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cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chinese Communist Party</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Chinese_Communist_Party" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a 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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CCP" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CCP_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CCP (disambiguation)">CCP (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Chinese Communist Party (CCP),<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> officially the Communist Party of China (CPC),<a href="#cite_note-:62-6">[4]</a> is the founding and <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole ruling party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC). Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the CCP emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. In 1949, Mao <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China</a>. Since then, the CCP has governed China and has had sole control over the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA). Successive leaders of the CCP have added their own theories to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">party's constitution</a>, which outlines the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">party's ideology</a>, collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit">[update]</a>, the CCP has more than 99 million members, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_political_parties" title="List of largest political parties">second largest political party by membership in the world</a> after <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD0000; border-bottom:2px solid #DD0000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Communist Party of China</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>中国共产党 Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/150px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/225px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/300px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">CCP (common) CPC (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Standing Committee</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Xi Jinping</li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">... and others</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st National Congress</a> representatives: </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Neumann (page does not exist)">Vladimir Neumann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolski_(Geheimdienstoffizier)" class="extiw" title="de:Nikolski (Geheimdienstoffizier)">de</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:尼克爾斯基">zh</a>] </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Li_Da_(philosopher)" title="Li Da (philosopher)">Li Da</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Li_Hanjun" title="Li Hanjun">Li Hanjun</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Renjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Renjing (page does not exist)">Liu Renjing</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%BB%81%E9%9D%99" class="extiw" title="zh:刘仁静">zh</a>] </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/He_Shuheng" title="He Shuheng">He Shuheng</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tanqiu" title="Chen Tanqiu">Chen Tanqiu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jinmei_(revolutionary)" title="Wang Jinmei (revolutionary)">Wang Jinmei</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Enming" title="Deng Enming">Deng Enming</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bao_Huiseng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bao Huiseng (page does not exist)">Bao Huiseng</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E6%83%A0%E5%83%A7" class="extiw" title="zh:包惠僧">zh</a>] </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>23 July 1921; 103 years ago (1921-07-23) (1st National Congress)<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, 106 Rue Wantz, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xicheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xicheng District">Xicheng District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_movement" title="Pioneer movement">Children's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia of China</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">Research office</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Central Policy Research Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 99,185,000<a href="#cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> Red</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People" title="Serve the People">Serve the People</a>"<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">13th</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">2,090 / 2,980<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">117 / 175<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://12371.cn">12371.cn</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17427#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD0000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Communist Party of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Party_of_China_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/160px-Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/240px-Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/320px-Communist_Party_of_China_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="293"></a><div class="infobox-caption">"Communist Party of China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中国共产党</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中國共產黨</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄢˇ ㄉㄤˇ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-kuo2 Kung4-ch'an3-tang3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jhongguó Gòng-chǎn-dǎng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ kʊ̂ŋ.ʈʂʰàn.tàŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jūng-gwok Guhng-cháan-dóng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zung1 gwok3 gung6 caan2 dong2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥ kʷɔk̚˧ kʊŋ˨ tsʰan˧˥ tɔŋ˧˥]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Abbreviation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中共</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōnggòng</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōnggòng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄥˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-kung4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kʊ̂ŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jūng-guhng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zung1 gung6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊŋ˥.kʊŋ˨]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tiong-kiōng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Tibetan name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>ཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Krung go gung khran tang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Trung go gung trän tang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhung ko kung chän dang</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Zhuang name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Дундад улсын (Хятадын) Эв хамт (Kоммунист) Нам</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ (ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ) ᠨᠠᠮ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dumdad ulcyn (Khyatadyn) Av khamt (Kommunist) Нam</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Uyghur name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1074196468">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur","Noto Naskh Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Microsoft Sans Serif";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}</style>جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script" title="Uyghur New Script">Yengi Yeziⱪ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Junggo Kommunistik Partiyisi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Siril Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Җуңго Коммунистик Партийиcи</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Manchu name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍‍ᡳ (ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ ‍‍ᡳ) ᡤᡠᠩᡮᠠᠨ ᡥᠣᡴᡳ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dulimbai gurun-i (Jungg'o-i) Gungcan Hoki</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> led the founding of the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Bureau_of_the_Communist_International" title="Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International">Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International</a>. For the first six years, the CCP aligned itself with the Kuomintang (KMT) as the organized left wing of the larger nationalist movement. However, when the right wing of the KMT, led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, turned on the CCP and massacred tens of thousands of the party's members, the two parties split and began a prolonged civil war. During the next ten years of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP, and the party established a strong base among the rural <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Reform Movement (China)">land reform policies</a>. Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP emerged triumphant in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">the communist revolution</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang%27s_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan">KMT's retreat to Taiwan</a>, the CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. Mao Zedong continued to be the most influential member of the CCP until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">his death in 1976</a>, although he periodically withdrew from public leadership as his health deteriorated. Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">five-year plans</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">split with the Soviet Union</a>. Although Mao attempted to purge the party of capitalist and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> elements during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, after his death, these policies were only briefly continued by the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> before a less radical faction seized control. During the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards a policy of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">economic liberalization</a>. The official explanation for these reforms was that China was still in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage of socialism</a>, a developmental stage similar to the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of the Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the CCP has focused on maintaining its relations with the ruling parties of the remaining <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">socialist states</a> and continues to participate in the <a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties</a> each year. The CCP has also established relations with several non-communist parties, including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> parties in Europe. The Chinese Communist Party is organized based on <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, a principle that entails open policy discussion on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. The highest body of the CCP is the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a>, convened every fifth year. When the National Congress is not in session, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> is the highest body, but since that body usually only meets once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>. Members of the latter are seen as the top leadership of the party and the state.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[5]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">party's leader</a> holds the offices of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> (responsible for civilian party duties), <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a> (CMC) (responsible for military affairs), and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">State President</a> (a largely ceremonial position). Because of these posts, the party leader is seen as the country's <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>. The current leader is <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, who was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Central Committee</a> held on 15 November 2012 and has been reelected twice, on 25 October 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th Central Committee</a> and on 10 October 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Central Committee</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Founding_and_early_history">1.1 Founding and early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chinese_Civil_War_and_Second_Sino-Japanese_War">1.2 Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Proclamation_of_the_PRC_and_the_1950s">1.3 Proclamation of the PRC and the 1950s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sino-Soviet_split_and_Cultural_Revolution">1.4 Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reforms_under_Deng_Xiaoping">1.5 Reforms under Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reforms_under_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao">1.6 Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Leadership_of_Xi_Jinping">1.7 Leadership of Xi Jinping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ideology">2 Ideology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Formal_ideology">2.1 Formal ideology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economics">2.2 Economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Analysis_and_criticism">2.3 Analysis and criticism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Governance">3 Governance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Collective_leadership">3.1 Collective leadership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Democratic_centralism">3.2 Democratic centralism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Shuanggui">3.3 Shuanggui</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#United_front">3.4 United front</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Organization">4 Organization</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Central_organization">4.1 Central organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Lower-level_organizations">4.2 Lower-level organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Funding">4.3 Funding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Members">4.4 Members</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Membership_demographics">4.4.1 Membership demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Status_of_women">4.4.2 Status of women</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Benefits_of_membership">4.4.3 Benefits of membership</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Communist_Youth_League">4.5 Communist Youth League</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Symbols">5 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Party-to-party_relations">6 Party-to-party relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Communist_parties">6.1 Communist parties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Ruling_parties_of_socialist_states">6.1.1 Ruling parties of socialist states</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Non-communist_parties">6.2 Non-communist parties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Electoral_history">7 Electoral history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#National_People's_Congress_elections">7.1 National People's Congress elections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Sources">10.2 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Books">10.2.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Journal_articles">10.2.2 Journal articles</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_early_history">Founding and early history</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist theory</a> inspired the founding of the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[6]</a>: 114 <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> were among the first to publicly support <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>. Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199126%E2%80%9327-9">[7]</a> Some historical analysis views the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> as the beginning of the revolutionary struggle that led to the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">founding of the People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a>: 22 Following the movement, trends towards social transformation increased.<a href="#cite_note-:04-11">[9]</a>: 14 Writing in 1939, Mao Zedong stated that the Movement had shown that the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> revolution against imperialism and China had developed to a new stage, but that the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> would lead the revolution's completion.<a href="#cite_note-:04-11">[9]</a>: 20 The May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zhidong-12">[10]</a> Chen and Li were among the most influential promoters of Marxism in China during the May Fourth period.<a href="#cite_note-:04-11">[9]</a>: 7 The CCP itself embraces the May Fourth Movement and views itself as part of the movement's legacy.<a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[11]</a>: 24 Study circles were, according to <a href="/wiki/Cai_Hesen" title="Cai Hesen">Cai Hesen</a>, "the rudiments [of our party]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199138-14">[12]</a> Several study circles were established during the <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a>, but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199144-15">[13]</a> China's intellectual movements were fragmented in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-:12-16">[14]</a>: 17 The May Fourth Movement and the New Culture Movement had identified issues of broad concern to Chinese progressives, including <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">nationalism</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">democracy</a>, promotion of feminism, and rejection of traditional values.<a href="#cite_note-:12-16">[14]</a>: 17 Proposed solutions among Chinese progressives differed significantly, however.<a href="#cite_note-:12-16">[14]</a>: 17 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg/220px-The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg/220px-The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg/330px-The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg/440px-The_First_National_Congress_of_CPC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Site of the first CCP Congress</a>, in the former <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a></figcaption></figure> The CCP was founded on 1 July 1921 with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Bureau_of_the_Communist_International" title="Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International">Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International</a>, according to the party's official account of its history.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CI-18">[16]</a> However, party documents suggest that the party's actual founding date was 23 July 1921, the first day of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st National Congress of the CCP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> The founding National Congress of the CCP was held 23–31 July 1921.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, among them Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> the CCP organization and authorities grew tremendously.