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<span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_radio" title="Format radio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format radio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_radio" title="Format radio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Format radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formato_radiofonico" title="Formato radiofonico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formato radiofonico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_radiowy" title="Format radiowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Format radiowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formato_de_r%C3%A1dio" title="Formato de rádio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Formato de rádio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Формат вещания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Формат вещания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioformat" title="Radioformat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radioformat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Формат радіомовлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Формат радіомовлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="类型电台 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overall content broadcast on a radio station</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>radio format</b> or <b>programming format</b> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">broadcast programming</a>) describes the overall content broadcast on a <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radio format emerged mainly in the United States in the 1950s, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a> was compelled to develop new and exclusive ways to programming by competition with <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formula has since spread as a reference for commercial radio programming worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A radio format aims to reach a more or less specific audience according to a certain type of programming, which can be thematic or general, more informative or more musical, among other possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio formats are often used as a marketing tool and are subject to frequent changes,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including temporary changes called "<a href="/wiki/Stunting_(broadcasting)" title="Stunting (broadcasting)">stunting</a>." </p><p>Except for <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports radio</a> formats, most programming formats are based on commercial music.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the term also includes the news, bulletins, DJ talk, jingles, commercials, competitions, traffic news, sports, weather and community announcements between the tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Stations">radio stations</a> in North America and Europe almost always adopted a generalist radio format.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the United States witnessed the growing strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a> as the major <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> in the country by the late <a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">American television</a> had more financial resources to produce generalist programs that provoked the migration of countless talents from radio networks to the new medium. Under this context, the radio was pressured to seek alternatives to maintain its audience and cultural relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence, <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM radios</a> stations—many of which were "independent", that is not affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">network</a>—began to emerge in the United States and Canada. They developed a format with programming consisting of music, news, and charismatic <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> to directly attract a certain audience.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, by the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a> obtained a stable position on <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM radio</a> – a spectrum considered ideal for good music and high fidelity listening as it grew in popularity during that period<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)" title="Middle of the road (music)">middle of the road</a> (MOR) rose as a radio industry term to discern radio stations that played mainstream pop songs from radio stations whose programming was geared towards teenagers and was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UML_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most popular musical genre of the period in the United States and which held the first successful radio format called <a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">Top-40</a>. In reality, the Top-40 format was conscientiously prepared to attract the young audience, who was the main consumer of the records sold by the American record industry at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, playlists became central to programming and radio formats,<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PLAYLIST_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PLAYLIST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the number of records in a playlist really depends on the format.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1960s, American FM radio's penetration began achieving balance with AM radio since the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> required that co-owned AM and FM stations be programmed independently from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in huge competition between radio stations in the AM and FM spectrum to differentiate themselves for both audiences and advertisers.<sup id="cite_ref-UML_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, it caused a proliferation of many radio formats, which included presentation, schedule and target audience, as well as repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-UML_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few years, FM radio stations were supplying program formats completely analogous to their AM stations counterparts, increased to more than 50% in 1970 and reached 95% in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-UML_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s, radio programming formats expanded into commercially successful variations, including, for example, <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary</a> (AC), <a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">album-oriented rock</a> (AOR) and <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> (UC), among others, which spread to most AM and FM radio stations in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, FM radio came to dominate music programming, while AM radio switched to news and talk formats.<sup id="cite_ref-VH-BEISBIER_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VH-BEISBIER-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries such as the UK, licences to broadcast on radio frequencies are regulated by the government, and may take account of social and cultural factors including format type, local content, and language, as well as the price available to pay for the spectrum use. This may be done to ensure a balance of available public content in each area, and in particular to enable non-profit local community radio to exist alongside larger and richer national companies. On occasions format regulation may lead to difficult legal challenges when government accuses a station of changing its format, for example arguing in court over whether a particular song or group of songs is "pop" or "rock".