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cows</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: dairy cows"> <meta name="keywords" content="dairy cows"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="dairy cows"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 354</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: dairy cows</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">354</span> Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows at Different Parities: A Case Study in Enrekang Regency, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf">Muhammad Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Latief%20Toleng"> Abdul Latief Toleng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djoni%20Prawira%20Rahardja"> Djoni Prawira Rahardja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ambo%20Ako"> Ambo Ako</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahiruddin%20Sahiruddin"> Sahiruddin Sahiruddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdi%20Eriansyah"> Abdi Eriansyah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to know the reproductive performance of dairy cows at different parities. A total of 60 dairy Holstein-Friesian cows with parity one to three from five small farms raised by the farmers were used in the study. All cows were confined in tie stall barn with rubber on the concrete floor. The herds were visited twice for survey with the help of a questionnaire. Reproductive parameters used in the study were days open, calving interval, and service per conception (S/C). The results of this study showed that the mean (±SD) days open of the cows in parity 2 was slightly longer than those in parity 3 (228.2±121.5 vs. 205.5±144.5; P=0.061). None cows conceived within 85 days postpartum in parity 3 in comparison to 13.8% cows conceived in parity 2. However, total cows conceived within 150 days post partum in parity 2 and parity 3 were 30.1% and 36.4%, respectively. Likewise, after reaching 210 days after calving, number of cows conceived in parity 3 had higher than number of cows in parity 2 (72.8% vs. 44.8%; P<0.05). The mean (±SD) calving interval of the cows in parity 2 and parity 3 were 508.2±121.5 and 495.5±144.1, respectively. Number of cows with calving interval of 400 and 450 days in parity 3 was higher than those cows in parity 2 (23.1% vs. 17.2% and 53.9% vs. 31.0%). Cows in parity 1 had significantly (P<0.01) lower number of S/C in comparison to the cows with parity 2 and parity 3 (1.6±1.2 vs. 3.5±3.4 and 3.3±2.1). It can be concluded that reproductive performance of the cows is affected by different parities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title="dairy cows">dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parity" title=" parity"> parity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=days%20open" title=" days open"> days open</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calving%20interval" title=" calving interval"> calving interval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20per%20conception" title=" service per conception"> service per conception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60110/reproductive-performance-of-dairy-cows-at-different-parities-a-case-study-in-enrekang-regency-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">353</span> Investigation the Difference of Several Hormones Correlated to Reproduction between Infertile and Fertile Dairy Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20M.%20Mutlag">Ali M. Mutlag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Zhiqiang"> Yang Zhiqiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng%20Jiaren"> Meng Jiaren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Jingyan"> Zhang Jingyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Jianxi"> Li Jianxi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The object of this study was to investigate several hormones correlated to the reproduction and Inhibin A, Inhibin B and NO levels in the infertile dairy cows as attempt to illustrate the physiological causes of dairy cows infertility. 40 Holstein cows (21 infertile and 19 fertile) were used at estrous phase of the cycle, Hormones FSH, LH, E2, Testosterone, Were measured using ELISA method. Inhibin A and B also estimated by ELISA method, Nitric oxide was measured by Greiss reagent method. The results showed different concentrations of the hormone in which FSH illustrated significantly higher concentration in the infertile cows than fertile cows (P<0.05). LH and E2 showed significant decrease in the infertile cows than the fertile cows (P<0.05), No significant difference appeared in testosterone concentrations in the fertile cows and infertile cows (P>0.05). The both inhibins A and B showed significant P<0.05 decrease concentrations in the infertile cows also NO showed clearly significant decrease P<0.05 in the infertile cows. In conclusion, The present study approved the poorly ovarian activities and reproduction disturbance of infertile cows in spite of trigger estrous signs, The study confirmed a positive correlation between inhibins and NO to regulate the ovarian physiology. These inhibins represent effective markers of dairy cows infertility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cows" title="cows">cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibins%20A%20and%20B" title=" inhibins A and B"> inhibins A and B</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infertility" title=" infertility"> infertility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitric%20oxide%20%28NO%29" title=" nitric oxide (NO)"> nitric oxide (NO)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1332/investigation-the-difference-of-several-hormones-correlated-to-reproduction-between-infertile-and-fertile-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">352</span> Cows Milk Quality on Different Sized Dairy Farms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramut%C4%97%20Miseikien%C4%97">Ramutė Miseikienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saulius%20Tusas"> Saulius Tusas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Somatic cell count and bacteria count are the main indicators of cow milk quality. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare parameters of milk quality in different-sized cows herds. Milk quality of ten dairy cows farms during one year period was analyzed. Dairy farms were divided into five groups according to number of cows in the farm (under 50 cows, 51–100 cows, 101–200 cows, 201–400 cows and more than 400 cows). The averages of somatic cells bacteria count in milk and milk freezing temperature were analyzed. Also, these parameters of milk quality were compared during outdoor (from May to September) and indoor (from October to April) periods. The largest number of SCC was established in the smallest farms, i.e., in farms under 50 cows and 51-100 cows (respectively 264±9,19 and 300±10,24 thousand/ml). Reliable link between the smallest and largest dairy farms and farms with 101-200 and 201-400 cows and count of somatic cells in milk has not been established (P > 0.05). Bacteria count had a low tendency to decrease when the number of cows in farms increased. The highest bacteria number was determined in the farms with 51-100 cows and the the lowest bacteria count was in milk when 201-400 and more than 401 cows were kept. With increasing the number of cows milk maximal freezing temperature decreases (significant negative trend), i. e, indicator is improving. It should be noted that in all farms milk freezing point never exceeded requirements (-0.515 °C). The highest difference between SCC in milk during the indoor and outdoor periods was established in farms with 201-400 cows (respectively 218.49 thousand/ml and 268.84 thousand/ml). However, the count of SC was significantly higher (P < 0.05) during outdoor period in large farms (201-400 and more cows). There was no significant difference between bacteria count in milk during both – outdoor and indoor – periods (P > 0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title="bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cow" title=" cow"> cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20size" title=" farm size"> farm size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=somatic%20cell%20count" title=" somatic cell count"> somatic cell count</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69022/cows-milk-quality-on-different-sized-dairy-farms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">351</span> Effect of Parenteral Administration of Vitamin A in Pregnant Dry Cows, on Vitamin A Status of Neonatal Calves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samad%20Lotfollahzadeh">Samad Lotfollahzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To evaluate the effect of intramuscular administration of vitamin A during dry period in pregnant dairy cows, which already received it in their daily ration, on vitamin A status of neonatal calves, a total of 30 cows were randomly selected and divided to two main groups; treatment and control group. Animals in the treatment group were subdivided into two groups. Single intramuscular injection of 2000000 IU vitamin A; was carried in 10 dairy cows at 7 months of pregnancy (group 1). In the second group of treated animals (10 cows) the injection was performed in 8 months of pregnancy (group 2). Ten pregnant dairy cows were received saline injection as placebo and selected as the control group. Blood samples were collected from experimental dairy cows at 7 and 8 months of pregnancy as well as their newborn calves’ pre and after colostrum intake. There was no significant difference between vitamin A and β- carotene concentration of dairy cows of three groups in two last months of pregnancy (P > 0.05). Vitamin A concentration of calves of two treatment groups before and after receiving of colostrum were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between serum concentrations of vitamin A in calves of two treated groups (P > 0.05). β- Carotene concentration of serum samples of dairy cows and neonatal calves of three groups were not significantly