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Independent research

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mui-tugd2c" href="/investors/group/governance/board-committees"><span class="label" data-label="Board committees">Board committees</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do"><span class="label" data-label="What we do">What we do</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>What we do</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks"><span class="label" data-label="Mobile &amp; fixed networks ">Mobile &amp; fixed networks </span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Mobile &amp; fixed networks </b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks/5g"><span class="label" data-label="5G">5G</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks/open-ran"><span class="label" data-label="Open RAN">Open RAN</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks/broadband-and-wifi"><span class="label" data-label="Broadband &amp; WiFi">Broadband &amp; WiFi</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks/network-as-platform-naap"><span class="label" data-label="Network as a Platform (NaaP)">Network as a Platform (NaaP)</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/mobile-and-fixed-networks/subsea"><span class="label" data-label="Subsea">Subsea</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/artificial-intelligence"><span class="label" data-label="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/internet-of-things"><span class="label" data-label="Internet of Things (IoT)">Internet of Things (IoT)</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/quantum-computing"><span class="label" data-label="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/satellite"><span class="label" data-label="Satellite">Satellite</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/m-pesa"><span class="label" data-label="M-PESA">M-PESA</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/vodafone-tv"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone TV">Vodafone TV</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_blank" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="https://www.vodafone.com/business/products-and-solutions?utm_medium=website%3Futm_source%3Ddotcom%3Futm_content%3Dnav"><span class="label" data-label="Business products and services">Business products and services</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/consumer-products-and-services"><span class="label" data-label="Consumer products and services">Consumer products and services</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/what-we-do/devices-technical-documentation"><span class="label" data-label="Devices – technical documentation">Devices – technical documentation</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate"><span class="label" data-label="Where we operate">Where we operate</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Where we operate</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/vodafone-markets/vodafone-in-the-americas"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone in the Americas">Vodafone in the Americas</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/partner-markets"><span class="label" data-label="Partner markets">Partner markets</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/partner-markets"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Partner markets</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/partner-markets/partner-market-stories"><span class="label" data-label="Partner Markets Stories">Partner Markets Stories</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Voice and Roaming Services">Vodafone Voice and Roaming Services</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Vodafone Voice and Roaming Services</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/roaming-hub"><span class="label" data-label="Roaming Hub">Roaming Hub</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/travel-mobility"><span class="label" data-label="Travel Mobility">Travel Mobility</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/maritime-mobility"><span class="label" data-label="Maritime Mobility">Maritime Mobility</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/sponsored-roaming"><span class="label" data-label="Sponsored Roaming">Sponsored Roaming</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/managed-services"><span class="label" data-label="Managed Services">Managed Services</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/ipx-services"><span class="label" data-label="IPX Services">IPX Services</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/international-voice"><span class="label" data-label="International Voice">International Voice</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/where-we-operate/voice-and-roaming-services/privacy-policy"><span class="label" data-label="Privacy Policy">Privacy Policy</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate"><span class="label" data-label="How we operate">How we operate</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>How we operate</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/our-strategy"><span class="label" data-label="Our strategy">Our strategy</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/our-strategy"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Our strategy</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/our-strategy/europe-consumer"><span class="label" data-label="Europe consumer">Europe consumer</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/our-strategy/african-technology-leader"><span class="label" data-label="African technology leader">African technology leader</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/our-strategy/vodafone-business"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Business">Vodafone Business</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/public-policy"><span class="label" data-label="Public Policy">Public Policy</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers"><span