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href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collaborators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ميرابو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميرابو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оноре Габриел Рикети, граф дьо Мирабо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оноре Габриел Рикети, граф дьо Мирабо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel de Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Honoré Gabriel de Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Victor_Riquetti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Victor Riquetti de Mirabeau – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Victor Riquetti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD-%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8E" title="Ονορέ-Γκαμπριέλ Ρικετί ντε Μιραμπώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ονορέ-Γκαμπριέλ Ρικετί ντε Μιραμπώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riquetti" title="Honoré Gabriel Riquetti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riquetti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Mirabeau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Honoré Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="اونوره گابریل ریکوتی، کنت دو میرابو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اونوره گابریل ریکوتی، کنت دو میرابو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%A0%88_%EA%B0%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%98_%EB%A6%AC%EC%BC%80%ED%8B%B0_%EB%93%9C_%EB%AF%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4" title="오노레 가브리엘 리케티 드 미라보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오노레 가브리엘 리케티 드 미라보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5_%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8" title="Օնորե Միրաբո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օնորե Միրաբո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95" title="אונורה מירבו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונורה מירבו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D" title="ონორე გაბრიელ მირაბო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონორე გაბრიელ მირაბო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оноре Габриэль Рикетти де Мирабо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оноре Габриэль Рикетти де Мирабо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE,_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мирабо, Оноре Габриель Рикети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мирабо, Оноре Габриель Рикети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoratus_Gabriel_de_Riqueti,_comes_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoratus Gabriel de Riqueti, comes de Mirabeau – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Honoratus Gabriel de Riqueti, comes de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оноре Габриел Мирабо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оноре Габриел Мирабо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82" title="മിറാബ്യൂ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിറാബ്യൂ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ميرابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميرابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="اونوره گابریل ریکوتی، کنت دو میرابو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اونوره گابریل ریکوتی، کنت دو میرابو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti" title="Honoré Gabriel de Riqueti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honoré Gabriel de Riqueti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC" title="オノーレ・ミラボー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オノーレ・ミラボー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabeau" title="Mirabeau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onorat_Gabri%C3%A8l_Riqueti_de_Mirab%C3%A8u" title="Onorat Gabrièl Riqueti de Mirabèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Onorat Gabrièl Riqueti de Mirabèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D8%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%BC_%DA%89%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="هونره ګابریل ریکوټي، کنټ ډي میرابو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هونره ګابریل ریکوټي، کنټ ډي میرابو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE,_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мирабо, Оноре Габриель Рикети – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирабо, Оноре Габриель Рикети" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8E_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%84_%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%86" title="ئۆنۆرێ گابریێل ڕیکتی، کۆمت دو میرابۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆنۆرێ گابریێل ڕیکتی، کۆمت دو میرابۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оноре Мирабо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оноре Мирабо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A" title="ออนอเร มีราโบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออนอเร มีราโบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Оноре Габрієль Мірабо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оноре Габрієль Мірабо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%AB%BE%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="奧諾雷·米拉波 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧諾雷·米拉波" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="奥诺雷·米拉波 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥诺雷·米拉波" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q218747#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">Member of the Constituent Assembly</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 July 1789 – 2 April 1791</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Member of the Estates-General</a><br />for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Estate">Third Estate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 May 1789 – 9 July 1789</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Provence</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1749-03-09</span>)</span>9 March 1749<br /><a href="/wiki/Le_Bignon-Mirabeau" title="Le Bignon-Mirabeau">Le Bignon</a>, Orléanais, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 1791<span style="display:none">(1791-04-02)</span> (aged 42)<br />Paris, <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of 1789">National</a> (1790–1791)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Émilie de Covet, Marchioness of Marignane</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1772; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1782)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Riqueti,_marquis_de_Mirabeau" title="Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau">Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier, writer, journalist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG/128px-Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG/192px-Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG/256px-Signatur_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_de_Riqueti%2C_comte_de_Mirabeau.PNG 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">Royal Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1768–1769</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sub-lieutenant" title="Sub-lieutenant">Sub-lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Corsica" title="French conquest of Corsica">Conquest of Corsica</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[miʁabo]</a></span>; 9 March 1749 – 2 April 1791) was a French writer, orator, statesman and a prominent figure of the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p><p>A member of the nobility, Mirabeau had been involved in numerous scandals that had left his reputation in ruins. Well-known for his oratory skills, Mirabeau quickly rose to the top of the French political hierarchy following his election to the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates-General</a> in 1789, and was recognized as a leader of the newly organized <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>. Among the revolutionaries, Mirabeau was an advocate of the moderate position of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> built on the model of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. He was also a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobin Club</a>. </p><p>Mirabeau died of <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a> in 1791 and was regarded as a national hero and a father of the Revolution. He received a grand burial and was the first to be interred at the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>. During the 1792 <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">Trial of Louis XVI</a>, the discovery that Mirabeau had secretly been in the pay of the king brought him into posthumous disgrace, and two years later his remains were removed from the Panthéon. Historians are split on whether Mirabeau was a great leader who almost saved the nation from the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Terror</a>, a venal demagogue lacking political or moral values, or a traitor in the pay of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_history">Family history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg/250px-Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg/375px-Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg/500px-Buste_de_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau_--_Salle_du_serment_du_jeu_de_paume_--_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The family of Riqueti, with possible distant origins in Italy, became wealthy through merchant trading in <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>. In 1570, Jean Riqueti bought the château and seigniory of Mirabeau, which had belonged to the great <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Barras_(surname)" title="Barras (surname)">Barras</a>. In 1685, Honoré Riqueti obtained the title "marquis de Mirabeau".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son, Jean Antoine, grandfather of Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, served with distinction through all the later campaigns of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1705)" title="Battle of Cassano (1705)">Battle of Cassano (1705)</a>, he suffered a neck wound so severe that he had to wear a silver stock ever after. Because he tended to be blunt and tactless, he never rose above the rank of colonel. On retiring from the service, he married Françoise de Castellane, with whom he had three sons: Victor (marquis de Mirabeau), Jean Antoine (bailli de Mirabeau) and Louis Alexandre (comte de Mirabeau). Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, was the son of Victor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566–567_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566–567-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honoré-Gabriel Mirabeau was born at <a href="/wiki/Le_Bignon-Mirabeau" title="Le Bignon-Mirabeau">Le Bignon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nemours" title="Nemours">Nemours</a>, the eldest surviving son of the economist <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Riqueti,_marquis_de_Mirabeau" title="Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau">Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau</a>, and his wife Marie-Geneviève de Vassan. He was also the fifth child and second son of the couple. When he was three years old, a virulent attack of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> left his face disfigured. This, combined with Mirabeau's resemblance to his maternal ancestors and his fondness for his mother, contributed to his father's dislike of him.