IEEE - The world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head>  <script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/ef7b712c-ff87-4229-b9ae-c1083228fb7f/osano.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cookie-consent.ieee.org/ieee-cookie-banner.css" type="text/css"/>  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="keywords"/>  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes"/> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large'/>  <meta name="description" content="IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity."/> <meta name="google" content="nositelinkssearchbox"/>   <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ieee.org/"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:title" content="IEEE - The world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity."/> <meta property="og:description" content="IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/logos/social-media-master-brand.png"/> <meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:image:type" property="og:image:type" content="image/png"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"/>  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="twitter:domain" content="www.ieee.org"/> <meta property="twitter:url" content="https://www.ieee.org/"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="IEEE - The world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity."/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/logos/social-media-master-brand.png"/> <meta name="twitter:image:width" value="1200"/> <meta name="twitter:image:height" value="630"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/main.min.b4994788cf1eaeed300a0aa7af53f3c8.css" type="text/css"> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/utils.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/clientlibs/granite/jquery/granite.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/shared.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/foundation/clientlibs/main.min.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/bootstrap.min.415e90cdc2979effecb1a8783fd29374.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/datatable.min.32da7a9d474473b805c87da2b7440e7a.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/base.min.dd4fa54e5e23f02021a5e900cada31e4.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/apps_components.min.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.css" type="text/css"> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/jquery_form.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/jquery_validator.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/datatable.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/thirdparty/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-core/clientlibs/base.min.b448f94a044713dd294d168dd67813e2.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-core/clientlibs/apps_components.min.d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.css" type="text/css"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/base.min.6593b2bec2d9309f7adf316fabe6abac.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/apps_components.min.939789984cb7a8564d5c62af2ac52f44.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/thirdparty/font-awesome.min.cc5d4457e8cad37fa1ed4b574128fc41.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/thirdparty/formata.min.6fce10afbb211946f7c90966f3d2a499.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/favicon-32x32.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/favicon-16x16.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/favicon-48x48.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/favicon-96x96.png"/> <link rel="manifest" href="/etc/designs/ieee-org/site.webmanifest"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="hTNJkmjfSys2eoNeWKkSU2zJepc7uBJESs-CmqM043Q"/>  <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="1FD00A0907F87F784043B20D6E1F3769"/>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-4930232-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-4930232-1'); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P24WBM');</script>  <title>IEEE - The world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</title>  <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="hxzn5csdsl9pdnmxcvjs4dxzpzxf7v"/>  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1591804690854330'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1591804690854330&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript>    <script src="//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js"></script> <script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js"></script>    <script src="https://up.pixel.ad/assets/up.js?um=1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> cntrUpTag.track('cntrData', '2fe93d92d9c4c2dd'); </script>    </head> <body> <body lang="en">  <img style='display:none' src='//di.rlcdn.com/406006.gif?pdata=partner%3Dtap315285%2Cdata%3Dtype%3Asite%24audience%3AMSO_IEEEInsurance_ClientSite_Control'/>  <div id="page-wrapper" class="clearfix">  <header id="page-header" class=""> <div class="global-header">  <div class="global-nav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 text-left"> <a class="skip-to-content-link hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md" href="#main-content"> Skip to content </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 text-left"> <div id="meta-nav" class="container hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a class="skip-nav hidden" href="#mn-header"> <img alt="Skip Navigation" src="https://www.ieee.org/ieee-mashup/images/blank.gif" height="1px" width="1px"/> </a> <div id="util-left"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org" class="ieee-home">IEEE.org</a>|  <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" class="top-divider-space">IEEE <em>Xplore</em> Digital Library</a> |  <a href="http://standards.ieee.org" class="top-divider-space">IEEE Standards</a> |  <a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org" class="top-divider-space">IEEE Spectrum</a> |  <a href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" class="top-divider-space" accesskey="2">More Sites</a> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/give" class="top-divider-space hidden-md hidden-lg">Donate</a> </div> <div id="util-right" style="float: right"> <div id="user-info-spinner" class="dot-flashing hidden"></div> <div id="user-info" class="hidden"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/give" class="top-divider-space">Donate</a> |  <span class="cart-count-link"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/cart/public/myCart/page.html" class="top-divider-space" style="cursor:pointer">Cart (<span id="mn-cart-item-qty" class="cart-items-count">0</span>)</a> |  </span> <span id="rc-purchases" class="hidden"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/otherpurchases/showOtherPurchases.html">Purchases</a> <span class=""> | </span> </span> <span class="logged-in-metanav-info" style="display: none"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/profile" id="mn-ieee-username" class="ieee-user-name"><strong><span id="mn-user-name-text"></span></strong></a> |  <a href="/system/sling/logout.html?resource=/bin/svc/ieeecommon/ieee-org/secured/redirect.html" id="mn-signout-link" class="mn-menu-link">Sign Out</a> </span> <span class="anonymous-metanav-info"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?url=" id="mn-calink-link">Create Account</a> |  <a href="/bin/svc/ieeecommon/ieee-org/secured/redirect.html?finalTarget=" class="sign-in-cls" id="mn-signin-link">Sign In</a> </span> </div> <div id='ssoValidatorUrl' class='hidden'>https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken</div> <div id='xploreLogoutUrl' class='hidden'>https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/Login?logout=ibplogout</div> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 0;"> </div> <div id="mn-header"></div> </div> <ul class="signin pull-right hidden-lg hidden-md"> <li class="logged-in-metanav-info" style="display: none"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/profile"><i class="fa fa-user-circle-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> <li class="anonymous-metanav-info"> <a href="/bin/svc/ieeecommon/ieee-org/secured/redirect.html?finalTarget=" class="sign-in-cls"><i class="fa fa-user-circle-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> <li class="cart-count-link"> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/cart/public/myCart/page.html"><span id="mnmobile-cart-item-qty" class="cart-items-count">0</span> <i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="small-logo hidden-md hidden-lg">  <a href="/"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/globals/EEE140thAnniversary_Mobile_150X38.png" alt="IEEE - Advancing Technology for Humanity" title="IEEE - Advancing Technology for Humanity" class="img-responsive"/> </a>  </div> <div class="navbar-header hidden-lg hidden-md"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  </div> <div class="page-header-container">  <div class="primary-navigation"> <div class="header-block"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="header-section hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="brand-section col-xs-12"> <div class="logo-left pull-left">  <div>  <a href="/"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/globals/ieee_logo_140yrs.png" alt="IEEE - Advancing Technology for Humanity" title="IEEE - Advancing Technology for Humanity" class="img-responsive"/> </a>  </div> </div> <div class="pull-left hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div class="slogan">  <a href="/about/index.html?WT.mc_id=head_bm">The professional home for the engineering and technology community worldwide</a>  </div> </div> <div class="right-block pull-right"> <div class="search-bar">       <form action="/searchresults/index.html" role="search" id="searchForm"> <div class="input-group search-bar"> <label for="q" class="visuallyhidden">Search all