class="label" data-label="Suppliers">Suppliers</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Suppliers</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/suppliers-purpose-overview"><span class="label" data-label="Suppliers purpose overview">Suppliers purpose overview</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/supplier-ethics"><span class="label" data-label="Supplier ethics">Supplier ethics</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/policies-and-requirements"><span class="label" data-label="Policies and requirements">Policies and requirements</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/vodafone-procurement-company"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Procurement Company">Vodafone Procurement Company</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/pass-partner-portal"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Pass partner portal">Vodafone Pass partner portal</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/supplier-management-help"><span class="label" data-label="Supplier management help">Supplier management help</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/autonomous-procurement"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Autonomous Procurement Platform">Vodafone Autonomous Procurement Platform</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/suppliers/vodafone-business-iot-e2e-solutions"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone Business Product &amp; Services IoT E2E Solutions">Vodafone Business Product &amp; Services IoT E2E Solutions</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/consumer-privacy-and-cyber-security"><span class="label" data-label="Consumer privacy and cyber security">Consumer privacy and cyber security</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/consumer-privacy-and-cyber-security"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Consumer privacy and cyber security</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/consumer-privacy-and-cyber-security/data-principles"><span class="label" data-label="Data principles">Data principles</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/consumer-privacy-and-cyber-security/privacy-centre"><span class="label" data-label="Privacy centre">Privacy centre</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/consumer-privacy-and-cyber-security/cyber-security"><span class="label" data-label="Cyber security">Cyber security</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/cost-of-living"><span class="label" data-label="Cost of living">Cost of living</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/how-we-operate/covid-19"><span class="label" data-label="COVID-19">COVID-19</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre"><span class="label" data-label="Reporting centre">Reporting centre</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Reporting centre</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/government-assistance-demands-reporting"><span class="label" data-label="Government assistance demands reporting">Government assistance demands reporting</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution"><span class="label" data-label="Tax and Economic Contribution">Tax and Economic Contribution</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Tax and Economic Contribution</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/vodafone-tax-principles-and-strategy"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone&#x27;s tax principles and strategy">Vodafone&#x27;s tax principles and strategy</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/-vodafone-corporation-tax"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone corporation tax">Vodafone corporation tax</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/corporate-responsibilities-and-obligations"><span class="label" data-label="Corporate responsibilities and obligations">Corporate responsibilities and obligations</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/vodafone-luxembourg-and-tax-havens"><span class="label" data-label="Vodafone, Luxembourg and tax havens">Vodafone, Luxembourg and tax havens</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/multinationals-governments-and-tax"><span class="label" data-label="Multinationals, governments and tax">Multinationals, governments and tax</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/tax-and-emerging-markets"><span class="label" data-label="Tax and emerging markets">Tax and emerging markets</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/tax-and-economic-contribution/political-and-tax-policy-advocacy"><span class="label" data-label="Political and tax policy advocacy">Political and tax policy advocacy</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/who-we-are/people-and-culture/uk-gender-pay-gap"><span class="label" data-label="UK Gender Pay Gap">UK Gender Pay Gap</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/sustainability-reports"><span class="label" data-label="Sustainability reports">Sustainability reports</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink breadcrumbLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business"><span class="label" data-label="Sustainable Business">Sustainable Business</span></a><div data-level="2" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Sustainable Business</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people"><span class="label" data-label="Empowering people">Empowering people</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Empowering people</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/closing-the-digital-divide"><span class="label" data-label="Closing the digital divide">Closing the digital divide</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/closing-the-digital-divide"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Closing the digital divide</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/mobile-broadband-coverage"><span class="label" data-label="Increasing mobile Broadband Coverage">Increasing mobile Broadband Coverage</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/access-to-connectivity"><span class="label" data-label="Democratising access to connectivity">Democratising