CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133ade29c88fd95',cH: '8D5dFQgDyY1rhq.0.5_wUG11q6.8I0EhQQ8K3zqN_rc-1739773307-1.2.1.1-yKLQTqZZ.xWPgHSQMz2vpbWIuaSkQX92pTjX5PzShRZ2IbDl92ff3MxbWghYqjeR',cUPMDTk: "\/12375\/apa?__cf_chl_tk=BVNrzMg_M3ihR9iyeTaWqLGbE79wMMy02R6_tVMktU0-1739773307-1.0.1.1-Xu4wPnaA4hEUF8JpI9Ch_uPa3AxCHhoNFbKd8KPauOI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739773307',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/12375\/apa?__cf_chl_f_tk=BVNrzMg_M3ihR9iyeTaWqLGbE79wMMy02R6_tVMktU0-1739773307-1.0.1.1-Xu4wPnaA4hEUF8JpI9Ch_uPa3AxCHhoNFbKd8KPauOI",md: "3C3c9GALN6htYu21HSnyZN5bk7GXt5m16d_Snb4FHkY-1739773307-1.2.1.1-aoAjw9WNK56AsWc92euecaOhJELCAF5TgrwKU4vtFuSWETJxC7wftI7ATTqLRBrx1Nb5K3RcmtHHswmhahZAIkys9GIdbxCqmHYPNBXPiBdp6AduGgeaStvFf37Bs78u1OsPn9ZbPzfAAEAZ4HvYrztUTF18ZVfKGcv1TTLBzovHgBV0Gke85K0ma2iBdd9xt1mRcHaCiB3PtliC5WKZac7_inXfZG5cWlhvf60pbwp9jrNBnNPa5L4BQIpVD84_i4E.bGfQXKgPVIPCSPTtGBnI6F1R1wyiKhm99DkpKaS2p88PWOoNacJKkDq2Pupk0gO91z3l_qVIKJnpZkq3xsLCwJvEt8PARM0yTfIbTzyViZLjXEMJJNpoDAwKhJh6lne1_Z775Xk1TAEVQKfH4nuzXzMBDvCcvhuz4uy08L8NItQloJ9oi551EAFiwq1BMkeHtXaCLqM_S2ZIAG0zpo64CFhUADr18Y1PPCfWyHmhl.hL5LkwmpilXNHEiZ8_fOxKlrcvXgToD.65CntiQB6z32xA5AAHa2FTiMzz73ciruXWv7ueTJMuilEGfPp09oymRetFdsnu_jJry.c7jCb1wSezTpvEIt8ziJ.nkwHCMQ6anmSv1FuN7Vot6Qm.hGvPV9Q6GSYeFnJMfsvCZxGlS4t0UpT27BRop0uy3HMrP5IlCc64ajmvAUX1ndcWmB26YmqVLid6IKYPGAXd.MfmDUh68Tnwv0St0NLPiGZc8UrLb39bXjc3rWF58d1hKXlYISoMswHpZY3K9ZyFRVgtjkn7uQxT_FDTBO3xlbooEjY0iS71t02.3LEamyvKzfs50v1INtFE159fNIQmWHNIO_0b3wTwoHtpasPuvTpYgTpqqdWkx3Vd5W7xelPA3fpbVRgd.IT9F9l38sggBsjy10TUcu_yMXnXqkspp9HRZy2KLLSotydFzPQ0AY_zWo1wx5.jPO5tuLjbxE1_tewe57F8qOPsK9vWmmoQ5SnMrWmkOT6MU4SzTNFq1kYEro7Ja89TWKXwJgFT8ekJzZf1BPoF.yQsKnO6.6pSgbppUttNS1WRT79ejLxjCmDKJ6jsHbJz1ywCnNeiBP4LLktIrPpBfDnZ.VyVhxlG2jhSdKG1LoXFuZBxrE9unncfuJexElckJ3E6TSgJ0W3ZJvCCcuors4YjMSY.10JQgkrdAjapUW71LCiDwEKPEdboAp6hOcalaAYgfcG0VR.gDXM15ZVYJDNaflTWt.8lRg7X0dWxA_2uDzxKSOleVEP5FKshaFAFz4lU.mP.E0YXyG2sAxeeP2gDUFc9jtSuaVlFWvzL_KYow42XFMvdw5s2qX158ruecpupaDBaMhEm14QSnz6f5ZahKiKQ2K4N7bMW46WK0J.jNB5y5ZyCACm_8NOU.pelYDBp8zZxxFak4fVEI31MiUOJqnr8LL_DbKDsSy9e8Kymc8LpwJaMzcrpg0VwmrJR9.I0lnz1K2nvFFjZfLFnX02uvoQ8dpe_hbvRbyVrcRbN1MEf8wxDygOr98Bmma6QBaTWJFaZ..f8WnlUGuVx7kckHM8YrM8Op_UDj8kbLedBfdr6jQjO8PGVyso6sP_vQt11aayNZx7ORvGToAINIM1xq.ppFMh1BcZsIhrYQW5SqKqU0XjzCal2R_NZ4gBjjYFBNEshQolka96UV412OH0q5CbwF0EmrY9Aduh_qlJII33fuFQYnxFog1.f.1qKlP8zx6UbZ9qqOOJ77oWFUnRLMmVRlyzh8bmR2ozbvJ62p3xTejGKTupl.aTzpocuazq5vI295hGQLbzyBD0HY34FbVBb39HLjMazi65rsrUBo375o52otOFnp4ZaiU2g7iO_OSxVW1I5eXMPO4ZwR17JI2ACT3QWwbk",mdrd: "yKGzNT02XaOkVqe0kbMDy51MuTJiUniiY6PlXKUsQy8-1739773307-1.2.1.1-dZMop7OFLQJtEU0AOFlS0NE8Pc0Rx9K0ZsslONJ1ckBRVuJuNdNU1dezfbWjwBpw7h1jFlLF3LRQm5t_yjrepFIZnUndzlatYCh0aqQANgJWyYJbtmu7tgARWKIMN7mwwlLurH23IoO.GYMyQHRSeqdezRvQDWtuCbB4pnoCR4Q0yEw1u2v3vwtIe1I.Tr3V_1NflnHW1aJwgRjJfj1PvgKIibsFlXxs6nkoLJFiZnrFrDo3XFTsyGVOwVsP56Zpy7EIMqltR5G4Lc412RorGXZhDPdcrbwL1dEUlJyvV1i90Nx_vpNF3N.A4neZhw2e3zBR3_iGSvie7RtFFl_yvFKkMLRZaPwa9HajNPxLjbtUgTp3ZGyE0zWymBAL1u8lMGIv.tHWJrtbM3I16SRGj_Y2czU7L3Y8hvuvT8Axcwx2m6GkrZUptkRJf9Rhg1GkhbUe3FKxtyp8GXteNTXFlrdUMYIqlTA0KlA1UKOvlC4oy4PPnQhsiydXsWXoxJs7LPLGN.Om_xrFRYydDifgnV5xWtY7giN0PyoQcTBZ7o8K.9NVsHifd5WkMjsxlqvVHVRspstIhJEdXgYPjwWyNTUHDturBt.0KWfOus_VHLoFEB..hmT2pTucwII3YR4hAyq2FweH0dyfDcJqWbowxqCRA1tkyaOiVU4DKWjWXV3sn31hqjEjsq6u3jgmNdTbftdL3nhw1WVLJEj95Ct9qXN8gALjP87iqvOEfRYKNowv49uKmY9c9Wgy8v8muoSWq.1OeFUdld_876xX9pq51Rw4fL2oPEQLLzW7VqQc1teCBEYZ7S96zwnZ0Bu4_hmuElTi1tUe4ItWMnJIUBYNyc2ua.sgmBDS0CjCoXrWozdLfqjKCIZNUJwvXuz2e0AboQyCIRVaPcC1yKqZra_XR0ZQFLNh_D58icpT__0GM8FpPgcRPNlKyipegYoVGTQhqaOF_3kjK2etEHqgqhqj892a.9Y_L6mHgNl1pkGDTLGlnU0TPGbLH96Eb6IZ3quq0W96gfnFB1bla9H9QcO1Y7JY07HPdEq4DvjZrUvGwjWCe_kseQNWcfdgQ.EEwUAo9aj_BH7570A.uwlaZYsiuQqkeUz.AAn76mxdojwXfjEYFi4K.AGN98sYTK_Zz0K13RgqTRGPZgBK2cFwzLL5ZMfbc6soxgT9LdcUGA.stwa41FVO2WSDFmoSYFZu1Q1GD.4kzIf_2arXHWkKhiNC9zfYGtkrBzD.bb83jbMXtg0EoZUFm0L0kY.L1NYq0_sepAwE6A9tgBq_sfSZUapo8YwrYNRDPnC55YbmXs7nYg2.rFeIDLrT3DH8r7oYfpFi6tnpvyNKjOeVBgXe7zPrtZGc9fjpVAEZmE5K2UmT4Smc_uIoe2L3h7dpf.rf7u3as1ZIBgq46nwQ3whk9h5n4Ao6B6us5nHRt2_FjxQZm9EohKGmTm1yuk8yJkv7MPx__r8YOSjt.80fJqcsnbshPSYa9093l3xyWdkJ2W9aimHsz3wELyIaUrpHvPxEMrsrgK3bgIIUqTQ8sVAOteg2FudPT7lvCb.oxJf0UV1103GJ8bfvUZdWJWg255JhS1BwKJSOaFO_DpdtVE46xBImgV3dW8Ua021yAEMv2KY10ND84ipLNOBwhd0iQAX9MoLU.LNqcN0.XkFgVPsiqTpoJh3tuifPLELqH3mDE_Hds1.5BkgDuHr2v67BXo1TVSltHKTYQJ.ZXDbe4jy9I4aXvLD8FzGgnomWvCWx0EcLU0myg0ppXsYc0znYdq2O9QyAq15tCJGEdw3atWibEG0x1mJc_ciuNlE0L6bg9VQ6bEH77KTrO1pHKvvMLf1GY08c2k4BCVSqN1uWBz6TgGdI1JW.qGZ9qBOVKQn6LwydpZCPdYor67EkczU35erggxBQ55447fwuuleerLacHRBSTu71GvmbG3oFfTZgHfK.NVDnTVqh4_wSqFy4UQFDoCrNwvfSzI82HzA6pfC8iNYcSA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133ade29c88fd95';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/12375\/apa?__cf_chl_rt_tk=BVNrzMg_M3ihR9iyeTaWqLGbE79wMMy02R6_tVMktU0-1739773307-1.0.1.1-Xu4wPnaA4hEUF8JpI9Ch_uPa3AxCHhoNFbKd8KPauOI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>