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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Social and economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chontal Maya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chontals_de_Tabasco" title="Chontals de Tabasco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chontals de Tabasco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chontales_de_Tabasco" title="Chontales de Tabasco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chontales de Tabasco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txontal" title="Txontal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txontal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chontal" title="Chontal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chontal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Contaliai" title="Čontaliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čontaliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chontal_van_Tabasco_(volk)" title="Chontal van Tabasco (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chontal van Tabasco (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chontal_(Maia)" title="Chontal (Maia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chontal (Maia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Чонтальские майя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чонтальские майя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2133336#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the historic Maya groups sometimes referred to as "Chontal", see <a href="/wiki/Put%C3%BAn_Maya" title="Putún Maya">Putún Maya</a>. For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal Maya language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chontal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Chontal (disambiguation)">Chontal</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chontal_Maya" title="Special:EditPage/Chontal Maya">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chontal+Maya%22">"Chontal Maya"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chontal+Maya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chontal+Maya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chontal+Maya%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chontal+Maya%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chontal+Maya%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chontal</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">60,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal Maya</a>, Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya religion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Ch'ol</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chontal Maya</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya people</a> of the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>. "Chontal", from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word for <i>chontalli</i>, which means "foreigner", has been applied to various ethnic groups in Mexico. The Chontal refer to themselves as the <b>Yokot'anob</b> or the <b>Yokot'an</b>, meaning "the speakers of <a href="/wiki/Yoko_ochoco" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoko ochoco">Yoko ochoco</a>", but writers about them refer to them as the Chontal of Centla, the Tabasco Chontal, or in Spanish, <i>Chontales</i>. They consider themselves the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmecs</a>, and are not related to the <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_Chontal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca Chontal people">Oaxacan Chontal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yokot'an inhabit 21 towns in a large area known as "la <a href="/wiki/Chontalpa" title="Chontalpa">Chontalpa</a>" that extends across five <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Tabasco" title="Municipalities of Tabasco">municipalities of Tabasco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centla" class="mw-redirect" title="Centla">Centla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Centro_(municipality)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Centro (municipality) (page does not exist)">El Centro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonuta">Jonuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macuspana" title="Macuspana">Macuspana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nacajuca" title="Nacajuca">Nacajuca</a>. In Nacajuca, they form a majority of the population. The terrain is highly varied — no single landform dominates — and it has many bodies of water. The land is traversed by seasonally-flooding rivers, and there are numerous lakes, lagoons, and wetlands. The climate is humid and tropical, and the fauna was typical of tropical regions until the environment was altered by human <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> is the predominant form of vegetation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory of the Yokot'an was the cradle of the Olmec civilization, which lived there from about 1400 BCE until about 400 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> reached its height in about the year 300 of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. At this time, the Yokot'an were also at their cultural apex. They had already begun to decline by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a>, and are mentioned in the narratives of <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>. </p><p> In 1518, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> arrived in Yokot'an lands, and was greeted with hostility. The next year, Cortés's expedition reached Tabasco, and he met with <a href="/wiki/Tabscoob" title="Tabscoob">Tabscoob</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a>, who supplied him the translator who later became known as Doña Marina or <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a>. According to Díaz, </p><blockquote><p>"Before we left, Cortés won the chiefs by his many kind words, telling them how our master, the Emperor, had many grand lords who gave him obedience and that they should also obey him ; that whatever they might need we would give them. All the chiefs thanked him very much and declared themselves vassals of our great emperor, the first in New Spain to give obedience to His Majesty.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1614, the first church was built in Nacajuca, then considered the center of the Yokot'an world. Nacajuca was the only urban center to survive the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial period</a>, partly due to the introduction of animal husbandry, which limited the range of cultivation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional economy is based on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, the raising of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> of small game. In the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse" title="Classic Maya collapse">Terminal Classic</a> period Chontal Maya merchants controlled river and coastal trade routes in the Maya lowlands.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source of income is palm-wood artisanry. In the past, the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a>-shell <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> for mortar was an important economic activity, but the availability of mass-produced building materials has reduced demand to the point where its production is no longer profitable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agriculture of the Yokot'an has been studied extensively and has been shown to be related to ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> agrarian methods. They cultivate high-altitude lands that are enriched with mineral-rich loam by flooding. The principal crop is <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Agriculture has been in decline since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> was introduced. Maize, beans, and squash are planted seasonally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While fishing may have been as an important part of the Yokot'an economy as agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> times, today, due to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, it doesn't have the same importance. The people continue, however, to fish, especially during periods of abundance. There are three main