access to connectivity</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/empowering-customers"><span class="label" data-label="Empowering customers">Empowering customers</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/empowering-customers"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Empowering customers</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/supporting-small-businesses-to-digitalise"><span class="label" data-label="Supporting small businesses to digitalise">Supporting small businesses to digitalise</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/financial-services"><span class="label" data-label="Connecting people to financial services">Connecting people to financial services</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/empowering-people/supporting-communities"><span class="label" data-label="Supporting communities">Supporting communities</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/protecting-the-planet"><span class="label" data-label="Protecting the planet">Protecting the planet</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/protecting-the-planet"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Protecting the planet</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/protecting-the-planet/tackling-carbon-emissions"><span class="label" data-label="Tackling carbon emissions">Tackling carbon emissions</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/protecting-the-planet/enabling-the-green-transition"><span class="label" data-label="Enabling the green transition">Enabling the green transition</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/protecting-the-planet/promoting-circularity"><span class="label" data-label="Promoting circularity">Promoting circularity</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/switch-to-green"><span class="label" data-label="Switch To Green">Switch To Green</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink breadcrumbLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust"><span class="label" data-label="Maintaining trust">Maintaining trust</span></a><div data-level="3" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Maintaining trust</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/human-rights"><span class="label" data-label="Human rights">Human rights</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/human-rights"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Human rights</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/human-rights/our-policy"><span class="label" data-label="Our policy">Our policy</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/human-rights/managing-human-rights"><span class="label" data-label="Managing human rights">Managing human rights</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/human-rights/our-impacts"><span class="label" data-label="Our impacts">Our impacts</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/law-enforcement-assistance"><span class="label" data-label="Law Enforcement Assistance">Law Enforcement Assistance</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/law-enforcement-assistance"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Law Enforcement Assistance</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/law-enforcement-assistance/challenges-for-operators"><span class="label" data-label="Challenges for operators">Challenges for operators</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/law-enforcement-assistance/our-principles-and-policies"><span class="label" data-label="Our principles and policies">Our principles and policies</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/responsible-supply-chain"><span class="label" data-label="Responsible supply chain">Responsible supply chain</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/responsible-supply-chain"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Responsible supply chain</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/responsible-supply-chain/how-we-manage-our-supply-chain"><span class="label" data-label="How we manage our Supply Chain">How we manage our Supply Chain</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/responsible-supply-chain/engaging-with-our-suppliers"><span class="label" data-label="Engaging with our suppliers">Engaging with our suppliers</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/child-rights-and-online-safety"><span class="label" data-label="Child rights and online safety">Child rights and online safety</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/child-rights-and-online-safety"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Child rights and online safety</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/child-rights-and-online-safety/useful-resources-for-child-online-safety"><span class="label" data-label="Useful resources for child online safety">Useful resources for child online safety</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/anti-bribery-and-corruption"><span class="label" data-label="Anti-bribery &amp; corruption">Anti-bribery &amp; corruption</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health"><span class="label" data-label="Mobiles, masts and health">Mobiles, masts and health</span></a><div data-level="4" class="navigationList mui-1nq666z"><div class="listContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><ul class="MuiList-root list mui-ag1a0w"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link goToLink mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health"><span class="label"><span>Go to <b>Mobiles, masts and health</b></span></span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/is-5g-safe-to-use"><span class="label" data-label="Is 5G safe to use?">Is 5G safe to use?