different as compared with together. From results of the present study it can be concluded that daily supplementation of vitamin A in late pregnancy in dairy cows may not compensate the calves need for vitamin A and single injection of this vitamin A during dry either in 7 or 8 months of pregnancy can significantly increase level of vitamin A in their colostrum and neonatal calves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20cow" title="dry cow">dry cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20carotene" title=" beta carotene"> beta carotene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newborn%20calves" title=" newborn calves"> newborn calves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20A" title=" vitamin A"> vitamin A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20cows" title=" dry cows"> dry cows</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37739/effect-of-parenteral-administration-of-vitamin-a-in-pregnant-dry-cows-on-vitamin-a-status-of-neonatal-calves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">350</span> The Possibility of Increase UFA in Milk by Adding of Canola Seed in Holstein Dairy Cow Diets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mansoori%20Yarahmadi">H. Mansoori Yarahmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aghazadeh"> A. Aghazadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Nazeradl"> K. Nazeradl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was done to evaluate the effects of feeding canola seed for enrichment of UFA and milk performance of early lactation dairy cows. Twelve multi parous Holstein cows (635.3±18 kg BW and 36±9 DIM) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1- Control (CON) without canola seed, 2- 7.5% raw canola seed (CUT), and 3- 7.5% Heat-treated canola seed (CHT) of the total ration. Diets contained same crude protein, but varied in net energy. Diets were composed by basis of corn silage and alfalfa. Cows were milked twice daily for 4 wk. The inclusion of canola seed did not alter DM intake, weight gain, or body condition score of cows. Milk fat from CHT cows had greater proportions of UFA and MUFA (P < 0.05). Feeding CUT increased PUFA without significant difference. Milk fat from CHT had a greater proportion of C18 UFA and tended to have a higher proportion of other UFA. FCM milk yields, milk fat and protein percentages and total yield of these components were similar between treatments. Milk urea nitrogen was lower in cows fed CON and CHT. Feeding canola seed to lactating dairy cows resulted in milk fat with higher proportions of healthful fatty acids without adverse affecting milk yield or milk composition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=canola%20seed" title="canola seed">canola seed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatty%20acid" title=" fatty acid"> fatty acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title=" dairy cow"> dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28716/the-possibility-of-increase-ufa-in-milk-by-adding-of-canola-seed-in-holstein-dairy-cow-diets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">598</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">349</span> Effects of Specific Essential Oil Compounds on, Feed Intake, Milk Production, and Ruminal Environment in Dairy Cows during Heat Exposure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamran%20Reza-Yazdi">Kamran Reza-Yazdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Fallah"> Mohammad Fallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Khodaparast"> Mahdi Khodaparast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshad%20Kateb"> Farshad Kateb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Hosseini-Ghaffari"> Morteza Hosseini-Ghaffari </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to determine effect of dietary essential oil (EO) compounds, which contained cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, peppermint, coriander, cumin, lemongrass, and an organic carrier on feed intake, milk composition, and rumen fermentation of dairy cows during heat exposure. Thirty-two Holstein cows (days in milk= 60 ± 5) were assigned to one of two treatment groups: a Control and EO fed. The experiment lasted 28 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily while and milk production was measured weekly. Our result showed that DMI and milk yield was decreased (P < 0.01) in control cows relative to EO cows. Furthermore, supplementation with EO was associated with a decrease in the molar proportion of propionate (P < 0.05) and increase (P < 0.05) in acetate to propionate ratio. In conclusion, EO supplementations in diets can be useful nutritional modification to alleviate for the decrease DMI and milk production during heat exposure in lactating dairy cows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title="dairy cow">dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20additive" title=" feed additive"> feed additive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extract" title=" plant extract"> plant extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eugenol" title=" eugenol"> eugenol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17039/effects-of-specific-essential-oil-compounds-on-feed-intake-milk-production-and-ruminal-environment-in-dairy-cows-during-heat-exposure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">793</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">348</span> Diagnostics of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Tanbayeva">G. Tanbayeva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Myrzabekov"> Z. Myrzabekov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Tagayev"> O. Tagayev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Barakhov"> B. Barakhov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tokayeva"> M. Tokayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mastitis is widely spread among dairy cows bringing large economic damage resulting in decreased milk yield, deterioration of the milk quality, gastrointestinal tract disorders among young animals, culling of breeding stock, and expenses for sick animal treatment. Up-to-date and accurate diagnostics of subclinical (latent) mastitis in dairy cows has huge practical and economical significance. The aim of the research was to develop a new optimal alternative rapid method for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in cows. The study was performed in the laboratory of the Hygiene and Sanitation of Kazakh National Agrarian University. The first stage was to evaluate the different percentages of “Promastit” preparation. It showed that the best diagnostics capacity had 10% dilution. The second stage was to compare “Promastit” with some of the domestic and foreign analogues “Somatic-Test” (Denmark), “MastTest” (Russia), “Mastidin” (Ukraine), “Diagmast” (Kazakhstan). The observation was carried out on 520 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis on farms of Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The effectiveness was checked by milk sedimentation test. Our research tends to show that the diagnostic test "Promastitis" revealed subclinical mastitis in 193 out of 520 lactating cows (37.1% of those examined). At the same time, in the case of using other diagnostic tests, the given index was as follows: 35.5% (mastidin), 34.4% (masttest-AF), 33.8% (somatic-test Ecotest), 30.7% (diagmast). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title="dairy cows">dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostics" title=" diagnostics"> diagnostics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subclinical%20mastitis" title=" subclinical mastitis"> subclinical mastitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test%20Promastit" title=" test Promastit"> test Promastit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43472/diagnostics-of-subclinical-mastitis-in-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">347</span> Rumination Time and Reticuloruminal Temperature around Calving in Eutocic and Dystocic Dairy Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levente%20Kov%C3%A1cs">Levente Kovács</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fruzsina%20Luca%20K%C3%A9z%C3%A9r"> Fruzsina Luca Kézér</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ott%C3%B3%20Szenci"> Ottó Szenci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prediction of the onset of calving and recognizing difficulties at calving has great importance in decreasing neonatal losses and reducing the risk of health problems in the early postpartum period. In this study, changes of rumination time, reticuloruminal pH and temperature were investigated in eutocic (EUT, n = 10) and dystocic (DYS, n = 8) dairy cows around parturition. Rumination time was continuously recorded using an acoustic biotelemetry system, whereas reticuloruminal pH and temperature were recorded using an indwelling and wireless data transmitting system. The recording period lasted from 3 d before calving until 7 days in milk. For the comparison of rumination time and reticuloruminal characteristics between groups, time to return to baseline (the time interval required to return to baseline from the delivery of the calf) and area under the curve (AUC, both for prepartum and postpartum periods) were calculated for each parameter. Rumination time decreased from baseline 28 h before calving both for EUT and DYS cows (P = 0.023 and P = 0.017, respectively). After 20 h before calving, it decreased onwards to reach 32.4 ± 2.3 and 13.2 ± 2.0 min/4 h between 8 and 4 h before delivery in EUT and DYS cows, respectively, and then it decreased below 10 and 5 min during the last 4 h before calving (P = 0.003 and P = 0.008, respectively). Until 12 h after delivery rumination time reached 42.6 ± 2.7 and 51.0 ± 3.1 min/4 h in DYS and EUT dams, respectively, however, AUC and time to return to baseline suggested lower rumination activity in DYS cows than in EUT dams for the 168-h postpartum observational period (P = 0.012 and P = 0.002, respectively). Reticuloruminal pH decreased from baseline 56 h before calving both for EUT and DYS cows (P = 0.012 and P = 0.016, respectively), but did not differ between groups before delivery. In DYS cows, reticuloruminal temperature decreased from baseline 32 h before calving by 0.23 ± 0.02 °C (P = 0.012), whereas in EUT cows such a decrease was found only 20 h before delivery (0.48 ± 0.05 °C, P < 0.01). AUC of reticuloruminal temperature calculated for the prepartum period was greater in EUT cows than in DYS cows (P = 0.042). During the first 4 h after calving, it decreased from 39.7 ± 0.1 to 39.00 ± 0.1 °C and from 39.8 ± 0.1 to 38.8 ± 0.1 °C in EUT and DYS cows, respectively (P < 0.01 for both groups) and reached baseline levels after 35.4 ± 3.4 and 37.8 ± 4.2 h after calving in EUT and DYS cows, respectively. Based on our results, continuous monitoring of changes in rumination time and reticuloruminal temperature seems to be promising in the early detection of cows with a higher risk of dystocia. Depressed postpartum rumination time of DYS cows highlights the importance of the monitoring of cows experiencing difficulties at calving. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reticuloruminal%20pH" title="reticuloruminal pH">reticuloruminal pH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reticuloruminal%20temperature" title=" reticuloruminal temperature"> reticuloruminal temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumination%20time" title=" rumination time"> rumination time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title=" dairy cows"> dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dystocia" title=" dystocia"> dystocia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61949/rumination-time-and-reticuloruminal-temperature-around-calving-in-eutocic-and-dystocic-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">346</span> Influence of Environmental Temperature on Dairy Herd Performance and Behaviour </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Krpalkova">L. Krpalkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20O%27%20Mahony"> N. O' Mahony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Carvalho"> A. Carvalho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Campbell"> S. Campbell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Harapanahalli"> S. Harapanahalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Walsh"> J. Walsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environmental stressors on the performance of lactating dairy cows and discuss some future trends. There exists a relationship between the meteorological data and milk yield prediction accuracy in pasture-based dairy systems. New precision technologies are available and are being developed to improve the sustainability of the dairy industry. Some of these technologies focus on welfare of individual animals on dairy farms. These technologies allow the automatic identification of animal behaviour and health events, greatly increasing overall herd health and yield while reducing animal health inspection demands and long-term animal healthcare costs. The data set consisted of records from 489 dairy cows at two dairy farms and temperature measured from the nearest meteorological weather station in 2018. The effects of temperature on milk production and behaviour of animals were analyzed. The statistical results indicate different effects of temperature on milk yield and behaviour. The “comfort zone” for animals is in the range 10 °C to 20 °C. Dairy cows out of this zone had to decrease or increase their metabolic heat production, and it affected their milk production and behaviour. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior" title="behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20yield" title=" milk yield"> milk yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20technologies" title=" precision technologies"> precision technologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125573/influence-of-environmental-temperature-on-dairy-herd-performance-and-behaviour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">345</span> Effect of Calving Season on the Economic and Production Efficiency of Dairy Production Breeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman.%20K.%20Ramadan">Eman. K. Ramadan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelgawad.%20S.%20El-Tahawy"> Abdelgawad. S. El-Tahawy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of calving season on the production and economic efficiency of dairy farms in Egypt. Our study was performed at dairy production farms in the Alexandria, Behera, and Kafr El-Sheikh provinces of Egypt from summer 2010 to winter 2013. The randomly selected dairy farms had herds consisting of Baladi, Holstein-Friesian, or cross-bred (Baladi × Holstein-Friesian) cows. The data were collected from production records and responses to a structured questionnaire. The average total return differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the different cattle breeds and calving seasons. The average total return was highest for the Holstein-Friesian cows that calved in the winter (29106.42 EGP/cow/year), and it was lowest for Baladi cows that calved in the summer (12489.79 EGP/cow/year). Differences in total returns between the cows that calved in the winter or summer or between the foreign and native breeds, as well as variations in calf prices, might have contributed to the differences in milk yield. The average net profit per cow differed significantly (P < 0.05) between the cattle breeds and calving seasons. The average net profit values for the Baladi cows that calved in the winter or summer were 2413 and 2994.96 EGP/cow/year, respectively, and those for the Holstein-Friesian cows were 10744.17 and 7860.56 EGP/cow/year, respectively, whereas those for the cross-bred cows were 10174.86 and 7571.33 EGP/cow/year, respectively. The variations in net profit might have resulted from variation in the availability or price of feed materials, milk prices, or sales volumes. Our results show that the breed and calving season of dairy cows significantly affected the economic efficiency of dairy farms in Egypt. The cows that calved in the winter produced more milk than those that calved in the summer, which may have been the result of seasonal influences, such as temperature, humidity, management practices, and the type of feed or green fodder available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calving%20season" title="calving season">calving season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic" title=" economic"> economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production" title=" production"> production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy" title=" dairy"> dairy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8673/effect-of-calving-season-on-the-economic-and-production-efficiency-of-dairy-production-breeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">344</span> Biological Organic or Inorganic Sulfur Sources Feeding Effects on Intake and Some Blood Metabolites of Close-Up Holstein Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Kazemi-Bonchenari">Mehdi Kazemi-Bonchenari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmaeil%20Manidari"> Esmaeil Manidari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahid%20Keshavarz"> Vahid Keshavarz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was carried out to investigate the effects of increased level of sulfur by supplementing magnesium sulfate with or without biologically organic source in dairy cow close-up diets on dry matter intake (DMI) and some blood metabolites. The 24 multiparous close-up Holstein cows averaging body weight 687.94 kg and days until expected calving date 21.89 d were allocated in three different treatments (8 cows per each) in a completely randomized design. The first treatment (T1) has contained 0.21% sulfur (DM basis), the second treatment (T2) has contained 0.41% sulfur which entirely supplied through magnesium sulfate and the third treatment (T3) has contained 0.41% sulfur which supplied through combination of magnesium sulfate and an organic source of sulfur. All the cows were fed same diet after parturition until 21 d. The DMI for both pre-calving (P < 0.001) and post-calving was affected by treatments (P < 0.004) and T2 showed the lowest DMI among treatments. Among the blood metabolites, glucose, calcium, and copper were decreased in T2 (P < 0.05). However, blood concentrations of BHBA, NEFA, urea, CPK, and AST were increased in T2 (P < 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that although magnesium sulfate has negative effect on dairy cow health and performance, a combination of magnesium sulfate and biological organic source of sulfur in close-up diets could have positive effects on DMI and performance of Holstein dairy cows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20sulfur" title="organic sulfur">organic sulfur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title=" dairy cow"> dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intake" title=" intake"> intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20metabolites" title=" blood metabolites"> blood metabolites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10692/biological-organic-or-inorganic-sulfur-sources-feeding-effects-on-intake-and-some-blood-metabolites-of-close-up-holstein-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">343</span> Influence of Dairy Cows Food on Uncooked Pressed Dough Cheese "Edam" Quality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nougha%20Meriem">Nougha Meriem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadouki%20Mohammed"> Sadouki Mohammed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cheese quality is an important manufacturing requirement. It deals with traceability, from the dairy cows feed to the storage location. In this study, we have seen the impact of distributing two different types of green feed (purple clover VS alfalfa), in a ration composed of oat hay, silage of corn and concentrated feed, in equal quantities, on resulting milk destined for an Edam manufacturing. It reveals that alfalfa allows a high production of milk, comparatively to purple