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.col-md-4 { width: 33.33%; } /* @media all and (min-width:992px) */ .col-md-5 { width: 41.66%; } /* @media all and (min-width:992px) */ .col-md-7 { width: 58.33%; } /* @media all and (min-width:1200px) */ .col-lg-1, .col-lg-10, .col-lg-11, .col-lg-12, .col-lg-2, .col-lg-3, .col-lg-4, .col-lg-5, .col-lg-6, .col-lg-7, .col-lg-8, .col-lg-9 { float: left; } /* @media all and (min-width:1200px) */ .col-lg-3 { width: 25%; } /* @media all and (min-width:1200px) */ .col-lg-4 { width: 33.33%; } /* @media all and (min-width:1200px) */ .col-lg-5 { width: 41.66%; } /* @media all and (min-width:992px) */ .col-md-12 { width: 100%; } /* @media all and (min-width:1200px) */ .col-lg-7 { width: 58.33%; } a { color: #337ab7; text-decoration: none; } a { background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; } a, a:hover { border: none !important; } ul li a, ul li .link, ul li .a { font-family: "NotoSans", Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 100% !important; margin: 0 !important; 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#social { -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); -moz-transform: scale(0.8); -o-transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transition-duration: 0.5s; -moz-transition-duration: 0.5s; -o-transition-duration: 0.5s; } .fa-linkedin-square::before { content: "\f08c"; } .fa-linkedin-square::before { content: "\f08c"; } .fa-twitter-square::before { content: "\f081"; } .fa-twitter-square::before { content: "\f081"; } .fa-rss-square::before { content: "\f143"; } .fa-rss-square::before { content: "\f143"; } .fa-facebook-square::before { content: "\f082"; } .fa-facebook-square::before { content: "\f082"; } .library { font-family: "Gill Sans", sans-serif !important; font-size: 220% !important; margin: 0 !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.2 !important; color: #60223b !important; padding: 0 !important; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale !important; display: block; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: -0.017em; } .infoservice { font-family: "Gill 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display: block; } article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, menu, nav, section, summary { display: block; } * { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .steNoList { list-style-type: none!Important; } body { color: #242424!Important; } body { font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857143; color: #333; } body, .ms-core-defaultFont, .js-callout-body { color: #444; } body, .ms-core-defaultFont, #pageStatusBar, .ms-status-msg, .js-callout-body { font-family: "Segoe UI","Segoe",Tahoma,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; } /* #steHeader { background: #FFF !important; margin-left: -30px !important; margin-right: -30px !important; } #steMainNavWrapp { margin-left: -30px !important; margin-right: -30px !important; } */ body { padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; } .s-lg-guide-body { padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px 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color: #ffffff!Important; box-shadow: none; border:none!Important; font-family: 'NotoSans', Helvetica, sans-serif!Important; /* 1 */ font-size: 170%!Important; font-weight:normal!Important; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased!Important; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale!Important; } .btn-darkmaroon { background: #3C1525!Important; color: #ffffff!Important; border:none!Important; box-shadow: none!Important; font-family: 'NotoSans', Helvetica, sans-serif!Important; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%!Important; font-weight:normal!Important; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased!Important; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale!Important; } .btn-darkmaroon:hover, .btn-darkmaroon:focus, .btn-darkmaroon:active, .btn-darkmaroon.active, .open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-darkmaroon { background: #3C1525!Important; border:none!Important; box-shadow: none!Important; -webkit-transition: color .4s!Important; transition: color .4s!Important; font-family: 'NotoSans', Helvetica, sans-serif!Important; /* 1 */ font-size: 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class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-3 col-lg-3 stetitlespacelogo"> <a title="Home" class="steHomeBtn nolines" href="https://www.sun.ac.za/english"> <img class="img-responsive " id="ste-logo" alt="Home" src="https://library.sun.ac.za/Style%20Library/Images/su-logo.png"> </a> </li>   <li id="titletextblock" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4 stetitlespace"> <a title="Library" class="steHomeBtn nolines" href="https://library.sun.ac.za/en-za/Pages/Home.aspx"> <span class="library">Library</span><a title="Library" class="steHomeBtn nolines" href="https://library.sun.ac.za/en-za/Pages/Home.aspx"> <span class="infoservice">AND Information Service</span> </li>  <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5 col-md-5 col-lg-5 stetitlespace2"> <div class="row"> <div class="steSocio col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-7 col-lg-7 text-right ">  </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-5 col-lg-5 steTranslate text-right noPadL"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class=" steStudy col-md-12 text-right"> </div> 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</div> <div id="s-lg-guide-tabs-title-bar" class="container s-lib-side-borders"></div>  <div id="s-lg-guide-main" class="container s-lib-main s-lib-side-borders" tabindex="-1"> <div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-126" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"></div></div></div><div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-1" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-24894643" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-24894643"><div id="s-lg-box-21217892-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-21217892" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Search tips</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-21217892" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-47654121" class=" clearfix"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Usually, when searching for information, more than one keyword is required. To combine keywords, use one of these:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>AND; OR; NOT</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>AND</strong></span>: All the keywords will be present in the result list. <strong>AND</strong> usually limits the search results</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>For example:</strong>  Internet AND “political participation” AND democracy</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>OR</strong></span> : Any of the keywords used will be present. It broadens your results by connecting two or more synonyms.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"> <strong>For example:</strong>  “social media” OR facebook OR instagram</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>NOT</strong></span>: if you want to exclude a keyword from your result list. <strong>NOT</strong> may exclude relevant findings from the result list.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>For example:</strong> <em>"social media" </em>NOT<em> blogs</em></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Quotation marks “…….”</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">two or more words that form a single concept/phrase</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>For example</strong> “South Africa”   </span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">                       “attention deficit disorder”</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Truncation </strong><span style="color:#B22222;">*</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Use truncation for words with the same stem</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">For example: work* = work, work<span style="color:#B22222;">s,</span> work<span style="color:#B22222;">er</span>, work<span style="color:#B22222;">ing</span>, etc.