</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/our-commitments-and-goals"><span class="label" data-label="Our commitments and goals">Our commitments and goals</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research"><span class="label" data-label="Independent research">Independent research</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/how-the-technology-works"><span class="label" data-label="How the technology works">How the technology works</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/health-the-science-and-evidence"><span class="label" data-label="Health: the science and evidence">Health: the science and evidence</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/who-we-are/people-and-culture/workplace-equality"><span class="label" data-label="Workplace Equality">Workplace Equality</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/sustainable-business/our-contribution-to-un-sdgs"><span class="label" data-label="Our contribution to UN SDGs">Our contribution to UN SDGs</span></a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="false"><a target="_self" class="link mui-tugd2c" href="/about-vodafone/reporting-centre/sustainability-reports"><span class="label" data-label="Sustainability Reporting">Sustainability Reporting</span></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu" aria-haspopup="true"><a target="_self" class="link popupLink mui-tugd2c" href="/news"><span 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src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F6GZnvOIRQCtXWUjats7D9P%2Fd26643142879f7d76bdb2c8ce0cc323d%2FIndependent_research_Living_Speechmark_3x.jpg&amp;w=1600&amp;q=75"/></noscript></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters mui-8d97to"><nav class="styled-inpage-navigation dark-mode MuiBox-root mui-1jzbjrc"><ul class="MuiList-root MuiList-padding list mui-1r8x9e8"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#Introduction" class="mui-1s4a30d">Introduction</a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#The-process" class="mui-1s4a30d">The scientific process</a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#Assessing-evidence" class="mui-1s4a30d">Assessing evidence</a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#Supporting-research" class="mui-1s4a30d">Supporting research</a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#Independent-resources" class="mui-1s4a30d">Independent resources</a></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><a href="/sustainable-business/maintaining-trust/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research#learn-more" class="mui-1s4a30d">Learn more</a></li></ul></nav><div class="MuiBox-root mui-si64s3" id="Introduction"><div class="wrapper sectionTopBottom MuiBox-root mui-0" id="section"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters innerSection container mui-8d97to"><h2 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h2 mixedFontWeight mui-32skml" data-contentful-field-id="Heading" data-contentful-entry-id="14u3J1JQVpG4ll7GCqaY6Z">Mobile devices have <b>transformed</b> how <b>hundreds of millions of people</b> manage their daily lives and run their businesses. <b>Scientific reviews</b> have made a <b>vital contribution</b> to establishing<b> industry guidelines and standards.</b></h2><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">Vodafone follows the results of these independent expert reviews to understand developments in scientific research related to mobile devices, base stations and health. We consider the opinions of panels commissioned by recognised national (see list below) or international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">We support open debate on the body of published scientific evidence and will continue to share information on significant scientific developments.</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1"></p></div></div></div><div class="MuiBox-root mui-1jy2mpz" id="The-process"><div class="wrapper sectionTopBottom MuiBox-root mui-0" id="section"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters innerSection container mui-8d97to"><div class="MuiBox-root mui-q0q8gi"><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-container MuiGrid-spacing-xs-2 MuiGrid-spacing-md-2 mui-1vd3mqh" role="grid"><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-sm-6 mui-10bpvcm" role="gridcell"><h2 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h2 mixedFontWeight mui-vqk1hq" data-contentful-field-id="Heading" data-contentful-entry-id="f90bfdcb-8169-4dbc-858b-54bcf9a277c5"><b>From observation to publication – how scientists investigate</b></h2><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom text-large prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-47us78">Scientific discovery is a process. Those discoveries pass through several phases: from hypothesis, through testing and analysis, to writing up results and publication. That publication may then be reviewed by others in a process known as peer review. In addition, other scientists will often try to replicate the study to see if the findings can be repeated.</p></div><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-sm-6 mui-10bpvcm" role="gridcell"><div class=" MuiBox-root mui-153e7ka"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters player mui-8d97to">Loading...</div><div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "VideoObject", "name": "Observation to publication", "description": "From observation to publication – how scientists investigate", "thumbnailUrl": "https://images.ctfassets.net/q7ob9vms4z5k/7yWQPjmmFv7jwXrPbxy8FL/b296e564743c979db2c1a9ddb2d0a9b8/Screenshot_2024-11-08_112446.png", "uploadDate": "2023-10-12" } </script> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MuiBox-root mui-si64s3" id="Assessing-evidence"><div class="wrapper sectionTopBottom MuiBox-root mui-0" id="section"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters innerSection container mui-8d97to"><div class=" MuiBox-root mui-1oxx8z"><div class="MuiBox-root mui-1w6ce65"><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-container MuiGrid-spacing-xs-2 MuiGrid-spacing-md-2 mui-pkpmz0" role="grid"><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-sm-4 mui-8lv98b" role="gridcell"><div class="squareImageContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><div class="image MuiBox-root mui-1i2d50a" initialWidth="0"><div class="imageBox MuiBox-root mui-0"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;padding-top:100%"></span><img alt="How we assess