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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conciliar theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conciliar_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_conciliarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_conciliarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposition to conciliarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_conciliarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_conciliarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_conciliarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern conciliarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_conciliarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিষদীয় আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিষদীয় আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarisme" title="Conciliarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conciliarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliarismus" title="Konciliarismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konciliarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konziliarismus" title="Konziliarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konziliarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarismo" title="Conciliarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conciliarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliismo" title="Konciliismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konciliismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontziliarismo" title="Kontziliarismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontziliarismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarisme" title="Conciliarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conciliarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ժողովական շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովական շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncilijarizam" title="Koncilijarizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncilijarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsiliarisme" title="Konsiliarisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsiliarisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarismo" title="Conciliarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conciliarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliarizmas" title="Konciliarizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konciliarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="കൺസിലിയർവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൺസിലിയർവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsiliarisme" title="Konsiliarisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsiliarisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarisme" title="Conciliarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conciliarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="公会議主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公会議主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncyliaryzm" title="Koncyliaryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koncyliaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliarismo" title="Conciliarismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conciliarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Концилиаризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Концилиаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliar_movement" title="Conciliar movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conciliar movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliarizem" title="Konciliarizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konciliarizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliarism" title="Konciliarism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konciliarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="会议至上主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="会议至上主义" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">14th- to 16th-century Catholic movement</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supremacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">infallibility</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">Papal supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council#Papal_infallibility" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Patriarchs<br />compared to popes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see#Catholic_Church" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see § Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiarius_of_Sicca#Appeal_to_the_bishop_of_Rome" title="Apiarius of Sicca">Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy#After_the_East–West_Schism" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX#Life" title="Pope John XIX">Pope John XIX § Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_II_Youssef#First_Vatican_Council" title="Gregory II Youssef">Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Document" title="Ravenna Document">Ravenna Document</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition<br />to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ecumenical councils<br />compared to popes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_conciliarism">Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council#Acceptance_of_the_councils" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council § Acceptance<br />of the councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation#The_Third_Wall:_Authority_to_Call_a_Council" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation"><i>To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</i><br /> § The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrajectine" title="Ultrajectine">Ultrajectines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Catholic episcopal councils<br />compared to popes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus#Controversy" title="Christus Dominus"><i>Christus Dominus</i> § Controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ratzinger_Report" title="The Ratzinger Report">The Ratzinger Report</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political rulers<br />compared to popes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patronato_real" title="Patronato real">Patronato real</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism#Catholic_Church_in_Habsburg_lands" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops#Centralization_of_papal_power" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of Catholic<br />bishops § Centralization of papal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat#List" title="Concordat">Concordat § List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Papal deposing power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Existing dogma<br />compared to popes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">Development of doctrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_ex_apostolatus_officio" title="Cum ex apostolatus officio">Cum ex apostolatus officio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_gregis" title="Pascendi Dominici gregis">Pascendi Dominici gregis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objections and controversy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Papal_authority" title="Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Ecclesiastical differences between the<br />Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox<br />Church § Papal authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger#Papal_authority" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism#Position_of_other_apostolic_churches" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism § Position of<br />other apostolic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility#Objections" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility § Objections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church#First_Vatican_Council,_Old_Catholic_Union_of_Utrecht" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council,<br />Old Catholic Union of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Juraj_Strossmayer#Catholic_diplomacy" title="Josip Juraj Strossmayer">Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrajectine" title="Ultrajectine">Ultrajectine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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<p><b>Conciliarism</b> was a movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a>, apart from, or even against, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>. </p><p>The movement emerged in response to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> between rival popes in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>. The schism inspired the summoning of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Pisa" title="Council of Pisa">Council of Pisa</a> (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel</a> (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Lateran Council</a>, 1512–1517.