<sup id="cite_ref-tyom_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of five, his father had him sent to the strict boarding school of Abbé Choquart in Paris by the false name of "<a href="/wiki/Pierre-Buffi%C3%A8re" title="Pierre-Buffière">Pierre-Buffière</a>" after an estate possessed by his mother. Destined for the army, at age eighteen, he entered the military school in Paris in the regiment of Berri-Cavaleria at Saints.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this school, which had <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> for its professor of mathematics, there is an amusing account in the life of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Gilbert Elliot</a>, who met Mirabeau there. On leaving school in 1767, he received a commission in a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> regiment that his grandfather had commanded years before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirabeau's love affairs are well-known, owing to the celebrity of the letters to <a href="/wiki/Marquise_de_Monnier,_Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-Richard_de_Ruffey" title="Marquise de Monnier, Marie-Thérèse-Richard de Ruffey">Marie Thérèse de Monnier</a>, his "Sophie". In spite of his disfigurement (or perhaps because of it), he won the heart of the lady to whom his colonel was attached; this led to such scandal that his father obtained a <i><a href="/wiki/Lettre_de_cachet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettre de cachet">lettre de cachet</a></i>, and Mirabeau was imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_R%C3%A9" title="Île de Ré">Île de Ré</a>. On being released, the young nobleman obtained leave to accompany the French expedition to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> as a volunteer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Corsican expedition, Mirabeau contracted several more gambling debts and engaged in another scandalous love affair. However, he proved his military genius in the Corsican expedition, and also conducted a thorough study of the island during his stay. The study was most likely factually incorrect, but his desire to learn of a country that had been previously unstudied emphasizes Mirabeau's endless curiosity and inquisitiveness, particularly into the traditions and customs of society. Mirabeau learned the value of hard work in the French army. This aspect of Mirabeau's personality contributed to his popular success in later years, during the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-tyom_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his return, he tried to keep on good terms with his father, and in 1772 he married a rich heiress, Marie–Marquerite–Emilie de Covet, daughter of the marquis de <a href="/wiki/Marignane" title="Marignane">Marignane</a>. Emilie, who was 18 years old, was apparently engaged to a much older nobleman, the Comte de Valbelle. Nonetheless, Mirabeau pursued her for several months, expecting that their marriage would benefit from the money that the couple would receive from their parents. After several months of failed attempts at being introduced to the heiress, Mirabeau bribed one of the young lady's maids to let him into her residence, where he pretended to have had a sexual encounter with Emilie. To avoid losing face, her father saw that they got married just a couple of days afterwards. Mirabeau received a small allowance of 6,000 <a href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</a> from his father, but never received the expected dowry from the marquis. </p><p>Mirabeau, who was still facing financial trouble and increasing debt, could not keep up with the expensive lifestyle to which his wife was accustomed, and their extravagances forced his father to send him into semi-exile in the country, where he wrote his earliest extant work, the <i>Essai sur le despotisme</i>. The couple had a son who died early, mostly due to the poor living conditions they were experiencing at that time. Then his wife asked for judicial separation in 1782. She was defended by <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne-Marie_Portalis" title="Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis">Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis</a>, who later became one of the editors of the Civil Code. Mirabeau defended his own cause in this trial but lost, holding resentment against Portalis forever. </p><p>Mirabeau's violent disposition led him to quarrel with a country gentleman who had insulted his sister, and his exile was changed by <i><a href="/wiki/Lettre_de_cachet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettre de cachet">lettre de cachet</a></i> into imprisonment in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27If" title="Château d'If">Château d'If</a> in 1774. In 1775 he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Joux" title="Fort de Joux">castle of Joux</a>, where he was not closely confined, having full leave to enter the town of <a href="/wiki/Pontarlier" title="Pontarlier">Pontarlier</a>. In a house of a friend he met <a href="/wiki/Marquise_de_Monnier,_Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se-Richard_de_Ruffey" title="Marquise de Monnier, Marie-Thérèse-Richard de Ruffey">Marie Thérèse de Monnier</a>, known as "Sophie", and the two fell in love. He escaped to Switzerland, where Sophie joined him; they then went to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>, where he lived by writing <a href="/wiki/Hack_writer" title="Hack writer">hack work</a> for the booksellers; meanwhile Mirabeau had been condemned to death at Pontarlier for sedition and abduction, and in May 1777 he was seized by the Dutch police, sent to France and imprisoned by a <i>lettre de cachet</i> in the castle of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Vincennes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early part of his confinement is marked by indecent letters to Sophie (first published in 1793 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Louis Manuel">Pierre Louis Manuel</a>), and the obscene <i>Erotica biblion</i> and <i>Ma conversion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vincennes, he met the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>, who was also writing erotic works; however the two disliked each other intensely.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in these writings, however, that Mirabeau developed experience as an orator. He learned how to curb his natural loquacity and his rhetoric became firm, commanding and moving. The prison in which he was held was the first platform to hear his voice.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later during his confinement, he wrote <i>Des Lettres de Cachet et des prisons d'état</i>, published after his liberation (1782). It exhibits an accurate knowledge of French constitutional history, skillfully marshaled to demonstrate that the system of <i><a href="/wiki/Lettres_de_cachet" title="Lettres de cachet">lettres de cachet</a></i> was not only philosophically unjust but constitutionally illegal. It shows, though in a rather diffuse and declamatory form, wide historical knowledge, keen philosophical perception, and genuine eloquence, applied to a practical purpose, which was the great characteristic of Mirabeau, both as a political thinker and as a statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_French_Revolution">Before the French Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before the French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG/220px-Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG/330px-Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG/440px-Mirabeau_Palais_de_Justice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Honoré de Mirabeau. Palais de justice d'Aix-en-Provence</figcaption></figure> <p>His release from Vincennes in August 1782 began the second period of Mirabeau's life. Mirabeau not only succeeded in reversing the sentence of death against him, but also got an order for Sophie's husband to pay the costs of the whole legal proceedings. It was thought Mirabeau would come out of the lawsuit in Aix ruined: his past convictions in prison, scandalous relationships with women, and the bad relationship with his father the Marquis all gave him a terrible reputation among judges and adversaries. However, despite being condemned by the judge, his reputation was greatly enhanced in the eyes of the public. He had withered his opponents, crushed the opposing lawyer and turned the cards in his favor regarding the death sentence. From this day forward, Mirabeau became regarded as a man of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his release, he found that his Sophie had consoled herself with a young officer, after whose death she had committed suicide. From Pontarlier he went to <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a>, where he claimed the court's order said that his wife should return to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She naturally objected, and he finally lost in the third appeal of the case when Emilie's father produced to the court compromising letters from Mirabeau addressed to the marquess. Mirabeau then intervened in the suit between his father and mother before the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a> of Paris and attacked the ruling powers so violently that he had to leave France and return to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, where he tried to live by writing. For a period he was employed by the publisher <a href="/wiki/Marc-Michel_Rey" title="Marc-Michel Rey">Marc-Michel Rey</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG/220px-Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG/330px-Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG/440px-Mirabeau_par_Injabert_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> Statue of Mirabeau at the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About this time he met Madame de Nehra, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Haren" title="Willem van Haren">Willem van Haren</a>, a Dutch statesman and political writer. She was an educated, refined woman capable of appreciating Mirabeau's good points. His life was strengthened by the love of Mme de Nehra, his adopted son, Lucas de Montigny, and his little dog Chico. After a time in the Dutch Republic he went to England, where his treatise on <i>lettres de cachet</i> was much admired after it was translated into English in 1787. He was soon admitted into the best <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> literary and political society of London through his old school friend <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Gilbert Elliot</a>, who had become a leading Whig member of parliament. Of all his English friends, none seem to have been as close to him as <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Romilly" title="Samuel Romilly">Samuel Romilly</a>. Romilly was introduced to Mirabeau by Sir Francis D'Ivernois, who undertook the translation of Mirabeau's <i>Considérations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus</i> into English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Considérations</i> was one of several works that Mirabeau wrote in the year 1785, and it is a good specimen of his method. He had read a pamphlet published in America attacking the order, founded in 1783 as a bond of association between officers who had fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> against Britain. The arguments struck him as true and valuable, so he rearranged them in his own fashion, and rewrote them in his own oratorical style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567–568_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567–568-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supplemented the work with materials provided personally by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who shared Mirabeau's opinions on the topic, but was not in a position to criticize the "noble order" espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> directly, because he was serving as the United States Minister to France at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other pamphlets Mirabeau wrote in 1785 attacked financial speculation. Among those, <i>De La Caisse d'Escompte</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was prescient in that it correctly predicted the risky nature and ultimate demise of the French "Discount Bank."