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searchaux" style="display:none">When a signal or function exceeds its target</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png/220px-Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png/330px-Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png/440px-Gueteforderungen_SollwertfolgeDynamik.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of overshoot, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">ringing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Settle_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Settle time">settle time</a>. Δh is absolute value of overshoot</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Overshoot (disambiguation)">Overshoot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <b>overshoot</b> is the occurrence of a signal or function exceeding its target. <b>Undershoot</b> is the same phenomenon in the opposite direction. It arises especially in the <a href="/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">step response</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bandlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandlimited">bandlimited</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filters</a>. It is often followed by <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">ringing</a>, and at times conflated with the latter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maximum overshoot is defined in Katsuhiko Ogata's <i>Discrete-time control systems</i> as "the maximum peak value of the response curve measured from the desired response of the system."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_theory">Control theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Control theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a>, overshoot refers to an output exceeding its final, steady-state value.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a <a href="/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">step input</a>, the <i>percentage overshoot</i> (PO) is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. In the case of the unit step, the <i>overshoot</i> is just the maximum value of the step response minus one. Also see the definition of <i>overshoot</i> in an <a href="#Electronics">electronics context</a>. </p><p>For second-order systems, the percentage overshoot is a function of the <a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damping ratio</a> <i>ζ</i> and is given by <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {PO} =100\exp \left({\frac {-\zeta \pi }{\sqrt {1-\zeta ^{2}}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mi>exp</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ζ</mi> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>ζ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {PO} =100\exp \left({\frac {-\zeta \pi }{\sqrt {1-\zeta ^{2}}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c81f3fdf5b2fcb9fc6feb84f1346929e07035d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:26.933ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {PO} =100\exp \left({\frac {-\zeta \pi }{\sqrt {1-\zeta ^{2}}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The damping ratio can also be found by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta ={\frac {-\ln \left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}{\sqrt {\pi ^{2}+\ln ^{2}\left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ζ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>ln</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mn>100</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta ={\frac {-\ln \left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}{\sqrt {\pi ^{2}+\ln ^{2}\left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eceab6557753ac343d901b57866e3c471c029274" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:21.653ex; height:11.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta ={\frac {-\ln \left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}{\sqrt {\pi ^{2}+\ln ^{2}\left({\frac {\rm {PO}}{100}}\right)}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics">Electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_signal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Clock_signal.png/300px-Clock_signal.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Clock_signal.png/450px-Clock_signal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Clock_signal.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Overshoot and undershoot in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signal</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In electronics, <i>overshoot</i> refers to the transitory values of any parameter that exceeds its final (steady state) value during its transition from one value to another. An important application of the term is to the output signal of an amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Usage</i>: Overshoot occurs when the transitory values exceed final value. When they are lower than the final value, the phenomenon is called <i>"undershoot"</i>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">circuit</a> is designed to minimize <a href="/wiki/Rise_time" title="Rise time">rise time</a> while containing <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signal</a> within acceptable limits. </p> <ol><li>Overshoot represents a <a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">distortion</a> of the signal.</li> <li>In circuit design, the goals of minimizing overshoot and of decreasing circuit <a href="/wiki/Rise_time" title="Rise time">rise time</a> can conflict.</li> <li>The magnitude of overshoot depends on time through a phenomenon called <i>"<a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damping</a>."</i> See illustration under <a href="/wiki/Step_response#Results" title="Step response">step response</a><i>.</i></li> <li>Overshoot often is associated with <a href="/wiki/Settling_time" title="Settling time">settling time</a>, how long it takes for the output to reach steady state; see <a href="/wiki/Step_response#Control_of_settling_time" title="Step response">step response</a>.</li></ol> <p>Also see the definition of <i>overshoot</i> in a <a href="#Control_theory">control theory context</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gibbs_phenomenon">Gibbs phenomenon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gibbs phenomenon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sine_integral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/220px-Sine_integral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/330px-Sine_integral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/440px-Sine_integral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sine_integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine integral">sine integral</a>, demonstrating overshoot</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_phenomenon" title="Gibbs phenomenon">Gibbs phenomenon</a></div> <p>In the approximation of functions, <i>overshoot</i> is one term describing quality of approximation. When a function such as a square wave is represented by a summation of terms, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Fourier_series" title="Fourier series">Fourier series</a> or an expansion in <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials" title="Orthogonal polynomials">orthogonal polynomials</a>, the approximation of the function by a truncated number of terms in the series can exhibit overshoot, undershoot and <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">ringing</a>. The more terms retained in the series, the less pronounced the departure of the approximation from the function it represents. However, though the period of the oscillations decreases, their amplitude does not;<sup id="cite_ref-Folland_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_phenomenon" title="Gibbs phenomenon">Gibbs phenomenon</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a>, this can be modeled by approximating a <a href="/wiki/Step_function" title="Step function">step function</a> by the integral up to a certain frequency, which yields the <a href="/wiki/Sine_integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine integral">sine integral</a>. This can be interpreted as convolution with the <a href="/wiki/Sinc_function" title="Sinc function">sinc function</a>; in <a href="#Signal_processing">signal processing terms</a>, this is a <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signal_processing">Signal processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signal processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usm-unsharp-mask.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usm-unsharp-mask.png/220px-Usm-unsharp-mask.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usm-unsharp-mask.png/330px-Usm-unsharp-mask.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usm-unsharp-mask.png/440px-Usm-unsharp-mask.