IEEE websites</label> <input type="search" name="q" id="q" title="Search all IEEE websites" placeholder="Search all IEEE websites" class="required form-control"/> <span class="input-group-addon" id="searchSubmitButton"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></i> </span> </div> </form>  </div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm pull-right">  <div class="socialmedia"> <ul> <li>  <a class="collabratec-icon" aria-label="Collabratec" alt="Collabratec" href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/" target="_self"></a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.org/" aria-label="Facebook" alt="Facebook" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-facebook"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://twitter.com/IEEEorg" aria-label="Twitter" alt="Twitter" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee" aria-label="Linkedin" alt="Linkedin" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeeorg/" aria-label="Instagram" alt="Instagram" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-instagram"></i> </a>  </li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-navigation" role="navigation">      <ul class="main-menu"> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg" id="header_menu_search">      <form action="/searchresults/index.html" role="search" id="searchForm"> <div class="input-group search-bar"> <label for="q" class="visuallyhidden">Search all IEEE websites</label> <input type="search" name="q" id="q" title="Search all IEEE websites" placeholder="Search all IEEE websites" class="required form-control"/> <span class="input-group-addon" id="searchSubmitButton"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></i> </span> </div> </form>  </li> <li id="header_menu_0"> <a href="#" class="hidden-md hidden-lg nav-link">IEEE Sites</a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick hidden-md hidden-lg"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_0"> <div class="panel-collapse"></div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_1"> <a href="/about.html" class="nav-link"> About </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_1 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="/about/vision-mission.html" target="_self"> Mission and vision </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/at-a-glance.html" target="_self"> IEEE at a glance </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ieee-strategic-plan.html" target="_self"> IEEE Strategic Plan </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/organization/index.html" target="_self"> Organization of IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/news/index.html" target="_self"> Newsroom </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/diversity-index.html" target="_self"> Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/compliance.html" target="_self"> Organizational Ethics </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/annual-report.html" target="_self"> Annual Report </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ieee-history.html" target="_self"> History of IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/index.html" target="_self"> Volunteer resources </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=awards&utm_medium=about&utm_term=awards" target="_self"> IEEE Corporate Awards Program </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/financials.html" target="_self"> Financials and Statistics </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/technologies.html" target="_self"> IEEE Future Directions </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/industry/introduction.html" target="_self"> IEEE for Industry (Corporations, Government, Individuals) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://climate-change.ieee.org?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=climate-change&utm_medium=about&utm_term=ieee-climate-change" target="_self"> IEEE Climate Change </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/humanitarian-tech.html" target="_self"> Humanitarian and Philanthropic Opportunities </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE and its members inspire a global community to innovate for a better tomorrow through highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities. IEEE is the trusted “voice” for engineering, computing, and technology information around the globe. </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/news/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=new&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=news">Get the latest news</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/volunteers/index.html?utm_source=%20mm_wdw&utm_campaign=vr&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=volunteer%20resources">Access volunteer resources (Code of Ethics, financial forms, tools and templates, and more) </a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/contact.html?utm_source=%20mm_wdw&utm_campaign=contact&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=contact%20locations">Find IEEE locations </a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://supportcenter.ieee.org/?utm_source=%20mm_wdw&utm_campaign=support&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=support%20center">Get help from the IEEE Support Center </a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://supportcenter.ieee.org/app/answers/detail/a_id/3087?utm_source=wdw&utm_medium=lp-about&utm_campaign=recover-account">Recover your IEEE Account username and password</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/awards/index.html?utm_source=%20mm_wdw&utm_campaign=iap&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=awards%20program">Learn about the IEEE Awards program and submit nomination</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/organization/index.html?utm_source=%20mm_wdw&utm_campaign=ooi&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=organization%2C%20leadership">View IEEE's organizational structure and leadership</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieee.taleo.net/careersection/2/jobsearch.ftl?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=taleo-jobs&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=jobs%20at%20ieee">Apply for jobs at IEEE </a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/ieee-history.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=hoi&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=ieee%20history">See the history of IEEE</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/diversity-index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=dei&utm_medium=ab&utm_term=diversity">Learn more about Diversity, Equity & Inclusion at IEEE</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_2"> <a href="/membership.html" class="nav-link"> Membership </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_2 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="/membership/join/index.html" target="_self"> Join IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?srchProdType=Societies&searchType=prodType" target="_self"> Join an IEEE Society </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/renew.html" target="_self"> Renew your membership </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/benefits/index.html" target="_self"> Member benefits </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/contact-center.html" target="_self"> IEEE Contact Center </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/geographic-activities.html" target="_self"> Connect locally </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?N=0?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=shop&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=memberships%20and%20subs%20shop" target="_self"> Memberships and Subscriptions Catalog </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/discounts/index.html" target="_self"> Member insurance and discounts </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/grade-elevation.html" target="_self"> Member Grade Elevation </a> </li> <li> <a href="/membership/ieee-corporate-engagement.html" target="_self"> Get your company engaged </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE membership offers access to technical innovation, cutting-edge information, networking opportunities, and exclusive member benefits. Members support IEEE's mission to advance technology for humanity and the profession, while memberships build a platform to introduce careers in technology to students around the world.<br /> </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/profile?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=access-your-account&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=access">Access your Account</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/join/dues.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=join_dues&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=membership%20dues">Learn about membership dues</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/women/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=wie&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=wie">Learn about Women in Engineering (WIE)</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/products/google-apps.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=eleccomm&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=member-email">Access IEEE member email</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/fellows/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=fellows&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=fellows">Find information on IEEE Fellows</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=my_ieee-directory&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=my_ieee-member%20directory">Access the IEEE member directory</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/join/mgm.