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[6]</a>: 115 While it was originally held in <a href="/wiki/Site_of_the_First_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">a house</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a>, French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009119-22">[20]</a> and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on <a href="/wiki/South_Lake_(Jiaxing)" title="South Lake (Jiaxing)">South Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a>, Zhejiang province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009119-22">[20]</a> A dozen delegates attended the congress, with neither Li nor Chen being able to attend,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009119-22">[20]</a> the latter sending a personal representative in his stead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009119-22">[20]</a> The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) and elected Chen as its leader. Chen then served as the first general secretary of the CCP<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009119-22">[20]</a> and was referred to as "China's Lenin".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets hoped to foster pro-Soviet forces in East Asia to fight against <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> countries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. They attempted to contact the warlord <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a> but failed.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The Soviets then contacted the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), which was leading the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_in_Guangzhou" title="Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou">Guangzhou government</a> parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>. On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Mikhail Borodin</a> to Guangzhou, and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the CCP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> and the Comintern<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents "rightists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196684,_89-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[note 3]</a> KMT leader <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. CCP membership grew tremendously after the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th congress</a> in 1925, from 900 to 2,428.<a href="#cite_note-ksy-31">[28]</a> The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> as he is viewed as a proto-communist<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> and the economic element of <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Sun's ideology</a> was socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirlik2005%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidS-aGLEtx7AYCpgPA20_20%5D-34">[31]</a> Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The communists dominated the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">left wing of the KMT</a> and struggled for power with the party's right-wing factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196684,_89-28">[26]</a> When Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram196684,_89-28">[26]</a> Chiang, Sun's former assistant, was not actively anti-communist at that time,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> even though he hated the theory of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> and the CCP's seizure of power.<a href="#cite_note-ccc-29">[27]</a> The communists proposed removing Chiang's power.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries, the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense. Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion of communists within the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Fresh from the success of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200242-40">[37]</a> Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he turned on them, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai massacre of 1927">massacring 5,000</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[note 4]</a> with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Gang" title="Green Gang">Green Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200242-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966106-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197661%E2%80%9362-45">[41]</a> Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General <a href="/wiki/Ye_Ting" title="Ye Ting">Ye Ting</a> and his troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966112-46">[42]</a> Chiang's allies also attacked communists; for example, in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966106%E2%80%93109-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-41">[38]</a> Angered by these events, the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent. <a href="/wiki/Ye_Dehui" title="Ye Dehui">Ye Dehui</a>, a famous scholar, was killed by communists in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, and in revenge, KMT general <a href="/wiki/He_Jian" title="He Jian">He Jian</a> and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966112%E2%80%93113-48">[44]</a> That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Civil_War_and_Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Outline of the Chinese Civil War">Outline of the Chinese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/180px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/180px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/270px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/360px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a></figcaption></figure> The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-41">[38]</a> but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197663-49">[45]</a> The CCP reacted by founding the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China</a>, better known as the "Red Army", to battle the KMT. A battalion led by General <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> was ordered to take the city of <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a>. Initially successful, Zhu and his troops were forced to retreat after five days, marching south to <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>, and from there being driven into the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197663-49">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army, and led four regiments against Changsha in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a>, hoping to spark peasant uprisings across Hunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197664-50">[46]</a> His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on 9 September, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha but could not take it; by 15 September, he accepted defeat, with 1,000 survivors marching east to the <a href="/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains" title="Jinggang Mountains">Jinggang Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197664-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchram1966122%E2%80%93125-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeigon200246%E2%80%9347-52">[48]</a> The near destruction of the CCP's urban organizational apparatus led to institutional changes within the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The party adopted <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a politburo to function as the standing committee of the central committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The result was increased centralization of power within the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> At every level of the party this was duplicated, with standing committees now in effective control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> After being expelled from the party, Chen Duxiu went on to lead China's <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929–1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The 1929 <a href="/wiki/Gutian_Congress" title="Gutian Congress">Gutian Congress</a> was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the party's ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:Duan-54">[50]</a>: 280 Li's leadership was a failure, leaving the CCP on the brink of destruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> By 1935, Mao had become a member of <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee of the CCP</a> and the party's informal military leader, with <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a>, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The conflict with the KMT led to the reorganization of the Red Army, with power now centralized in the leadership through the creation of CCP political departments charged with supervising the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199272-53">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> of December 1936 paused the conflict between the CCP and the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992370-55">[51]</a> Under pressure from Marshal <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a> and the CCP, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> focused on repelling the Japanese invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992354-56">[52]</a> While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had effectively ended by 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992354-56">[52]</a> Despite their formal alliance, the CCP used the opportunity to expand and carve out independent bases of operations to prepare for the coming war with the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992355-57">[53]</a> In 1939, the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992355-57">[53]</a> This led to frequent clashes between CCP and KMT forces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992355-57">[53]</a> which subsided rapidly on the realization on both sides that civil war amidst a foreign invasion was not an option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992355-57">[53]</a> By 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung1992355-57">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png/260px-Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="364" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1113"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 364px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png/260px-Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png" data-width="260" data-height="364" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png/390px-Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png/520px-Three_Campaigns_of_Chinese_Civil_War.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing the <a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin Campaigns</a> that decisively turned the war in favour of the CCP.</figcaption></figure> Mao Zedong became the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the CCP</a> in 1945. After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrender</a> in 1945, the war between the CCP and the KMT began again in earnest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> The 1945–1949 period had four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> By 1945, the KMT had three times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> With the cooperation of the US and Japan, the KMT was able to retake major parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> However, KMT rule over the reconquered territories proved unpopular because of its endemic <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> Notwithstanding its numerical superiority, the KMT failed to reconquer the rural territories which made up the CCP's stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> Around the same time, the CCP launched an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, where they were assisted by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, the CCP headquarters, for much of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199295-58">[54]</a> The KMT's successes were hollow; the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead undermined KMT rule there by instigating protests among students and intellectuals. The KMT responded to these demonstrations with heavy-handed repression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199296-59">[55]</a> In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened its ability to respond to attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199296-59">[55]</a> The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199296-59">[55]</a> The objective was clearing "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199696-60">[56]</a> This operation, coupled with military desertions from the KMT, resulted in the KMT losing 2 million of its 3 million troops by the spring of 1948, and saw a significant decline in support for KMT rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199296-59">[55]</a> The CCP was consequently able to cut off KMT garrisons in Manchuria and retake several territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199696-60">[56]</a> The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists go on the offensive and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199696-60">[56]</a> Mao's <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the founding of the People's Republic of China</a> on 1 October 1949 marked the end of the second phase of the Chinese Civil War (or the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, as it is called by the CCP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeung199696-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_of_the_PRC_and_the_1950s">Proclamation of the PRC and the 1950s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_birthday2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/210px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/210px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/315px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/420px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chinese communists celebrate Joseph Stalin's birthday, 1949.</figcaption></figure> Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949. The CCP headed the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931954)" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)">Central People's Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[6]</a>: 118 From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (such as Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a> As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a> Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> visited the Soviet Union in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The constitution of the PRC in 1954 subsequently abolished the previous coalition government and established the CCP's one-party system.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> In 1957, the CCP launched the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a> against political dissidents and prominent figures from minor parties, which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. The campaign significantly damaged the limited pluralistic nature in the socialist republic and solidified the country's status as a de facto <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> The Anti-Rightist Campaign led to the catastrophic results of the Second Five Year Plan from 1958 to 1962, known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>. In an effort to transform the country from an agrarian economy into an industrialized one, the CCP collectivized farmland, formed people's communes, and diverted labour to factories. General mismanagement and exaggerations of harvests by CCP officials led to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>, which resulted in an estimated 15 to 45 million deaths,<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> making it the largest famine in recorded history.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Soviet_split_and_Cultural_Revolution">Sino-Soviet split and Cultural Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through a period of "<a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>" under <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103-72">[68]</a> By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "continued revolution under the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in which millions were persecuted and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2005131-73">[69]</a> During the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> were purged or exiled, and the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, led by Mao's wife <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>, emerged to fill in the power vacuum left behind. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_under_Deng_Xiaoping">Reforms under Deng Xiaoping</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></div> Following Mao's death in 1976, a power struggle between CCP chairman <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and vice-chairman Deng Xiaoping erupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200547-74">[70]</a> Deng won the struggle, and became China's paramount leader in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200547-74">[70]</a> Deng, alongside <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, spearheaded the "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">reform and opening-up</a>" policies, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012254-75">[71]</a> In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> without itself being capitalist.<a href="#cite_note-marketvsplanning-76">[72]</a> While asserting the political power of the CCP, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was justified on the basis that "<a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth</a>", a principle reinforced through a 1978 article that aimed to combat dogmatism and criticized the "<a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a>" policy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists to the left of the CCP's leadership, as well as by those supporting political liberalization. In 1981, the Party adopted a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">historical resolution</a>, which assessed the historical legacy of the Mao Zedong era and the future priorities of the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-:22-78">[74]</a>: 6 With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201225-79">[75]</a> The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest, Deng's economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> had been introduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682-80">[76]</a> In 1997, Deng's beliefs (officially called "<a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>") were embedded into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP's constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reforms_under_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao">Further reforms under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao</h3></div> CCP general secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> succeeded Deng as paramount leader in the 1990s and continued most of his policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012100-82">[78]</a> In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly renewed according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a> Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement, educational background, and managerial and technical expertise.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a> There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a> The CCP ratified Jiang's <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a> concept for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238-83">[79]</a> The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> elements into the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238-83">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317-84">[80]</a> Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> and opposed one-man dominance of the political system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317-84">[80]</a> The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">wide range of serious social problems</a>. To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012329-85">[81]</a> Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a> held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Xi_Jinping">Leadership of Xi Jinping</h3></div> Since taking power, Xi has initiated <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign</a>, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi's leadership</a> as well as "the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively."<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party's role in China.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Xi has added <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">his ideology</a>, named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:0-91">[87]</a> Xi's term as general secretary was renewed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Since 2014, the CCP has led efforts in Xinjiang that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a>, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">repressive measures</a>. This has been described as a genocide by some academics and some governments.