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Overshoot (bottom of image), caused by using <a href="/wiki/Unsharp_masking" title="Unsharp masking">unsharp masking</a> to sharpen an image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sine_integral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/220px-Sine_integral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/330px-Sine_integral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sine_integral.svg/440px-Sine_integral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sine_integral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine integral">sine integral</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">step response</a> of an ideal low-pass filter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinc_function_(normalized).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg/220px-Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg/330px-Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg/440px-Sinc_function_%28normalized%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sinc_function" title="Sinc function">sinc function</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Impulse_response" title="Impulse response">impulse response</a> of an ideal low-pass filter.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ringing_artifacts" title="Ringing artifacts">Ringing artifacts</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, overshoot is when the output of a <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filter</a> has a higher maximum value than the input, specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">step response</a>, and frequently yields the related phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Ringing_artifacts" title="Ringing artifacts">ringing artifacts</a>. </p><p>This occurs for instance in using the <a href="/wiki/Sinc_filter" title="Sinc filter">sinc filter</a> as an ideal (<a href="/wiki/Brick-wall_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick-wall filter">brick-wall</a>) <a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">low-pass filter</a>. The step response can be interpreted as the <a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">convolution</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Impulse_response" title="Impulse response">impulse response</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Sinc_function" title="Sinc function">sinc function</a>. </p><p>The overshoot and undershoot can be understood in this way: kernels are generally normalized to have integral 1, so they send constant functions to constant functions –  otherwise they have <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>. The value of a convolution at a point is a <a href="/wiki/Linear_combination" title="Linear combination">linear combination</a> of the input signal, with coefficients (weights) the values of the kernel. If a kernel is non-negative, such as for a <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaussian kernel">Gaussian kernel</a>, then the value of the filtered signal will be a <a href="/wiki/Convex_combination" title="Convex combination">convex combination</a> of the input values (the coefficients (the kernel) integrate to 1, and are non-negative), and will thus fall between the minimum and maximum of the input signal –  it will not undershoot or overshoot. If, on the other hand, the kernel assumes negative values, such as the sinc function, then the value of the filtered signal will instead be an <a href="/wiki/Affine_combination" title="Affine combination">affine combination</a> of the input values, and may fall outside of the minimum and maximum of the input signal, resulting in undershoot and overshoot. </p><p>Overshoot is often undesirable, particularly if it causes <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(signal_processing)" title="Clipping (signal processing)">clipping</a>, but is sometimes desirable in image sharpening, due to increasing <a href="/wiki/Acutance" title="Acutance">acutance</a> (perceived sharpness). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A closely related phenomenon is <a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">ringing</a>, when, following overshoot, a signal then falls <i>below</i> its steady-state value, and then may bounce back above, taking some time to settle close to its steady-state value; this latter time is called the <a href="/wiki/Settle_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Settle time">settle time</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overshoot (ecology)">overshoot</a> is the analogous concept, where a population exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of a system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Step_response" title="Step response">Step response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_(signal)" title="Ringing (signal)">Ringing (signal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_time" title="Settling time">Settling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmodulation" title="Overmodulation">Overmodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_windup" title="Integral windup">Integral windup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOgata1987" class="citation book cs1">Ogata, Katsuhiko (1987). <i>Discrete-time control systems</i>. Prentice-Hall. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-216102-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-216102-8"><bdi>0-13-216102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discrete-time+control+systems&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-13-216102-8&rft.aulast=Ogata&rft.aufirst=Katsuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvershoot+%28signal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo,_Benjamin_C_&_Golnaraghi_M_F2003" class="citation book cs1">Kuo, Benjamin C & Golnaraghi M F (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/isbn/0471134767"><i>Automatic control systems</i></a> (Eighth ed.). NY: Wiley. p. §7.3 pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-13476-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-13476-7"><bdi>0-471-13476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+control+systems&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=%C2%A77.3+pp.+236-237&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-13476-7&rft.au=Kuo%2C+Benjamin+C+%26+Golnaraghi+M+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fisbn%2F0471134767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvershoot+%28signal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern Control Engineering (3rd Edition), Katsuhiko Ogata, page 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_E_Allen_&_Holberg_D_R2002" class="citation book cs1">Phillip E Allen & Holberg D R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/isbn/0-19-511644-5"><i>CMOS analog circuit design</i></a> (Second ed.). NY: Oxford University Press. Appendix C2, p. 771. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511644-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511644-5"><bdi>0-19-511644-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMOS+analog+circuit+design&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=Appendix+C2%2C+p.+771&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-511644-5&rft.au=Phillip+E+Allen+%26+Holberg+D+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fisbn%2F0-19-511644-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvershoot+%28signal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folland-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Folland_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_B_Folland1992" class="citation book cs1">Gerald B Folland (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/isbn/0-534-17094-3"><i>Fourier analysis and its application</i></a>. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Wadsworth: Brooks/Cole. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-17094-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-17094-3"><bdi>0-534-17094-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourier+analysis+and+its+application&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Wadsworth%3A+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-534-17094-3&rft.au=Gerald+B+Folland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fisbn%2F0-534-17094-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvershoot+%28signal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Percentage+overshoot+%28PO%29">Percentage overshoot calculator</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&oldid=1245598539">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overshoot_(signal)&oldid=1245598539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transient_response_characteristics" title="Category:Transient response characteristics">Transient response characteristics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_control_theory" title="Category:Classical control theory">Classical control theory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 23:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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