clover. However, this latter allows a high quality of milk, in point of view physico-chemical properties, especially regarding proteins and fat yields, two essential factors affecting Edam quality. The obtained results indicated that milk allowed by purple clover shows a best physico-chemical quality beside alfalfa, for it use in Edam manufacturing according to the values recommended by standardized dairies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title="dairy cows">dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edam" title=" Edam"> Edam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food" title=" food"> food</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23158/influence-of-dairy-cows-food-on-uncooked-pressed-dough-cheese-edam-quality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">342</span> The Impact of Adopting Cross Breed Dairy Cows on Households’ Income and Food Security in the Case of Dejen Woreda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Misganaw%20Chere%20Siferih">Misganaw Chere Siferih</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study assessed the impact of crossbreed dairy cows on household income and food security. The study area is found in Dejen Woreda, East Gojam Zone, and Amhara region of Ethiopia. Random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 80 crossbreed dairy cow owners and 176 indigenous dairy cow owners. The study employed food consumption score analytical framework to measure food security status of the household. No Statistical significant mean difference is found between crossbreed owners and indigenous owners. Logistic regression was employed to investigate crossbreed dairy cow adoption determinants , the result indicates that gender, education, labor number, land size cultivated, dairy cooperatives membership, net income and food security status of the household are statistically significant independent variables, which explained the binary dependent variable, crossbreed dairy cow adoption. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to analyze the impact of crossbreed dairy cow owners on farmers’ income and food security. The average net income of crossbreed dairy cow owners was found to be significantly higher than indigenous dairy cow owners. Estimates of average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) indicated that crossbreed dairy cow is able to impact households’ net income by 42%, 38.5%, 30.8% and 44.5% higher in kernel, radius, nearest neighborhood and stratification matching algorithms respectively as compared to indigenous dairy cow owners. However, estimates of average treatment of the treated (ATT) suggest that being an owner of crossbreed dairy cow is not able to affect food security significantly. Thus, crossbreed dairy cow enables farmers to increase income but not their food security in the study area. Finally, the study recommended establishing dairy cooperatives and advice farmers to become a member of them, attention to promoting the impact of crossbreed dairy cows and promotion of nutrition focus projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crossbreed%20dairy%20cow" title="crossbreed dairy cow">crossbreed dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=net%20income" title=" net income"> net income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title=" food security"> food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propensity%20score%20matching" title=" propensity score matching"> propensity score matching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185129/the-impact-of-adopting-cross-breed-dairy-cows-on-households-income-and-food-security-in-the-case-of-dejen-woreda-amhara-region-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">341</span> Milk Production and Milk Composition of Dairy Cows in Response to Calcium Salt of Palm Oil Fatty Acids Supplementation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wisitiporn%20Suksombat">Wisitiporn Suksombat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanawat%20Phonkert"> Tanawat Phonkert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chayapol%20Meeprom"> Chayapol Meeprom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (Ca-POFA) supplementation on milk production and milk composition of dairy cows. Twenty-four early lactating crossbred Holstein Friesian 87.5% cows (15.4 ± 3.75 kg of milk/d; 93 ± 27 DIM; 369 ± 6 kg of BW), were assigned into 3 treatments in an RCBD. All dairy cows were fed 15.4% CP total mixed ration (TMR). The first group (control) received a basal diet and no supplement. The second group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 150 g/d calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (Ca-POFA), and the last group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 300 g/d Ca-POFA. The experiment lasted 40 days with the first 10 days is an adaptation period, and measurements were made during the last 30 days in 6 periods with 5-days in each period for milk sample collection. The results found that supplemented calcium salt of palm oil fatty acid had no effect on milk yield, milk composition, milk composition yield, live weight and live weight change. However, Ca-POFA decreased milk protein percentage (P < 0.05). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20salt%20of%20palm%20oil%20fatty%20acid" title="calcium salt of palm oil fatty acid">calcium salt of palm oil fatty acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title=" dairy cow"> dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20composition" title=" milk composition"> milk composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72476/milk-production-and-milk-composition-of-dairy-cows-in-response-to-calcium-salt-of-palm-oil-fatty-acids-supplementation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">340</span> Effects of Organic Chromium and Propylene Glycol on Milk Yield and Some Serum Biochemical Parameters of Early Lactation Dairy Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cangir%20Uyarlar">Cangir Uyarlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Bayram"> Ismail Bayram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Sadi%20Cetingul"> Ibrahim Sadi Cetingul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Kabu"> Mustafa Kabu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eyup%20Eren%20Gultepe"> Eyup Eren Gultepe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic chromium and organic chromium+propylene glycol on milk yield and some blood parameters related with liver fatty acid metabolism in early lactation dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used as study material. Cows assigned to three groups as control (C), chromium (Cr) and chromium+propylene glycol (CP). Live weight, parity and body condition score were used as covariates for statistical analyses. The study began at calving and finished at 3 weeks after calving. All cows were consumed same diet. Organic chromium and organic chromium+propylene glycol were orally administrated to cows in treatment groups shortly after the morning milking. Blood samples were collected from all cows on 0 (calving), 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th, 21th days after calving. Then, samples were analyzed for BHBA (Betahydroxybutiric acids), NEFA (Non Esterified Fatty Acids), urea, total protein (TP) and glucose concentrations. Weekly milk yields were calculated from daily milk data on farm. Organic chromium treatment had no significant differences on serum biochemical parameters and milk yields. However, administration of organic chromium and propylene glycol combination decreased serum urea and total protein concentration, helped to protection from subclinical metabolic diseases via decreasing serum NEFA and BHBA concentrations. Also, this combination decreased serum glucose levels of cows. Neither only chromium nor chromium and propylene glycol combination did not affect milk yield throughout the study. These findings were suggested that orally administrations of chromium and propylene glycol combination improved liver glucose and fatty acid metabolism, decreased serum parameters which are representing subclinical diseases in early lactation dairy cows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromium" title="chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20lactation%20dairy%20cows" title=" early lactation dairy cows"> early lactation dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propylene%20glycol" title=" propylene glycol"> propylene glycol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20yield" title=" milk yield"> milk yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33747/effects-of-organic-chromium-and-propylene-glycol-on-milk-yield-and-some-serum-biochemical-parameters-of-early-lactation-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33747.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">339</span> Influence of Probiotics on Dairy Cows Diet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20A.%20Vieira">V. A. Vieira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Sforcini"> M. P. Sforcini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Endo"> V. Endo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20C.%20Magioni"> G. C. Magioni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20S.%20Oliveira"> M. D. S. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main goal of this paper was evaluate the effect of diets containing different levels of probiotic on performance and milk composition of lactating cows. Eight Holstein cows were distributed in two 4x4 Latin square. The diets were based on corn silage, concentrate and the treatment (0, 3, 6 or 9 grams of probiotic/animal/day). It was evaluated the dry matter intake of nutrients, milk yield and composition. The use of probiotics did not affect the nutrient intake (p>0.05) neither the daily milk production or corrected to 4% fat (p>0.05). However, it was observed that there was a significant fall in milk composition with higher levels of probiotics supplementation. These results emphasize the need of further studies with different experimental designs or improve the number of Latin square with longer periods of adaptation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title="dairy cow">dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20composition" title=" milk composition"> milk composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probiotics" title=" probiotics"> probiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daily%20milk%20production" title=" daily milk production"> daily milk production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11939/influence-of-probiotics-on-dairy-cows-diet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">338</span> Effect of Feed Supplement Optipartum C+ 200 (Alfa- Amylase and Beta-Glucanase) in In-Line Rumination Parameters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%C5%ABnas%20Antanaitis">Ramūnas Antanaitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lina%20Anskien%C4%97"> Lina Anskienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robertas%20Sto%C5%A1kus"> Robertas Stoškus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted during 2021.05.01 – 2021.08.31 at the Lithuanian University of health sciences and one Lithuanian dairy farm with 500 dairy cows (55.911381565736, 21.881321760608195). Average calving – 50 cows per month. Cows (n=20) in the treatment group (TG) were fed with feed supplement Optipartum C+ 200 (Enzymes: Alfa- Amylase 57 Units; Beta-Glucanase 107 Units) from 21 days before calving till 30 days after calving with feeding rate 200g/cow/day. Cows in the control group (CG) were fed a feed ration without feed supplement. Measurements started from 6 days before calving and continued till 21 days after calving. The following indicators were registered: with the RumiWatch System: Rumination time; Eating time; Drinking time; Rumination chews; Eating chews; Drinking gulps; Bolus; Chews per minute; Chews per bolus. With SmaXtec system - the temperature, pH of the contents of cows' reticulorumens and cows' activity. According to our results, we found that feeding of cows, from 21 days before calving to 30 days after calving, with a feed supplement with alfa- amylase and beta-glucanase (Optipartum C+ 200) (with dose 200g/cow/day) can produce an increase in: 9% rumination time and eating time, 19% drinking time, 11% rumination chews, 16% eating chews,13% number of boluses per rumination, 5% chews per minute and 16% chews per bolus. We found 1.28 % lower reiticulorumen pH and 0.64% lower reticulorumen temperature in cows fed with the supplement compared with control group cows. Also, cows feeding with enzymes were 8.80% more active. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfa-Amylase" title="Alfa-Amylase">Alfa-Amylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beta-Glucanase" title=" Beta-Glucanase"> Beta-Glucanase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cows" title=" cows"> cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-line" title=" in-line"> in-line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143264/effect-of-feed-supplement-optipartum-c-200-alfa-amylase-and-beta-glucanase-in-in-line-rumination-parameters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Off-Body Sub-GHz Wireless Channel Characterization for Dairy Cows in Barns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Said%20Benaissa">Said Benaissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Plets"> David Plets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmeric%20Tanghe"> Emmeric Tanghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jens%20Trogh"> Jens Trogh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luc%20Martens"> Luc Martens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leen%20Vandaele"> Leen Vandaele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annelies%20Van%20Nuffel"> Annelies Van Nuffel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20A.%20M.%20Tuyttens"> Frank A. M. Tuyttens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bart%20Sonck"> Bart Sonck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wout%20Joseph"> Wout Joseph</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The herd monitoring and managing - in particular the detection of ‘attention animals’ that require care, treatment or assistance is crucial for effective reproduction status, health, and overall well-being of dairy cows. In large sized farms, traditional methods based on direct observation or analysis of video recordings become labour-intensive and time-consuming. Thus, automatic monitoring systems using sensors have become increasingly important to continuously and accurately track the health status of dairy cows. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and internet-of-things (IoT) can be effectively used in health tracking of dairy cows to facilitate herd management and enhance the cow welfare. Since on-cow measuring devices are energy-constrained, a proper characterization of the off-body wireless channel between the on-cow sensor nodes and the back-end base station is required for a power-optimized deployment of these networks in barns. The aim of this study was to characterize the off-body wireless channel in indoor (barns) environment at 868 MHz using LoRa nodes. LoRa is an emerging wireless technology mainly targeted at WSNs and IoT networks. Both large scale fading (i.e., path loss) and temporal fading were investigated. The obtained path loss values as a function of the transmitter-receiver separation were well fitted by a lognormal path loss model. The path loss showed an additional increase of 4 dB when the wireless node was actually worn by the cow. The temporal fading due to movement of other cows was well described by Rician distributions with a K-factor of 8.5 dB. Based on this characterization, network planning and energy consumption optimization of the on-body wireless nodes could be performed, which enables the deployment of reliable dairy cow monitoring systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel" title="channel">channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channel%20modelling" title=" channel modelling"> channel modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cow%20monitoring" title=" cow monitoring"> cow monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title=" dairy cows"> dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20monitoring" title=" health monitoring"> health monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title=" IoT"> IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LoRa" title=" LoRa"> LoRa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=off-body%20propagation" title=" off-body propagation"> off-body propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLF" title=" PLF"> PLF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propagation" title=" propagation"> propagation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72679/off-body-sub-ghz-wireless-channel-characterization-for-dairy-cows-in-barns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> Acute Phase Proteins as Biomarkers of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Dairy Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20El-Deeb">Wael El-Deeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic importance of acute phase proteins in urinary tract infection (UTI) in cattle. We describe the clinical, bacteriological and biochemical findings in 99 lactating cows. Blood and urine samples from diseased (n=84) and control healthy cows (n=15) were submitted to laboratory investigations. The urine analysis revealed hematuria and pyuria in UTI group. The isolated bacteria were E.coli (43/84) Corynebacterium spp, (31/84), Proteus spp. (6/84) and Streptococcus spp (4/84). The concentrations of Haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), α1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP), fibrinogen (Fb), total protein, albumen, and globulin were higher in cows with UTI when compared to healthy ones. Fifty-one of 84 cows with UTI were successfully treated. The levels of Hp, SAA, AGP, total protein, and globulin were associated with the odds of treatment failure. Conclusively, acute phase proteins could be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cows with UTI. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cows" title="cows">cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urinary" title=" urinary"> urinary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infections" title=" infections"> infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haptoglobin" title=" haptoglobin"> haptoglobin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serum%20Amyloid%20A" title=" serum Amyloid A"> serum Amyloid A</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17849/acute-phase-proteins-as-biomarkers-of-urinary-tract-infection-uti-in-dairy-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">722</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">335</span> Early Prediction of Diseases in a Cow for Cattle Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghufran%20Ahmed">Ghufran Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Osama%20Siddiqui"> Muhammad Osama Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahbaz%20Siddiqui"> Shahbaz Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rauf%20Ahmad%20Shams%20Malick"> Rauf Ahmad Shams Malick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Khan"> Faisal Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mubashir%20Khan"> Mubashir Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a machine learning-based approach for early prediction of diseases in cows is proposed. Different ML algos are applied to extract useful patterns from the available dataset. Technology has changed today’s world in every aspect of life. Similarly, advanced technologies have been developed in livestock and dairy farming to monitor dairy cows in various aspects. Dairy cattle monitoring is crucial as it plays a significant role in milk production around the globe. Moreover, it has become necessary for farmers to adopt the latest early prediction technologies as the food demand is increasing with population growth. This highlight the importance of state-ofthe-art