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_formats">List of formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Radio_format" title="Talk:Radio format">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formats constantly evolve and each format can often be sub-divided into many specialty formats. Some of the following formats are available only regionally or through specialized venues such as <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pop/adult contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio" title="Contemporary hit radio">Contemporary hit radio</a> (CHR), occasionally still informally known as <a href="/wiki/Top-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-40">top-40</a> / hot hits<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary music</a> (AC)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_hits" title="Adult hits">Adult/variety hits</a> – Broad variety of pop hits spanning multiple eras and formats; <a href="/wiki/Jack_FM" title="Jack FM">Jack FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_FM" title="Bob FM">Bob FM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">Classic hits</a> – 1970s/1980s-centered (previously 1960s-1970s) pop music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot adult contemporary">Hot adult contemporary</a> (Hot AC)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lite_adult_contemporary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lite adult contemporary (page does not exist)">Lite adult contemporary</a> (Lite AC)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern adult contemporary">Modern adult contemporary</a> (Modern AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">Oldies</a> – Late 1950s to early 1970s pop music<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_adult_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft adult contemporary">Soft adult contemporary</a> (soft AC)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Rock/alternative/indie</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a> (or just adult alternative) (AAA or Triple-A)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Album rock">Album rock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">album-oriented rock</a> (AOR)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_alternative" title="Classic alternative">Classic alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lite_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Lite rock">Lite rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Country</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_country" title="Classic country">Classic country</a> (exclusively older music)</li> <li>New country/Young country/Hot country (top 40 country with some non-country pop and no older music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream country">Mainstream country</a> (top 40 country with some older music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional country">Traditional country</a> (mix of old and new music)</li></ul></li> <li>Regional country formats: <a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Oklahoma Red Dirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Gulf and Western</a> (Florida), <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Urban/rhythmic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic hip-hop">Classic hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a> (most often a "daypart" late night format at urban and urban AC stations, i.e. 7 p.m.–12 midnight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_adult_contemporary" title="Rhythmic adult contemporary">Rhythmic adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary" title="Rhythmic contemporary">Rhythmic contemporary</a> (Rhythmic Top 40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_oldies" title="Rhythmic oldies">Rhythmic oldies</a></li> <li>Urban:<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban contemporary</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a> artists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban adult contemporary</a> (Urban AC)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – R&B (both <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">newer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">older</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>, without <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_oldies" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban oldies">Urban oldies</a> (sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Classic_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic soul">classic soul</a>", "<a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> <a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">oldies</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Urban_oldies" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban oldies">old school</a>")</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Dance/electronic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a> (dance top-40)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">Space music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_music" title="Beach music">Carolina beach music</a> (regional in the Carolinas; mostly R&B and some pop-country with shuffle beat)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Jazz/blues/standards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">Traditional pop</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Easy listening/New Age</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_standards" title="Adult standards">Adult standards</a> / nostalgia (pre-rock)<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_music" title="Beautiful music">Beautiful music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Listening" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy Listening">Easy Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)" title="Middle of the road (music)">Middle of the road</a> (MOR)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Folk/singer-songwriters</dt></dl> <ul><li>Folk music</li></ul> <dl><dt>Latin</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_rhythmic" title="Hispanic rhythmic">Hispanic rhythmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Ranchera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">norteño</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock en Español">Rock en Español</a></li> <li>Romántica (Spanish AC)</li> <li>Spanish sub-formats:<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> music)</li> <li>Also see: <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">Ranchera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a>, Romántica, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical (radio format)">Tropical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical (radio format)">Tropical</a> (salsa, merengue, cumbia, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_music" title="Urbano music">Urbano</a> (reggaetón, Latin rap, etc.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>International</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Indian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese music">Japanese music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pop">J-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">J-rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anisong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisong">Anisong</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">city pop</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean music">Korean music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pop">K-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">K-rock</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Original Pilipino music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian/Gospel</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian</a> (which is also known as CCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Worship music">Praise and Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Gospel">Southern Gospel</a></li> <li>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bible_Broadcasting_Network" title="Bible Broadcasting Network">Bible Broadcasting Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Broadcasting_Network" title="Fundamental Broadcasting Network">Fundamental Broadcasting Network</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Classical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Classical</a><sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary classical music</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Seasonal/holiday/happening</dt></dl> <p>Seasonal formats typically celebrate a particular holiday and thus, with the notable exception of Christmas music (which is usually played throughout <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>), stations going to a holiday-themed format usually only do so for a short time, typically a day or a weekend. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Christmas music</a> (usually seasonal, mainly late November into December)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_patriotic_music" title="American patriotic music">American patriotic music</a> (short-term format, usually adopted around holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Day (United States)">Memorial Day</a>)</li> <li>Halloween music (usually only on or around 31 October)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish folk music">Irish folk music</a> (usually only on or around 17 March to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_hit" title="Summer hit">Summer music</a> (June to August in the Northern Hemisphere)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Miscellanies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_music" title="Eclecticism in music">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeform_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform radio">Freeform radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a>-selected)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Spoken word formats</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">All-news radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_radio" title="Children's radio">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Christian radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="College radio">College radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy radio">Comedy radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">Ethnic</a>/International<sup id="cite_ref-NY_10-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeform_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeform (radio format)">Freeform/Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_service_(radio_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full service (radio format)">Full-service</a> (talk and variety music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_time_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Old time radio">Old time radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_radio_shows" title="Paranormal radio shows">Paranormal radio shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_audiobooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio audiobooks">Radio audiobooks</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Radio_reading_service" title="Radio reading service">radio reading service</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_documentary" title="Radio documentary">Radio documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">Radio drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_soaps" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio soaps">Radio soap operas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious radio">Religious radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Sports</a> (Sports talk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News/Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="News/Talk">News/Talk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_talk_radio" title="Progressive talk radio">Progressive talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">Public talk radio</a></li> <li>Hot talk/<a href="/wiki/Shock_jock" title="Shock jock">shock jocks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_radio" title="Weather radio">Weather radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Music-oriented</dt></dl> <p>The UK has several formats that often overlap with one another. The American terms for formats are not always used to describe British stations or fully set specified by <a href="/wiki/RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio" title="Contemporary hit radio">Contemporary hit radio</a> (CHR) / Top 40 - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_UK" title="Hits Radio UK">Hits Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary" title="Rhythmic contemporary">Rhythmic contemporary</a> (Rhythmic CHR) - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(UK_radio_station)" title="Kiss (UK radio station)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Xtra" title="Capital Xtra">Capital Xtra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary music</a> (AC) - e.g. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Radio">Magic</a> <ul><li>Hot adult contemporary (hot AC), middle ground between CHR and soft AC - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Heart_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart Radio">Heart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio" title="Virgin Radio">Virgin Radio</a></li> <li>Soft adult contemporary (soft AC) - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Smooth_Radio_(2014)" title="Smooth Radio (2014)">Smooth Radio</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban/black adult contemporary</a> with stronger leaning to urban and hip-hop - e.g. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Modern adult contemporary (modern AC) with stronger leaning to rock - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Absolute Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">Oldies</a>, which can range from the 1950s to the 2000s depending on the station - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisstory" title="Kisstory">Kisstory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_80s" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute 80s">Absolute 80s</a></li> <li>Alternative, sometimes confused with rock - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC Radio 6 Music</a></li> <li>Classical - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></li> <li>Asian, referring to content for British Asian communities (including Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi, Afghan, Nepalese)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - e.g. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Radio" title="Sunrise Radio">Sunrise Radio</a></li> <li>Ethnic, referring to content for specific ethnic communities - e.g. <a href="/wiki/London_Greek_Radio" title="London Greek Radio">London Greek Radio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Radio" title="Spectrum Radio">Spectrum Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Community radio in the United Kingdom">Community</a>, radio stations for localised communities which can be in various formats including ethnic</li></ul> <dl><dt>Spoken-words</dt></dl> <ul><li>News and talk - e.g. <a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a> <ul><li>Sports broadcasting and talk - e.g. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/TalkSPORT" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkSPORT">talkSPORT</a></li></ul></li> <li>News, talk, documentaries and drama - e.g. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></li> <li>Christian, broadcasts for Christian religious interests with occasional music - e.g. <a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_personality" title="Radio personality">Radio personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Television format">Television format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_40" title="Top 40">Top 40</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Music radio, old time radio, all-news radio, sports radio, talk radio and weather radio describe the operation of different genres of radio format and each format can often be sub-divided into many specialty formats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At that time, there were several American FM stations that belonged to owners of AM stations, so the programming of the AM station was broadcast simultaneously with the station FM. Owners who programmed FM stations independently often did so using avant-garde, underground, jazz or highbrow (generally, classical music) program formats as a form to attract the few listeners who owned FM receivers and who were specific about signal quality they heard.<sup id="cite_ref-HMMUS_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure 40 was established by Todd Storz and Bill Stewart n their station KOWH-AM in Omaha, Nebraska, inspired by the fact that there were 40 records in a bar jukebox. In the 1960s, some radio formats reduced the figure to 30 records, or even just 10.