</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Parentheses / Brackets</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Eg (cars OR motors OR busses) AND driving</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">The results will contain driving and either or all of the words cars OR  motors OR busses</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Wildcarts</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Use a symbol for one letter of a word</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Example:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"> behavio?r = behaviour or behavior</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">Colo!r = color OR colour</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>For example: </strong>See keyword search strings below:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">(social media OR INTERNET OR TWITTER OR FACEBOOK OR INSTAGRAM) AND (“CIVIC ATTITUDES” OR “CIVIC VALUES” OR VALUE* OR ATTITUDE* OR “POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR” OR “POLTICAL BAHAVIOR“ OR “POLITICAL PARTICIPATION” OR PARTICIPATION) AND (DEMOCRAC* OR E-DEMOCRACY)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">(“HIGH CONFLICT COUPLES” OR “LOWER INCOME” OR “LOW INCOME” OR LIC )  AND (EFFECT OR SYMPTOM* AND ANXIETY OR “ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER”)  AND CHILDREN</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;">FATIGUE AND FIBROMYALGIA AND ("LIVED EXPERIENCE" OR EXPERIENCE*) AND (FAMILY OR PARENTS)</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div id="s-lg-box-wrapper-25846968" class="s-lg-box-wrapper-25846968"><div id="s-lg-box-22022003-container" class="s-lib-box-container"> <div id="s-lg-box-22022003" class="s-lib-box s-lib-box-std"> <h2 class="s-lib-box-title">Building a searchstring</h2><div id="s-lg-box-collapse-22022003" > <div class="s-lib-box-content"> <div id="s-lg-content-49696830" class=" clearfix"> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">When we search, we just put our keywords into a search engine in a database and it gives us back the answer. This is easy with everyday concepts that can't get confused - such as how many ml are in a liter. <strong>BUT</strong> academic concepts are more complicated, and can often be grey areas with searching. So understanding <strong>HOW </strong>to search is key to making sure you don't miss any vital information.</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Simply take your topic and break it down into keywords:</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">eg. </span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The effect of </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">social media</span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">  on </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">political behaviour</span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> </span></strong>in a </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">democratic</span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> society.</span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">You can see how many words are irrelevant to our search above - we only need to use the </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>BOLD</strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> keywords and combine them with Boolean operators:</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Social media</span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> AND </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">political behaviour</span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> AND</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> democracy</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">We also need to consider words that might have the same meaning - for example I can use either the word </span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">social media </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> Internet </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR </span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Twitter</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(social media <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">OR</span></strong> Internet <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong> </span>Twitter <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong> </span>Facebook <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">OR</span> </strong>Instagram) <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">AND</span></strong> political behaviour and democracy</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Political behaviour can also be </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Political behaviour </span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> Civil attitudes </span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR </span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">“civil behavio?r” </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> attitude </span></strong></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR </span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">“political participation”</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> OR</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> participation </span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span style="color:#0000CD;">NB!  all the OR's have to be within the brackets:   () AND () AND ()</span></strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(social media <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> Internet <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> twitter <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> facebook <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> Instagram) <span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong>AND</strong></span> (“Civic attitudes” <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> “civic values” <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">OR</span></strong> value* <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">OR</span></strong> attitude * <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> “political behaviour” <strong><span style="color:#EE0000;">OR</span></strong> “political behavior“ <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> “Political participation” <span style="color:#EE0000;"><strong>OR</strong></span> participation)</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Similarly, democracy can also be democratic or democracies. Here I can use an asterisk as that will help point the search engine to the root of the word, making it search for both 'democracy' and 'democratic' together:</span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">AND (</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"><strong>DEMOCRAC*</strong> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">OR</span></span><strong><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> E-DEMOCRAC*)</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">So you can see from this example how a good search strategy will make sure you don't miss anything - and now that you have this, you can copy and paste it across into multiple databases. Although Google Scholar is a great starting point, it does not have access to ALL our databases, and if you don't use more than one database you run a very high risk of excluding very important research on your topic!</span></span></p> <p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><strong>FOR EXAMPLE this searchstring can be copied into databases</strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">(social media OR Internet OR twitter OR facebook OR Instagram) AND (“Civic attitudes” OR “civic values” OR value* OR attitude * OR “political behaviour” OR “political behavior“ OR “Political participation” OR participation) AND (democrac* OR E-democrac*)</span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="row s-lg-row"><div id="s-lg-col-127" class="col-md-12"><div class="s-lg-col-boxes"></div></div></div> <ul 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