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=mgm&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=mgm%2C%20member-get-a-member">Learn about the Member-Get-a-Member program</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/students/potentials.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=potentials&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=potentials">Learn about IEEE Potentials magazine</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/students/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=student&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=student%20membership">Learn about Student membership</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a class="btn-style" href="/membership/join/index.html" target="_self">Join IEEE </a> <a class="btn-style" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?srchProdType=Societies&searchType=prodType" target="_self">Join an IEEE Society</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_3"> <a href="/communities.html" class="nav-link"> Communities </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_3 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="/communities/index.html" target="_self"> Affinity groups </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/societies/index.html" target="_self"> IEEE Societies </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/societies/about-technical-councils.html" target="_self"> Technical Councils </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/societies/about-technical-communities.html" target="_self"> Technical Communities </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/geographic-activities.html" target="_self"> Geographic Activities </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/index.html?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=swg&utm_medium=com&utm_term=working%20groups" target="_self"> Working groups </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/regional-world-map.html" target="_self"> IEEE Regions </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=coll&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=collabratec" target="_self"> IEEE Collabratec® </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/ieee-resource-centers.html" target="_self"> IEEE Resource Centers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/ieee-dataport.html" target="_self"> IEEE DataPort </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> As the world's largest technical professional organization, IEEE offers a number of ways to get involved with technical and local communities. These communities are active participants in research and authorship, conferences, and important conversations about today's most relevant technical topics locally and globally.<br /> <br /> </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?srchProdType=Societies&searchType=prodType">Join an IEEE Society</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/communities/regional-world-map.html?utm_source=wdw&utm_campaign=region_map&utm_medium=com&utm_term=regions%20map">See the IEEE Regions</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://mga.ieee.org/board-committees/operations-manual">View the MGA Operations Manual</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/volunteers/home/index.html">Find information on IEEE Technical Activities</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://mga.ieee.org/resources-operations/geographic-unit/chapters">Get IEEE Chapter resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/communities/geographic-activities.html?utm_source=wdw&utm_campaign=geo_act&utm_medium=com&utm_term=geographic%20activities">Find IEEE Sections, Chapters, Student Branches, and other communities</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://students.ieee.org/student-branches/">Learn how to create an IEEE Student Chapter</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_4"> <a href="/conferences.html" class="nav-link"> Conferences </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_4 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="https://conferences.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/search?q=*&subsequent_q=&date=all&from=&to=&region=all&country=all&pos=0&sortorder=desc&sponsor=&sponsor_type=all&state=all&field_of_interest=all&sortfield=relevance?utm_source=mm_con_search&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=conferences-search-all" target="_self"> Upcoming conferences </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://ieeemce.org" target="_self"> IEEE Conferences, Events & Experiences (CEE) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/conferences/organizers/conf-app.html" target="_self"> IEEE Conference Application </a> </li> <li> <a href="/publications/authors/publishing-benefits/index.html" target="_self"> See benefits of authoring a conference paper </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE sponsors over 2,000 annual conferences and events worldwide, curating cutting-edge content for all of the technical fields of interest within IEEE. Use the IEEE conference search to find the right conference for you to share and discuss innovation and interact with your community.<br /> <br /> <br /> </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://conferences.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/search?q=*&subsequent_q=&date=all&from=2025-01-01&to=2025-12-31&region=all&country=all&pos=0&sortorder=desc&sponsor=&sponsor_type=all&state=all&field_of_interest=all&sortfield=relevance&searchmode=basic&virtualConfReadOnly=N&eventformat=">Search for 2025 conferences</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://conferences.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/search?q=*&subsequent_q=&date=all&from=2024-01-01&to=2024-12-31&region=all&country=all&pos=0&sortorder=desc&sponsor=&sponsor_type=all&state=all&field_of_interest=all&sortfield=relevance&searchmode=basic&virtualConfReadOnly=N&eventformat=">Search for 2024 conferences</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/conferences/organizers/organizers-index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=org_resources&utm_medium=conf&utm_term=organizer%20resources">Find conference organizer resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/conferences/application-form.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=register_conf&utm_medium=conf&utm_term=register%20a%20conference">Register a conference</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/conferences/organizers/publishing-conference-papers.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=conf_pap&utm_medium=conf&utm_term=publish%20conference%20papers">Publish conference papers</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/conferences/organizers/managing-conference-finances.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=conf_fin&utm_medium=conf&utm_term=conference%20finances">Manage conference finances</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://www.ieeemce.org?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=ben_pub&utm_medium=conf&utm_term=benefits_publishing">Learn about IEEE Conferences, Events & Experiences (CEE)</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_5"> <a href="/standards.html" class="nav-link"> Standards </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_5 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/" target="_self"> Visit the IEEE SA site </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/about/membership/?_ga=2.132795785.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Become a member of the IEEE SA </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/products-services/regauth/?_ga=2.22833596.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Find information on the IEEE Registration Authority </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://regauth.standards.ieee.org/?_ga=2.195330091.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Obtain a MAC, OUI, or Ethernet address </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11/4523/?_ga=2.129204235.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Access the IEEE 802.11™ WLAN standard </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.techstreet.com/ieee?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=techstreet&utm_medium=std&utm_term=buy%20standards%2C%20techstreet" target="_self"> Purchase standards </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/browse/standards/get-program/page?utm_source=lp_wdw&utm_campaign=free_std&utm_medium=std&utm_term=free%20standards&_ga=2.199388329.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Get free select IEEE standards </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://innovate.ieee.org/ieee-standards-online-collections/?_ga=2.198405288.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Purchase standards subscriptions on IEEE Xplore® </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/participate/?_ga=2.198354984.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Get involved with standards development </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/develop/index.html?