technologies in analyzing how important technology is in analyzing dairy cows’ activities. It is not easy to predict the activities of a large number of cows on the farm, so, the system has made it very convenient for the farmers., as it provides all the solutions under one roof. The cattle industry’s productivity is boosted as the early diagnosis of any disease on a cattle farm is detected and hence it is treated early. It is done on behalf of the machine learning output received. The learning models are already set which interpret the data collected in a centralized system. Basically, we will run different algorithms on behalf of the data set received to analyze milk quality, and track cows’ health, location, and safety. This deep learning algorithm draws patterns from the data, which makes it easier for farmers to study any animal’s behavioral changes. With the emergence of machine learning algorithms and the Internet of Things, accurate tracking of animals is possible as the rate of error is minimized. As a result, milk productivity is increased. IoT with ML capability has given a new phase to the cattle farming industry by increasing the yield in the most cost-effective and time-saving manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title="IoT">IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20care" title=" health care"> health care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title=" dairy cows"> dairy cows</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183770/early-prediction-of-diseases-in-a-cow-for-cattle-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">334</span> Effects of a Simulated Power Cut in Automatic Milking Systems on Dairy Cows Heart Activity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anja%20Gr%C3%A4ff">Anja Gräff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefan%20Holzer"> Stefan Holzer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manfred%20H%C3%B6ld"> Manfred Höld</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%B6rn%20Stumpenhausen"> Jörn Stumpenhausen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heinz%20Bernhardt"> Heinz Bernhardt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In view of the increasing quantity of 'green energy' from renewable raw materials and photovoltaic facilities, it is quite conceivable that power supply variations may occur, so that constantly working machines like automatic milking systems (AMS) may break down temporarily. The usage of farm-made energy is steadily increasing in order to keep energy costs as low as possible. As a result, power cuts are likely to happen more frequently. Current work in the framework of the project 'stable 4.0' focuses on possible stress reactions by simulating power cuts up to four hours in dairy farms. Based on heart activity it should be found out whether stress on dairy cows increases under these circumstances. In order to simulate a power cut, 12 random cows out of 2 herds were not admitted to the AMS for at least two hours on three consecutive days. The heart rates of the cows were measured and the collected data evaluated with HRV Program Kubios Version 2.1 on the basis of eight parameters (HR, RMSSD, pNN50, SD1, SD2, LF, HF and LF/HF). Furthermore, stress reactions were examined closely via video analysis, milk yield, ruminant activity, pedometer and measurements of cortisol metabolites. Concluding it turned out, that during the test only some animals were suffering from minor stress symptoms, when they tried to get into the AMS at their regular milking time, but couldn´t be milked because the system was manipulated. However, the stress level during a regular “time-dependent milking rejection” was just as high. So the study comes to the conclusion, that the low psychological stress level in the case of a 2-4 hours failure of an AMS does not have any impact on animal welfare and health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title="dairy cow">dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20activity" title=" heart activity"> heart activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20cut" title=" power cut"> power cut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stable%204.0" title=" stable 4.0 "> stable 4.0 </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64599/effects-of-a-simulated-power-cut-in-automatic-milking-systems-on-dairy-cows-heart-activity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64599.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">333</span> The Bacteriocin Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria as an Antibacterial of Sub Clinic Mastitis on Dairy Cows </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nenny%20Harijani">Nenny Harijani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhandy%20Koesoemo%20Wardhana"> Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to know the bacteriocin as antimicrobial activity produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as Antibacterial of Sub Clinic Mastitis on Dairy Cows. The antimicrobial is produced by LAB which isolates from cattle intestine can inhibit the growth Staphylococcus aureus, Steptocococcus agalactiae an Escherichia coli which were caused by dairy cattle subclinical mastitis. The failure of this bacteria growth was indicated by the formation of a clear zone surrounding the colonies on Brain Heart Infusion Agar plate. The bacteriocin was produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as antimicrobial, which could inhibit the growth of indicator bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, S.aglactiae and E.coli. This study was also developed bacteriocin to be used as a therapeutic of subclinical mastitis on dairy cows. The method used in this study was isolation, selection and identification of LAB using Mann Rogosa Sharp Medium, followed by characterization of the bacteriocin produced by LAB. The result of the study showed that bacteriocin isolated from beef cattle’s intestine could inhibit the growth Staphylococcus aureus, S. agalactiae, an Escherichia coli, which was indicated by clear zone surrounding the colonies on Brain Heart Infusion Agar plate. Characteristics of bacteriocin were heat-stable exposed to 80 0C for 30 minutes and 100 ⁰C for 15 minutes and inactivated by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. This approach has suggested the development of bacteriocin as a therapeutic agent for subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactic%20acid%20bacteria" title="lactic acid bacteria">lactic acid bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteriocin" title=" bacteriocin"> bacteriocin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" staphylococcus aureus"> staphylococcus aureus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20agalactiae" title=" S. agalactiae"> S. agalactiae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli" title=" E. coli"> E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub" title=" sub "> sub </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120510/the-bacteriocin-produced-by-lactic-acid-bacteria-as-an-antibacterial-of-sub-clinic-mastitis-on-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120510.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">332</span> The Evaluation of Superiority of Foot Local Anesthesia Method in Dairy Cows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samaneh%20Yavari">Samaneh Yavari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christiane%20Pferrer"> Christiane Pferrer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisabeth%20Engelke"> Elisabeth Engelke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Starke"> Alexander Starke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juergen%20Rehage"> Juergen Rehage</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Nowadays, bovine limb interventions, especially any claw surgeries, raises selection of the most qualified and appropriate local anesthesia technique applicable for any superficial or deep interventions of the limbs. Currently, two local anesthesia methods of Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA), as well as Nerve Blocks, have been routine to apply. However, the lack of studies investigating the quality and duration as well as quantity and onset of full (complete) local anesthesia, is noticeable. Therefore, the aim of our study was comparing the onset and quality of both IVRA and our modified NBA at the hind limb of dairy cows. For this abstract, only the onset of full local anesthesia would be consider. Materials and Methods: For that reason, we used six healthy non pregnant non lactating Holestein Frisian cows in a cross-over study design. Those cows divided into two groups to receive IVRA and our modified four-point NBA. For IVRA, 20 ml procaine without epinephrine was injected into the vein digitalis dorsalis communis III and for our modified four-point NBA, 10-15 ml procaine without epinephrine preneurally to the nerves, superficial and deep peroneal as well as lateral and medial branches of metatarsal nerves. For pain stimulation, electrical stimulator Grass S48 was applied. Results: The results of electrical stimuli revealed the faster onset of full local anesthesia (p < 0.05) by application of our modified NBA in comparison to IVRA about 10 minutes. Conclusion and discussion: Despite of available references showing faster onset of foot local anesthesia of IVRA, our study demonstrated that our modified four point NBA not only can be well known as a standard foot local anesthesia method applicable to desensitize the hind limb of dairy cows, but also, selection of this modified validated local anesthesia method can lead to have a faster start of complete desensitization of distal hind limb that is remarkable in any bovine limb interventions under time constraint. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IVRA" title="IVRA">IVRA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=four%20point%20NBA" title=" four point NBA"> four point NBA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title=" dairy cow"> dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hind%20limb" title=" hind limb"> hind limb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full%20onset" title=" full onset"> full onset</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88288/the-evaluation-of-superiority-of-foot-local-anesthesia-method-in-dairy-cows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88288.