. p. 27. <q>Αλλ ̓ αὐτὸς οὗτος ὁ Stein, ἀλλαχοῦ τοῦ ἀξιολόγου αὑτοῦ συγγράμματος, παρατηρεῖ «ὅτι δὲν ἐλύθη εἰσέτι ὁριστικῶς τὸ ζήτημα ἂν ὁ Ζήνων κατήγετο ἐκ Φοινίκων ἢ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων»...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.place=Trieste%2C+Austro-Hungarian+Empire&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%85%CE%B4&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Thereianos&rft.aufirst=Dionysios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN30vAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whibley-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whibley_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whibley_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhibley2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Whibley" title="Leonard Whibley">Whibley, Leonard</a> (2015). <i>A Companion to Greek Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49754-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-49754-2"><bdi>978-1-107-49754-2</bdi></a>. <q>Citium in Cyprus, contained Phoenician as well as Greek inhabitants, but there is no real evidence that he was of Phoenician descent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Studies&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-49754-2&rft.aulast=Whibley&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarn_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarn_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarn1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Woodthorpe_Tarn" title="William Woodthorpe Tarn">Tarn, W.W.</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HellenisticCivilisation1952ByW.W.TARNREVISEDG.T.GRIFFITH"><i>Hellenistic Civilisation</i></a>. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Civilisation&rft.pages=330&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.aufirst=W.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHellenisticCivilisation1952ByW.W.TARNREVISEDG.T.GRIFFITH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Pohlenz, <i>Die Stoa: Geschichte einer geistigen Bewegung</i>. As reviewed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_de_Lacy1951" class="citation book cs1">Phillip de Lacy (October 1, 1951). <i>Reviewed Work: Die Stoa: Geschichte einer geistigen Bewegung by Max Pohlenz</i>. Vol. 46. The University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>262. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/265746">265746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+Die+Stoa%3A+Geschichte+einer+geistigen+Bewegung+by+Max+Pohlenz&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1951-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F265746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Phillip+de+Lacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1981" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Edwin L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077542">"The Origin of the Constellation Name 'Cynosura'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>50</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">384–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-5367">0030-5367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43077542">43077542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Constellation+Name+%27Cynosura%27&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43077542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0030-5367&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43077542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2019" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, R. D. (2019). <i>Stoic and Epicurean</i>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-83960-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-83960-8"><bdi>978-0-486-83960-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stoic+and+Epicurean&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-486-83960-8&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva2016" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (2016). <i>The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature: The Hellenistic Period</i>. University of California Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29084-6"><bdi>978-0-520-29084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Jews+in+Greek+Literature%3A+The+Hellenistic+Period&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29084-6&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagill2003" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank N. (2003). <i>The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography</i>. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 1273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45739-6"><bdi>978-1-135-45739-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World%3A+Dictionary+of+World+Biography&rft.pages=1273&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45739-6&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi-bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=zeta,79">https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi-bin/search.cgi?login=guest&enlogin=guest&db=REAL&field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=zeta,79</a> <i>Zeno</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diogenes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diogenes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diogenes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0258:book=7:chapter=1">"Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book VII, Chapter 1. Zeno (333–261 B.C.)"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Diogenes+Laertius%2C+Lives+of+Eminent+Philosophers%2C+Book+VII%2C+Chapter+1.+Zeno+%28333%E2%80%93261+B.C.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2–3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2–3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_26–27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_26–27_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.attalus.org/translate/florida.html">"Apuleius: Florida - translation"</a>. <i>www.attalus.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.attalus.org&rft.atitle=Apuleius%3A+Florida+-+translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Ftranslate%2Fflorida.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickett, B. (2020) <i>Homosexuality, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</i> Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/</a> (Accessed: 07 February 2025). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_24-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_24_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 2, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16,_25-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16,_25_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 16, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_16_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 2; but note that Xenocrates died 314/13 BC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_25-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_2,_25_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 2, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 6–9, 13–15, 36; Epictetus, <i>Discourses</i>, ii. 13. 14–15; Simplicius, <i>in Epictetus Enchiridion</i>, 51; Aelian, <i>Varia Historia</i>, ix. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6–9_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 6–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brunt-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brunt_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brunt_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunt2013" class="citation book cs1">Brunt, P. A. (2013). "The Political Attitudes of the Old Stoa". In Griffin, Miriam; Samuels, Alison (eds.). <i>Studies in Stoicism</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199695850" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199695850"><bdi>978-0199695850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Attitudes+of+the+Old+Stoa&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Stoicism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199695850&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_13,_comp._36-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_13,_comp._36_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 13, comp. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_37-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_37_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>de Stoicor. repugn</i>, p. 1034; comp. <a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 16, comp. 26; Sidonius Apollinaris, <i>Epistles</i>, ix. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_14-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_14_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_15-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_15_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18,_22-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18,_22_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 18, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18–25-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_18–25_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 18–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_28-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_28_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_30-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_30_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_6,_11_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 6, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_10–12-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_10–12_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, ii. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iv. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>adv. Math.</i> vii. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, ii. 6, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicero1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cicero1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicero1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, i. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, 2.145 [47]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_148-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_148_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Empiricus, <i>adv. Math.</i> ix. 104, 101; Cicero, <i>de Natura Deorum</i>, ii. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicero2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cicero2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicero2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cicero2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Natura Deorum</i>, ii. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, ii. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Natura Deorum</i>, ii. 9, iii. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_150-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_150_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_142,_comp._136-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_142,_comp._136_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 142, comp. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, i. 9, <i>de Natura Deorum</i>, iii. 14; <a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stobaeus, <i>Ecl. Phys.</i> i.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cicero3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cicero3_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Natura Deorum</i>, i. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_88,_148,_etc.,_156-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_88,_148,_etc.,_156_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 88, 148, etc., 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMerrill1964" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Wallace E.; Merrill, Edward H. (1964). <i>History of the World</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: The Greystone Press. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=The+Greystone+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Wallace+E.&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Academica</i>, i. 10. 35–36 : "Zeno igitur nullo modo is erat qui ut Theophrastus nervos virtutis inciderit, sed contra qui omnia quae ad beatam vitam pertinerent in una virtute poneret nec quicquam aliud numeraret hi bonis idque appellaret honestum quod esset simplex quoddam et solum et unum bonum."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 6. 8; comp. <a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 100, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stobaeus, 2.77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_102,_127-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_102,_127_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 102, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 85; Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 5, 15, iv. 10, v. 9, <i>Academica</i>, i. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 13, <i>Academica</i>, i. 10, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 21, iv. 9, <i>Parad.</i> iii. 1; <a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 14, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iii. 14; Sextus Empiricus, <i>adv. Math.</i> vii. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 9, <i>Academica</i>, i. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 110; Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 6. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Finibus</i>, iv. 38; Plutarch, <i>de Virt. mor.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 6; <a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Tusculanae Quaestiones</i>, iv. 18, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFАревшатян" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Аревшатян, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matenadaran.am/ftp/data/Banber3/19.S.Arevshatyan.pdf">"Трактат Зенона Стоика "О Природе" и его древнеармянский перевод"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Вестник Матенадарана</i>. 1956. – № 3.: <span class="nowrap">315–</span>342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.matenadaran.am/ftp/data/Banber3/19.S.Arevshatyan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%22%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%22+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.volume=1956.+%E2%80%93+%E2%84%96+3.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matenadaran.am%2Fftp%2Fdata%2FBanber3%2F19.S.Arevshatyan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M E Stone and M E Shirinian, <i>Pseudo-Zeno: Anonymous Philosophical Treatise</i> December 1, 1999, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_4-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaërtius1925§_4_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaërtius1925">Laërtius 1925</a>, § 4.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorandi2005" class="citation book cs1">Dorandi, Tiziano (2005). "Chapter 2: Chronology". In Algra, Keimpe; et al. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521616706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521616706"><bdi>978-0521616706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+Chronology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Hellenistic+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521616706&rft.aulast=Dorandi&rft.aufirst=Tiziano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1911" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, William Scott (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/athenshistoric00ferguoft"><i>Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay</i></a>. London: Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/athenshistoric00ferguoft#page/185/mode/1up">185</a>–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Athens%3A+An+Historical+Essay&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=William+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fathenshistoric00ferguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaërtius1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book VII#Zeno"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_VII#Zeno">"The Stoics: Zeno" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a></i>. Vol. 2:7. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library. § 1–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Stoics%3A+Zeno&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.pages=%C2%A7-1-160&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author,_born_1946)" title="Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)">Marshall, Peter</a> (1993). <i>Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</i>. Oakland, California: PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604860641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604860641"><bdi>978-1604860641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1604860641&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dawson, Doyne (1992). <i>Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought</i>. Oxford University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolidayHanselman2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Holiday" title="Ryan Holiday">Holiday, Ryan</a>; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Zeno the Prophet". <i>Lives of the Stoics</i>. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525541875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525541875"><bdi>978-0525541875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeno+the+Prophet&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Stoics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0525541875&rft.aulast=Holiday&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Hanselman%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hunt, Harold. <i>A Physical Interpretation of the Universe. The Doctrines of Zeno the Stoic</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0522841007" title="Special:BookSources/0522841007">0522841007</a></li> <li>Long, Anthony A., Sedley, David N. <i>The Hellenistic Philosophers</i>, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521275563" title="Special:BookSources/0521275563">0521275563</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasonScaltsas2002" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Theodore; Scaltsas, Andrew S., eds. (2002). <i>The philosophy of Zeno: Zeno of Citium and his legacy</i>. Municipality of Larnaca. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9963603237" title="Special:BookSources/978-9963603237"><bdi>978-9963603237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Zeno%3A+Zeno+of+Citium+and+his+legacy&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Larnaca&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9963603237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZeno+of+Citium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pearson, Alfred C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220060107/https://archive.org/details/thefragmentsofze00zenouoft"><i>Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes</i></a>, (1891). Greek/Latin fragments with English commentary.</li> <li>Reale, Giovanni. <i>A History of Ancient Philosophy. III. The systems of the Hellenistic Age</i>, (translated by John R. Catan, 1985 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_gk7SH2C9cC&dq=jew%20zeno%20of%20citium&pg=PA209"><i>Zeno, the Foundation of the Stoa, and the Different Phases of Stoicism</i></a>)</li> <li>Schofield, Malcolm. <i>The Stoic Idea of the City</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226740064" title="Special:BookSources/0226740064">0226740064</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://www.historyoflogic.com/biblio/stoic-logicians-biblio.htm">Selected Bibliography on the Early Stoic Logicians: Zeno, Cleanthes, Chrysippus</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the Stoic school </b><br />300–262 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Babylon" title="Diogenes of Babylon">Diogenes of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_of_Tarsus" title="Antipater of Tarsus">Antipater of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Stoicism_terms" title="Glossary of Stoicism terms">Philosophical concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stoic_logic" title="Stoic logic">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diairesis" title="Diairesis">Diairesis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stoic_physics" title="Stoic physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis">Physis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">Fire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">Pneuma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Pathos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oikei%C3%B4sis" title="Oikeiôsis">Oikeiôsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prohairesis" title="Prohairesis">Prohairesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sophos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Passions" title="On Passions"><i>On Passions</i> (Chrysippus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxa_Stoicorum" title="Paradoxa Stoicorum">Paradoxa Stoicorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium" title="Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium"><i>Letters to Lucilius</i> (Seneca)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger#Essays" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca's Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%27s_Consolations" title="Seneca's Consolations">Seneca's Consolations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus#Writings" title="Gaius Musonius Rufus"><i>Lectures</i> (Musonius Rufus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_of_Epictetus" title="Discourses of Epictetus">Discourses of Epictetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Epictetus" title="Enchiridion of Epictetus">Enchiridion of Epictetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations"><i>Meditations of Marcus Aurelius</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoicorum_Veterum_Fragmenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta">Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoa_Poikile" title="Stoa Poikile">Stoa Poikile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_Opposition" title="Stoic Opposition">Stoic Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostoicism" title="Neostoicism">Neostoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides_of_Knossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimenides of Knossos">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Sages37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon of Athens">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periander_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periander of Corinth">Periander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus_of_Lindos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleobulus of Lindos">Cleobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ionian37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Milesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italian105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acron" title="Acron">Acron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sicily" title="Pausanias of Sicily">Pausanias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_of_Athens" title="Damon of Athens">Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron_(sophist)" title="Lycophron (sophist)">Lycophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus_(sophist)" title="Dionysodorus (sophist)">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_of_Chios" title="Euthydemus of Chios">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyas" title="Ichthyas">Ichthyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Corinth" title="Thrasymachus of Corinth">Thrasymachus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicarete_of_Megara" title="Nicarete of Megara">Nicarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasicles_of_Thebes" title="Pasicles of Thebes">Pasicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Achaea" title="Bryson of Achaea">Bryson</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dialecticians33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Dialecticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinomachus" title="Clinomachus">Clinomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Cronus" title="Apollonius Cronus">Apollonius Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Chalcedon" title="Dionysius of Chalcedon">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexinus" title="Alexinus">Alexinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthoides" title="Panthoides">Panthoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicetes_of_Smyrna" title="Nicetes of Smyrna">Nicetes of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Sophists" title="Category:Roman-era Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3927" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3927" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171303#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000381760310">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261896996">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268448029">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/572158790511238850515">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/203781319">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1157154381143230292836">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1015159234271303371205">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5726942">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7691164423017920530006">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/475159474181327661464">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316749259">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45095721">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/224152636060820051246">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/290542545">13</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18724/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyg6DykkdR3Gr78MyvVhb">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCjbyDyRPRm6rMrFwdG73">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDRBjHMDxwThYkVbW6fC3">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjy8VgxQgcfgGDT9B7PPcP">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118636510">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50061829">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205314h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205314h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461808">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zeno : Citieus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV037513">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35762654">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX866438">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06996565X">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p159668905">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/95005339">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=59912">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000046878">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/89338">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007270121805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05705524?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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