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book, which condemned the fiscal politics of the state, including the <a href="/wiki/Caisse_d%27Escompte" class="mw-redirect" title="Caisse d'Escompte">Caisse d'Escompte</a>, as going against the interest of the public, was among the influential literature critical of the French government in the years leading up to the French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He soon found that such work did not pay enough to keep his retinue, and so he sought employment from the French foreign office, either as a writer or a diplomat. He first sent Mme de Nehra to Paris to make peace with the authorities, and then returned himself with hopes of getting a job through an old literary collaborateur of his, Durival,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who was at this time director of finance at the department of foreign affairs. One of this official's functions was to subsidize political pamphleteers, and Mirabeau hoped to be so employed. However, he ruined his chances with a series of writings on financial questions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to Paris he had become acquainted with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a>, the Genevese exile, and a banker named Panchaud. From them he learnt about the abuse of <a href="/wiki/Stockjobber" title="Stockjobber">stock-jobbing</a>, and seizing their ideas he began to regard stock-jobbing, or <i>agiotage</i> (known in English as "<a href="/wiki/Arbitrage" title="Arbitrage">arbitrage</a>"), as the source of all evil, and to attack in his usual vehement style the Banque de St-Charles and the Compagnie des Eaux. This pamphlet brought him into controversy with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Pierre Beaumarchais</a>, who certainly did not get the best of it, but it lost him any chance of employment with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His abilities were too great, however, to be overlooked by the foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_Comte_de_Vergennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes">Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes</a>. After a preliminary trip to Berlin in early 1786, he was dispatched that July on a mission to the royal court of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. Upon his return in January, Mirabeau published a full account in his <i>Secret History of the Court of Berlin</i> (1787).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account denounced the Prussian court as scandalous and corrupt, described the dying King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> as weak and overly emotional, and labeled <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1726%E2%80%931802)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)">Prince Henry of Prussia</a>, brother of Frederick the Great and a guest of the French court, as narrow-minded and incompetent. He also wrote contemptuously of Prussia's principal ministers <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Friedrich,_Count_von_Hertzberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewald Friedrich, Count von Hertzberg">Ewald Friedrich, Count von Hertzberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Blumenthal" title="Joachim von Blumenthal">Joachim von Blumenthal</a>. The resulting uproar was an extreme embarrassment for the French government, which quickly censored the book, but could not prevent its widespread notoriety. Mirabeau's episode provided inspiration to many more radical publishers who came to regard Mirabeau as a leader of the coming revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his journey to Germany, he had made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Mauvillon" title="Jakob Mauvillon">Jakob Mauvillon</a>, an expert on Prussia whose expertise Mirabeau made use of in his <i>De la monarchie prussienne sous Frédéric le Grand</i> (London, 1788). In 1788, Mirabeau was approached and asked to offer himself as a candidate for secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Notables" title="Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a>, which the King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> had just convened as a method to circumvent the opposition of the parlements to crown initiatives seeking to reform France's tax structure. His chance to be a leading voice in France as it faced political ferment seemed to be fading as he turned down the crown offer, explaining his reasoning in a letter of 18 April 1788 to the minister Montmorin.<sup id="cite_ref-FuretOzouf1989_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuretOzouf1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this affair he had sought to bring his name before the public by publishing another financial work, the <i>Dénonciation de l'agiotage</i>, however, it had contained diatribes that harmed his chance to serve as secretary, and led him to retire to <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>. He further injured his prospects by publishing the reports he had sent back to France during his secret mission to Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But 1789 was at hand; the <a href="/wiki/French_States-General" class="mw-redirect" title="French States-General">Estates-General</a> was summoned, and the French Revolution broke out soon afterward. As a result, Mirabeau was able to exploit a completely new set of political circumstances to expand exponentially his political influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_French_Revolution">The French Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg/220px-Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg/330px-Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg/440px-Mirabeau_on_Terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Mirabeau on a terrace</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1789">1789</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1789"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On hearing of the king's decision to summon the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates-General</a>, Mirabeau went to <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and offered to assist at the preliminary conference of the nobility of his district (the local representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Second Estate</a>), but was rejected. He appealed instead to the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Third Estate</a> and was elected to the Estates-General in both <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>. He chose to accept the seat for the former city, and was present at the opening of the Estates-General on 4 May 1789 (also his brother, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boniface_Louis_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau" title="André Boniface Louis Riqueti de Mirabeau">André Boniface</a> was a deputy but elected by the nobility). From this time onward, Mirabeau took a very prominent role in the deliberations of the <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg/220px-Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg/330px-Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg/440px-Mirabeau_grav%C3%A9e_par_Hopwood_d%C2%B4apr%C3%A8s_Raffet._1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>"Mirabeau, deputy of the Third Estate" by Hopwood after <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Raffet" title="Auguste Raffet">Auguste Raffet</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>Among a large crowd of unfamiliar politicians in the Estates General, Mirabeau was one figure who stood out. He was widely known to the French public, and not only did the people place great faith in him, they feared him. His great capacity for work and extensive knowledge were easily seen, but the scandals of his private life with women, time in prison, and extensive debt could not be overlooked.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At every important crisis his voice was heard, though his advice was not always followed. He possessed both logical acuity and passionate enthusiasm. From the beginning, he recognized that government should exist to allow the population to pursue its daily work in peace, and that for a government to be successful it must be strong. At the same time, he thoroughly understood that for a government to be strong, it must be in harmony with the wishes of the majority of the people. He had studied the British system of government, and he hoped to establish in France a system similar in principle, yet still distinct. In the first stages of the meetings of the Estates-General, Mirabeau was soon recognized as a leader, because he always knew his own mind and was prompt in emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is attributed with the successful consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> out of the membership of the Estates-General.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the royal session of 23 June 1789 of the National Assembly, Mirabeau replied to the king's envoy who had come to bring the order to dissolve this Assembly : "Tell those who send you that we are here by the will of the people and will leave only by the force of bayonets !"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg/220px-Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg/330px-Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg/440px-Etats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_-_grav%C3%A9s_par_Lamotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8251" data-file-height="3654" /></a><figcaption>Mirabeau's reply to the Master of Ceremonies on 23 June 1789 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonse_Lamotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonse Lamotte (page does not exist)">Alphonse Lamotte</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dalou" title="Jules Dalou">Jules Dalou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> on 14 July 1789, Mirabeau warned the Assembly of the futility of passing fine-sounding decrees and urged the necessity of action. Although the cause of liberty had triumphed, Mirabeau foresaw that the intervention of armed mobs would only drive the path of Revolution further and further along a destructive path of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared that the night of 4 August (when members of the Constituent Assembly took an oath to end feudalism) accomplished nothing other than to give the people immense theoretical liberty while providing them no practical freedom and overthrowing the old régime before a new one could be constituted. His failure to control the theorists demonstrated to Mirabeau that his eloquence could not enable him to guide the Assembly by himself, and that he must get additional support. He wished to establish a strong ministry in the manner of an English ministry. In his view, it should be responsible to an assembly chosen to represent the people of France better than the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> represented the common people of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a story contained in the <i>Mémoires of the duchesse d'Abrantes</i>, Mirabeau's first thought of becoming a minister can be traced to May 1789, when Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Antoinette of Austria">Marie Antoinette</a> allegedly tried to bribe him. He refused the bribe, but expressed his wish to be a minister. The indignation with which the queen rejected the idea may have made him consider the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_Joseph,_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe Joseph, duc d'Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, a cousin of Louis XVI, as a possible constitutional king, because his title would of necessity be parliamentary. But the weakness of the Duke of Orléans was too palpable, and Mirabeau expressed his utter contempt for him. He also attempted to form an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_la_Fayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de la Fayette">Marquis de la Fayette</a>, but the two could not agree on a personal level, and Lafayette had his own theories about a new French constitution. Mirabeau tried for a time to act with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a>, the French finance minister, and obtained the sanction of the Assembly for Necker's financial scheme, not because it was good, but because, as he said, "no other plan was before them, and something must be done."