_ga=2.202588566.620929615.1638192524-1590554406.1633466825" target="_self"> Find a working group </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE nurtures, develops, and advances the building of global technologies. As a leading developer of industry standards in a broad range of technologies, IEEE SA drives the functionality, capabilities, safety, and interoperability of products and services, transforming how people live, work, and communicate. IEEE standards provide the bricks and mortar for a globally level playing field for innovation; protect public safety, health, and wellbeing; and contribute to a more sustainable future. </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/browse/standards/get-program/page/series?id=68&utm_source=lp_wdw&utm_campaign=80211&utm_medium=std&utm_term=80211m=std&utm_term=80211">Find information on IEEE 802.11™</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/products-programs/nesc/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=nesc&utm_medium=std&utm_term=nesc">Access the National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®)</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/products-programs/regauth/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=regauth&utm_medium=std&utm_term=regauth">Find MAC, OUI, and Ethernet addresses from Registration Authority (regauth)</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/browse/standards/get-program/page/">Get free IEEE standards</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/about/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=std_info&utm_medium=std&utm_term=standards%20association%20info">Learn more about the IEEE Standards Association</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://standards.ieee.org/search/?q=Software%20and%20Systems%20Engineering&topic=%7CSoftware%20and%20Systems%20Engineering&type=%7CStandard&utm_source=lp_wdw&utm_campaign=soft_eng&utm_medium=std&utm_term=software%20engineering">View Software and Systems Engineering Standards</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_6"> <a href="/publications.html" class="nav-link"> Publications </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_6 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/guesthome.jsp?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=vix&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=Xplore%20guest" target="_self"> IEEE Xplore® Digital Library </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://innovate.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=lp&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=innovate%20subscription%20options" target="_self"> Subscription options </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=sp&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=spectrum%20home" target="_self"> IEEE Spectrum </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://theinstitute.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=inst&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=institute%20home" target="_self"> The Institute </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://proceedingsoftheieee.ieee.org" target="_self"> Proceedings of the IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://open.ieee.org/" target="_self"> IEEE Open </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://ieeeaccess.ieee.org" target="_self"> IEEE Access® </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/" target="_self"> Author resources </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=coll&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=collabratec" target="_self"> IEEE Collabratec® </a> </li> <li> <a href="/publications/books/index.html" target="_self"> IEEE Press </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE provides a wide range of quality publications that make the exchange of technical knowledge and information possible among technology professionals. This essential content, categorized below, is delivered through the IEEE <i>Xplore</i><sup>®</sup> Digital Library.<br /> <br /> <br /> </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/publications/subscriptions/products/mdl/free-trial.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=xtrial&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=Xplore%20trial">Get an IEEE Xplore digital library trial for IEEE members</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/publications/subscriptions/journal-citations.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=xtrial&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=impact-factor">Review impact factors of IEEE journals</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/publications/services/thesaurus-access-page.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=xtrial&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=thesaurus-taxonomy">Request access to the IEEE Thesaurus and Taxonomy</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Access the IEEE copyright form</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/authors/author_templates.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=templates&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=author%20templates">Find article templates in Word and LaTeX formats</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/authors/author_education?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=author_ed&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=author%20education">Get author education resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=xplore&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=xplore">Visit the IEEE Xplore digital library</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=author_tools&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=author%2520digital%2520tools">Find Author Digital Tools for IEEE paper submission</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/publications/rights/plagiarism/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=plagiarism&utm_medium=pubs&utm_term=plagiarism%20policy">Review the IEEE plagiarism policy</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/?utm_source=wdw&utm_medium=lp-pubs&utm_campaign=stage-of-publishing">Get information about all stages of publishing with IEEE</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li id="header_menu_7"> <a href="/education.html" class="nav-link"> Education </a> <a class="accordian-iocns accordianClick"></a> <div class="dropdown-wrap header_menu_7 col-md-10 col-lg-10 col-xs-12"> <div class="panel-collapse"> <div class="dropdown-left pull-left col-md-4 col-lg-4 col-xs-12"> <ul class="arrow-link"> <li> <a href="/education/iln.html" target="_self"> IEEE Learning Network (ILN) </a> </li> <li> <a href="/education/credentialing/index.html" target="_self"> IEEE Credentialing Program </a> </li> <li> <a href="/education/preuniversity.html" target="_self"> Pre-university </a> </li> <li> <a href="/education/hkn-index.html" target="_self"> IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu </a> </li> <li> <a href="/education/accreditation.html" target="_self"> Accreditation </a> </li> <li> <a href="/communities/ieee-resource-centers.html?utm_source=mm_link&utm_campaign=resourcecenters&utm_medium=ms&utm_term=resourcecenters" target="_self"> IEEE Resource Centers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown-right pull-left col-md-8 col-lg-8 col-xs-12"> <div class="rte-description font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> IEEE is a leader in engineering and technology education, providing resources for pre-university, university, and continuing professional education. IEEE offers innovative STEM and university education and recognition programs for students and their teachers, facilitates the accreditation of engineering programs at the university level, and offers ongoing continuing professional education for practitioners and engineering faculty through platforms such as the IEEE Learning Network (ILN). Explore education programs and offerings from IEEE below. </div> <div class="dropdown-title font-e hidden-xs hidden-sm"> What do you want to do? </div> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown_title dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://iln.ieee.org/public/TrainingCatalog.aspx?_ga=2.229099423.288629489.1603724526-973538082.1603388995?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=certificates&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=iln">Access continuing education courses on the IEEE Learning Network</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://tryengineering.org/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=tryeng&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=Try%20Engineering">Find STEM education resources on TryEngineering.org</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://tryengineeringinstitute.ieee.org/?_ga=2.242008833.288629489.1603724526-973538082.1603388995?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=certificates&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=summer">Learn about the TryEngineering Summer Institute for high school students</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/education/university-programs.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=univ_prog&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=university%20programs">Explore university education program resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://tryengineering.org/?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=pre_univ&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=pre-university%20program">Access pre-university STEM education resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/education/credentialing/index.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=certificates&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=e-learning">Learn about IEEE certificates and how to offer them</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://hkn.ieee.org?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=hkn&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=hkn">Find information about the IEEE-Eta Kappa Nu honor society</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/ieee-projects.