evidence@3x" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="responsive" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="How we assess evidence@3x" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="responsive" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" sizes="100vw" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=768&amp;q=75 768w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=992&amp;q=75 992w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=1060&amp;q=75 1060w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=1200&amp;q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=1600&amp;q=75 1600w" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fq7ob9vms4z5k%2F2dTMlpYwr8j7dXChn9Yp6e%2Fa55baec47cc3c319f9f3cf4dd51484a4%2FHow_we_assess_evidence_3x.jpg&amp;w=1600&amp;q=75"/></noscript></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MuiGrid-root MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-sm-8 mui-1bbac0a" role="gridcell"><div class="contentContainer MuiBox-root mui-0"><h3 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h3 mui-1nmo7ug">How we assess evidence</h3><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">Scientists and public health officials from individual countries and global agencies such as WHO, assess risks to human health based on the entire body of evidence available at a given point in time, as opposed to using individual scientific studies.</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">Evidence is considered by panels of experts from many different scientific disciplines, to ensure all aspects are considered and that conclusions are a combined decision.</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">Vodafone reviews the research conducted into mobiles, base stations and health where it is:</p><div class=" mui-1n4l72c"><ul><li>designed, performed and reported independently;</li><li>conducted under the auspices of a national or international health agency by a panel of experts; and/or</li><li>published in peer-reviewed literature</li></ul></div><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1">Scientific research must always be carried out to very high, globally recognised scientific standards, including the use of best practice experimental procedures, and must be executed with integrity or the results can be misleading or could be misinterpreted. We publish links to the <a href="https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports"><strong>latest scientific research</strong></a> that meet these standards to ensure our customers and stakeholders can access the information easily.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="MuiBox-root mui-1jy2mpz" id="Supporting-research"><div class="wrapper sectionTopBottom MuiBox-root mui-0" id="section"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters innerSection container mui-8d97to"><h2 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h2 mixedFontWeight mui-32skml" data-contentful-field-id="Heading" data-contentful-entry-id="6ypvlCzQOvAWtEPFHhfbF8"><b>Supporting research needs</b></h2><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1mvxtxv">While WHO sets priority areas for research, it is taken up by international, national and regional research programmes.</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1mvxtxv">A number of new studies have contributed to ongoing dialogue and research, but there are still some gaps in scientific knowledge, and more research is underway. This includes studies prioritised by WHO that monitor the health effects of the long-term use of mobiles and the use of mobiles by children — for example, <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.mbkds.net/" target="_blank"><strong>the Mobi-Kids study.</strong></a></p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1mvxtxv">Vodafone only funds research into mobiles, base stations and health through funding bodies such as national governments to ensure that the research remains independent of industry influence, including our own.</p><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1mvxtxv">We also respond to requests from bodies conducting research by providing technical advice and information on the use of mobile devices. This helps to ensure scientists have access to the best quality information available. As an example, we responded to scientists from the international study<strong> </strong><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.thecosmosproject.org/" target="_blank"><strong>COSMOS</strong></a> to provide information about call duration for their voluntary participants. The scientists analysed mobile device use and possible long-term effects on health. The information was supplied with due care and attention paid to data protection rules in each market and was in line with our Privacy Commitments.</p></div></div></div><div class="MuiBox-root mui-si64s3" id="Independent-resources"><div class="wrapper slimBanner MuiBox-root mui-0" id="section"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-disableGutters innerSection container mui-8d97to"><h3 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-h3 mui-1nmo7ug"><b>Further independent resources</b></h3><p class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-body1 MuiTypography-gutterBottom prewrap-spaces Paragraph-root mui-1jdflb1"></p><div class="vdf-group MuiBox-root mui-1cecksl"><ul class="MuiList-root MuiList-padding mui-fert08" aria-label="button list"><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><div class="button MuiBox-root mui-aygl1y"><a class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-fullWidth MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-fullWidth scale mui-aro30k" tabindex="0" href="https://www.icnirp.org/en/home/index.html" target="_blank"><span>ICNIRP RF EMF Guidelines</span><span class="MuiButton-icon MuiButton-endIcon MuiButton-iconSizeMedium mui-pt151d"><span role="img" class="react-svg-icon fontSizeSmall filled mui-1xkmm52"></span></span></a></div></li><li class="MuiListItem-root MuiListItem-padding listItem mui-1628nzu"><div class="button MuiBox-root mui-aygl1y"><a class="MuiButtonBase-root MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-fullWidth