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Marie_Raymond,_Prince_d%27Arenberg,_Comte_de_la_Marck" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Marie Raymond, Prince d'Arenberg, Comte de la Marck">Comte de la Marck</a> was a close friend of the queen, and had been elected a member of the Estates-General. His acquaintance with Mirabeau, begun in 1788, ripened during the following year into a friendship, which La Marck hoped to turn to the advantage of the court. After <a href="/wiki/The_March_on_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="The March on Versailles">The March on Versailles</a> of 5 October 1789, he consulted Mirabeau as to what measures the king ought to take, and Mirabeau, delighted at the opportunity, drew up his recommendations. His <i>Mémoire</i> offers insight into Mirabeau's genius for politics. The main position was that the king was not free in Paris; he must therefore depart Paris for a provincial capital in the French interior, and there he must appeal to the people and summon a great convention. It would be ruin to appeal to the nobility, as the queen advised. At this great convention the king must show himself ready to recognize that great changes had taken place, that <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> had forever disappeared, and that a new relationship between king and people must arise, which must be loyally observed on both sides in the future. To establish this new constitutional position between king and people would not be difficult, because the indivisibility of the monarch and his people is anchored in the heart of the French people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568–569_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568–569-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was Mirabeau's programme, from which he never diverged, but which was far too statesmanlike to be understood by the king, and far too assertive of the altered condition of the monarchy to be palatable to the queen. Mirabeau followed up his <i>Mémoire</i> with a scheme for a great ministry containing all the most notable men: Necker would be prime minister, "to render him as powerless as he is incapable, and yet preserve his popularity for the king"; the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">Duc de la Rochefoucauld</a>; La Marck; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Autun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Autun">Bishop of Autun</a>; Mirabeau, without portfolio; <a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a>, mayor of Paris; Lafayette, as generalissimo of the army; <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur">Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur</a>, as foreign minister; <a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This scheme was leaked, then ruined by a decree of the Assembly of 7 November 1789, such that no member of the Assembly could become a minister. This decree destroyed any chance of the sort of harmony between ministers and parliament that existed in England and dashed Mirabeau's hopes. The queen utterly refused to take Mirabeau's counsel saying, "I hope that we shall never sink so low that we shall have to ask for aid from Mirabeau.",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and La Marck left Paris. However, in April 1790, La Marck was suddenly recalled by the <a href="/wiki/Florimond_Claude,_Comte_de_Mercy-Argenteau" title="Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau">comte de Mercy-Argenteau</a>, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador (diplomacy)">ambassador</a> to Paris, and became the queen's most trusted political adviser. From this time to Mirabeau's death, he was the bearer of almost daily communications between Mirabeau and the queen. Mirabeau at first attempted to make an alliance with Lafayette, but it was useless, for Lafayette was not a strong man himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his schemes to become a minister, Mirabeau also assisted the Assembly in drafting civil rights legislation. In August 1789, he played an important role in drafting the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1790–1791"><span id="1790.E2.80.931791"></span>1790–1791</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1790–1791"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg/330px-Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg/440px-Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Mirabeau</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1790, Mirabeau met the captive Queen Marie Antoinette in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Saint Cloud</a>, where she was less watched and confined than in Paris (where her jailers followed her every step, even in her bedroom). Mirabeau retained a close connection with the queen, and drew up many state papers for her. In return, the king used money from Austria to secretly pay his debts and provide him with a monthly allowance of six thousand francs, with promises of a million or more. Some historians argue Mirabeau was not the traitor that many believed him to be because he continued to uphold his political beliefs and tried to make possible a bridge between the king and the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirabeau focused his efforts on two main issues: changing the ministry and dealing with impending civil war. His attempts to form political alliances with Lafayette and Necker failed and resulted in open hostility. Necker disappeared from the French court after September 1790 and no longer posed a threat. Lafayette, however, was very powerful due to his control of the military and the National Guard. At first, Mirabeau attempted to undermine Lafayette's power, but decided to solve the problem of the ministry, and maintain stability, by removing all ministers and placing the ministry entirely under Lafayette. In effect, Mirabeau suggested that the king distance himself from politics and let the revolution run its course, because it would inevitably destroy itself through its contradictory nature. Furthermore, Mirabeau proposed that, if his plan should fail, Paris should no longer be the capital of France, showing a conservative line of thinking: the only way to end the revolution would be to destroy its place of birth. In a meeting with the king and queen, Mirabeau maintained that not only was civil war inevitable, it was necessary for the survival of the monarchy. Mirabeau believed that the decision to go to war, even civil war, must come only from the king. In a letter of confidence to Mirabeau, Louis wrote that, as a Christian king, he could not declare war on his own subjects. However, that would not stop him from reacting in kind if his subjects declared war first. In order to avoid provoking a civil war, the king refrained from confronting the Constituent Assembly, and hoped instead for a constitution that he could agree to. Once the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> of 1790 destroyed this hope, Louis adopted a strategy of strengthening royal authority and the church's position, and accepted the use of force to accomplish this. Mirabeau's involvement with the court is as interesting for the insights it provides into the mind of Louis XVI as it is for the effects it produced in the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the question of the royal veto, Mirabeau took a practical view and, seeing that the royal power was already considerably weakened, declared for the king's absolute veto and against the suspensive veto. He knew from his British experience that such a veto would be impractical unless the king knew the people were on his side, and that if it were used unjustifiably, the <a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_purse" title="Power of the purse">power of the purse</a> possessed by the representatives of the people could bring about a <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">bloodless revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the suspensive veto and the absolute was simple: the absolute veto gave the king the power to stop any law for an indefinite period of time. The suspensive veto, on the other hand, put limitations on the powers of the king. The final compromise was to allow the king a suspensive veto for a period of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the subject of peace and war, Mirabeau supported the king's authority with some success. Again, almost alone in the Assembly, he held that the soldier ceased to be a citizen when he became a soldier; he must submit to the deprivation of his liberty to think and act and must recognize that a soldier's first duty is obedience. With such sentiments, it is no wonder that he approved of the vigorous conduct of the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Claude_Amour,_marquis_de_Bouill%C3%A9" title="François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé">marquis de Bouillé</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nancy_affair" title="Nancy affair">Nancy</a>, which was to his credit, as Bouillé was opposed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, in matters of finance, he attacked Necker's "caisse d'escompte", which was to have the whole control of the taxes, as usurping the Assembly's power of the purse, and heartily approved of the system of <a href="/wiki/Assignat" title="Assignat">assignats</a>, with the reservation that the issue should be limited to no more than one-half the value of the lands to be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He saw that much of the National Assembly's inefficiency arose from the members' inexperience and their incurable verbosity. To establish some system of rules, he got his friend <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Romilly" title="Samuel Romilly">Samuel Romilly</a> to draw up a detailed account of the rules and customs of the British House of Commons, which he translated into French, but which the Assembly refused to use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacobin_Club">Jacobin Club</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jacobin Club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hw-mirabeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hw-mirabeau.jpg/220px-Hw-mirabeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Hw-mirabeau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Comte de Mirabeau, H. F. Helmolt (ed.): History of the World. New York, 1901.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to his place in the National Assembly, Mirabeau also served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin Club</a> until his death. However, historian Charles Kuhlmann believed that "he was a Jacobin in name only and regarded the society as one of the chief obstacles in the way of his plans for the restoration of royal authority."