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vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1998–99 NBA lockout</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">July 1, 1998 – January 20, 1999 <br />(6 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>United States</li> <li>Canada</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Owners agreed to reopen the 1995 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement in March 1998</li> <li>Stalemate over division of the NBA's basketball-related income and salary cap structure between NBA team owners and players</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Owners proposed a reduction of players' salaries, as well as a modified pay scale</li> <li>Players proposed an increase in the minimum salary</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Agreement reached to end lockout on January 6, 1999 <ul><li>New six-year collective bargaining agreement ratified on January 20; players' salaries reduced from 57% to a maximum of 55% of the league's income</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_season" title="1998–99 NBA season">1998–99 season</a> reduced to 50 games per team; season began on February 5</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Players_Association" title="National Basketball Players Association">National Basketball Players Association</a> (NBPA)</div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA)</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hunter_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Hunter (American football)">Billy Hunter</a> (executive director) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ewing" title="Patrick Ewing">Patrick Ewing</a> (president) </p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a> (commissioner) </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">National Basketball Association<br /> labor relations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NBA lockout">1995 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 NBA lockout">1996 lockout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1998–99 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_NBA_lockout" title="2011 NBA lockout">2011 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_collective_bargaining_agreement" title="NBA collective bargaining agreement">Collective bargaining agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NBA_Labor_Relations" title="Template:NBA Labor Relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NBA_Labor_Relations" title="Template talk:NBA Labor Relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NBA_Labor_Relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NBA Labor Relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>The <b>1998–99 NBA lockout</b> was the third <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lockout</a> of four in the history of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA). It lasted from July 1, 1998, to January 20, 1999, and forced the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_season" title="1998–99 NBA season">1998–99 regular season</a> to be shortened to 50 games per team and that season's <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> to be canceled. NBA owners reopened the league's <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective bargaining agreement">collective bargaining agreement</a> (CBA) in March 1998, seeking changes to the <a href="/wiki/NBA_Salary_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Salary Cap">league's salary cap</a> system and a ceiling on individual player salaries. The <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Players_Association" title="National Basketball Players Association">National Basketball Players Association</a> (NBPA) opposed the owners' plans and wanted raises for players who earned the league's minimum salary. After the two sides failed to reach an agreement, the owners began the lockout. </p><p>The dispute received a tepid response from sports fans and provoked criticism from media members. It continued into January 1999, threatening the cancellation of the entire season. After division within the players union, however, NBPA executive director <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hunter_(basketball)" title="Billy Hunter (basketball)">Billy Hunter</a> reached an agreement with NBA commissioner <a href="/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a> on January 6 to end the work stoppage. Quickly ratified by the owners and players, the deal was signed later in January, ending the lockout after 204 days. The settlement provided for maximum salaries for players and a pay scale for first-year players. In the months after the lockout, <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">television ratings</a> and ticket sales declined during the 50-game season, and both remained below pre-lockout levels in subsequent seasons. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in his 50s with white hair speaks into a microphone. He wears a gray suit, red tie, and glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Stern.jpg/170px-David_Stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Stern.jpg/255px-David_Stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/David_Stern.jpg/340px-David_Stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a> was the commissioner of the NBA during the 1998–99 lockout</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1998, there had been two lockouts in the previous three years: a labor dispute that lasted more than two months in <a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NBA lockout">1995</a> and a brief work stoppage in <a href="/wiki/1996_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 NBA lockout">1996</a> that ended within three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on both occasions, the players and owners reached a deal before the start of the season, and before 1998, the NBA was the only major sports league in the United States that had never lost a game because of a work stoppage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A six-year CBA had been in place since September 1995, but it included a clause allowing NBA owners to reopen the contract after three years if more than 51.8 percent of "basketball-related income" went to player salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-ball_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_NBA_season" title="1997–98 NBA season">1997–98 season</a>, 57 percent of basketball-related income was used to pay players, while the previous deal called for a 48 percent split. According to the NBA, 15 of the 29 teams posted losses that season. The NBPA disputed this figure and claimed that only four teams had losses.<sup id="cite_ref-looks_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league's owners voted on whether to reopen the CBA on March 23, 1998, and the vote passed by a 27–2 margin. Negotiations between the NBPA and owners started on April 1, and nine further bargaining sessions took place in the next three months.