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> On the other hand, a greater number of countries signed a letter penned to the Human Rights Council supporting the policies as an effort to combat terrorism in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg/220px-Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg/220px-Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg/330px-Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg/440px-Slogan_for_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_founding_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_20210611.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A temporary monument displayed in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a>, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the CCP's founding</figcaption></figure> Celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th anniversary of the CCP's founding</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a>, took place on 1 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> In the sixth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee in November 2021, CCP adopted a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century" title="Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century">resolution on the Party's history</a>, which for the first time credited Xi as being the "main innovator" of Xi Jinping Thought while also declaring Xi's leadership as being "the key to the great rejuvenation of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese nation">Chinese nation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> In comparison with the other historical resolutions, Xi's one did not herald a major change in how the CCP evaluated its history.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> On 6 July 2021, Xi chaired the <a href="/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit" title="CPC and World Political Parties Summit">Communist Party of China and World Political Parties Summit</a>, which involved representatives from 500 political parties across 160 countries.<a href="#cite_note-:7-102">[98]</a> Xi urged the participants to oppose "technology blockades," and "developmental decoupling" in order to work towards "building a community with a shared future for mankind."<a href="#cite_note-:7-102">[98]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_ideology">Formal ideology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Generations of Chinese leadership</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/170px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/170px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/255px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/340px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A monument dedicated to Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right) in Shanghai</figcaption></figure> The core ideology of the party has evolved with each distinct <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">generation of Chinese leadership</a>. As both the CCP and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> promote their members according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinct generations of Chinese leadership.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-103">[99]</a> In official discourse, each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> was the first official ideology of the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-MLT-104">[100]</a> According to the CCP, "Marxism–Leninism reveals the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">universal laws governing the development of history of human society</a>."<a href="#cite_note-MLT-104">[100]</a> To the CCP, Marxism–Leninism provides a "vision of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">contradictions in capitalist society</a> and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies".<a href="#cite_note-MLT-104">[100]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a> "is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China".<a href="#cite_note-MLT-104">[100]</a> Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials, according to <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaoZedongThought-105">[101]</a> Deng Xiaoping Theory was added to the party constitution at the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th National Congress</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684-81">[77]</a> The concepts of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684-81">[77]</a> Deng Xiaoping Theory can be defined as a belief that <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">state planning</a> is not by definition communist, and that market mechanisms are class neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011668-106">[102]</a> In addition, the party needs to react to the changing situation dynamically; to know if a certain policy is obsolete or not, the party had to "<a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">seek truth from facts</a>" and follow the slogan "practice is the sole criterion for the truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2003180-107">[103]</a> At the 14th National Congress, Jiang reiterated Deng's mantra that it was unnecessary to ask if something was socialist or capitalist, since the important factor was whether it worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011685-108">[104]</a> The "Three Represents", Jiang Zemin's contribution to the party's ideology, was adopted by the party at the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress</a>. The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP, and stresses that the Party must always represent the requirements for developing China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people."<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2003201-110">[106]</a> Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-Marxist and a betrayal of basic Marxist values. Supporters viewed it as a further development of socialism with Chinese characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011108%E2%80%93109-111">[107]</a> Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the "<a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">economic laws of history</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011107%E2%80%93108-112">[108]</a> The theory is most notable for allowing capitalists, officially referred to as the "new social strata", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labor and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011110-113">[109]</a> In 2003, the 3rd Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Central Committee</a> conceived and formulated the ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> (SOD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzuhara2013110-114">[110]</a> It is considered to be Hu Jintao's contribution to the official ideological discourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuoGuo2008119-115">[111]</a> The SOD incorporates <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> society, increased democracy, and, ultimately, the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Harmonious_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Harmonious Society">Socialist Harmonious Society</a>. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development."<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District,_Shenzhen,_Guangdong,_China,_picture1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg/220px-A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg/220px-A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg/330px-A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg/440px-A_political_slogan_on_the_wall_in_Longhua_District%2C_Shenzhen%2C_Guangdong%2C_China%2C_picture1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, Guangdong</figcaption></figure> Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly known as Xi Jinping Thought, was added to the party constitution in the <a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th National Congress</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:0-91">[87]</a> The theory's main elements are summarized in the ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, and the thirteen areas of achievements.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The party combines elements of both <a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">socialist patriotism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao200428-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B6fstedt198025-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi199538%E2%80%9339-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaiArupChanock200077-121">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng2012119-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> Deng did not believe that the fundamental difference between the capitalist mode of production and the socialist mode of production was <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>. He said, "A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity".<a href="#cite_note-marketvsplanning-76">[72]</a> Jiang Zemin supported Deng's thinking, and stated in a party gathering that it did not matter if a certain mechanism was capitalist or socialist, because the only thing that mattered was whether it worked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682-80">[76]</a> It was at this gathering that Jiang Zemin introduced the term socialist market economy, which replaced <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>'s "planned socialist market economy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682-80">[76]</a> In his report to the 14th National Congress Jiang Zemin told the delegates that the socialist state would "let market forces play a basic role in resource allocation."<a href="#cite_note-basicdecisive-123">[119]</a> At the 15th National Congress, the party line was changed to "make market forces further play their role in resource allocation"; this line continued until the 3rd Plenary Session of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Central Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-basicdecisive-123">[119]</a> when it was amended to "let market forces play a decisive role in <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">resource allocation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-basicdecisive-123">[119]</a> Despite this, the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee upheld the creed "Maintain the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and strengthen the economic vitality of the state-owned economy."<a href="#cite_note-basicdecisive-123">[119]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "... their theory that capitalism is the ultimate [force] has been shaken, and socialist development has experienced a miracle. Western capitalism has suffered reversals, a financial crisis, a credit crisis, a crisis of confidence, and their self-conviction has wavered. Western countries have begun to reflect, and openly or secretively compare themselves against China's politics, economy and path." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, on the inevitability of socialism<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></cite> </div> The CCP views the world as organized into two opposing camps; socialist and capitalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200762-125">[121]</a> They insist that socialism, on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, will eventually triumph over capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200762-125">[121]</a> In recent years, when the party has been asked to explain the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> occurring, the party has returned to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200762-125">[121]</a> Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200763-126">[122]</a> The reason being that if globalization was purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternative socialist form of modernity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200763-126">[122]</a> Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (neither socialist nor capitalist) according to the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200763-126">[122]</a> The insistence that globalization is not fixed in nature comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200763-126">[122]</a> Because of this there is considerable optimism within the CCP that despite the current capitalist dominance of globalization, globalization can be turned into a vehicle supporting socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeazleKnight200764-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_and_criticism">Analysis and criticism</h3></div> While foreign analysts generally agree that the CCP has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CCP itself disagrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008104-128">[124]</a> Critics of the CCP argue that Jiang Zemin ended the party's formal commitment to Marxism–Leninism with the introduction of the ideological theory, the Three Represents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn201199-129">[125]</a> However, party theorist <a href="/wiki/Leng_Rong" title="Leng Rong">Leng Rong</a> disagrees, claiming that "President Jiang rid the Party of the ideological obstacles to different kinds of ownership ... He did not give up Marxism or socialism. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn201199-129">[125]</a> The attainment of true "communism" is still described as the CCP's and China's "ultimate goal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011527-130">[126]</a> While the CCP claims that China is in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage of socialism</a>, party theorists argue that the current development stage "looks a lot like capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011527-130">[126]</a> Alternatively, certain party theorists argue that "capitalism is the early or first stage of communism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011527-130">[126]</a> Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011527-130">[126]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn" title="Robert Lawrence Kuhn">Robert Lawrence Kuhn</a>, a former foreign adviser to the Chinese government, stated: "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2011527-130">[126]</a> American political scientist and <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Shambaugh" title="David Shambaugh">David Shambaugh</a> argues that before the "<a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth</a>" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008105-131">[127]</a> However, under Deng's leadership this relationship was turned upside down, with decision making justifying ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008105-131">[127]</a> Chinese policy-makers have described the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union's state ideology</a> as "rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality", believing that this was one of the reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Therefore, Shambaugh argues, Chinese policy-makers believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the party's rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008105-131">[127]</a> British sinologist <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)" title="Kerry Brown (historian)">Kerry Brown</a> argues that the CCP does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> and interested only in what works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201252-132">[128]</a> The party itself argues against this assertion. Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ... Ideological and cultural fields are our main targets".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201252-132">[128]</a> As such, the CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201252-132">[128]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_leadership">Collective leadership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></div> Collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, has been the ideal in the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222-133">[129]</a> The concept has its origins back to Lenin and the Russian Bolshevik Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylis1989102-134">[130]</a> At the level of the central party leadership this means that, for instance, all members of the Politburo Standing Committee are of equal standing (each member having only one vote).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222-133">[129]</a> A member of the Politburo Standing Committee often represents a sector; during Mao's reign, he controlled the People's Liberation Army, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>, the security apparatus, and Zhou Enlai, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of China">State Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222-133">[129]</a> This counts as informal power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222-133">[129]</a> Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchically</a> (despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222-133">[129]</a> Informally, the collective leadership is headed by a "<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">leadership core</a>"; that is, the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>, the person who holds the offices of CCP general secretary, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">CMC chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">PRC president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200222%E2%80%9324-135">[131]</a> Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2002158-136">[132]</a> In practice, the core was not responsible to the collective leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2002158-136">[132]</a> However, by the time of Jiang, the party had begun propagating a responsibility system, referring to it in official pronouncements as the "core of the collective leadership".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2002158-136">[132]</a> Academics have noted a decline in collective leadership under Xi Jinping.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_centralism">Democratic centralism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "[Democratic centralism] is centralized on the basis of democracy and democratic under centralized guidance. This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people's congresses at all levels and, at the same time, guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level ..." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mao Zedong, from his speech entitled "Our General Programme"<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a></cite> </div> The CCP's organizational principle is democratic centralism, a principle that entails open discussion of policy on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> It is based on two principles: democracy (synonymous in official discourse with "socialist democracy" and "inner-party democracy") and <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> This has been the guiding organizational principle of the party since the <a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th National Congress</a>, held in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> In the words of the party constitution, "The Party is an integral body organized under its program and constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism".<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> Mao once quipped that democratic centralism was "at once democratic and centralized, with the two seeming opposites of democracy and centralization united in a definite form." Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions, between democracy and centralism, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> Currently, the CCP is claiming that "democracy is the lifeline of the Party, the lifeline of socialism".<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> But for democracy to be implemented, and functioning properly, there needs to be centralization.<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> Democracy in any form, the CCP claims, needs centralism, since without centralism there will be no order.