<sup id="cite_ref-CEPMW-PLAYLIST_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPMW-PLAYLIST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_format&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PROGRAMMING_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShepherdHornLaing2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tz5YpijuksC&dq=radio+formats+programming+united+statespg&pg=PA449">"Programming"</a>. <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i>. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501329234" title="Special:BookSources/9781501329234"><bdi>9781501329234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Programming&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781501329234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tz5YpijuksC%26dq%3Dradio%2Bformats%2Bprogramming%2Bunited%2Bstatespg%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMMUS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMMUS_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_A.2013" class="citation book cs1">Margaret A., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vupkAgAAQBAJ&dq=radio%2Bformats%2Bprogramming%2Bunited%2Bstates&pg=PA564">"Radio Entertainment"</a>. <i>History of the Mass Media in the United States: An Encyclopedia</i>. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135917494" title="Special:BookSources/9781135917494"><bdi>9781135917494</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324171734/https://books.google.com/books?id=vupkAgAAQBAJ&dq=radio+formats+programming+united+states&pg=PA564">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radio+Entertainment&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mass+Media+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=564&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135917494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvupkAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dradio%252Bformats%252Bprogramming%252Bunited%252Bstates%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiostationworld.com/directory/Radio_Formats/">"What is a radio format?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102161551/http://radiostationworld.com/directory/Radio_Formats/">Archived</a> 2010-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 16 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UML-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UML_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UML_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UML_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UML_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/7-3-radio-station-formats/">"7.3 Radio Station Formats"</a>. The University of Minnesota Libraries. 1 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128230713/https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/7-3-radio-station-formats/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7.3+Radio+Station+Formats&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota+Libraries&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fmediaandculture%2Fchapter%2F7-3-radio-station-formats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEPMW-PLAYLIST-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PLAYLIST_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEPMW-PLAYLIST_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherdHornLaing2003" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tz5YpijuksC&dq=radio+formats+programming+united+statespg&pg=PA449">"Playlist"</a>. <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i>. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501329234" title="Special:BookSources/9781501329234"><bdi>9781501329234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Playlist&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=499&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781501329234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tz5YpijuksC%26dq%3Dradio%2Bformats%2Bprogramming%2Bunited%2Bstatespg%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VH-BEISBIER-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VH-BEISBIER_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisbier2019" class="citation book cs1">Beisbier, Paul F Frank, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xm2hDwAAQBAJ&dq=radio+formats+programming+FM+AM&pg=PT362"><i>The Value of History: Values and Beliefs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781645446378" title="Special:BookSources/9781645446378"><bdi>9781645446378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+History%3A+Values+and+Beliefs&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781645446378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxm2hDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dradio%2Bformats%2Bprogramming%2BFM%2BAM%26pg%3DPT362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_10-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"New York Radio Guide: Radio Format Guide", NYRadioGuide.com, 2009-01-12, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyradioguide.com/formats.htm">NYRadio-formats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327164156/http://www.nyradioguide.com/formats.htm">Archived</a> 27 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Peter (29 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTZFsoEpT1QC&pg=PA364"><i>Essential Radio Skills: How to Present a Radio Show</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2179-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-2179-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Radio+Skills%3A+How+to+Present+a+Radio+Show&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2179-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTZFsoEpT1QC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radio-uk.co.uk/heart-fm">"Heart FM London 106.2 live"</a>. <i>www.radio-uk.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705192105/https://www.radio-uk.co.uk/heart-fm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radio-uk.co.uk&rft.atitle=Heart+FM+London+106.2+live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio-uk.co.uk%2Fheart-fm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio-live-uk.com/bbc-1xtra">"BBC radio 1Xtra - listen live"</a>. <i>radio-live-uk.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522202654/https://radio-live-uk.com/bbc-1xtra">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radio-live-uk.com&rft.atitle=BBC+radio+1Xtra+-+listen+live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio-live-uk.com%2Fbbc-1xtra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/how-the-king-of-breakfast-is-waking-up-asian-britain-1722710.html">"How the King of Breakfast is waking up Asian Britain"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 28 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705202439/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/how-the-king-of-breakfast-is-waking-up-asian-britain-1722710.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+the+King+of+Breakfast+is+waking+up+Asian+Britain&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Ftv-radio%2Fhow-the-king-of-breakfast-is-waking-up-asian-britain-1722710.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAujla-Sidhu2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Aujla-Sidhu, Gurvinder (July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287585496.pdf"><i>Delivering a Public Service? The BBC Asian Network and British Asian audiences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). De Montfort University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191400/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287585496.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Delivering+a+Public+Service%3F+The+BBC+Asian+Network+and+British+Asian+audiences.&rft.inst=De+Montfort+University&rft.date=2019-07&rft.aulast=Aujla-Sidhu&rft.aufirst=Gurvinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F287585496.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgr.co.uk/celebrations-for-britains-first-ever-licensed-ethnic-radio-station/,%20http://www.lgr.co.uk/celebrations-for-britains-first-ever-licensed-ethnic-radio-station/">"Celebrations for Britain's First-Ever Licensed Ethnic Radio Station | LGR 103.3 FM"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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