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=projects&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=projects">Learn about resources for final-year engineering projects</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/employers-job-seekers.html?utm_source=mm_wdw&utm_campaign=career_res&utm_medium=ec&utm_term=career%20resources">Access career resources</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/?utm_source=wdw&utm_medium=lp-education&utm_campaign=stage-of-publishing">Get information about all stages of publishing with IEEE</a> </li> </ul> </div> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs hidden-sm btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> <div class="btns-ieee hidden-xs hidden-sm"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul>  <div class="pull-right hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <a class="btn-blue" href="/membership/join/index.html?WT.mc_id=hc_join" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a>  </div> <div class="btns-tab-mob hidden-md hidden-md hidden-lg"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="newpar new section"> </div> <div class="par iparys_inherited"> </div> </header>   <div id="main-content" role="main"> <div class="container"> <div>  </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="iframe">  <div class="clearfix"> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(a,b,c,d){ a='https://tags.tiqcdn.com/utag/travelers/thirdparty-us/prod/utag.js'; b=document;c='script';d=b.createElement(c);d.src=a;d.type='text/java'+c;d.async=true; a=b.getElementsByTagName(c)[0];a.parentNode.insertBefore(d,a); })(); </script> <div id='icx-div'> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <style type="text/css"> /* homepage hero */ #heroLarge .section-bg-img{ background-position: center center !important; } #heroContainer{ padding-top: 260px !important; } .heroCTA{ display: inline-block; padding:10px 25px; color: #fff; text-transform: uppercase; background-color: #E87722; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 30px; } .heroCTA:hover{ color: #fff; text-decoration:none; background: #000; } /* eof homepage hero */ /* spacer */ .spacer{ display: block; width: 100%; height: 10px; } /* eof spacer */ #secondHero{ border: 6px solid #00629B; } .section-column-control .gradient-bottom-border::before{ background: #ccc !important; height: 4px !important; } #fixHeight .section-column-control .container, .section-column-control .container-fluid{ min-height:60px !important; } .customIcon:hover{ opacity:0.7; } #col-spacing{ margin-right:10px !important; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { #heroSmall{ display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { #col-spacing{ margin-right: 0px !important; } #heroLarge{ display: none; } #heroSmall{ margin-bottom: 15px !important; } } .arrow-link{ color: #00629B !important; } </style>  </div> <div class="service-alert-banner">  </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="heroLarge" class=" top-space-xl left-right-space-xl container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="section-bg-img" style="background-image:url('/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/hero/blue-circuits.jpg')"></div> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-xl "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div id="heroContainer" class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/wcm/foundation/clientlibs/accessibility.min.6fe5d4427361a4c0ca5a75457e3e4256.css" type="text/css"> <h1 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Advancing Technology for Humanity</h1> <h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);line-height: 1.6;margin-bottom: 20.0px;">IEEE and its members inspire a global community through highly cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities, envisioning a sustainable future.</h4> <p><a href="/about/at-a-glance.html" class="heroCTA">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="heroSmall" class=" top-space-none container-fluid" style="background-color: #006699; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/hero/blue-circuits.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Circuits shown in blue light."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-md left-right-space-xl container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h1 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Advancing Technology for Humanity</h1> <h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);line-height: 1.4;">IEEE and its members inspire a global community through highly-cited publications, conferences, technology standards, and professional and educational activities.</h4> <p><a href="/about/at-a-glance.html" class="heroCTA">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.0.js"></script> <style type="text/css"> .welcome-box{ display:none; margin-top: 15px; } .welcome-box a{ color: #fff; } .connected-box{ display:none; margin-top: 15px; } .connected-box a{ color: #fff; } .involved-box{ display:none; margin-top: 15px; } .involved-box a{ color: #fff; } .toggleBtn{ background: transparent; border: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; text-aling: left; } .toggleBtn .title{ color: #fff; margin-top: 0px !important; } .toggleBtn::before{ position: absolute; right: -15px; top: 5px; content: " "; color: #fff; width: 50px; height: 50px; background-image: url(/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/angle-down.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 44%; } </style>  </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-none container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="col-spacing" class=" top-space-md left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: #00629B; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="html-prototype">  <div id="borderAfter"><button class="toggleBtn welcome-toggle"><h3 class="title"><b>Welcome, members!</b></h3> </button> <div><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/light-green-underline.svg" style="max-height: 3.5px;" alt="" role="presentation"></div> <div><small style="color:#fff;">Access member resources</small></div> <div class="welcome-box"> <ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0.0px; line-height: 1.8"> <li><a href="/membership/renew.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp_renew">Renew your membership →</a></li> <li><a href="/communities/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-join-community">Join a community →</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?srchProdType=Societies&searchType=prodType">Add a Society →</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/ieee-corporate-engagement.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-get-engaged">Get your company engaged →</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="col-spacing" class=" top-space-md left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: #00629B; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="html-prototype">  <div id="borderAfter"><button class="toggleBtn connected-toggle"><h3 class="title"><b>Get connected</b></h3> </button> <div><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/yellow-underline.svg" style="max-height: 3.5px;" alt="" role="presentation"></div> <div><small style="color:#fff;">Explore what IEEE can offer you</small></div> <div class="connected-box"> <ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0.0px; line-height: 1.8"> <li><a href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-collabratec">Network and collaborate →</a></li> <li><a href="/communities/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-discover-communities">Discover communities →</a></li> <li><a href="/communities/regional-world-map.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-find-events">Find local activities and events →</a></li> <li><a href="/about/news/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-get-news">Get the latest news →</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-md left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: #00629B; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="html-prototype">  <button class="toggleBtn involved-toggle"><h3 class="title"><b>Get involved</b></h3> </button> <div><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/orange-underline.svg" style="max-height: 3.5px;" alt="" role="presentation"></div> <div><small style="color:#fff;">Enrich your experience with IEEE</small></div> <div class="involved-box"> <ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0.0px; line-height: 1.8"> <li><a href="/membership/join/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-become-member">Become a member →</a></li> <li><a href="/about/volunteers/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-volunteers">Volunteer →</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?srchProdType=Societies&searchType=prodType">Join a Society →</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-attend-conference">Attend or organize a conference →</a></li> <li><a href="http://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-publish-paper">Publish a paper →</a></li> <li><a href="http://standards.ieee.org/develop/index.html?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-join-working-group&_ga=2.108801860.752991301.1606748566-1684454836.1594325164">Join a standards working group →</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ieeefoundation.org/?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=hp-donate-ieee-foundation">Donate to the IEEE Foundation →</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <script> $( ".welcome-toggle" ).click(function() { $( ".welcome-box" ).toggle( "slow" ); }); $( ".connected-toggle" ).click(function() { $( ".connected-box" ).toggle( "slow" ); }); $( ".involved-toggle" ).click(function() { $( ".involved-box" ).toggle( "slow" ); }); </script>  </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-sm left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: #e2f1fb; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h2><b>The latest from IEEE</b></h2> </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/blue-underline.svg" style="max-height: 6.0px; margin-bottom: 15.0px;" alt="" role="presentation">  </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-xl left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <span class="heading">The IEEE and our members around the world support the global pursuit of peace.