<a href="#cite_note-DemocraticcentralismQiushi-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></div> Shuanggui is an intra-party disciplinary process conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (CCDI), which conducts shuanggui on members accused of "disciplinary violations", a charge which generally refers to <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">political corruption</a>. The process, which literally translates to "double regulation", aims to extract confessions from members accused of violating party rules. According to the Dui Hua Foundation, tactics such as cigarette burns, beatings and simulated drowning are among those used to extract confessions. Other reported techniques include the use of induced hallucinations, with one subject of this method reporting that "In the end I was so exhausted, I agreed to all the accusations against me even though they were false."<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_front">United front</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front (China)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></div> The CCP employs a political strategy that it terms "united front work" that involves groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests.<a href="#cite_note-:02-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> United front work is managed primarily but not exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> (UFWD).<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> The united front has historically been a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> that has included eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">legally-permitted political parties</a> alongside other <a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">people's organizations</a> which have nominal representation in the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC).<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> However, the CPPCC is a body without real power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200170-147">[143]</a> While consultation does take place, it is supervised and directed by the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200170-147">[143]</a> Under Xi Jinping, the united front and its targets of <a href="/wiki/Influence_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Influence operations">influence</a> have expanded in size and scope.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-149">[145]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party">Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_organization">Central organization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/330px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/440px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a>, convened in November 2012</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a> is the party's highest body, and, since the <a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th National Congress</a> in 1969, has been convened every five years (prior to the 9th Congress they were convened on an irregular basis). According to the party's constitution, a congress may not be postponed except "under extraordinary circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001228-150">[146]</a> The party constitution gives the National Congress six responsibilities:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001229-151">[147]</a> <ol><li>Electing the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a>;</li> <li>Electing the <a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (CCDI);</li> <li>Examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee;</li> <li>Examining the report of the outgoing CCDI;</li> <li>Discussing and enacting party policies; and,</li> <li>Revising the party's constitution.</li></ol> In practice, the delegates rarely discuss issues at length at the National Congresses. Most substantive discussion takes place before the congress, in the preparation period, among a group of top party leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001229-151">[147]</a> In between National Congresses, the Central Committee is the highest decision-making institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200166-152">[148]</a> The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010394-153">[149]</a> In between congresses the CCDI is under the authority of the Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010394-153">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/142px-Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/142px-Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" data-width="142" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/213px-Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/283px-Front_cover_of_Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Front cover of the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party</figcaption></figure> The Central Committee, as the party's highest decision-making institution between national congresses, elects several bodies to carry out its work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201141-154">[150]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary session</a> of a newly elected central committee elects the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> of the Central Committee, the party's leader; the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> (CMC); the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>; the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The first plenum also endorses the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a> and the leadership of the CCDI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201141-154">[150]</a> According to the party constitution, the general secretary must be a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), and is responsible for convening meetings of the PSC and the Politburo, while also presiding over the work of the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-CRI-155">[151]</a> The Politburo "exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200185-156">[152]</a> The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20117-157">[153]</a> It convenes at least once a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2010169-158">[154]</a> It was established at the 8th National Congress, in 1958, to take over the policy-making role formerly assumed by the Secretariat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200964-159">[155]</a> The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFu1993201-160">[156]</a> The CMC is the highest decision-making institution on military affairs within the party, and controls the operations of the People's Liberation Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200174-161">[157]</a> The general secretary has, since Jiang Zemin, also served as Chairman of the CMC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200174-161">[157]</a> Unlike the collective leadership ideal of other party organs, the CMC chairman acts as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> with full authority to appoint or dismiss top military officers at will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson200174-161">[157]</a> A first plenum of the Central Committee also elects heads of departments, bureaus, central leading groups and other institutions to pursue its work during a term (a "term" being the period elapsing between national congresses, usually five years).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001228-150">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> is the party's "nerve centre", in charge of day-to-day administrative work, including communications, protocol, and setting agendas for meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012212-162">[158]</a> The CCP currently has six main central departments: the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a>, responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments,<a href="#cite_note-COD-163">[159]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a> (formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor201217-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2012123-165">[161]</a> the United Front Work Department, which oversees the country's eight minor parties, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">people's organizations</a>, and influence groups inside and outside of the country,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWest2012127-166">[162]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department</a>, functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work Department</a>, which handles work related to civic groups, chambers of commerce and industry groups and mixed-ownership and non-public enterprises,<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a>, which oversees the country's legal enforcement authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo2012b99,_237-168">[164]</a> The CC also has direct control over the <a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Central Policy Research Office</a>, which is responsible for researching issues of significant interest to the party leadership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiner200343-169">[165]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a>, which provides political training and ideological indoctrination in communist thought for high-ranking and rising cadres,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201249-170">[166]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of Party History and Literature</a>, which sets priorities for scholarly research in state-run universities and the Central Party School and studies and translates the classical works of Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers200237-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu2010viii-172">[168]</a> The party's newspaper, the People's Daily, is under the direct control of the Central Committee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2007124-173">[169]</a> and is published with the objectives "to tell good stories about China and the (Party)" and to promote its party leader.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> The theoretical magazines <a href="/wiki/Qiushi" title="Qiushi">Qiushi</a> and Study Times are published by the Central Party School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201249-170">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a>, which oversees <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (CCTV), <a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a> (CNR) and <a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a> (CRI), is under the direct control of the Publicity Department.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> The various offices of the "Central Leading Groups", such as the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Work_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Work Office">Hong Kong and Macau Work Office</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a>, and the Central Finance Office, also report to the central committee during a plenary session.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2014141-176">[172]</a> Additionally, CCP has sole control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA) through its Central Military Commission.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower-level_organizations">Lower-level organizations</h3></div> After seizing political power, the CCP extended the dual party-state command system to all government institutions, social organizations, and economic entities.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The State Council and the Supreme Court each has a <a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">party group</a>, established since November 1949. Party committees permeate in every state administrative organ as well as the People's Consultation Conferences and mass organizations at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-:10-179">[175]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Rush_Doshi" title="Rush Doshi">Rush Doshi</a>, "[t]he Party sits above the state, runs parallel to the state, and is enmeshed in every level of the state."<a href="#cite_note-:10-179">[175]</a> Modelled after the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a> system, the party committee's organization department at each level has the power to recruit, train, monitor, appoint, and relocate these officials.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> Party committees exist at the level of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a>, cities, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">counties</a>, and neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> These committees play a key role in directing local policy by selecting local leaders and assigning critical tasks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[178]</a> The Party secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the government, with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power.<a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[178]</a> Party committee members in each level are selected by the leadership in the level above, with provincial leaders selected by the central Organizational Department, and not removable by the local party secretary.<a href="#cite_note-:3-182">[178]</a> Neighborhood committees are generally composed of older volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:024-183">[179]</a>: 118 CCP committees exist inside of companies, both private and state-owned.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> A business that has more than three party members is legally required to establish a committee or branch.<a href="#cite_note-:11-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022227-186">[182]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than half of China's private firms have such organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022225-187">[183]</a> These branches provide places for new member socialization and host morale boosting events for existing members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202214-188">[184]</a> They also provide mechanisms that help private firm interface with government bodies and learn about policies which relate to their fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022225%E2%80%93226-189">[185]</a> On average, the profitability of private firms with a CCP branch is 12.6 per cent higher than the profitability of private firms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022230-190">[186]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a>, these branches are governing bodies that make important decisions and inculcate CCP ideology in employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202215-191">[187]</a> Party committees or branches within companies also provide various benefits to employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022228%E2%80%93229-192">[188]</a> These may include bonuses, interest-free loans, mentorship programs, and free medical and other services for those in need.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022228%E2%80%93229-192">[188]</a> Enterprises that have party branches generally provide more expansive benefits for employees in the areas of retirement, medical care, unemployment, injury, and birth and fertility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao2022229-193">[189]</a> Increasingly, the CCP is requiring private companies to revise their charters to include the role of the party.<a href="#cite_note-:11-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> The funding of all CCP organizations mainly comes from state fiscal revenue. Data for the proportion of total CCP organizations' expenditures in total China fiscal revenue is unavailable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members">Members</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party's program, observe the provisions of the Party constitution, fulfill a Party member's duties, carry out the Party's decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a></cite> </div> The CCP reached 99.19 million members at the end of 2023, a net increase of 1.1 million over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-195">[191]</a> It is the second largest political party in the world after India's <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> To join the CCP, an applicant must go through an approval process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202253%E2%80%9356-197">[193]</a> Adults can file applications for membership with their local party branch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202253-198">[194]</a> A prescreening process, akin to a background check, follows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202253-198">[194]</a> Next, established party members at the local branch vet applicants' behaviour and political attitudes and may make a formal inquiry to a party branch near the applicants' parents residence to vet family loyalty to communism and the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202253-198">[194]</a> In 2014, only 2 million applications were accepted out of some 22 million applicants.<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[195]</a> Admitted members then spend a year as a probationary member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> Probationary members are typically accepted into the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202255-200">[196]</a> Members must pay dues regardless of location and, in 2019, the CCP Central Committee issued a rule requiring members abroad to contact CCP cells at home at least once every six months.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> In contrast to the past, when emphasis was placed on the applicants' ideological criteria, the current CCP stresses technical and educational qualifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> The relevant CCP organization is responsible for observing and educating probationary members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> Probationary members have duties similar to those of full members, with the exception that they may not vote in party elections nor stand for election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> Many join the CCP through the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> Under Jiang Zemin, private entrepreneurs were allowed to become party members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012183-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membership_demographics">Membership demographics</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png/220px-Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png/220px-Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Chinese_Communist_Party_member_badge_diagram.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Badge worn by party members</figcaption></figure> As of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit">[update]</a>, individuals who identify as farmers, herdsmen and fishermen make up 26 million members; members identifying as workers totalled 6.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-:4-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">[2]</a> Another group, the "Managing, professional and technical staff in enterprises and public institutions", made up 16.2 million, 11.5 million identified as working in administrative staff and 7.6 million described themselves as party cadres.<a href="#cite_note-CCPmembersoccupation-202">[198]</a> The CCP systematically recruits <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a> over other social groups.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> By 2023, CCP membership had become more educated, younger, and less blue-collar than previously, with 56.2% of party members having a college degree or above.<a href="#cite_note-:8-195">[191]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit">[update]</a>, around 30 to 35 per cent of Chinese entrepreneurs are or have been a party member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquisQiao202213-204">[200]</a> At the end of 2023, the CCP stated that it has approximately 7.59 million ethnic minority members or 7.7% of the party.<a href="#cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_of_women">Status of women</h4></div> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit">[update]</a>, 30.19 million women are CCP members, representing 30.4% of the party.<a href="#cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">[2]</a> Women in China have low participation rates as political leaders. Women's disadvantage is most evident in their severe underrepresentation in the more powerful political positions.