<sup id="cite_ref-ball_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary issue was that of player salaries, which owners sought to curb. A <a href="/wiki/NBA_Salary_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Salary Cap">salary cap</a> had been a part of the CBA since 1983, but it included loopholes that allowed teams to exceed the payroll limit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was the "<a href="/wiki/NBA_Salary_Cap#Larry_Bird_exception" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Salary Cap">Larry Bird exception</a>", named after the <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">former player</a> who was an early beneficiary of the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bird exception enabled teams to spend an unlimited amount of money to re-sign their own players, causing a substantial increase in the value of upper-end contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Club owners wanted to remove the exemption and place limits on maximum player salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-looks_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owners also sought to prevent large contracts for young players similar to the $126 million, six-year deal that <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Garnett" title="Kevin Garnett">Kevin Garnett</a> had recently signed with the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves" title="Minnesota Timberwolves">Minnesota Timberwolves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They desired a modified pay scale for <a href="/wiki/Rookie" title="Rookie">rookie</a> players that would prevent them from gaining unrestricted free agency after three seasons, and wanted to ban the use of marijuana and <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing drugs">performance-enhancing drugs</a>. The players union, wanting to avoid a decline in salaries, opposed changes to the salary cap system, in particular those involving the Larry Bird exception.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other NBPA positions included opposition to a cap on individual player salaries and support for a raise of the minimum salary, which 22 percent of NBA players earned during 1997–98.<sup id="cite_ref-looks_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-looks-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lockout">Lockout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lockout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An African American basketball player attempts a jump shot. He wears a white jersey with an orange "NEW YORK" and "33", and spectators can be seen in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg/170px-Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg/255px-Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg/340px-Patrick_Ewing_ca._1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ewing" title="Patrick Ewing">Patrick Ewing</a> was the president of the NBPA during the lockout</figcaption></figure> <p>After negotiations between the sides broke off on June 22, the lockout started nine days later. Teams were barred from making player transactions and holding workouts and meetings for the duration of the work stoppage.<sup id="cite_ref-ball_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Hofstra_Labor_and_Employment_Law_Journal" title="Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal">Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Grant M. Hayden described the NBA's action as an "offensive lockout", in which an employer attempts to force its workers into a settlement that does not favor them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early byproduct of the lockout was the exclusion of NBA players from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="United States men's national basketball team">U.S. national team</a> that played at the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1998 FIBA World Championship">1998 FIBA World Championship</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Basketball" title="USA Basketball">USA Basketball</a>, the governing body for the sport in the U.S., elected to send a team consisting of lower-level professional players and amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations resumed at an August 6 bargaining session, the first since the start of the lockout. NBA commissioner <a href="/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a> and several owners left the talks after the NBPA presented an offer that included increased <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">revenue sharing</a> between teams.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 25, 24 <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_game" title="Exhibition game">exhibition games</a> were canceled and training camps were postponed indefinitely as a result of stalled talks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further negotiating sessions took place in October and November, but no agreement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-day_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The season's first two weeks were officially canceled on October 13, and 99 games scheduled for November were lost as a result. It was the first time in NBA history that games were canceled due to a labor dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 20, arbitrator <a href="/wiki/John_Feerick" title="John Feerick">John Feerick</a> ruled that the owners did not have to pay players with guaranteed contracts during the lockout.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feerick's decision gave the owners leverage in bargaining talks. Another factor favoring the owners was that their teams received money from the NBA's television broadcasters, whose contracts with the league called for payments to be made if games were not played.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further games were canceled as the lockout continued through November and December,<sup id="cite_ref-day_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the league's <a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">Christmas games</a> (which had been played on an annual basis since 1947)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1999 <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">All-Star Game</a> (which had been scheduled to be played on February 14, 1999, at the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">First Union Center</a> in Philadelphia).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the All-Star Game's cancellation, the NBA later awarded the <a href="/wiki/2002_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2002 NBA All-Star Game">2002 All-Star Game</a> to Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussions during the lockout were characterized by frequent hostility between the players and owners. One example of the heated nature of the talks came at an early December bargaining session, when Stern and NBPA executive director <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hunter_(basketball)" title="Billy Hunter (basketball)">Billy Hunter</a> became involved in what <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> called "an extremely heated, expletive-laden screaming match".