groups of fishermen. The "<i>libre</i>" ("free") fishermen use very simple "hoop and basket" technology and work in small groups led by an elected "boss". Members of official cooperatives enjoy the benefits of official organization, but are often underpaid. The third group consists of well-equipped business owners who work with contractors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The raising of livestock, unlike fishing, is a growing sector of the economy, often at the expense of agriculture. Many shallow lagoons formerly used for fishing have been drained for use as pastureland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yoko'tan hunt game such as the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a>, but small game has much more importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hats are woven from palm and sleeping mats called <i>petates</i> are woven from the fibers of <i>cañita</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_giganteus" title="Cyperus giganteus">Cyperus giganteus</a></i>, but the primary craft of the Yoko'tan people is the dugout canoe and its smaller counterpart, the <i>cayuco</i>, which is used for fishing and to reach the many islands used for planting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional houses are rectangular in shape, made of palm, wood and are supported by six to eight posts. The roofs are steep to minimize the effect of the heavy rains, and are built by hired professionals. Houses tend to be surrounded by overhangs for outdoor work. Kitchen work is generally done in under one of these awnings. One modern element of house construction that has been incorporated is the use of nails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yoko'tan family is nuclear, monogamous, and cohesive. There is a tendency to marry young, and gender roles are specifically defined. Nonetheless, women are accorded more respect in traditional villages than in villages with high mestizo populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> of the Yokot'an is only beginning to be studied. Their myths are filled with supernatural water- and mangrove-creatures, and the story of <a href="/wiki/La_Llorona" title="La Llorona">La Llorona</a> is also told. </p><p>Public religious displays center around <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast days</a> due the adoption of the Catholic faith. The most important feasts are of <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (December 8), and the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> (September 29). April 29 is celebrated for the flood season. </p><p>During the 1980s, the Catholic Church sought to decrease the influence of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionaries, who had established themselves in the region as stalwarts against <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <i>la costumbre</i>, or traditional Maya religious practices. </p><p>In response, the Catholic Church formed groups of neighborhood catechists to take a hardline stance. They gave Catholic studies of the Gospel, discouraged the making of <i>ofrendas</i> (dedications to saints upon the building or purchase of a new house). They even discouraged music and dance. </p><p>This strong Catholic stance against <i>la costumbre</i> prompted a general withdrawal of the people from service to the Church and the decentralization of feast day celebration. Now the feasts are celebrated privately, among the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Yoko'tan are bilingual. Yoko ochoco was in danger of dying out, but flourished in the 1980s after official preservation efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental decline began with the draining of shallow lakes for pastureland when the raising of livestock was introduced. Land formerly used for cultivation was also used for grazing. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> has extensively polluted the waters of northern Tabasco and caused other ecologically-threatening changes such as altering the water's salinity. Some species have been driven to extinction and others have abandoned the affected habitats, reducing the average catch. The mangrove has receded and has thus been able to provide fewer <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forest</a> resources. These actions have spurred local peoples movements against Pemex and their contractors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic">Social and economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social and economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The environmental degradation has driven many Yokot'an, especially men, to urban centers for employment. As a result, family cohesion has suffered and traditions, especially those pertaining to the traditional economy, are not as well preserved. There is also a major <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> problem caused by difficulty adapting to mainstream Mexican society and the comparative wealth experienced by recent arrivals to the cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._SharerLoa_P._Traxler2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert J. Sharer; Loa P. Traxler (2006). <i>The Ancient Maya</i>. United States: Stanford University Press. p. 529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Robert+J.+Sharer&rft.au=Loa+P.+Traxler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChontal+Maya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Incháustegui, Carlos. <i>Chontales de Centla: el impacto del proceso de modernización</i>. Villahermoso, Tabasco: Instituto de Cultura de Tabasco, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-889-001-4" title="Special:BookSources/968-889-001-4">968-889-001-4</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Incháustegui, Carlos. "<i>Chontales de Tabasco / Yokot'anob o Yokot'an</i>", part of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_Indigenista" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional Indigenista">Instituto Nacional Indigenista</a>'s <i>Pueblos Indígenas de México</i> monograph series <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422100249/http://cdi.gob.mx/ini/monografias/chontalestab.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chontal_Maya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082337">Chontal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110205742/http://www.americas.org/item_12120">"Chontal Mayans Fight Oil Company"</a> Resource Center of the Americas</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores_López,_José_Manuel2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flores López, José Manuel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126122551/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/dmdocuments/chontales_tabasco.pdf"><i>Chontales de Tabasco</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pueblos Indígenas del México Contemporáneo (in Spanish). Mexico D.F.: <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_para_el_Desarrollo_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas">Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas</a> (CDI). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-753-050-2" title="Special:BookSources/970-753-050-2"><bdi>970-753-050-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/dmdocuments/chontales_tabasco.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-11-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chontales+de+Tabasco&rft.place=Mexico+D.F.&rft.series=Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+del+M%C3%A9xico+Contempor%C3%A1neo&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+%28CDI%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=970-753-050-2&rft.au=Flores+L%C3%B3pez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx%2Fdmdocuments%2Fchontales_tabasco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChontal+Maya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133336#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2133336#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/858494/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024689">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX545294">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285761305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030980305">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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