<a href="#cite_note-Bauer-205">[201]</a> At the top level of decision making, no woman has ever been among the members of the Politburo Standing Committee, while the broader Politburo currently does not have any female members. Just 3 of 27 government ministers are women, and importantly, since 1997, China has fallen to 53rd place from 16th in the world in terms of female representation in the National People's Congress, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> CCP leaders such as Zhao Ziyang have vigorously opposed the participation of women in the political process.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Within the party women face a <a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">glass ceiling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benefits_of_membership">Benefits of membership</h4></div> A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> study found that CCP members gain a 20% wage premium in the market over non-members.<a href="#cite_note-:03-209">[205]</a> A subsequent academic study found that the economic benefit of CCP membership is strongest on those in lower wealth brackets.<a href="#cite_note-:03-209">[205]</a> CCP households also tend to accumulate wealth faster than non-CCP households.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Certain CCP cadres have access to a special supply system for foodstuffs called tegong.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> CCP leadership cadres have access to a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_China" title="Healthcare in China">healthcare</a> system managed by the CCP General Office.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Youth_League">Communist Youth League</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></div> The Communist Youth League (CYL) is the CCP's <a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">youth wing</a>, and the largest mass organization for youth in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2007582-213">[209]</a> To join, an applicant has to be between the ages of 14 and 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2007582-213">[209]</a> It controls and supervises <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers</a>, a youth organization for children below the age of 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2007582-213">[209]</a> The organizational structure of CYL is an exact copy of the CCP's; the highest body is the National Congress, followed by the Central Committee, Politburo, and the Politburo Standing Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2007583-214">[210]</a> However, the Central Committee (and all central organs) of the CYL work under the guidance of the CCP central leadership.<a href="#cite_note-CPCactualconstitution-215">[211]</a> 2021 estimates put the number of CYL members at over 81 million.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party">Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(Pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Flag of the Chinese Communist Party since 1996" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png" data-alt="Flag of the Chinese Communist Party since 1996" data-width="150" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 1942 to 1996 (top) and from 1996 onward (bottom)</div></div></div></div> At the beginning of its history, the CCP did not have a single official standard for the flag, but instead allowed individual party committees to copy the flag of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-CPCemblemflag-217">[213]</a> The Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag on 28 April 1942: "The flag of the CPC has the length-to-width proportion of 3:2 with a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> in the upper-left corner, and with no five-pointed star. The Political Bureau authorizes the General Office to custom-make a number of standard flags and distribute them to all major organs".<a href="#cite_note-CPCemblemflag-217">[213]</a> According to People's Daily, "The red color symbolizes revolution; the hammer-and-sickle are tools of workers and peasants, meaning that the Communist Party of China represents the interests of the masses and the people; the yellow color signifies brightness."<a href="#cite_note-CPCemblemflag-217">[213]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Party-to-party_relations">Party-to-party relations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The <a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> is responsible for dialogue with global political parties.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_parties">Communist parties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> The CCP continues to have relations with non-ruling communist and workers' parties and attends international communist conferences, most notably the <a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> While the CCP retains contact with major parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Communist Party of Portugal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PCP-220">[216]</a> the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party of France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FCP-221">[217]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia">Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">Communist Party of Brazil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%88%92Leninist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist−Leninist)">Communist Party of Nepal</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> the party also retains relations with minor communist and workers' parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladesh" title="Workers Party of Bangladesh">Workers Party of Bangladesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladesh_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_(Barua)" title="Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua)">Communist Party of Bangladesh (Marxist–Leninist) (Barua)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Communist Party of Sri Lanka">Communist Party of Sri Lanka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium" title="Workers' Party of Belgium">Workers' Party of Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Workers' Party">Hungarian Workers' Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Workers%27_Party" title="Dominican Workers' Party">Dominican Workers' Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Workers_Peasants_Party" title="Nepal Workers Peasants Party">Nepal Workers Peasants Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Transformation_of_Honduras" title="Party for the Transformation of Honduras">Party for the Transformation of Honduras</a>, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> It has prickly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] relations with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CCP "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008100-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ruling_parties_of_socialist_states">Ruling parties of socialist states</h4></div> The CCP has retained close relations with the ruling parties of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> still espousing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200881-232">[228]</a> It spends a fair amount of time analysing the situation in the remaining socialist states, trying to reach conclusions as to why these states survived when so many did not, following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of the Eastern European socialist states</a> in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882-233">[229]</a> In general, the analyses of the remaining socialist states and their chances of survival have been positive, and the CCP believes that the socialist movement will be revitalized sometime in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882-233">[229]</a> The ruling party which the CCP is most interested in is the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> (CPV).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">[230]</a> In general the CPV is considered a model example of socialist development in the post-Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">[230]</a> Chinese analysts on Vietnam believe that the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a> reform policy at the <a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">6th CPV National Congress</a> is the key reason for Vietnam's current success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">[230]</a> While the CCP is probably the organization with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">most access to North Korea</a>, writing about North Korea is tightly circumscribed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882-233">[229]</a> The few reports accessible to the general public are those about <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_economic_reform" title="North Korean economic reform">North Korean economic reforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882-233">[229]</a> While Chinese analysts of North Korea tend to speak positively of North Korea in public, in official discussions <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2008 they show much disdain for <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">North Korea's economic system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">cult of personality</a> which pervades society, the <a href="/wiki/Kim_dynasty_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim dynasty (North Korea)">Kim family</a>, the idea of hereditary succession in a socialist state, the security state, the use of scarce resources on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> and the general impoverishment of the North Korean people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882%E2%80%9383-235">[231]</a> Circa 2008, there are those analysts who compare the current situation of North Korea with that of China during the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883-236">[232]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Over the years, the CCP has tried to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (or WPK, North Korea's ruling party) to introduce economic reforms by showing them key economic infrastructure in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883-236">[232]</a> For instance, in 2006 the CCP invited then-<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">WPK general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> to showcase the success economic reforms had brought China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883-236">[232]</a> In general, the CCP considers the WPK and North Korea to be negative examples of a ruling communist party and socialist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883-236">[232]</a> There is a considerable degree of interest in Cuba within the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> (PCC), is greatly admired, and books have been written focusing on the successes of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Communication between the CCP and the PCC</a> has increased since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885-237">[233]</a> At the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, which discussed the possibility of the CCP learning from other ruling parties, praise was heaped on the PCC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885-237">[233]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a>, a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. The two countries' friendship has withstood the test of a changeable international situation, and the friendship has been further strengthened and consolidated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885%E2%80%9386-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-communist_parties">Non-communist parties</h3></div> Since the decline and fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the CCP has begun establishing party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWest2012127-166">[162]</a> These relations are sought so that the CCP can learn from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200886%E2%80%9392-239">[235]</a> For instance, the CCP has been eager to understand how the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> of Singapore (PAP) maintains its total domination over <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singaporean politics</a> through its "low-key presence, but total control."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893-240">[236]</a> According to the CCP's own analysis of Singapore, the PAP's dominance can be explained by its "well-developed social network, which controls constituencies effectively by extending its tentacles deeply into society through branches of government and party-controlled groups."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893-240">[236]</a> While the CCP accepts that Singapore is a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, they view it as a <a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">guided democracy</a> led by the PAP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893-240">[236]</a> Other differences are, according to the CCP, "that it is not a political party based on the working class—instead it is a political party of the elite. ... It is also a political party of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">revolutionary party</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200894-241">[237]</a> Other parties which the CCP studies and maintains strong party-to-party relations with are the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organization">United Malays National Organization</a>, which has ruled <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (1957–2018, 2020–2022), and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> in Japan, which dominated <a href="/wiki/Japanese_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese politics">Japanese politics</a> since 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200895%E2%80%9396-242">[238]</a> Since Jiang Zemin's time, the CCP has made friendly overtures to its erstwhile foe, the Kuomintang. The CCP emphasizes strong party-to-party relations with the KMT so as to strengthen the probability of the reunification of Taiwan with mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200896-243">[239]</a> However, several studies have been written on the KMT's loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200896-243">[239]</a> In general, one-party states or dominant-party states are of special interest to the party and party-to-party relations are formed so that the CCP can study them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200896-243">[239]</a> The longevity of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Syrian Regional Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> is attributed to the personalization of power in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a>, the strong <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, the inheritance of power, which passed from <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> to his son <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>, and the role given to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian military">Syrian military</a> in politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping,_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China,_y_de_su_esposa,_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_(8959188037).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg/220px-Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="1557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg/220px-Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg/330px-Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg/440px-Cena_de_Estado_que_en_honor_del_Excmo._Sr._Xi_Jinping%2C_Presidente_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China%2C_y_de_su_esposa%2C_Sra._Peng_Liyuan_%288959188037%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Xi Jinping (second from left) with <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a> (second from right), the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> and a leading member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party</figcaption></figure> Circa 2008, the CCP has been especially interested in Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> as shown by the increasing number of delegates sent to and received from these countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> Of special fascination for the CCP is the 71-year-long rule of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> While the CCP attributed the PRI's long reign in power to the strong presidential system, tapping into the <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> culture of the country, its nationalist posture, its close identification with the rural populace and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">marketization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> the CCP concluded that the PRI failed because of the lack of inner-party democracy, its pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, its rigid party structures that could not be reformed, its <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">political corruption</a>, the pressure of globalization, and American interference in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican politics">Mexican politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897-244">[240]</a> While the CCP was slow to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a> in Latin America, it has strengthened party-to-party relations with several socialist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-American">anti-American</a> political parties over the years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> The CCP has occasionally expressed some irritation over <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> and anti-American rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> Despite this, the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> By 2008, the CCP claimed to have established relations with 99 political parties in 29 Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> Social democratic movements in Europe have been of great interest to the CCP since the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> With the exception of a short period in which the CCP forged party-to-party relations with far-right parties during the 1970s in an effort to halt "<a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet expansionism</a>", the CCP's relations with European social democratic parties were its first serious efforts to establish cordial party-to-party relations with non-communist parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> The CCP credits the European social democrats with creating a "capitalism with a human face".