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the Jacobins would stand in his way of restoring royal authority, but in the early years of the revolution, Mirabeau was actually a leading figure in the Jacobin Club. Mirabeau reached the height of his influence within the club when he was elected its president in December 1790. </p><p>During his time in the Jacobin Club, he would have a lasting impact on the selling of church land, the slave trade, and the determination of which citizens could serve in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Guard">National Guard</a>. Mirabeau argued for the selling of church lands to private individuals in order to rescue the country from its financial troubles. This argument would be strongly supported by his fellow Jacobins. Although Mirabeau argued for the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>, it must be said that, "in spite of their oft-expressed devotion for liberty and equality, the clubs long remained indifferent to the horrors of slavery and the slave trade"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until later in the revolution, after Mirabeau's death. As for the National Guard, the National Assembly passed a decree on 6 December 1790 stating that only active citizens could serve on the National Guard. Due to "an article of the electoral law of October, 1789, only persons whose annual tax amounted to the equivalent of three days' work were recognized as active citizens,"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the decree of 6 December to restrict the right to bear arms to the middle and upper classes. </p><p>The decree of 6 December led to heated debates within the clubs of the Jacobins, especially in Paris. It also pitted <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>, a rising political figure, against Mirabeau. The evening after the decree was passed, Robespierre would attempt to give a speech against the decree at the Jacobins club in Paris only to be stopped by Mirabeau. He "attempted to stop him on the grounds that no one was allowed to challenge a decree already rendered"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the National Assembly; however, after an hour and a half of uproar Robespierre was allowed to finish. Historians believe that Mirabeau tried to stop Robespierre because he had begun to notice the change in the revolution to a more radical form led by the radical members of the Jacobin party. Mirabeau would serve as a member of the more moderate group called the <i>Société des amis de la Révolution de Paris</i>, which was formed in November 1789. This group would disappear by 1790 due to conflict within the Jacobin Club. </p><p>After Mirabeau's death, there would be no greater place of mourning than in the Jacobin Clubs throughout Paris. It is said that at "Alençon tears ran from every eye and members fainted"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over hearing the news of his death. The mourning of Mirabeau as a Jacobin hero would not last long, however. After the deposing of the monarchy in 1792, the French republic would find letters in an <a href="/wiki/Armoire_de_fer" title="Armoire de fer">iron chest</a> written by Mirabeau to the king about trying to save the monarchy. This would lead to the destruction of his bust in the Jacobin Club and to his denunciation by Robespierre as "an intriguer and political charlatan unworthy of the honor of lying in the Pantheon."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg/220px-Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg/330px-Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg/440px-Jeanron_-_Mirabeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption> "Portrait of Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti" by <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Auguste_Jeanron" title="Philippe-Auguste Jeanron">Philippe-Auguste Jeanron</a>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>In foreign affairs, he held that the French people should conduct their revolution as they wished, and that no foreign nation had any right to interfere with the country's internal affairs. But he knew that neighboring nations were disturbed by the progress of the revolution, feared its influence on their own peoples, and that foreign monarchs were being importuned by French émigrés to intervene on behalf of the French monarchy. To prevent this intervention, or rather to give no pretext for it, was the guiding principle in his foreign policy. He was elected a member of the <i>comité diplomatique</i> of the Assembly in July 1790, and in this capacity he was able to prevent the Assembly from doing much harm with regard to foreign affairs. He had long known <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin" title="Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin">Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin</a>, the foreign secretary, and, as matters became more strained, he entered into daily communication with the minister, advising him on every point, and, while dictating his policy, defended it in the Assembly. Mirabeau's exertions in this respect showed him to be a statesman; his influence is best demonstrated by the confused state of affairs in this area after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg/240px-Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg/360px-Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg/480px-Pleurons_la_perte_de_Mirabeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>"Let us weep for the loss of Mirabeau": commemorative plate, c.1791 (<a href="/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnavalet Museum">Carnavalet Museum</a>, Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirabeau's health had been damaged by the excesses of his youth and his strenuous work in politics, and in 1791, he contracted <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>. With the continuous medical attention paid to him by his friend and physician <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_George_Cabanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Jean George Cabanis">Pierre Jean George Cabanis</a>, Mirabeau survived to perform his duties as president of the National Assembly until his death on 2 April 1791 in Paris. Even close to the end, he directed debates with eloquence that further increased his popularity. The people of Paris cherished him as one of the fathers of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Louis_XVI" title="Trial of Louis XVI">Trial of Louis XVI</a> in 1792, Mirabeau's dealings with the royal court were brought to light, and he was largely discredited by the public after it became known that he had secretly acted as an intermediary between the monarchy and the revolutionaries and had taken payment for it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians in the 21st century discovered secret documents in the archives of Vienna that demonstrate that the Austrian ambassador orchestrated the meetings with the king and queen. Florimond-Claude, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, the ambassador, was the queen's political advisor, with advice tailored to the needs of Austria, not France.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau,_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/220px-Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/330px-Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/440px-Pompes_fun%C3%A8bres_de_Mirabeau%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of Mirabeau in the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Church of St Eustache</a>, 4 April 1791, (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Musée de la Révolution française</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>He received a grand burial, and it was for him that the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in Paris was created as a burial place for great Frenchmen. The street where he died (<a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Chauss%C3%A9e-d%27Antin" title="Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin">rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin</a>) was renamed <i>rue Mirabeau</i>. In 1792, his secret dealings with the king were uncovered, and in 1794 his remains were removed from the Panthéon and were replaced with those of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remains were then buried anonymously in the graveyard of <a href="/wiki/Clamart" title="Clamart">Clamart</a>. In spite of searches performed in 1889, they were not found. </p><p>With Mirabeau's death the task of saving the monarchy became much more difficult, as the king was less reconciled than he had ever been with the Revolution, and thus revolutionary leaders became less willing to share power with a king who proved so unwilling to compromise. Some historians, such as Francois Furet, however, believe that even had he lived, there would have been a similar outcome, as it would have been extremely difficult to remake the old monarchy in harmony with the growing democratic ideals of the age.<sup id="cite_ref-FuretOzouf1989_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FuretOzouf1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirabeau proved himself as one of the strongest early leaders of the revolution. His energy captivated his audience, his leadership was often the lead of the revolutionary ideas, while his work with the king stained his image. Mirabeau's early life, though filled with the ideas of a young man revolting against a stern father, helped give him these qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Beraud12portraits_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beraud12portraits-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes">Tributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, second president of <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic of Texas">The Republic of Texas</a> and fourth <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Nicaragua">United States Ambassador to Nicaragua</a>, was named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborators">Collaborators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collaborators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau,_pained_by_Joseph_Boze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau%2C_pained_by_Joseph_Boze.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau%2C_pained_by_Joseph_Boze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti_de_Mirabeau%2C_pained_by_Joseph_Boze.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>"Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau" by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boze" title="Joseph Boze">Joseph Boze</a>, 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>His first literary work written after the bombastic, but eloquent <i>Essai sur le despotisme</i> (Neufchâtel, 1775) was a translation of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(historian)" title="Robert Watson (historian)">Robert Watson</a>'s <i>Philip II</i>, done in Amsterdam with the help of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Luton_Durival" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Luton Durival">Nicolas-Luton Durival</a>. His <i>Considerations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus</i> (London, 1788) was based on a pamphlet by <a href="/wiki/Aedanus_Burke" title="Aedanus Burke">Aedanus Burke</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, who opposed the aristocratic tendencies of the Society of the Cincinnati, and the notes to it were by <a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a>. His financial writings were suggested by the Genevese exile <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Revolution, he received yet more help; men were proud to labour for him, and did not murmur because he absorbed all the credit and fame. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dumont" title="Étienne Dumont">Étienne Dumont</a>, Clavière, <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Adrien_Lamourette" title="Antoine-Adrien Lamourette">Antoine-Adrien Lamourette</a> and Étienne Salonion Reybaz were but a few of the most distinguished of his collaborators. Dumont was a Genevese exile and old friend of Romilly who willingly prepared the famous addresses that Mirabeau used to make to the Assembly marked by sudden bursts of eloquent declamation; Clavière helped him in finance and not only worked out his figures, but also wrote his financial discourses; Lamourette wrote the speeches on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a>; Reybaz not only wrote for him his famous speeches on the assignats, the organization of the national guard, and others, which Mirabeau read word for word at the tribune, but also even the posthumous speech on succession to the estates of <a href="/wiki/Intestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate">intestates</a>, which Talleyrand read in the Assembly as the last work of his dead friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mirabeau was played by Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> in the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_(film)" title="La Révolution française (film)">La Révolution française</a></i>. </p><p>He was also portrayed in the popular video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Unity" title="Assassin's Creed Unity">Assassin's Creed Unity</a></i> as the leader of the French brotherhood of Assassins. </p><p>Mirabeau also appeared as one of the character in the <a href="/wiki/Spiders_(company)" title="Spiders (company)">Spiders</a> 2022 game <i><a href="/wiki/Steelrising" title="Steelrising">Steelrising</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1776 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7VaAAAAcAAJ"><i>Essai sur le despotisme</i></a></li> <li>1782 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIBdAAAAcAAJ"><i>Des lettres de cachet et des prisons d'état : ouvrage posthume, composé en 1778</i></a></li> <li>1783 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8xiAAAAcAAJ"><i>Ma Conversion</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/boeken/view?coll=boeken&identifier=dpo:4788:mpeg21"><i>Considérations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus, ou imitation d'un pamphlet Anglo-Americain. Suives de plusieurs pièces relatives à cette institution</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZtaAAAAcAAJ"><i>De la banque d'Espagne, dite de Saint-Charles</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJxaAAAAcAAJ"><i>De la caisse d'escompte</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDawjZKCbrYC"><i>Réponse du comte de Mirabeau à l'écrivain des administrateurs de la Compagnie des Eaux de Paris</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5xaAAAAcAAJ"><i>Doutes sur la liberté de l'Escaut, réclamée par l'Empereur; sur les causes & sur les conséquences probables de cette réclamation</i></a></li> <li>1785 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ptaAAAAcAAJ"><i>Lettre à M. Le Couteulx de la Noraye, sur la Banque de Saint-Charles et sur la Caisse-d'Escompte</i></a></li> <li>1786 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdcAAAAcAAJ"><i>Lettre du comte de Mirabeau à *** sur M. Mr. de Cagliostro et Lavater. Avec un apendix, ou eclaircissemens sur les theistes de Boheme, et la persecution qu ́ils ont eprouvee en 1783</i></a></li> <li>1787 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5JcAAAAcAAJ"><i>Lettre sur l'invasion des Provinces Unies, à Mr. le Comte de Mirabeau et sa réponse</i></a></li> <li>1787 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ixaAAAAcAAJ"><i>Dénonciation de l'agiotage, au roi et à l'Assemblée des notables</i></a></li> <li>1788 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VxeAAAAcAAJ"><i>De la monarchie prussienne, sous Frédéric le Grand : avec une appendice contenant des recherches sur la situation actuelle des principales contrées de l'Allemagne</i>. Tome premier</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lxeAAAAcAAJ">Tome second</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1xeAAAAcAAJ">Tome troisième</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll1eAAAAcAAJ">Tome quatrième</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WF1eAAAAcAAJ">Tome cinquième</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e11eAAAAcAAJ">Tome sixième</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hl1eAAAAcAAJ">Tome septième</a></li> <li>1788 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nk5aAAAAcAAJ"><i>Aux Bataves, sur le stathoudérat</i></a></li> <li>1788 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWFXAAAAcAAJ"><i>Observations d'un voyageur anglais, sur la maison de force appellée Bicêtre : suivies de réflexions sur les effets de la sévérité des peines, et sur la législation criminelle de la Grande-Bretagne</i></a>. Imité de l'anglais; avec une lettre de Benjamin Franklin</li> <li>1789 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8olYAAAAcAAJ"><i>Histoire secrete de la cour de Berlin, ou correspondance d'un voyageur françois, depuis le mois de Juillet 1786 jusqu'au 19 Janvier 1787. Ouvrage posthume</i>. Tome premier</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_olYAAAAcAAJ">Tome second</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epstein (1970) pp 576–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, p. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566–567-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911566–567_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, pp. 566–567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyom-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyom_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyom_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFling1903" class="citation journal cs1">Fling, Fred (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu0EZMSJItkC&q=%22de+covet%22">"The Youth of Mirabeau"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (4). American Historical Association: 658, 660–661, 664, 667–670, 672, 678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1834345">10.2307/1834345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834345">1834345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Youth+of+Mirabeau&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=658%2C+660-661%2C+664%2C+667-670%2C+672%2C+678&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1834345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1834345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fling&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu0EZMSJItkC%26q%3D%2522de%2Bcovet%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri. <i>Twelve Portraits of the French Revolution.</i> (Books For Libraries Press Inc, 1968):5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirabeauGuillaume_ApollinaireP._Pierrugues1921" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti</a>; Guillaume Apollinaire; P. Pierrugues (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k206962n.notice"><i>L'Œuvre du comte de Mirabeau</i></a>. Paris, France: Bibliothèque des curieux. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C5%92uvre+du+comte+de+Mirabeau&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+des+curieux&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Mirabeau&rft.aufirst=Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel+Riqueti&rft.au=Guillaume+Apollinaire&rft.au=P.+Pierrugues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k206962n.notice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri. <i>Twelve Portraits of the French Revolution.</i> New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri. <i>Twelve Portraits of the French Revolution</i> (Books for Libraries Press Inc: New York): 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567–568-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911567–568_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, pp. 567–568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Doren, Carl. <i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (The Viking Press: New York). 1938. pp. 709–710.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/delacaissedescom00mira#page/n7/mode/2up">"De la caisse d'escompte"</a>. 1785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+la+caisse+d%27escompte&rft.date=1785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdelacaissedescom00mira%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisse_d%27escompte" class="extiw" title="fr:Caisse d'escompte">fr:Caisse d'escompte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhatmoreLivesey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Whatmore, Richard; Livesey, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahrf.revues.org/175">"Étienne Clavière, Jacques-Pierre Brissot et les fondations intellectuelles de la politique des girondins 1"</a>. <i>Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française</i> (321): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fahrf.175">10.4000/ahrf.175</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Historiques+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=%C3%89tienne+Clavi%C3%A8re%2C+Jacques-Pierre+Brissot+et+les+fondations+intellectuelles+de+la+politique+des+girondins+1&rft.issue=321&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fahrf.175&rft.aulast=Whatmore&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Livesey%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahrf.revues.org%2F175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/97"><i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925298-5&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoff00doyl%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirabeau1901" class="citation book cs1">Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti (1901). "preface". <i>Memoirs and Secret Chronicles of the Court of Berlin</i>. preface by Oliver H. G. Leigh. Ohio: St. Dunstan Society. pp. 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=preface&rft.btitle=Memoirs+and+Secret+Chronicles+of+the+Court+of+Berlin&rft.place=Ohio&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=St.+Dunstan+Society&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Mirabeau&rft.aufirst=Honor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FuretOzouf1989-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FuretOzouf1989_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FuretOzouf1989_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_FuretMona_Ozouf1989" class="citation book cs1">François Furet; Mona Ozouf (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC&pg=PR19"><i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 267–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17728-4"><bdi>978-0-674-17728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Dictionary+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=267-271&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17728-4&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Furet&rft.au=Mona+Ozouf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGxiE6jvzOcC%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri <i>Twelve Portraits of the Revolution</i> (New York: Books for Libraries Press, Inc): 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Guttner2015" class="citation book cs1">von Guttner, Darius (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233248/https://www.academia.edu/9869783"><i>The French Revolution</i></a>. Nelson Cengage. pp. 102–104. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9869783">the original</a> on 3 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution&rft.pages=102-104&rft.pub=Nelson+Cengage&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=von+Guttner&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9869783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoux2008" class="citation web cs1">Arnoux, Robert (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iter.org/newsline/52/1236">"Count Mirabeau, the revolutionary nobleman"</a>. <i>Iter newsline 52</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iter+newsline+52&rft.atitle=Count+Mirabeau%2C+the+revolutionary+nobleman&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.aulast=Arnoux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iter.org%2Fnewsline%2F52%2F1236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quastana, Francois. "Politics of Mirabeau 1771–1789." Oxford University Press (13 January 2010):4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568–569-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911568–569_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, pp. 568–569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1911569_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1911">Stephens 1911</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri <i>Twelve Portraits of the French Revolution</i> (New York: Books for Libraries Press Inc,1968):21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Baker, "The Idea of a Declaration of Rights" in Dale Van Kley, ed. <i> The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789</i> (1997) pp 154–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beraud, Henri <i>Twelve Portraits of the Revolution</i> (New York: Libraries for Press Inc, 1968) p 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro Price, "Mirabeau and the Court: Some New Evidence," <i>French Historical Studies</i> (2006) 29#1 pp 37–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord_Acton1910">Lord Acton 1910</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, "Mirabeau and the Court: Some New Evidence," pp 42, 45, 48–49, 50–52 & 62–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord_Acton1910">Lord Acton 1910</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlmann1911" class="citation book cs1">Kuhlmann, Charles (1911). <i>Robespierre and Mirabeau at the Jacobins, December 6, 1790</i>. University Studies. pp. 343–361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre+and+Mirabeau+at+the+Jacobins%2C+December+6%2C+1790.&rft.pages=343-361&rft.pub=University+Studies&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kuhlmann&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1982" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael L. (1982). <i>The Jacobins Clubs in the French Revolution The First Years</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobins+Clubs+in+the+French+Revolution+The+First+Years.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlmann1911" class="citation book cs1">Kuhlmann, Charles (1911). <i>Robespierre and Mirabeau at the Jacobins, December 6, 1790</i>. University Studies. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robespierre+and+Mirabeau+at+the+Jacobins%2C+December+6%2C+1790.&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=University+Studies&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kuhlmann&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1982" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael . (1982). <i>The Jacobins Clubs in the French Revolution The First Years</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobins+Clubs+in+the+French+Revolution+The+First+Years&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael+.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1982" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael L (1982). <i>The Jacobin's Clubs in the French Revolution The First Years</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobin%27s+Clubs+in+the+French+Revolution+The+First+Years&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttrell1990" class="citation book cs1">Luttrell, Barbara (1990). <i>Mirabeau</i>. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirabeau&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+IL&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Luttrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hampson, Norman. <i>Prelude to Terror</i>. (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988)42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress2005" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David (2005). <i>The Terror</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. pp. 24, 140 & 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24%2C+140+%26+398&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/283"><i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl/page/283">283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925298-5&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoff00doyl%2Fpage%2F283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beraud12portraits-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beraud12portraits_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeraud,_Henri1968" class="citation book cs1">Beraud, Henri (1968) [1928]. <i>Twelve Portraits of the French Revolution</i>. Books For Libraries Press, INC. pp. 31, 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Portraits+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=31%2C+32&rft.pub=Books+For+Libraries+Press%2C+INC.&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Beraud%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord_Acton1910" class="citation book cs1">Dalberg-Acton, John (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonfrench0000unse/"><i>Lectures on the French Revolution</i></a>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Dalberg-Acton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonfrench0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Morse_Stephens" title="H. Morse Stephens">Stephens, Henry Morse</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mirabeau,_Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_Comte_de" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de">Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 566–570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirabeau%2C+Honor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+Comte+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=566-570&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofthomascar28carliala/page/402/mode/2up">"Mirabeau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Critical and Miscellaneous Essays</a>: Volume III</i>. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXVIII. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> (published 1904). pp. 403–480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirabeau&rft.btitle=Critical+and+Miscellaneous+Essays%3A+Volume+III&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Works+of+Thomas+Carlyle+in+Thirty+Volumes&rft.pages=403-480&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofthomascar28carliala%2Fpage%2F402%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Epstein, David M. "Mirabeau and The French Revolution: A Reappraisal," <i>The Historian</i> (1970) 32#4 pp 576–594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1970.tb00379.x online</li> <li>Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. <i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i> (1989), pp. 264–72</li> <li>Luttrell, Barbara. <i>Mirabeau</i> (Southern Illinois University press, 1990), scholarly biography</li> <li>Price, Munro. "Mirabeau and the Court: Some New Evidence," <i>French Historical Studies</i> (2006) 29#1 pp 37–75, online</li> <li>Warwick, Charles F. <i>Mirabeau and the French revolution</i> (Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2005)</li> <li>von Guttner-Sporzynski, Darius. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9869783/The_French_Revolution">The French Revolution</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283319192_The_French_Revolution">[1]</a> (2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirabeau1867" class="citation book cs1">Mirabeau, Honoré (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/erotikabiblion00mirauoft#page/n11/mode/1up"><i>Erotika Biblion</i></a>. Chevalier de Pierrugues. Chez tous les Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erotika+Biblion&rft.pub=Chez+tous+les+Libraries&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Mirabeau&rft.aufirst=Honor%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ferotikabiblion00mirauoft%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeunier1908" class="citation book cs1">Meunier, Dauphin (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NyaaamT4IC&q=%22de+covet%22"><i>La Comtesse de Mirabeau, (1752–1800), d'Après des Documents Inédits</i></a>. Georges Leloir. Perrin et Cie., Libraires-Editeurs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Comtesse+de+Mirabeau%2C+%281752%E2%80%931800%29%2C+d%27Apr%C3%A8s+des+Documents+In%C3%A9dits&rft.pub=Perrin+et+Cie.%2C+Libraires-Editeurs&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Meunier&rft.aufirst=Dauphin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3NyaaamT4IC%26q%3D%2522de%2Bcovet%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré-Gabriel_de_Riquetti_Mirabeau1851" class="citation book cs1">Honoré-Gabriel de Riquetti Mirabeau (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9RPAAAAcAAJ"><i>Correspondance entre le comte de Mirabeau et le comte de La Marck, prince d'Aremberg, pendant les années 1789, 1790 et 1791</i></a>. Pagny.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondance+entre+le+comte+de+Mirabeau+et+le+comte+de+La+Marck%2C+prince+d%27Aremberg%2C+pendant+les+ann%C3%A9es+1789%2C+1790+et+1791&rft.pub=Pagny&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Honor%C3%A9-Gabriel+de+Riquetti+Mirabeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9RPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span>, valuable primary sources</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau" class="extiw" title="commons:Honoré Mirabeau"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Honoré Mirabeau</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riqueti, Count de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mirabeau,_Gabriel_Honor%C3%A9_Riqueti,_Count_de">"Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riqueti, Count de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirabeau%2C+Gabriel+Honor%C3%A9+Riqueti%2C+Count+de&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32251">Works by Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Order_of_the_Illuminati" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illuminati" title="Template:Illuminati"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illuminati" title="Template talk:Illuminati"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illuminati" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illuminati"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Order_of_the_Illuminati" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Order of the Illuminati</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Freemasonry in Germany</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whilhelmsbad" class="extiw" title="fr:Whilhelmsbad">Congress of Wilhelmsbad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria">Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A—F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Friedrich_von_Abel" title="Jacob Friedrich von Abel">Jacob Friedrich von Abel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Albini" title="Franz von Albini">Franz von Albini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Prince August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Baggesen" title="Jens Baggesen">Jens Baggesen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Bahrdt" title="Karl Friedrich Bahrdt">Karl Friedrich Bahrdt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Basselet_von_La_Ros%C3%A9e" title="Aloys Basselet von La Rosée">Aloys Basselet von La Rosée</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">August Batsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Zacharias_Becker" title="Rudolph Zacharias Becker">Rudolph Zacharias Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Bellermann" title="Johann