<sup id="cite_ref-ugly_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugly-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men temporarily walked away from the bargaining table,<sup id="cite_ref-ugly_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugly-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and indicated after the session that the entire season might be canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the 1998 portion of the schedule was not played because of the lockout, 16 NBA players participated in a December 19 exhibition game in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>. The event's organizers intended to give NBPA members a share of the money raised, but the idea proved controversial, and charities ultimately received the proceeds.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 23, Stern announced that he would recommend canceling the season if there was no deal by January 7, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-day_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a December 27 meeting, a "final" deal was proposed by the owners.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sides met again on January 4, and the NBPA gave its last proposal to the owners, who turned it down. Stern discussed the possibility of having <a href="/wiki/Replacement_player" title="Replacement player">replacement players</a> brought in to begin the <a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%9300_NBA_season" class="mw-redirect" title="1999–00 NBA season">following season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-day_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Stern's deadline approached, the NBPA showed signs of division from within.<sup id="cite_ref-resolution_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resolution-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly paid players were seen as the ones most affected by the disputed issues, rather than the union's membership as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-keeps_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keeps-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agent</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Falk" title="David Falk">David Falk</a>, who was considered an influential voice for the players,<sup id="cite_ref-keeps_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keeps-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represented NBPA president <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ewing" title="Patrick Ewing">Patrick Ewing</a> and nine players on the union's 19-person negotiating committee.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NBPA scheduled a meeting on January 6 in New York City, where players would vote on the proposal by the owners, which the committee had recommended opposing. Several players, including <a href="/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal" title="Shaquille O'Neal">Shaquille O'Neal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, wanted the vote to be conducted by <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, while others indicated a desire to return to competition regardless of how the vote went. <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Johnson_(basketball)" title="Kevin Johnson (basketball)">Kevin Johnson</a> stated that most players "were just ready to [fight] Wednesday at our meeting if an agreement hadn't been reached."<sup id="cite_ref-hard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with a splintering union, Hunter moved to resume talks with Stern.<sup id="cite_ref-resolution_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resolution-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 6, the day before Stern's deadline, he and Hunter reached an agreement, which was ratified by the NBPA later that day and by the NBA Board of Governors on January 7.<sup id="cite_ref-games_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-games-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely viewed as a victory for Stern and the owners,<sup id="cite_ref-resolution_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resolution-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hard_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the agreement was signed by both parties on January 20, officially ending the lockout after 204 days.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It capped players' salaries at between $9 million and $14 million, depending on how long they had played in the NBA.<sup id="cite_ref-games_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-games-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league became the first major sports organization in the U.S. to limit the salaries of its players.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF244_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF244-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rookie pay scale was introduced, with salary increases tied to how early a player was selected in the <a href="/wiki/NBA_draft" title="NBA draft">NBA draft</a>. The Larry Bird exception was retained, though maximum annual pay raises were capped. New "average" and "median" salary cap exemptions, which the NBPA had proposed, allowed teams to sign one player per category even if they were over the spending limit.<sup id="cite_ref-games_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-games-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For teams that wished to exceed the salary cap, a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax_(sports)" title="Luxury tax (sports)">luxury tax</a> was instituted requiring offenders to pay on a dollar-for-dollar basis, provided total league salaries were above a specified level.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league's minimum salary was increased to $287,500, a $15,000 raise from before the lockout.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The players were promised that their salaries would equal 55 percent of league revenues over the agreement's final three seasons. However, any higher percentage would lead to a salary decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-CDF244_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDF244-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NBA's drug policy was expanded to cover performance-enhancing drugs and marijuana, with once-yearly testing.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_and_aftermath">Reaction and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reaction and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lockout prompted indifference among most American sports fans, who thought that greed was shown by both sides, a similar sentiment to what fans voiced during the <a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1994–95 Major League Baseball strike">1994–95 Major League Baseball strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A CBS News–<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"><i>New York Times</i></a> poll conducted in October 1998 showed that, while most fans' opinion of professional basketball was unaffected by the work stoppage, 29 percent reported that their views had become more negative.