<br /> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-none container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="html-prototype">  <style type="text/css"> @media screen and (min-width: 1170px) { #section-top-promo-1{ margin-top: 35px; } #section-top-promo-2{ margin-top: 0px; } #section-bottom-promo-1{ margin-top: 35px; } #section-bottom-promo-2{ margin-top: 70px; } } </style>  </div> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-lg container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>Now accepting UPI payments in India</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="/membership/join/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=join-upi&hp_pos=1" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/financial-icons-over-globe.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Financial technology icons in hexagons, above a globe."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> IEEE has a new, convenient payment option for members in India. You can now join or renew your membership using UPI, making the process faster and more seamless than ever.<br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="/membership/join/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=join-upi&hp_pos=1">Join now</a><br /> <a class="arrow-link" href="/membership/renew.html?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=renew-upi&hp_pos=1">Renew your membership</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>2025 IEEE EESAT</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://cmte.ieee.org/pes-eesat/?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=eesat24&hp_pos=2" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/solar-panels-eesat.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Solar panels and wind turbines in a field surrounded by trees."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="section-top-promo-1" class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-none "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> The IEEE Electrical Energy Storage Applications and Technologies Conference (EESAT) is the premier technical forum for presenting advances in energy storage technologies and applications. <br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://cmte.ieee.org/pes-eesat/?utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=eesat24&hp_pos=2">Register now</a><br /> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://conferences.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/search?q=*&subsequent_q=&date=all&from=&to=&region=all&country=all&pos=0&sortorder=desc&sponsor=&sponsor_type=all&state=all&field_of_interest=all&sortfield=relevance?utm_source=dhtml_con_search&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=conferences-search-eesat2024">Search all IEEE conferences</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>Giving Tuesday</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://secure.ieeefoundation.org/site/TR?fr_id=1070&pg=entry&utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=giving-tuesday&hp_pos=3" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/giving-tuesday.png" class="img-responsive" alt="The words #IEEE Giving Tuesday in a blue heart. Be the heart of IEEE Charitable Impact, 3 December 2024."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="section-top-promo-1" class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-none "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> Be the heart of IEEE Giving Tuesday and support innovation across the globe.<br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://secure.ieeefoundation.org/site/TR?fr_id=1070&pg=entry&utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=giving-tuesday&hp_pos=3">Learn more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-none container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-lg container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>Impact of technology</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/iot-2025/?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=impact-tech-2024&hp_pos=4" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/impact-of-tech.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="A young woman with her hair in a bun looks into the distance."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> IEEE Transmitter surveyed CIOs, CTOs, and technology leaders worldwide. Learn what the most important technologies in 2025 and future trends will be.<br /> <br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/iot-2025/?utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=impact-tech-2024&hp_pos=4">Read more</a><br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>IEEE | Rutgers Online Mini-MBA for Technical Professionals: Save Your Seat for 2025</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://forms1.ieee.org/IEEE-Rutgers-Mini-MBA-for-Engineers.html?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=mba&hp_pos=5" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/rutgers-mini-mba.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Black woman with curly hair sits in a classroom with her hand up, smiling next to other students."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="section-top-promo-1" class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-none "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> Enhance your business skills with this exclusive 12-week online program. Tap into your potential today and take steps toward advancing your career, learn from mentors, and expand your network. Explore the new 2025 sessions.<br /> <br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://forms1.ieee.org/IEEE-Rutgers-Mini-MBA-for-Engineers.html?LT=EA_WB_11.2024_LM_IEEE_Homepage_Rutgers">Learn more about the course</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h4 style="color: rgb(34,34,34);"><b>New: Up to US$1 million with QuickDecisionSM</b></h4> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://www.ieeeinsurance.com/ieee-us-refresh/personal-coverage/life-insurance/group-term-life.html?utm_source=ieee-es&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=104445-gtli&utm_content=IEEEhome-QD" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/member-group-insurance-logo.png" class="img-responsive" alt="A lightbulb with wires coming out of the top."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <br /> <br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div id="section-top-promo-1" class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-none left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-none "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> No insurance agents, no calls, no exams. Now IEEE members can apply quickly and conveniently for up to US$1 million in life insurance.<br /> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://www.ieeeinsurance.com/ieee-us-refresh/personal-coverage/life-insurance/group-term-life.html?utm_source=ieee-es&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=104445-gtli&utm_content=IEEEhome-QD">Learn more and get a quote today</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>IEEE Annual Election</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="/about/corporate/election/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=election-2024&hp_pos=7" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/randall-mary-ellen-2024.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Mary Ellen Randall headshot."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="/about/corporate/election/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=election-2024&hp_pos=7">Mary Ellen Randall was elected 2025 IEEE President-Elect</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>New from IEEE Climate Change</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://climate-change.ieee.org/news/global-summits/?utm_source=whatshappening_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=global-summit&hp_pos=8" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/global-summit.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Panorama of a nature and landscape view in Leh Ladakh, India."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://climate-change.ieee.org/news/global-summits/?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=global-summit&hp_pos=8">International Energy Agency events emphasized equitable energy transitions. IEEE Young Professionals were there</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>World Standards Day</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://ieeesa.io/wsd2024" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/world-standards-day.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Adult holding child’s hand."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://ieeesa.io/wsd2024">IEEE SA is building an equitable future for health and well-being. Play Connections for a chance to win $500</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>Newsroom</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="/about/news/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=newsroom&hp_pos=10" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/ieee-newsroom.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Light bouncing off of camera lenses."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="/about/news/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=newsroom&hp_pos=10">Read the latest in the IEEE newsroom</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>IEEE Spectrum</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/smart-home-assistant-control-panel?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sp-smart-home-tech&hp_pos=11" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/smart-home-tech.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="An illustration of an industrial-chic smart home panel, next to a thermostat, a light switch, a plant in a vase, and a smaller empty container. Artist: James Provost"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/smart-home-assistant-control-panel?utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sp-smart-home-tech&hp_pos=11">Find out how to make a control panel for your smart home</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>The Institute</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/from-punch-cards-to-python?