MuiButton-root MuiButton-text MuiButton-textPrimary MuiButton-sizeMedium MuiButton-textSizeMedium MuiButton-colorPrimary MuiButton-fullWidth scale mui-aro30k" tabindex="0" href="https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electromagnetic-fields-and-public-health-mobile-phones" target="_blank"><span>WHO Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones</span><span class="MuiButton-icon MuiButton-endIcon MuiButton-iconSizeMedium mui-pt151d"><span role="img" class="react-svg-icon fontSizeSmall filled mui-1xkmm52"></span></span></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="MuiBox-root mui-194xxl9"><div class="pattern MuiBox-root mui-0"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;padding-top:7.8125%"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="responsive" 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We publish links to the \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\" data-type=\\\"URL\\\" data-id=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elatest scientific research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e that meet these standards to ensure our customers and stakeholders can access the information easily.\",\"marks\":[],\"data\":{}}]}]},\"content\":\"How we assess evidenceScientists and public health officials from individual countries and global agencies such as WHO, assess risks to human health based on the entire body of evidence available at a given point in time, as opposed to using individual scientific studies.Evidence is considered by panels of experts from many different scientific disciplines, to ensure all aspects are considered and that conclusions are a combined decision.Vodafone reviews the research conducted into mobiles, base stations and health where it is:\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003edesigned, performed and reported independently;\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econducted under the auspices of a national or international health agency by a panel of experts; and/or\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epublished in peer-reviewed literature\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003eScientific research must always be carried out to very high, globally recognised scientific standards, including the use of best practice experimental procedures, and must be executed with integrity or the results can be misleading or could be misinterpreted. We publish links to the \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\" data-type=\\\"URL\\\" data-id=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elatest scientific research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e that meet these standards to ensure our customers and stakeholders can access the information easily.\",\"value\":\"How we assess evidenceScientists and public health officials from individual countries and global agencies such as WHO, assess risks to human health based on the entire body of evidence available at a given point in time, as opposed to using individual scientific studies.Evidence is considered by panels of experts from many different scientific disciplines, to ensure all aspects are considered and that conclusions are a combined decision.Vodafone reviews the research conducted into mobiles, base stations and health where it is:\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003edesigned, performed and reported independently;\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003econducted under the auspices of a national or international health agency by a panel of experts; and/or\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epublished in peer-reviewed literature\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003eScientific research must always be carried out to very high, globally recognised scientific standards, including the use of best practice experimental procedures, and must be executed with integrity or the results can be misleading or could be misinterpreted. We publish links to the \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\" data-type=\\\"URL\\\" data-id=\\\"https://www.vodafone.com/sustainable-business/operating-responsibly/mobiles-masts-and-health/independent-research/independent-reports\\\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elatest scientific research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e that meet these standards to ensure our customers and stakeholders can access the information easily.\",\"id\":\"OBRBGShvCzAHy4MLJr7dq\"},\"innerBlocks\":[]}]}]},{\"clientId\":\"6504c30a-b4ad-4f3f-9883-83b49d6701a4\",\"name\":\"vdfblocks/section\",\"attributes\":{\"fullWidth\":false,\"customColors\":{\"background\":\"#F4F4F4\"},\"slimHeight\":false,\"anchor\":\"Supporting-research\",\"backgroundFocalPointX\":50,\"backgroundFocalPointY\":50,\"className\":\"vdf-background-shadegrey\",\"vdfBackgroundControl\":{\"focalPoint\":{\"x\":50,\"y\":50},\"bgImage\":{}},\"id\":\"6504c30a-b4ad-4f3f-9883-83b49d6701a4\"},\"innerBlocks\":[{\"clientId\":\"6ypvlCzQOvAWtEPFHhfbF8\",\"name\":\"core/heading\",\"attributes\":{\"align\":\"left\",\"richText\":{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Supporting research needs\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-3\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"document\"},\"level\":2,\"responsiveControl\":{\"mobile\":false,\"tablet\":false,\"desktop\":false},\"content\":\"\u003cb\u003eSupporting research needs\u003c/b\u003e\",\"value\":\"\u003cb\u003eSupporting research needs\u003c/b\u003e\",\"id\":\"6ypvlCzQOvAWtEPFHhfbF8\"},\"innerBlocks\":[]},{\"clientId\":\"58OmIh3nkyrdPFpCkLxOOL\",\"name\":\"core/paragraph\",\"attributes\":{\"align\":\"left\",\"richText\":{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"While WHO sets priority areas for research, it is taken up by international, national and regional research programmes.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A number of new studies have contributed to ongoing dialogue and research, but there are still some gaps in scientific knowledge, and more research is underway. 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