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> Before the 1980s, the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> and the Marxist–Leninist view on the social democratic movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> By the 1980s, that view had changed and the CCP concluded that it could actually learn something from the social democratic movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">[241]</a> CCP delegates were sent all over Europe to observe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899-247">[243]</a> By the 1980s, most European social democratic parties were facing electoral decline and in a period of self-reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899-247">[243]</a> The CCP followed this with great interest, laying most weight on reform efforts within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899-247">[243]</a> The CCP concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a> tenets with new ones supporting <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, shedding the belief in <a href="/wiki/Big_government" title="Big government">big government</a>, conceiving a new view of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, the young and students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899%E2%80%93100-248">[244]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_People's_Congress_elections">National People's Congress elections</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>General Secretary </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="6th National People's Congress">1982–1983</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1,861 / 2,978<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">1987–1988</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1,986 / 2,979<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  125 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">1993–1994</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,037 / 2,979<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 68%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  51 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="9th National People's Congress">1997–1998</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,130 / 2,979<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  93 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">2002–2003</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,178 / 2,985<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 73%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  48 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">2007–2008</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,099 / 2,987<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  79 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="12th National People's Congress">2012–2013</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,157 / 2,987<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  58 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="13th National People's Congress">2017–2018</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">2,119 / 2,980<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DD0000; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  38 </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">2022–2023</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1st </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power in China</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> During the Chinese Civil War, party officials were only able to confirm from available documents that the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held in July 1921, but not the specific date of the meeting. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared 1 July the party's "anniversary day". Although the exact date of the 1st National Congress was later determined by party officials to be 23 July 1921, the date of the anniversary has not been changed.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 为人民服务; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Wèi Rénmín Fúwù </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Chiang Kai-shek strongly opposed this label and the CCP's analysis of the KMT. He believed that the KMT served all Chinese, regardless of political leanings.<a href="#cite_note-ccc-29">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "In the next weeks five thousand Communists were butchered by the stammering machine-guns of the Kuomintang and by the knives of the criminal gangs whom Chiang recruited for slaughter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197662-41">[38]</a> Other sources give different estimates, e.g. 5,000–10,000.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF楊立傑2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">楊立傑 (30 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430055514/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm">"共产主义小组的建立与中国共产党的成立"</a>. Xinhua (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-10/25/content_2136770.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.au=%E6%A5%8A%E7%AB%8B%E5%82%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fziliao%2F2004-10%2F25%2Fcontent_2136770.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023PartyCensus-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023PartyCensus_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023PartyCensus_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023PartyCensus_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023PartyCensus_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023PartyCensus_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202406/content_6960213.htm">"中国共产党党内统计公报"</a> [Communist Party of China Party Statistics Announcement] (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>. 30 June 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630091531/https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202406/content_6960213.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%86%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2024-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fyaowen%2Fliebiao%2F202406%2Fcontent_6960213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party">"Chinese Communist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002223447/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChinese-Communist-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:62_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/news/style-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese/">"Style Guide: PRC, China, CCP or Chinese?"</a>. Asia Media Centre – New Zealand. Asia New Zealand Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725100303/https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/news/style-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022. <q>Chinese Communist Party (CCP): May also refer to Communist Party of China (CPC) ... CPC is used officially in China and by China's media, whereas English-language media outside of Chinese conventionally use CCP.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Media+Centre+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Style+Guide%3A+PRC%2C+China%2C+CCP+or+Chinese%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiamediacentre.org.nz%2Fnews%2Fstyle-guide-prc-china-ccp-or-chinese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_McGregor" title="Richard McGregor">McGregor, Richard</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Party:_The_Secret_World_of_China%27s_Communist_Rulers" title="The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers">The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers</a>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061708770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061708770"><bdi>978-0061708770</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630262666">630262666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party%3A+The+Secret+World+of+China%27s+Communist+Rulers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630262666&rft.isbn=978-0061708770&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt">The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312245832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312245832"><bdi>978-0312245832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Transformed%3A+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0312245832&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtransformed0000hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199126–27-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199126%E2%80%9327_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van de Ven 1991</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7368500-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7368500-8-4"><bdi>978-1-7368500-8-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-7368500-8-4&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0391-9"><bdi>978-1-4878-0391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ideological+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Royal+Collins+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0391-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhidong-12"><a href="#cite_ref-zhidong_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHao1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hao, Zhidong (March 1997). "May 4th and June 4th compared: A sociological study of Chinese social movements". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China" title="Journal of Contemporary China">Journal of Contemporary China</a>. 6 (14): 79–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670569708724266">10.1080/10670569708724266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564">1067-0564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=May+4th+and+June+4th+compared%3A+A+sociological+study+of+Chinese+social+movements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=79-99&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670569708724266&rft.issn=1067-0564&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Zhidong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠebok2023" class="citation book cs1">Šebok, Filip (2023). "Historical Legacy". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003350064-3">10.4324/9781003350064-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Legacy&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003350064-3&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebok&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199138-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199138_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van de Ven 1991</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199144-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199144_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van de Ven 1991</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History. Asia-pacific: Culture, Politics, and Society series. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w">10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hpp6w">j.ctv11hpp6w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+a+Concise+History&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.series=Asia-pacific%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+series&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHé" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hé, Lìbō. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85038/6444613.html">"Xiǎn wéi rénzhī de zhōnggòng yī dà cānjiāzhě: Éguórén Níkē'ěrsījī" <bdi lang="zh">鲜为人知的中共一大参加者：俄国人尼科尔斯基</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> <bdi lang="zh">中国共产党新闻网</bdi> [News of the Communist Party of China] (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104234821/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85038/6444613.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Xi%C7%8En+w%C3%A9i+r%C3%A9nzh%C4%AB+de+zh%C5%8Dngg%C3%B2ng+y%C4%AB+d%C3%A0+c%C4%81nji%C4%81zh%C4%9B%3A+%C3%89gu%C3%B3r%C3%A9n+N%C3%ADk%C4%93%27%C4%9Brs%C4%ABj%C4%AB+%E9%B2%9C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%82%E5%8A%A0%E8%80%85%EF%BC%9A%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=L%C3%ACb%C5%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpc.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F64162%2F64172%2F85037%2F85038%2F6444613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CI-18"><a href="#cite_ref-CI_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParty_History_Research_Office_of_the_CPC_Central_Committee1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee (1997). <bdi lang="zh">共產國際、聯共（布）與中國革命檔案資料叢書</bdi>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/asia/21iht-letter21.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Party+Anniversary%2C+China+Rewrites+History&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tatlow&rft.aufirst=Didi+Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F21iht-letter21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/cpc_1st_congress_standing_polibureau.htm">"1st. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222031024/http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/cpc_1st_congress_standing_polibureau.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1444629">the original</a> on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B1%EF%BC%9A%E6%9B%BE%E7%BB%8F%E7%9A%84%22%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%22%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E4%B8%80%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E4%B8%8D%E7%9D%A6&rft.pub=The+Paper&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_1444629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008100-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh2008100_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200881-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200881_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882_233-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882_233-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200884_234-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882–83-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200882%E2%80%9383_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200883_236-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885–86-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200885%E2%80%9386_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200886–92-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200886%E2%80%9392_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, pp. 86–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200893_240-2">c</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897_244-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200897_244-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200898_245-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213020/http://english.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130513/chinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders">"Chinese Communist Party to train chavista leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a>. 13 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/130513/chinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders">the original</a> on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Chinese+Communist+Party+to+train+chavista+leaders&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.eluniversal.com%2Fnacional-y-politica%2F130513%2Fchinese-communist-party-to-train-chavista-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899_247-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899–100-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShambaugh200899%E2%80%93100_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShambaugh2008">Shambaugh 2008</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baum" title="Richard Baum">Baum, Richard</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buryingmao00rich">Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691036373" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691036373"><bdi>978-0691036373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+Mao%3A+Chinese+Politics+in+the+Age+of+Deng+Xiaoping&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0691036373&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburyingmao00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylis1989" class="citation book cs1">Baylis, Thomas (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887069444" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887069444"><bdi>978-0887069444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+by+Committee%3A+Collegial+Leadership+in+Advanced+Societies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0887069444&rft.aulast=Baylis&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2005" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/untyingknot00rich">Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait</a>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815797814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815797814"><bdi>978-0815797814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knot%3A+Making+Peace+in+the+Taiwan+Strait&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0815797814&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funtyingknot00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroodsgaardYongnian2006" class="citation book cs1">Broodsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Zheng, Yongnian (2006). The Chinese Communist Party in Reform. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203099285" title="Special:BookSources/978-0203099285"><bdi>978-0203099285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Reform&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0203099285&rft.aulast=Broodsgaard&rft.aufirst=Kjeld+Erik&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yongnian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1976" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Peter (1976). Mao. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192731401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192731401"><bdi>978-0192731401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0192731401&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2003" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Adrian (2003). Chinese Marxism. Continuum Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826473073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826473073"><bdi>978-0826473073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Marxism&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0826473073&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheekMühlhahnVan_de_Ven2021" class="citation book cs1">Cheek, Timothy; Mühlhahn, Klaus; Van de Ven, Hans J., eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108904186">Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108904186">10.1017/9781108904186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108904186" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108904186"><bdi>978-1108904186</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241952636">241952636</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319223708/https://doi.org/core/books/chinese-communist-party/ACDE7A4F414A8857DFAE7C13B1DBD7BB">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Communist+Party+%3A+A+Century+in+Ten+Lives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241952636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108904186&rft.isbn=978-1108904186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108904186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoaseWang2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase, Ronald</a>; Wang, Ling (2012). How China Became Capitalist. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137019363" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137019363"><bdi>978-1137019363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Became+Capitalist&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137019363&rft.aulast=Coase&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDing2006" class="citation book cs1">Ding, X.L. (2006). The Decline of Communism in China: Legitimacy Crisis, 1977–1989. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521026239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521026239"><bdi>978-0521026239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Communism+in+China%3A+Legitimacy+Crisis%2C+1977%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521026239&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=X.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik2005" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC">The Marxism in the Chinese revolution</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742530698" title="Special:BookSources/0742530698"><bdi>0742530698</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-aGLEtx7AYC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marxism+in+the+Chinese+revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0742530698&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS-aGLEtx7AYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dittmer, Lowell, et al. (eds.) Informal politics in East Asia, (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/informalpolitics0000unse">Informal politics in East Asia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeigon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Feigon" title="Lee Feigon">Feigon, Lee</a> (2002). Mao: A Reinterpretation. Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566635226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566635226"><bdi>978-1566635226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1566635226&rft.aulast=Feigon&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiner2003" class="citation book cs1">Finer, Catherine Jones (2003). Social Policy Reform in China: Views from Home and Abroad. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754631750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754631750"><bdi>978-0754631750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Policy+Reform+in+China%3A+Views+from+Home+and+Abroad&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0754631750&rft.aulast=Finer&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu1993" class="citation book cs1">Fu Delete repeated word = Zhengyuan (1993). Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521442282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521442282"><bdi>978-0521442282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autocratic+Tradition+and+Chinese+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0521442282&rft.au=Fu+Delete+repeated+word+%3D+Zhengyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2009" class="citation book cs1">Gao, James (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810863088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810863088"><bdi>978-0810863088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Modern+China+%281800%E2%80%931949%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810863088&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhaiArupChanock2000" class="citation book cs1">Ghai, Yash; Arup, Chris; Chanock, Martin (12 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvF3B7DE4WUC">Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521786423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521786423"><bdi>978-0521786423</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Autonomy_and_Ethnicity/HvF3B7DE4WUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autonomy+and+Ethnicity%3A+Negotiating+Competing+Claims+in+Multi-Ethnic+States&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-10-12&rft.isbn=978-0521786423&rft.aulast=Ghai&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft.au=Arup%2C+Chris&rft.au=Chanock%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvF3B7DE4WUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._James_Gregor" title="A. James Gregor">Gregor, A. James</a> (1999). Marxism, China & Development: Reflections on Theory and Reality. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412828154" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412828154"><bdi>978-1412828154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%2C+China+%26+Development%3A+Reflections+on+Theory+and+Reality&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1412828154&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1995" class="citation book cs1">Li, Gucheng (1995). A Glossary of Political Terms of the People's Republic of China. Chinese University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9622016156" title="Special:BookSources/978-9622016156"><bdi>978-9622016156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Political+Terms+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-9622016156&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Gucheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2012" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Sujian (2012). Chinese Politics and Government: Power, Ideology and Organization. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415551380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415551380"><bdi>978-0415551380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+and+Government%3A+Power%2C+Ideology+and+Organization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415551380&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Sujian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2012b" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Xuezhi (2012b). China's Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139150897">10.1017/cbo9781139150897</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-15089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-15089-7"><bdi>978-1-139-15089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Security+State%3A+Philosophy%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Politics&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139150897&rft.isbn=978-1-139-15089-7&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xuezhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoGuo2008" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2008). China in Search of a Harmonious Society. Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739126240" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739126240"><bdi>978-0739126240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Search+of+a+Harmonious+Society&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield%7CLexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0739126240&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Sujian&rft.au=Guo%2C+Baogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2014" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Timothy R. (2014). China's New Governing Party Paradigm: Political Renewal and the Pursuit of National Rejuvenation. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409462019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409462019"><bdi>978-1409462019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+New+Governing+Party+Paradigm%3A+Political+Renewal+and+the+Pursuit+of+National+Rejuvenation&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1409462019&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeazleKnight2007" class="citation book cs1">Heazle, Michael; Knight, Nick (2007). China–Japan Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Creating a Future Past?. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781956236" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781956236"><bdi>978-1781956236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%E2%80%93Japan+Relations+in+the+Twenty-first+Century%3A+Creating+a+Future+Past%3F&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1781956236&rft.aulast=Heazle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Knight%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzuhara2013" class="citation book cs1">Izuhara, Misa (2013). Handbook on East Asian Social Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857930293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857930293"><bdi>978-0857930293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+East+Asian+Social+Policy&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0857930293&rft.aulast=Izuhara&rft.aufirst=Misa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2010" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, William (2010). Politics in China: an Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195335309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195335309"><bdi>978-0195335309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+China%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0195335309&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbergFaust2005" class="citation book cs1">Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects. 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Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391022171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391022171"><bdi>978-0391022171</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308185627/https://books.google.com/books?id=x680AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023. 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Karl Marx's Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy 150 Years Later. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134073825" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134073825"><bdi>978-1134073825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%27s+Grundrisse%3A+Foundations+of+the+Critique+of+Political+Economy+150+Years+Later&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1134073825&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWest2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ivian; West, Nigel (2012). Historical Dictionary of Chinese Intelligence. 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Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199392032" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199392032"><bdi>978-0199392032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199392032&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pye, Lucian, The Dynamics of Chinese politics (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofchines0000pyel/page/13/mode/2up">The Dynamics of Chinese politics</a></li> <li>Saich, Tony. From Rebel to Ruler: One Hundred Years of the Chinese Communist Party (2021)</li> <li>Saich, Tony. Finding Allies and Making Revolution The Early Years of the Chinese Communist Party (2020)</li> <li>Saich, Tony. Governance and Politics of China (2015)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaichYang1995" class="citation book cs1">Saich, Tony; Yang, Benjamin (1995). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1563241550" title="Special:BookSources/978-1563241550"><bdi>978-1563241550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+to+Power+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+Documents+and+Analysis&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1563241550&rft.aulast=Saich&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Yang%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Schram, Stuart</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr">Mao Tse-Tung</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140208405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140208405"><bdi>978-0140208405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Tse-Tung&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0140208405&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaotsetung0000schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShambaugh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Shambaugh" title="David Shambaugh">Shambaugh, David</a> (2008). China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520254923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520254923"><bdi>978-0520254923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Party%3A+Atrophy+and+Adaptation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0520254923&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShambaugh2013" class="citation book cs1">Shambaugh, David (2013). China Goes Global: The Partial Power. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199323692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199323692"><bdi>978-0199323692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Goes+Global%3A+The+Partial+Power&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199323692&rft.aulast=Shambaugh&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Snow, Edgar, <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a> 1937 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redstaroverchina0000snow">Red Star Over China - The Rise Of The Red Army</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2007" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Lawrence (2007). Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810864436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810864436"><bdi>978-0810864436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0810864436&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2012" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Lawrence (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810872257" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810872257"><bdi>978-0810872257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810872257&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Unger" title="Jonathan Unger">Jonathan, Unger</a> (2002). The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765641151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765641151"><bdi>978-0765641151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Chinese+Politics%3A+From+Mao+to+Jiang&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0765641151&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Unger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_van_de_Ven" title="Hans van de Ven">van de Ven, Johan</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromfriendtocomr00vand">From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520910874" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520910874"><bdi>978-0520910874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Friend+to+Comrade%3A+The+Founding+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%2C+1920%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0520910874&rft.aulast=van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromfriendtocomr00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Vogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra Vogel">Vogel, Ezra</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674055445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674055445"><bdi>978-0674055445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674055445&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeh1996" class="citation book cs1">Yeh, Wen-hsin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provincialpassag0000yehw">Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520916326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520916326"><bdi>978-0520916326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+Passages%3A+Culture%2C+Space%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Chinese+Communism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520916326&rft.aulast=Yeh&rft.aufirst=Wen-hsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovincialpassag0000yehw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangZheng2012" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Gunwu; Zheng, Yongian (2012). China: Development and Governance. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814425834" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814425834"><bdi>978-9814425834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Development+and+Governance&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9814425834&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gunwu&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yongian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, Stephen (2000). Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521587372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521587372"><bdi>978-0521587372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+New+Politics%3A+The+Management+of+a+Postcommunist+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521587372&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesehighcomma0000whit">Whitson, William W., The Chinese high command : a history of Communist military politics, 1927–71, (1973)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2005" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Yiu-chung (2005). From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761830740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761830740"><bdi>978-0761830740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Deng+Xiaoping+to+Jiang+Zemin%3A+Two+Decades+of+Political+Reform+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0761830740&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yiu-chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2010" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Keping (2010). Democracy and the Rule of Law in China. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004182127" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004182127"><bdi>978-9004182127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004182127&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Keping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2004). A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804750011" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804750011"><bdi>978-0804750011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation-state+by+Construction%3A+Dynamics+of+Modern+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0804750011&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng2012" class="citation book cs1">Zheng, Wang (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OucYBQAAQBAJ">Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231148917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231148917"><bdi>978-0231148917</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019182807/https://books.google.com/books?id=OucYBQAAQBAJ&q=Chinese+communist+party+nationalism">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Forget+National+Humiliation%3A+Historical+Memory+in+Chinese+Politics+and+Foreign+Relations&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0231148917&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOucYBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramiMaleskyZheng2008" class="citation news cs1">Abrami, Regina; Malesky, Edmund; Zheng, Yu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216202350/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/cpworkshop/papers/Malesky.pdf">"Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China"</a> (PDF). University of California Press. pp. 1–46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/cpworkshop/papers/Malesky.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Accountability+and+Inequality+in+Single-Party+Regimes%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Vietnam+and+China&rft.pages=1-46&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Abrami&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft.au=Malesky%2C+Edmund&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Yu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fpolisci%2Fcpworkshop%2Fpapers%2FMalesky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Kerry (2 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/china/v010/10.2.brown.pdf">"The Communist Party of China and Ideology"</a> (PDF). China: An International Journal. 10 (2): 52–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fchn.2012.0013">10.1353/chn.2012.0013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216202352/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fchina%2Fv010%2F10.2.brown.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Party+of+China+and+Ideology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-68&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fchn.2012.0013&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fchina%2Fv010%2F10.2.brown.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2002" class="citation news cs1">Chambers, David Ian (30 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgZJwXbNEEC&pg=PA31">"Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography"</a>. Journal of the American Intelligence Professional. Vol. 56, no. 3. Central Intelligence Agency. pp. 31–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729234518/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgZJwXbNEEC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Intelligence+Professional&rft.atitle=Edging+in+from+the+Cold%3A+The+Past+and+Present+State+of+Chinese+Intelligence+Historiography&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=2002-04-30&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=David+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCgZJwXbNEEC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDynon2008" class="citation news cs1">Dynon, Nicholas (July 2008). ""Four Civilizations" and the Evolution of Post-Mao Chinese Socialist Ideology". The China Journal. Vol. 60. University of Chicago Press. pp. 83–109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20647989">20647989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Four+Civilizations%22+and+the+Evolution+of+Post-Mao+Chinese+Socialist+Ideology&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=83-109&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20647989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dynon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Li, Cheng (19 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2009/11/fall-china-democracy-li">"Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?"</a>. Vol. 30, no. 4. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604030519/http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2009/11/fall-china-democracy-li">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intra-Party+Democracy+in+China%3A+Should+We+Take+It+Seriously%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2F2009%2F11%2Ffall-china-democracy-li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoneyYiLi2009" class="citation news cs1">Mahoney, Josef Gregory; Yi, Jiexiong; Li, Xiuling (April 2009). "A Marxist Perspective on Chinese Reforms: Interview with Jiexiong". pp. 177–192. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40404544">40404544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Marxist+Perspective+on+Chinese+Reforms%3A+Interview+with+Jiexiong&rft.pages=177-192&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40404544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=Josef+Gregory&rft.au=Yi%2C+Jiexiong&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiuling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöllner2013" class="citation news cs1">Köllner, Patrick (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp232_koellner.pdf">"Informal Institutions in Autocracies: Analytical Perspectives and the Case of the Chinese Communist Party"</a> (PDF). No. 232. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. pp. 1–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117145421/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp232_koellner.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Informal+Institutions+in+Autocracies%3A+Analytical+Perspectives+and+the+Case+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2013-08&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fde%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fwp232_koellner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation news cs1">Miller, H. Lyman (19 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413163540/https://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm9_lm.pdf">"Hu Jintao and the Party Politburo"</a> (PDF). Vol. 32, no. 9. China Leadership Monitor. pp. 1–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/clm9_lm.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao+and+the+Party+Politburo&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=H.+Lyman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fclm9_lm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Chinese Communist Party <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1258461036">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1258461036</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Communist_Party&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:32 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistiese_Party_van_China" title="Kommunistiese Party van China – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kommunistiese Party van China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الحزب الشيوعي الصيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الشيوعي الصيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինաստանի կոմունիստական կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինաստանի կոմունիստական կուսակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Comunista_de_China" title="Partíu Comunista de China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Comunista de China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Kommunist_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Çin Kommunist Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin Kommunist Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="چین کومونیست حیزبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین کومونیست حیزبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="চীনা কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_Ki%C5%8Dng-s%C3%A1n_T%C3%B3ng" title="Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán Tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Камуністычная партыя Кітая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камуністычная партыя Кітая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Китайска комунистическа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайска комунистическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Komunour_Sina" title="Strollad Komunour Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Komunour Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_de_la_Xina" title="Partit Comunista de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Comunista de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Komunistická strana Číny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunistická strana Číny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Gomiwnyddol_Tsieina" title="Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plaid Gomiwnyddol Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiske_parti" title="Kinas kommunistiske parti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinas kommunistiske parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunistische_Partei_Chinas" title="Kommunistische Partei Chinas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunistische Partei Chinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Kommunistlik_Partei" title="Hiina Kommunistlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina Kommunistlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Κίνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Κίνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_de_China" title="Partido Comunista de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Comunista de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunista_Partio_de_%C4%88inio" title="Komunista Partio de Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunista Partio de Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Alderdi_Komunista" title="Txinako Alderdi Komunista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Alderdi Komunista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حزب کمونیست چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کمونیست چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois" title="Parti communiste chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti communiste chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Cumannach_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Páirtí Cumannach na Síne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí Cumannach na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_China" title="Partido Comunista da China – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Comunista da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" title="中國共產黨 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中國共產黨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-koet_Khiung-s%C3%A1n-t%C3%B3ng" title="Chûng-koet Khiung-sán-tóng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-koet Khiung-sán-tóng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EB%8B%B9" title="중국공산당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국공산당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="चीनी साम्यवादी दल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी साम्यवादी दल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_stranka_Kine" title="Komunistička stranka Kine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komunistička stranka Kine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Tiongkok" title="Partai Komunis Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Komunis Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komm%C3%BAnistaflokkur_K%C3%ADna" title="Kommúnistaflokkur Kína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kommúnistaflokkur Kína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Cinese" title="Partito Comunista Cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Comunista Cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הקומוניסטית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9_Komunis_Tiongkok" title="Parté Komunis Tiongkok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parté Komunis Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთის კომუნისტური პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის კომუნისტური პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қытай коммунистік партиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай коммунистік партиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Komun%C3%AEst_a_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Partiya Komunîst a Çînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Komunîst a Çînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_communistica_Sinarum" title="Factio communistica Sinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio communistica Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_Komunistisk%C4%81_partija" title="Ķīnas Komunistiskā partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīnas Komunistiskā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_komunist%C5%B3_partija" title="Kinijos komunistų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos komunistų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Comunista_Cines" title="Partii Comunista Cines – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii Comunista Cines" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_Kommunista_P%C3%A1rt" title="Kínai Kommunista Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai Kommunista Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Комунистичка партија на Кина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комунистичка партија на Кина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8" title="കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി ഓഫ് ചൈന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പാർട്ടി ഓഫ് ചൈന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81ti_T%C5%8Dp%C5%ABtanga-%C4%81-iwi_o_Haina" title="Pāti Tōpūtanga-ā-iwi o Haina – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pāti Tōpūtanga-ā-iwi o Haina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="चीनचा कम्युनिस्ट पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीनचा कम्युनिस्ट पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Komunis_China" title="Parti Komunis China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Komunis China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-gu%C3%B3k_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-s%C4%81ng-d%C5%8Dng" title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Gê̤ṳng-sāng-dōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-guók Gê̤ṳng-sāng-dōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хятадын Коммунист Нам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятадын Коммунист Нам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="တရုတ်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communistische_Partij_van_China" title="Communistische Partij van China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Communistische Partij van China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चिनियाँ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A" title="中国共産党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国共産党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistparti" title="Kinas kommunistparti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinas kommunistparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistparti" title="Kinas kommunistparti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinas kommunistparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Comunista_Chin%C3%A9s" title="Partit Comunista Chinés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit Comunista Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Kommunistik_partiyasi" title="Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਕਮਿਊਨਿਸਟ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਕਮਿਊਨਿਸਟ ਪਾਰਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="چین دی کمیونسٹ پارٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین دی کمیونسٹ پارٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="د چین کمونیست ګوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چین کمونیست ګوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="គណបក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណបក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistyczna_Partia_Chin" title="Komunistyczna Partia Chin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunistyczna Partia Chin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Comunista_da_China" title="Partido Comunista da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Comunista da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_Chinez" title="Partidul Comunist Chinez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Comunist Chinez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Aylluchaq_Pusana_Raki" title="Chunwa Aylluchaq Pusana Raki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa Aylluchaq Pusana Raki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Коммунистическая партия Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммунистическая партия Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Pairty_o_Cheenae" title="Communist Pairty o Cheenae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Communist Pairty o Cheenae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Komuniste_e_Kin%C3%ABs" title="Partia Komuniste e Kinës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Komuniste e Kinës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communist Party of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunistick%C3%A1_strana_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Komunistická strana Číny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komunistická strana Číny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dna_partija_Kitajske" title="Komunistična partija Kitajske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komunistična partija Kitajske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حیزبی کۆمۆنیستی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزبی کۆمۆنیستی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Комунистичка партија Кине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комунистичка партија Кине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisti%C4%8Dka_partija_Kine" title="Komunistička partija Kine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunistička partija Kine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kommunistinen_puolue" title="Kiinan kommunistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kommunistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiska_parti" title="Kinas kommunistiska parti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas kommunistiska parti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_ng_Tsina" title="Partido Komunista ng Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partido Komunista ng Tsina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சீனப் பொதுவுடமைக் கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனப் பொதுவுடமைக் கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="చైనీస్ కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์จีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์จีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҳизби коммунистии Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби коммунистии Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi" title="Çin Komünist Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Komünist Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Комуністична партія Китаю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комуністична партія Китаю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="چینی کمیونسٹ پارٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی کمیونسٹ پارٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%87%DA%AD%DA%AF%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghgoz_Gungcanjdangj" title="Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Comunista_Cineze" title="Partio Comunista Cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio Comunista Cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" title="中國共產黨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國共產黨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Komunista_han_Tsina" title="Partido Komunista han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Partido Komunista han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中国共产党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" title="中國共產黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國共產黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国共产党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:32 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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</div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qdh76","wgBackendResponseTime":354,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.875","walltime":"4.445","ppvisitednodes":{"value":43793,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1320496,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":180650,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":837829,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3578.219 1 -total"," 23.10% 826.412 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.70% 633.509 231 Template:Sfn"," 14.49% 518.363 3 Template:Infobox"," 14.35% 513.439 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 10.05% 359.590 81 Template:Cite_book"," 9.74% 348.547 59 Template:Cite_news"," 5.80% 207.543 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 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[\"CITEREFCoaseWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng_Xiaoping1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikötter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDing2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoshi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyonFroissart2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDynon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeigon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFu1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaoLongXu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhaiArupChanock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroot2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGráda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuoGuo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackeneschBader2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHao1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeazleKnight2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHé\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzuhara2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoske2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbergFaust2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöllner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyman_Miller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöfstedt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackerrasMcMillenWatson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoneyYiLi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquisQiao2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor,_Richard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMorrow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMengQianYared2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusto2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’KeeffeFerek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantsov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParty_History_Research_Office_of_the_CPC_Central_Committee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPieke2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiblawi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaichYang1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShambaugh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShambaugh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmil1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithWest2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTargaYang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatlow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatlow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatlow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsimonis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVagenas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangZheng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong,_Chun_HanZhai,_Keith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanHuang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠebok2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF上海市檔案館1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF中央檔案館1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREF哲1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF奎松2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF奎松2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF子陵2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF楊立傑2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF獨秀1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF理羣2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Br\"] = 1,\n [\"CCP Party Organs\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTMONTHNAME\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Chinese Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese Communist Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Colour box\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Communist parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 10,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 2,\n [\"Eastern Bloc parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:15000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:25000\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"Increase\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n 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