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=ti-hopper&hp_pos=12" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/grace-hopper.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Grace Hopper examining the Universal Automatic’s (UNIVAC I) magnetic tape drives while holding a COBOL programming manual. COBOL is one of the earliest standardized computer languages. Source: Computer History Museum"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/from-punch-cards-to-python?utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=ti-hopper&hp_pos=12">Learn the story behind the rise of programming languages</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>IEEE Societies</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="/communities/societies/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=societies&hp_pos=13" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/societies-600x400.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="A hand holds a ball made up of various technology icons. "/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="/communities/societies/index.html?utm_source=whatshappening_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=societies&hp_pos=13">Stay current, network, and invest in your career with IEEE Societies</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" gradient-bottom-border top-space-md container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-sm left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <b>Diversity, equity, and inclusion</b> </div> <div class="responsive-image">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="/about/diversity-index.html?utm_source=dhtml_image&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=diversity-equity-inclusion&hp_pos=14" target="_self" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homecarousel/whats-happening/diversity-collage.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="A collage of 16 different faces of varying races, genders, abilities, and religions."/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="rte text parbase"> <a class="arrow-link" href="/about/diversity-index.html?utm_source=dhtml_text&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=diversity-equity-inclusion&hp_pos=14">Learn how IEEE and its members are working to grow diversity, equity, and inclusion in IEEE activities and in the technical profession<br /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <div class="par-column-control"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-xl container-fluid" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-md left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h2><b>IEEE at a Glance</b></h2> </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/blue-underline.svg" style="max-height: 6.0px; margin-bottom: 15.0px;" alt="" role="presentation">  </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-lg left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="section-bg-img" style="background-image:url('/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/at-a-glance-gradient-bg.jpg')"></div> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-xl "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://standards.ieee.org/"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/standards-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Ribbon icon." title="Ribbon icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://standards.ieee.org/" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><b>1,100+ standards</b> <br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Learn more at the IEEE Standards Association</i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/technical-articles-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Notebook paper icon." title="Notebook paper icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><b>6 million+ technical articles</b><br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Visit IEEE Xplore </i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/communities/index.html"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/technical-societies-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Globe icon." title="Globe icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="/communities/index.html" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><b>39 Technical Societies, <br /> 8 Councils</b><br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Find your technical interest</i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-lg container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="section-bg-img" style="background-image:url('/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/blue-map.jpg')"></div> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-lg left-right-space-sm container-fluid" style="background-color: transparent; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="section-bg-img" style="background-image:url('/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/transparent-layer-blue-map.png')"></div> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg "> <div style="background-color: transparent;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="column-control">    <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/membership/index.html"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/members-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Three-person icon." title="Three-person icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="/membership/index.html" style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><b style="color: rgb(0,98,155);">460,000+ members</b><br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Explore what membership can offer you</i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/communities/regional-world-map.html"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/local-sections-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Location icon." title="Location icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="/communities/regional-world-map.html" style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><b style="color: rgb(0,98,155);">340+ local sections</b><br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Connect locally with fellow IEEE members</i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"> <div class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/conferences/index.html"><img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/ieee-at-a-glance/conferences-bold-icon.png" style="max-width: 128.0px;" class="customIcon" alt="Lectern icon." title="Lectern icon."/></a></p> <h4 style="text-align: center;"><a href="/conferences/index.html" style="color: rgb(0,0,0);"><b style="color: rgb(0,98,155);">2,000+ conferences</b> <br /> <small><i style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">Experience cutting-edge technical content</i></small></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> <div class="section-column-control">    <div class=" top-space-lg container-fluid" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; margin: ; border-left:; border-right:; border-top:; border-bottom:; min-height:; padding:"> <div class="row columns-align-equal-height"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 bottom-space-lg left-right-space-none"> <div style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" class="par-column-control"> <div class="rte text parbase"> <h2><b><span class="informative"></span>How can IEEE help you?</b></h2> </div> <div class="html-prototype">  <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/homepage/misc/blue-underline.svg" style="max-height: 6.0px; margin-bottom: 15.0px;" alt="" role="presentation">  </div> <div class="dropdown-selector">  <div class="dd-section-main"> <div class="dd-section-title hidden-xs"> <div class="dropdown-header"> Resources for... </div> </div> <div class="dd-section-drpdown"> <div class="comp-dropdown-selector"> <div class="dropdown-selector"> <div class="selector"> <a aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown-toggle dropdown_title" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" id="dropdown_title" role="button">Select an option</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu" id="dropdown-selector"> <li> <i class="fa fa-check selected hidden-xs"></i> <a href="#">Select an option</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/authors/author_information.html" target="_self">Authors</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://ieeemce.org/" target="_self">Conference Organizers</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/education/index.html" target="_self">Educators</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/employers-job-seekers.html" target="_self">Employers & Job Seekers</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://supportcenter.ieee.org/app/home?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=faq&utm_medium=how&utm_term=support%20center%2C%20faqs" target="_self">FAQs</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/news/media-kit-index.html" target="_self">Media & Journalists</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/membership/index.html" target="_self">Members</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp?utm_source=hp&utm_campaign=xpl_research&utm_medium=how&utm_term=Xplore%20researchers" target="_self">Researchers</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://students.ieee.org/student-members/" target="_self">Students</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="/about/volunteers/index.html" target="_self">Volunteers</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/women/women_in_engineering.html" target="_self">Women in Engineering</a> </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-check hidden-xs hidden-sm"></i> <a href="https://yp.ieee.org/" target="_self">Young Professionals</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dd-section-btn"> <a class="btn-style hidden-xs btn-go" href="#">See results</a> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>    </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <footer id="page-footer"> <div class="footer-container">  <div class="footer top-footer-wrapper"> <div class="top-footer-container container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-3">  <div class="foot-top-title font-e"><a>About IEEE </a></div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="inside-space font-f"> <div class="rte-text"> IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.