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">331</span> Foot-and-Mouth Virus Detection in Asymptomatic Dairy Cows without Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duanghathai%20Saipinta">Duanghathai Saipinta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanittian%20Panyamongkol"> Tanittian Panyamongkol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Witaya%20Suriyasathaporn"> Witaya Suriyasathaporn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Animal management aims to provide a suitable environment for animals allowing maximal productivity in those animals. Prevention of disease is an important part of animal management. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease in cattle and is an economically important animal disease worldwide. Monitoring the FMD virus in farms is useful management for the prevention of the FMD outbreak. A recent publication indicated collection samples from nasal swabs can be used for monitoring FMD in symptomatic cows. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the FMD virus in asymptomatic dairy cattle using nasal swab samples during the absence of an FMD outbreak. The study was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 using 185 asymptomatic signs of FMD dairy cattle in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. By random cow selection, nasal mucosal swabs were used to collect samples from the selected cows and then were to evaluate the presence of FMD viruses using the real-time rt-PCR assay. In total, 4.9% of dairy cattle detected FMD virus, including 2 dairy farms in Mae-on (8 samples; 9.6%) and 1 farm in the Chai-Prakan district (1 sample; 1.2%). Interestingly, both farms in Mae-on were the outbreak of the FMD after this detection for 6 months. This indicated that the FMD virus presented in asymptomatic cattle might relate to the subsequent outbreak of FMD. The outbreak demonstrates the presence of the virus in the environment. In conclusion, monitoring of FMD can be performed by nasal swab collection. Further investigation is needed to show whether the FMD virus presented in asymptomatic FMD cattle could be the cause of the subsequent FMD outbreak or not. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cattle" title="cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foot-and-mouth%20disease" title=" foot-and-mouth disease"> foot-and-mouth disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasal%20swab" title=" nasal swab"> nasal swab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real-time%20rt-PCR%20assay" title=" real-time rt-PCR assay"> real-time rt-PCR assay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160071/foot-and-mouth-virus-detection-in-asymptomatic-dairy-cows-without-foot-and-mouth-disease-outbreak" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">330</span> Impact of Dietary Rumen Protected Choline on Transition Dairy Cows’ Productive Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Tony">Mohamed Ahmed Tony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fayez%20Abaza"> Fayez Abaza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of a dietary supplement of rumen-protected choline on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and some blood metabolites were evaluated in transition dairy cows. Forty multiparous cows were blocked into 20 pairs and then randomly allocated to either one of 2 treatments. The treatments were supplementation either with or without (control) rumen-protected choline. Treatments were applied from 2 weeks before and until 8 weeks after calving. Both groups received the same basal diet as total mixed ration. Additionally, 50 g of a rumen-protected choline supplement (25% rumen protected choline chloride) was added individually in the feed. Individual feed intake, milk yield, and body weight were recorded daily. Milk samples were analyzed weekly for fat, protein, and lactose content. Blood was sampled at week 2 before calving, d 1, d 4, d 7, d 10, week 2, week 3, and week 8 after calving. Glucose, triglycerids, nonesterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyric acid in blood were analysed. The results revealed that choline supplementation increased DM intake from 16.5 to 18.0 kg/d and, hence, net energy intake from 99.2 to 120.5 MJ/d at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 day in milk. Choline supplementation had no effect on milk yield, milk fat yield, or lactose yield. Milk protein yield was increased from 1.11 to 1.22 kg/d at the intercept of the lactation curve. Choline supplementation was associated with decreased milk fat concentration at the intercept of the lactation curve at 1 day in milking, but the effect of choline on milk fat concentration gradually decreased as lactation progressed. Choline supplementation decreased the concentration of blood triglycerids during the first 4 wk after parturition. Choline supplementation had no effect on energy-corrected milk yield, energy balance, body weight and body condition score. Results from this study suggest that fat metabolism in periparturient dairy cows is improved by choline supplementation during the transition period and this may potentially decrease the risk for metabolic disorders in the periparturient dairy cow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choline" title="choline">choline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cattle" title=" dairy cattle"> dairy cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transition%20cow" title=" transition cow"> transition cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triglycerids" title=" triglycerids"> triglycerids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24047/impact-of-dietary-rumen-protected-choline-on-transition-dairy-cows-productive-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">329</span> Histopathological and Microbiological Studies on Subclinical Endometritis in Repeat Breeder Cow</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Akoz">Mehmet Akoz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study the clinical, mikrobiological and histopathological diagnoses of subclinic and nonspecific endometritis resulting in repeat breeder. Total of 36 cows, aging between 3-9 years having normal oestrous cycles with no pregnancy following at least 3 unsuccesful inseminations, were used. Biopsy specimens for histopathological and swab for bacteri microbiological cultures were obtanied from endometrium of repeat breeders showing no macroskopic evidence of any defectiveness of genital organs and based on anamneses. Eleven out of 36 cows have positive bacteriological results. While 19 cows have varying degrees of and endometritis, the other 17 cows did not have any pathologic lesions. A total of 19 biopsies in 4 of the I. degree in endometritis, 9 of them II. degree endometritis and 6 were also III. degree endometritis was evaluated. In the majority of cows by the histopathological evaluation results (78.9%) monitored by the second and third-degree endometritis shape, in 83.3% of the isolated microorganisms were identified similar results. Histopathological and microbiological evaluation, along with clinical examination are important for the diagnoses and treatment of repeat breeders, having no resistance with well dissipation to endometrium rifaximina foam formulation was found to be more effective than PGF2α. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repeat%20breeder" title="repeat breeder">repeat breeder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cattle" title=" dairy cattle"> dairy cattle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histopathology" title=" histopathology"> histopathology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PGF2%CE%B1" title=" PGF2α"> PGF2α</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rifaximina" title=" rifaximina"> rifaximina</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47892/histopathological-and-microbiological-studies-on-subclinical-endometritis-in-repeat-breeder-cow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">328</span> Effects of the Supplementation of Potassium Humate at Different Levels to the Dairy Cows' Concentrated Mix during Dry Period on Early Lactation Yield Parameters and Dam/Calf Immunity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cangir%20Uyarlar">Cangir Uyarlar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Eren%20Gultepe"> E. Eren Gultepe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Sadi%20Cetingul"> I. Sadi Cetingul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20Bayram"> Ismail Bayram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to investigate the effect of humic acid (Potassium Humate) at different levels on rations on the effects of both maternal and offspring health, metabolic parameters and immunity levels in transition dairy cows. For this purpose, 50 Holstein dairy cows divided 5 trial groups. Experimental groups were designed as follows: A) Control (0% Humas); B) 0.5 Humas (0,5% in concentrated diet); C) 1 Humas (1% in concentrated diet), D) 1,5 Humas (1,5% in concentrated diet), E) 2 Humas (2% in concentrated diet), respectively. The study lasted from the first day of the dry period to postpartum 30th day. Diets were prepared as isocaloric and isonitrogenic. In the experiment, the day on which the animals gave birth was accepted as ‘0 (zero)’ and blood was taken from tail vein (v. coccygea) at -60, -53, -46, -39, -32, -25, -18, -11, -4, 0, ; Colostrum samples were taken on days 0, 1 and 2; Blood samples were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 15 and 30 from the juguler vein (v. jugularis) of the new born calves. Total blood leukocyte, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, granulocytes, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MWC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, NEFA, BHBA, Glucose, Total