Joachim Bellermann">Johann Joachim Bellermann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Erich_Biester" title="Johann Erich Biester">Johann Erich Biester</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Blumauer" title="Aloys Blumauer">Aloys Blumauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_B%C3%B6ber" title="Johann von Böber">Johann von Böber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Christoph_Bode" title="Johann Joachim Christoph Bode">Johann Joachim Christoph Bode</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_B%C3%B6ck" title="Johann Michael Böck">Johann Michael Böck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_Born" title="Ignaz von Born">Ignaz von Born</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6ttiger" title="Karl Böttiger">Karl Böttiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cannabich" title="Christian Cannabich">Christian Cannabich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_August,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Cobenzl" title="Philipp von Cobenzl">Philipp von Cobenzl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_von_Colloredo" title="Hieronymus von Colloredo">Hieronymus von Colloredo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Cornova" title="Ignaz Cornova">Ignaz Cornova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Anton_Maria_von_Dalberg" title="Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg">Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Dereser" title="Anton Dereser">Anton Dereser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Dillis" title="Johann Georg von Dillis">Johann Georg von Dillis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Dohm" title="Christian Wilhelm von Dohm">Christian Wilhelm von Dohm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Eckartshausen" title="Karl von Eckartshausen">Karl von Eckartshausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Eickemeyer" title="Rudolf Eickemeyer">Rudolf Eickemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Heinrich_Feder" title="Johann Georg Heinrich Feder">Johann Georg Heinrich Feder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg </a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Dobru%C5%A1ka" title="Moses Dobruška">Junius Frey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Christian_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg" title="Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg">Frederick Christian II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Homburg" title="Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg">Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Ferdinand_Constantin_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Friedrich Ferdinand Constantin von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G—M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Garve" title="Christian Garve">Christian Garve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gedike" title="Friedrich Gedike">Friedrich Gedike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_von_Gemmingen-Hornberg" title="Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg">Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Friedrich_G%C3%BCnther_von_Goeckingk" title="Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk">Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Casimir_H%C3%A4ffelin" title="Johann Casimir Häffelin">Johann Casimir Häffelin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Karl August von Hardenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Leopold_Haschka" title="Lorenz Leopold Haschka">Lorenz Leopold Haschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Adolph_von_Hennings" title="August Adolph von Hennings">August Adolph von Hennings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Joseph_Hofmann" title="Andreas Joseph Hofmann">Andreas Joseph Hofmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland" title="Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland">Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hufeland" title="Gottlieb Hufeland">Gottlieb Hufeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Iselin" title="Isaak Iselin">Isaak Iselin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel">Karl von Hesse-Kassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottlieb_Klauer" title="Martin Gottlieb Klauer">Martin Gottlieb Klauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Kleuker" title="Johann Friedrich Kleuker">Johann Friedrich Kleuker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Freiherr_Knigge" title="Adolph Freiherr Knigge">Adolph Knigge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_K%C3%B6rner" title="Christian Gottfried Körner">Christian Gottfried Körner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Lang" title="Karl Heinrich Lang">Karl Heinrich Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Michael_Leuchsenring" title="Franz Michael Leuchsenring">Franz Michael Leuchsenring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Christian_Loder" title="Justus Christian Loder">Justus Christian Loder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse">Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Mauvillon" title="Jakob Mauvillon">Jakob Mauvillon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beda_Mayr" title="Beda Mayr">Beda Mayr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">Christoph Meiners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Gottlieb_Mei%C3%9Fner" title="August Gottlieb Meißner">August Gottlieb Meißner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_August_Mellin" title="Ludwig August Mellin">Ludwig August Mellin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gotthilf_Moldenhawer" title="Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer">Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Montgelas" title="Maximilian von Montgelas">Maximilian von Montgelas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes von Müller">Johannes von Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnter" title="Friedrich Münter">Friedrich Münter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_August_Mus%C3%A4us" title="Johann Karl August Musäus">Johann Karl August Musäus</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N—Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlob_Neefe" title="Christian Gottlob Neefe">Christian Gottlob Neefe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_Nicolai" title="Christoph Friedrich Nicolai">Christoph Friedrich Nicolai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Oberth%C3%BCr" title="Franz Oberthür">Franz Oberthür</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Heinrich_Ludwig_von_Ompteda" title="Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda">Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Adolph_Overbeck" title="Christian Adolph Overbeck">Christian Adolph Overbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard_Reinhold" title="Karl Leonhard Reinhold">Karl Leonhard Reinhold</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Ries" title="Franz Anton Ries">Franz Anton Ries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Christian Gotthilf Salzmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlichtegroll" title="Friedrich Schlichtegroll">Friedrich Schlichtegroll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Schlosser" title="Johann Georg Schlosser">Johann Georg Schlosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich,_Baron_von_Schlotheim" title="Ernst Friedrich, Baron von Schlotheim">Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Simrock" title="Nikolaus Simrock">Nikolaus Simrock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Sonnenfels" title="Joseph von Sonnenfels">Joseph von Sonnenfels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Timotheus_Spittler" title="Ludwig Timotheus Spittler">Ludwig Timotheus Spittler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Matthias_Sprickmann" title="Anton Matthias Sprickmann">Anton Matthias Sprickmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Stadion,_Count_von_Warthausen" title="Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen">Johan Philip Stadion von Warthausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Stoll" title="Maximilian Stoll">Maximilian Stoll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten" title="Gottfried van Swieten">Gottfried van Swieten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_von_Triva" title="Johann Nepomuk von Triva">Johann Nepomuk von Triva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_de_Velbr%C3%BCck" title="François-Charles de Velbrück">François-Charles de Velbrück</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Michael_Vierthaler" title="Franz Michael Vierthaler">Franz Michael Vierthaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilderich_of_Walderdorf" title="Wilderich of Walderdorf">Wilderich of Walderdorf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Adam Weishaupt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_von_Westenrieder" title="Lorenz von Westenrieder">Lorenz von Westenrieder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Zach" title="Franz Xaver von Zach">Franz Xaver von Zach</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Minerva" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl of Minerva">Owl of Minerva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Strict_Observance" title="Rite of Strict Observance">Rite of Strict Observance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Augustin Barruel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Robison_(physicist)" title="John Robison (physicist)">John Robison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illuminati_in_popular_culture" title="Illuminati in popular culture">Illuminati in popular culture</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Illuminati" title="Category:Illuminati">Category</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110310991">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/92203246">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1898720/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582682">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008558">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti (1749-1791 ; comte de)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916253n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mirabeau, Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti (1749-1791 ; comte de)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11916253n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524476">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel : de Riqueti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV017862">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41505762">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35355261">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX941819">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/134779">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068311192">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90564194">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000219850&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000095991&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000417944">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=147336">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=107748">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9c7bbh0llgtgd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810536555005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/103935">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265586005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513754606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14209160">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07909150?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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