<br /> </div>  <ul class="link-list">  <li> <a href="/about/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=learn-more" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Learn more about IEEE </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/about/vision-mission.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=mission-vision" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Mission & Vision </a> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-2">  <div class="foot-top-title font-e"><a>Locations </a></div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="inside-space font-f"> <div class="rte-text"> IEEE has a global presence with seven offices internationally. </div>  <ul class="link-list">  <li> <a href="/about/contact.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=office-locations" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE office locations </a> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-2">  <div class="foot-top-title font-e"><a>Membership </a></div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="inside-space font-f">  <ul class="link-list">  <li> <a href="/membership/join/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=join" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Join </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/membership/renew.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=renew" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Renew </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/membership/benefits/index.html" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Benefits </a> </li>   <li> <a href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=collabratec-membership-list" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Collabratec </a> </li>   <li> <a href="mailto:security@ieee.org" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Report cybersecurity concerns to security@ieee.org </a> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-2">  <div class="foot-top-title font-e"><a>Get involved </a></div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="inside-space font-f">  <ul class="link-list">  <li> <a href="/conferences/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=conferences" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Conferences </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/communities/geographic-activities.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=local-activities" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Local activities </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/publications/authors/publishing-benefits/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=publishing" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Publishing </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/communities/societies/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=societies" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Societies </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/communities/societies/about-technical-councils.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=councils" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Councils </a> </li>   <li> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=standards&_ga=2.138828091.983862010.1583757310-1875752245.1558373461" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Standards </a> </li>   <li> <a href="http://careers.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=technical-careers" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Technical careers </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=volunteer" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Volunteer </a> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-13 col-lg-3 border-bottom">  <div class="foot-top-title font-e"><a>Connect with IEEE </a></div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="inside-space font-f"> <a class="btn-transparent" href="/about/contact.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=contact-support-button" target="_self">Contact & Support</a>   <ul class="link-list">  <li> <a href="http://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=collabratec" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Collabratec </a> </li>   <li> <a href="https://ieee.taleo.net/careersection/2/jobsearch.ftl?utm_source=mf&utm_campaign=taleo-jobs&utm_medium=footer&utm_term=taleo-jobs%20at%20ieee" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>Careers at IEEE </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/about/news/index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=newsroom" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Newsroom </a> </li>   <li> <a href="/about/news/media-kit-index.html?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=media-kit" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Media Kit </a> </li>   <li> <a href="https://iln.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=iln&_ga=2.163606711.983862010.1583757310-1875752245.1558373461" target="_self"> <span class="arrow-right"><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>IEEE Learning Network </a> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-space"></div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12 footer-add">  <div class="responsive-img"> <a href="https://climate-change.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=climate-change" target="_blank" style="width:100%"> <img src="/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/globals/climate-change-footer-728x90.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Visit the IEEE Climate Change website" title="Visit the IEEE Climate Change website"/> </a> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-space"></div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-12">  <div class="socialmedia"> <ul> <li>  <a class="collabratec-icon" aria-label="Collabratec" alt="Collabratec" href="https://ieee-collabratec.ieee.org/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sm-collabratec" target="_self"></a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/IEEE/176104589110851?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sm-facebook" aria-label="Facebook icon that links to IEEE's Facebook profile" alt="Facebook icon that links to IEEE's Facebook profile" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-facebook"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://twitter.com/IEEEorg?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sm-twitter" aria-label="X (formerly Twitter) logo that links to X site." alt="X (formerly Twitter) logo that links to X site." target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sm-linkedin" aria-label="LinkedIn logo that links to IEEE's LinkedIn profile" alt="LinkedIn logo that links to IEEE's LinkedIn profile" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i> </a>  </li> <li>  <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeeorg/?utm_source=dhtml_footer&utm_medium=hp&utm_campaign=sm-youtube" aria-label="Instagram" alt="Instagram" target="_self"> <i class="fa-brands fa fa-instagram"></i> </a>  </li> </ul> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="top-of-page-link hidden-xs text-right"> <a class="arrow-color-white" href="#top"> <img class="svg footer-top-arrow-link" src="/etc/designs/ieee-core/clientlibs/images/top-arrow.svg"/> <span class="title-label">top of page</span> </a> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="global-footer-container">  <div class="global-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 footer-links font-f">  <ul id="OZOAEDZWQWFUBOETWJ" class=" utilitylinks separator-pipe"> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/">Home</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/about/contact.html">Contact & Support</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/accessibility-statement.html">Accessibility</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html">Nondiscrimination Policy</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <p><a href="https://secure.ethicspoint.com/domain/media/en/gui/20410/index.html">IEEE Ethics Reporting</a></p> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <p><a href="/security-privacy.html">IEEE Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <a href="/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html">Terms & Disclosures</a> </div> </li> <li class="utilitylinks-default-color" style="color:"> <div style="min-width:30px"> <p><a href="/about/feedback-ieee-site.html">Feedback</a></p> </div> </li> </ul>  </div> <div class="col-xs-12 legal-copy font-f"> <div class="cq-dd-paragraph"><div class="rte text parbase"> © Copyright <span id="copyrightyear"></span> IEEE – All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newpar new section"> </div> <div class="par iparys_inherited"> </div> </footer>  </div> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/base.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/clientlibs/axis41-core/apps_components.min.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <script src="/etc/designs/ieee-core/clientlibs/base.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/designs/ieee-core/clientlibs/apps_components.min.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <script src="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/base.min.js"></script> <script src="/etc/designs/ieee-org/clientlibs/apps_components.min.js"></script> </body> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

IEEE - The world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.