Cholesterol , Triglyceride, LDL, HDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and Total IgG levels and colostrum IgG levels were determined in this experiment. The results suggest that although the supplementation of humic acid at 2% level adversely affected to production parameters, the addition of humic acid (potassium humate) to the concentrate mix during the dry period (particularly 0.5 and 1% levels) may provide an increasing on mother and the offspring immunity, some improving on serum metabolism parameters and enhancing the milk production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humic%20acid" title="humic acid">humic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cow" title=" dairy cow"> dairy cow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title=" calf"> calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunity" title=" immunity"> immunity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79053/effects-of-the-supplementation-of-potassium-humate-at-different-levels-to-the-dairy-cows-concentrated-mix-during-dry-period-on-early-lactation-yield-parameters-and-damcalf-immunity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">327</span> Management Practices and Economic Performance of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farms in Southern Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngoc-Hieu%20Vu">Ngoc-Hieu Vu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although dairy production in Vietnam is a relatively new agricultural activity, milk production increased remarkably in recent years. Smallholders are still the main drivers for this development, especially in the southern part of the country. However, information on the farming practices is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize husbandry practices, educational experiences, decision-making practices, constraints, income and expenses of smallholder dairy farms in Southern Vietnam. A total of 200 farms, located in the regions Ho Chi Minh (HCM, N=80 farms), Lam Dong (N=40 farms), Binh Duong (N=40 farms) and Long An (N=40 farms) were included. Between October 2013 and December 2014 farmers were interviewed twice. On average, farms owned 3.200m2, 2.000m2, and 193m2 of pasture, cropping and housing area, respectively. The number of total, milking and dry cows, heifers, and calves were 20.4, 11.6, 4.7, 3.3, and 2.9 head. The number of lactating dairy cows was higher (p<0.001) in HCM (15.5) and Lam Dong (14.7) than in Binh Duong (6.7) and Long An (10.7). Animals were mainly crossbred Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows with at least 75% HF origin (84%), whereas a higher (P<0.001) percentage of purebred HF was found in HCM and Lam Dong and crossbreds in Binh Duong and Long An. Animals were mainly raised in tie-stalls (94%) and machine-milked (80%). Farmers used their own replacement animals (76%), and both genetic and phenotypic information (67%) for selecting sires. Farmers were predominantly educated at primary school level (53%). Major constraints for dairy farming were the lack of capital (43%), diseases (17%), marketing (22%), lack of knowledge (8%) and feed (7%). Monthly profit per lactating cow was superior in Lam Dong (2,817 thousand VND) and HCM (2,798 thousand VND) compared to other regions in Long An (2,597 thousand VND), and Binh Duong (1,775 thousand VND). Regional differences may be mainly attributed to environmental factors, urbanization, and particularly governmental support and the availability of extension and financial institutions. Results from this study provide important information on farming practices of smallholders in Southern Vietnam that are useful in determining regions that need to be addressed by authorities in order to improve dairy production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20farms" title="dairy farms">dairy farms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20yield" title=" milk yield"> milk yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20Vietnam" title=" Southern Vietnam"> Southern Vietnam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economics" title=" socio-economics"> socio-economics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53974/management-practices-and-economic-performance-of-smallholder-dairy-cattle-farms-in-southern-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">326</span> Molecular Characterization of Major Isolated Organism Involved in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20K.%20Ratre">H. K. Ratre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Roy"> M. Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Roy"> S. Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Parmar"> M. S. Parmar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Bhagat"> V. Bhagat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mastitis is a common problem of dairy industries. Reduction in milk production and an irreparable damage to the udder associated with the disease are common causes of culling of dairy cows. Milk from infected animals is not suitable for drinking and for making different milk products. So, it has a major economic importance in dairy cattle. The aims of this study were to investigate the bacteriological panorama in milk from udder quarters with subclinical mastitis and to carried out for the molecular characterization of the major isolated organisms, from subclinical mastitis-affected cows in and around Durg and Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh. Isolation and identification of bacteria from the milk samples of subclinical mastitis-affected cows were done by standard and routine culture procedures. A total of 78 isolates were obtained from cows and among the various bacteria isolated, Staphylococcus spp. occupied prime position with occurrence rate of 51.282%. However, other bacteria isolated includeStreptococcus spp. (20.512%), Micrococcus spp. (14.102%), E. coli (8.974%), Klebsiela spp. (2.564%), Salmonella spp. (1.282%) and Proteus spp. (1.282%). Staphylococcus spp. was isolated as the major causative agent of subclinical mastitis in the studied area. Molecular characterization of Staphylococus aureusisolates was done for genetic expression of the virulence genes like ‘nuc’ encoding thermonucleaseexoenzyme, coa and spa by PCR amplification of the respective genes in 25 Staphylococcus isolates. In the present study, 15 isolates (77.27%) out of 20 coagulase positive isolates were found to be genotypically positive for ‘nuc’ where as 20 isolates (52.63%) out of 38 CNS expressed the presence of the same virulence gene. In the present study, three Staphylococcus isolates were found to be genotypically positive for coa gene. The Amplification of the coa gene yielded two different products of 627, 710 bp. The amplification of the gene segment encoding the IgG binding region of protein A (spa) revealed a size of 220 and 253bp in twostaphylococcus isolates. The X-region binding of the spa gene produced an amplicon of 315 bp in one Staphylococcal isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be major isolate (51.28%) responsible for causing subclinical mastitis in cows which also showed expression of virulence genesnuc, coa and spa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mastitis" title="mastitis">mastitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expression" title=" expression"> expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene" title=" gene"> gene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75633/molecular-characterization-of-major-isolated-organism-involved-in-bovine-subclinical-mastitis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75633.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">325</span> Lactation Curve at Holstein Cows in Romania and Influencing Factors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enea%20Danut%20Nicolae">Enea Danut Nicolae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osman%20%28Defta%29%20Aurelia"> Osman (Defta) Aurelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vidu%20Livia"> Vidu Livia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marginean%20Gheorghe"> Marginean Gheorghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Defta%20Nicoleta"> Defta Nicoleta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moise%20Andrada"> Moise Andrada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today, as a result of population growth, there is an increase in demand for animal products; milk and dairy products are an important part of this category. Maintaining production at maximum levels for as long as possible is one of the main objectives of dairy farmers. Over the course of lactation, a cow's milk production is not uniform. During the initial stage of lactation, the cow's milk production follows an upward slope, a plateau, and then a downward slope, which is a reflection of the lactation curve. The evolution of the lactation curve is influenced by numerous factors, which are genetic, exploitation, physiological, environmental and technological. The aim of this study was to observe the lactation curve of Holstein cows in Romania and determine the extent to which they conform to the expected pattern. In addition, there has been an analysis of the factors which have an influence on this curve and the extent of this influence. In order to be able to carry out the present study, data were collected from three farms located in three different geographical areas. To highlight the findings, the data collected was then statistically processed and graphically interpreted. All the farms have only Holstein cows, which are kept in free stalls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactation%20curve" title="lactation curve">lactation curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holstein" title=" Holstein"> Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influencing%20factors" title=" influencing factors"> influencing factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183985/lactation-curve-at-holstein-cows-in-romania-and-influencing-factors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge 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