<sup id="cite_ref-poll_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poll-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same poll showed that fans backed the NBPA in the dispute by a 36–29 margin, while the general public supported the owners 24 percent to 22 percent. One-quarter of basketball fans who responded to the poll stated that they did not know enough about the lockout to give an opinion, along with 45 percent of the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-poll_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poll-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media members were frequently critical of the owners and players. Sportswriter <a href="/wiki/Tony_Kornheiser" title="Tony Kornheiser">Tony Kornheiser</a> described the labor dispute as one "between tall millionaires and short millionaires."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> termed the lockout "an incomprehensible and unconscionable dispute between rival gangs of millionaires".<sup id="cite_ref-hard_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Bill Saporito believed that each side was damaged by the lockout, in terms of financial losses and negative publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-lose_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lose-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stern said that he had made concessions in the agreement, while Hunter said that the parties "both blinked."<sup id="cite_ref-resolution_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resolution-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lose_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lose-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a broader labor perspective, Hayden commented that the lockout was "rather pedestrian" and "made no noteworthy contributions to legal doctrine."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered the NBPA to be a union that had more power, and a greater ability to enter a labor dispute, than most other labor organizations, which he believed to hold weaker positions comparatively.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Hayden noted that a contrast existed between the work activities of regular workers and NBA players, as perceived by typical employees, and that "the NBA lockout may have strengthened the view of many that unions are out of touch with their lives and thus have little to offer them."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_season" title="1998–99 NBA season">1998–99 season</a>, which began on February 5, 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was shortened to 50 games per team, as opposed to the normal 82.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the 204-day lockout, 464 regular-season games were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the lockout, the NBA's popularity was affected by the second retirement of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>, who had been largely responsible for an increase in fan interest during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-shot_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shot-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average attendance during the shortened season was 16,738 fans per game, down 2.2 percent from the 1997–98 average of 17,117 spectators per contest.<sup id="cite_ref-buoyed_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buoyed-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ticket sales fell nearly two percent further in the opening months of 1999–00,<sup id="cite_ref-shot_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shot-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained under 17,000 per game for the following three seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-buoyed_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buoyed-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The league also saw <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">television ratings</a> drop for three consecutive seasons after the lockout.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the court, players struggled to condition themselves for the season on short notice, leading to subpar play around the NBA. Scoring declined by about four points per game per team on average, to the lowest total in 20 years. <a href="/wiki/Turnover_(basketball)" title="Turnover (basketball)">Turnovers</a> increased, <a href="/wiki/Field_goal_percentage" title="Field goal percentage">field goal percentages</a> decreased, and teams typically played at a reduced pace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the lockout, a higher percentage of players signed contracts worth the maximum amount possible under the cap. Some young players, such as <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a>, began signing shorter contracts that allowed for more flexibility in team choice and salary.<sup id="cite_ref-revisited_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisited-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement expired in 2005, and both sides became concerned about the possibility of another work stoppage,<sup id="cite_ref-Apocalypse_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> had recently lost its <a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_season" title="2004–05 NHL season">2004–05 season</a> to <a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout" title="2004–05 NHL lockout">labor issues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lockout was prevented, however, when a six-year CBA was reached in June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Apocalypse_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apocalypse-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the expiration of that CBA, a <a href="/wiki/2011_NBA_lockout" title="2011 NBA lockout">lockout occurred in 2011</a>; it was the fourth in league history and lasted for about five months before the sides came to an agreement. Each team's schedule in the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_NBA_season" title="2011–12 NBA season">2011–12 NBA season</a> was cut by 16 games.