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final gesture, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, was not promulgated until the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> of 1870. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325). Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church, which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body. </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Defensor_Pacis" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensor Pacis">Defensor Pacis</a></i> (1324), <a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a> wrote that the universal Church is a church of the faithful, not the priests. Marsilius focused on the idea that the inequality of the priesthood has no divine basis and that Jesus, not the pope, is the only head of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsilius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsilius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> (d. 1349) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism. His goal in these writings was removal of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a>, who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Franciscans">Spiritual Franciscans</a> about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common. Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful, or their representatives, confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority. The catholic (universal) church is the congregation of the faithful, not the institutional, which was promised to the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney_Foundations-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conciliar_theory">Conciliar theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conciliar theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Gelnhausen" title="Conrad of Gelnhausen">Conrad of Gelnhausen</a> was one of the founders of the conciliar movement of the late fourteenth century. In response to the Western Schism of 1378, he advocated for calling an autonomous General Council to settle the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was echoed by scholastic philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Langenstein" title="Henry of Langenstein">Henry of Langenstein</a>. </p><p>The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way. They wanted to unify, defend and reform the institution under clerical control, not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda. Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_d%27Ailly" title="Pierre d'Ailly">Pierre d'Ailly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Zabarella" title="Francesco Zabarella">Francesco Zabarella</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> synthesized this strain of conciliarism, balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney_Foundations-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Kilcullen wrote, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, that "in France conciliarism was one of the sources of <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_conciliarism">Opposition to conciliarism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition to conciliarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many members of the Church continued to believe that the pope, as the successor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, retained the supreme governing authority in the Church. <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_(cardinal)" title="Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)">Juan de Torquemada</a> defended papal supremacy in his <i>Summa de ecclesia</i>, completed ca. 1453. A generation later, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a> vigorously defended papal authority in his <i>On the comparison of the authority of pope and council</i>. He wrote that "Peter alone had the <a href="/wiki/Vicariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicariate">vicariate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and only he received the power of jurisdiction immediately from Christ in an ordinary way, so that the others (<a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">the Apostles</a>) were to receive it from him in the ordinary course of the law and were subject to him," and that "it must be demonstrated that Christ gave the plenitude of ecclesiastical power not to the community of the Church but to a single person in it."<sup id="cite_ref-Conciliarism_and_papalism_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conciliarism_and_papalism-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> was a major opponent of conciliarism. According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re" title="Michael de la Bédoyère">Michael de la Bédoyère</a>, "Pius II [...] [insisted] that the doctrine holding General Councils of the Church to be superior to the Pope was <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">heretical</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius II's bull <i><a href="/wiki/Execrabilis" title="Execrabilis">Execrabilis</a></i> condemned conciliarism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> condemned the conciliarist writings of <a href="/wiki/Germanos_Adam" title="Germanos Adam">Germanos Adam</a> on June 3, 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_conciliarism">Modern conciliarism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern conciliarism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although conciliarist strains of thought remain within the Church, the teaching of the Catholic Church maintains that the Pope is the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Christ</a>, a title implying his supreme and universal primacy, both of honour and of jurisdiction, over the Church. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new interest in conciliarism was awakened in Catholic Church circles with the convocation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tierney_Foundations-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor David D'Avray says that council documents emphasize episcopal authority, both individual and collegial, but presented as conjoined with papal authority rather than as over it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haec_sancta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haec sancta">Haec sancta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticurialism" title="Anticurialism">Anticurialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley1972">Oakley 1972</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsilius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsilius_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsilius_of_Padua2005">Marsilius of Padua 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tierney_Foundations-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tierney_Foundations_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTierney1998">Tierney 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Böhm1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roland Böhm (1992). "Konrad von Gelnhausen". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/k/Konrad_v_g"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 387–388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7"><bdi>3-88309-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Konrad+von+Gelnhausen&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Herzberg&rft.pages=cols.+387-388&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-88309-038-7&rft.au=Roland+B%C3%B6hm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fk%2FKonrad_v_g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilcullen2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilcullen2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKilcullen2012">Kilcullen 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conciliarism_and_papalism-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conciliarism_and_papalism_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnsIzbicki1997">Burns & Izbicki 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael de la Bedoyere, <i>The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope</i>, p. 59-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortescue, Adrian and George D. Smith, <i>The Uniate Eastern Churches</i>, (First Giorgas Press, 2001), 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15403b.htm">Fanning, William. "Vicar of Christ." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.va/content/dam/scienzestoriche/documenti/sezionestoriadellachiesa/Conciliarism.pdf">D'Avray, David. "Conciliarism"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreidenbach2016" class="citation journal cs1">Breidenbach, Michael D. (2016-01-01). "Conciliarism and the American Founding". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 467–500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.3.0467">10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467">10.5309/willmaryquar.73.3.0467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148090971">148090971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Conciliarism+and+the+American+Founding&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-500&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148090971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.3.0467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.73.3.0467&rft.aulast=Breidenbach&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsIzbicki1997" class="citation book cs1">Burns, J.H.; Izbicki, Thomas, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyJ1QgAACAAJ"><i>Conciliarism and papalism</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521470896" title="Special:BookSources/9780521470896"><bdi>9780521470896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conciliarism+and+papalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521470896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyJ1QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcullen2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kilcullen, John (2012) [First published 14 July 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202071358/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/medieval-political/">"Medieval Political Philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Spring 2012 ed.). Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004615159">2004615159</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/medieval-political">the original</a> on 2013-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Political+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=Spring+2012&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab+at+Stanford+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004615159&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2012%2Fentries%2Fmedieval-political&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsilius_of_Padua2005" class="citation book cs1">Marsilius of Padua (2005). Brett, Annabel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7MF5S656n4C&q=marsilius+defensor+pacis"><i>Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139447300" title="Special:BookSources/9781139447300"><bdi>9781139447300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marsilius+of+Padua%3A+The+Defender+of+the+Peace&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781139447300&rft.au=Marsilius+of+Padua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7MF5S656n4C%26q%3Dmarsilius%2Bdefensor%2Bpacis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1972" class="citation journal cs1">Oakley, Francis (1972). "Conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council?". <i>Church History</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 452–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163876">10.2307/3163876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-2613">1755-2613</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163876">3163876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162257012">162257012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Conciliarism+at+the+Fifth+Lateran+Council%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-463&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=1755-2613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162257012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3163876%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3163876&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Tierney_(medievalist)" title="Brian Tierney (medievalist)">Tierney, Brian</a> (1998). <i>Foundations of the conciliar theory : the contribution of the medieval canonists from Gratian to the Great Schism</i> (Enl. new ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004109247" title="Special:BookSources/9789004109247"><bdi>9789004109247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+conciliar+theory+%3A+the+contribution+of+the+medieval+canonists+from+Gratian+to+the+Great+Schism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=Enl.+new&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789004109247&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliarism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley2008" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Francis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jRxKmQEACAAJ"><i>The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church 1300-1870</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199541249" title="Special:BookSources/9780199541249"><bdi>9780199541249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conciliarist+Tradition%3A+Constitutionalism+in+the+Catholic+Church+1300-1870&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199541249&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjRxKmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardinal_Nicholas_(of_Cusa)1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cardinal Nicholas (of Cusa)</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZURD9uKGZbUC"><i>Nicholas of Cusa: The Catholic Concordance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521567732" title="Special:BookSources/9780521567732"><bdi>9780521567732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa%3A+The+Catholic+Concordance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780521567732&rft.au=Cardinal+Nicholas+%28of+Cusa%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZURD9uKGZbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowder1977" class="citation book cs1">Crowder, C. M. D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rz8sAQAAMAAJ"><i>Unity, Heresy and Reform, 1378-1460: The Conciliar Response to the Great Schism</i></a>. Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713159424" title="Special:BookSources/9780713159424"><bdi>9780713159424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity%2C+Heresy+and+Reform%2C+1378-1460%3A+The+Conciliar+Response+to+the+Great+Schism&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780713159424&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=C.+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drz8sAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2008" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Brian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XmWFOgAACAAJ&q=0521088089"><i>Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150-1650</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521088084" title="Special:BookSources/9780521088084"><bdi>9780521088084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law+and+the+Growth+of+Constitutional+Thought%2C+1150-1650&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521088084&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXmWFOgAACAAJ%26q%3D0521088089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1969" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Francis (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mFLAAAAIAAJ"><i>Council Over Pope?: Towards a Provisional Ecclesiology</i></a>. Herder and Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+Over+Pope%3F%3A+Towards+a+Provisional+Ecclesiology&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mFLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakley1987–88" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Oakley, Francis (1987–88). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbscp.lib.rochester.edu/4037">"Constance and its Aftermath: The Legacy of Conciliar Theory"</a>. <i>University of Rochester Library Bulletin</i>. <b>XXXX</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Rochester+Library+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Constance+and+its+Aftermath%3A+The+Legacy+of+Conciliar+Theory&rft.volume=XXXX&rft.date=1987%2F1988&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbscp.lib.rochester.edu%2F4037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConciliarism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, 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