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-timeline-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZillgitt2011" class="citation news cs1">Zillgitt, Jeff (October 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416044543/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/story/2011-10-12/Timeline-to-the-1998-99-NBA-lockout/50747980/1">"Timeline to the 1998–99 NBA lockout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/story/2011-10-12/Timeline-to-the-1998-99-NBA-lockout/50747980/1">the original</a> on April 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Timeline+to+the+1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft.aulast=Zillgitt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fbasketball%2Fnba%2Fstory%2F2011-10-12%2FTimeline-to-the-1998-99-NBA-lockout%2F50747980%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBembry1996" class="citation news cs1">Bembry, Jerry (July 10, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/07/10/nba-lockout-passes-quickly-brief-stoppage-delays-free-agent-talks-2-days/">"NBA lockout passes quickly: Brief stoppage delays free-agent talks 2 days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123154355/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1996-07-10/sports/1996192002_1_lockout-juwan-howard-bullets">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=NBA+lockout+passes+quickly%3A+Brief+stoppage+delays+free-agent+talks+2+days&rft.date=1996-07-10&rft.aulast=Bembry&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1996%2F07%2F10%2Fnba-lockout-passes-quickly-brief-stoppage-delays-free-agent-talks-2-days%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staudohar (1999), pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ball-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ball_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ball_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ball_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1998" class="citation news cs1">Wise, Mike (June 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/30/sports/basketball-it-s-their-ball-and-nba-owners-call-for-lockout.html">"Basketball; It's Their Ball, and N.B.A. Owners Call for Lockout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112117/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/30/sports/basketball-it-s-their-ball-and-nba-owners-call-for-lockout.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CNN Sports Illustrated. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/steve_aschburner/07/08/lockout.revisited/index.html">the original</a> on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lockout+revisited%2C+10+years+later&rft.pub=CNN+Sports+Illustrated&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Aschburner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2F2008%2Fwriters%2Fsteve_aschburner%2F07%2F08%2Flockout.revisited%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shot-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shot_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shot_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2000" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Daniel (February 21, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/02/21/273883/index.htm">"The NBA's Next Shot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NBA+could+cash+in+if+TV+ratings+soar+with+Jordan&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2001-09-25&rft.aulast=Rovell&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fprint%3Fid%3D1254606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungblood2011" class="citation news cs1">Youngblood, Kent (December 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/article/20111226/SPORTS/812018583">"Compressed NBA season could be ragged – that's what happened in lockout-shortened 1998–99 campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Compressed+NBA+season+could+be+ragged+%E2%80%93+that%27s+what+happened+in+lockout-shortened+1998%E2%80%9399+campaign&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.aulast=Youngblood&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachpost.com%2Farticle%2F20111226%2FSPORTS%2F812018583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apocalypse-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apocalypse_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Stein_(reporter)" title="Marc Stein (reporter)">Stein, Marc</a> (June 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nba/columns/story?columnist=stein_marc&id=2091950">"For commish, CBA helps 'avoid the Apocalypse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+commish%2C+CBA+helps+%27avoid+the+Apocalypse%27&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnba%2Fcolumns%2Fstory%3Fcolumnist%3Dstein_marc%26id%3D2091950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birren, pp. 9, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staudohar (2012), pp. 29–31.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_lockout&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirren2014" class="citation journal cs1">Birren, Genevieve F. (Spring 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=jslcp">"A Brief History of Sports Labor Stoppages: The Issues, The Labor Stoppages and Their Effectiveness (Or Lack Thereof)"</a>. <i>DePaul Journal of Sports Law</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1–30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DePaul+Journal+of+Sports+Law&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Sports+Labor+Stoppages%3A+The+Issues%2C+The+Labor+Stoppages+and+Their+Effectiveness+%28Or+Lack+Thereof%29&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Birren&rft.aufirst=Genevieve+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvia.library.depaul.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1001%26context%3Djslcp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDelaneyFrost2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Paul F.; Delaney, John Thomas; Frost, Ann Christine (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectivebargai00bada"><i>Collective Bargaining in the Private Sector</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913447846" title="Special:BookSources/0913447846"><bdi>0913447846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Bargaining+in+the+Private+Sector&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0913447846&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft.au=Delaney%2C+John+Thomas&rft.au=Frost%2C+Ann+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectivebargai00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingforkeepsm00halb_0"><i>Playing For Keeps: Michael Jordan & the World He Made</i></a></span>. New York City: Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0444-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0444-3"><bdi>0-7679-0444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+For+Keeps%3A+Michael+Jordan+%26+the+World+He+Made&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7679-0444-3&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingforkeepsm00halb_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hayden, Grant M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=hlelj">"Some Keys to the NBA Lockout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hofstra_Labor_and_Employment_Law_Journal" title="Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal">Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal</a></i>. <b>16</b> (2): 453–468<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hofstra+Labor+and+Employment+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Keys+to+the+NBA+Lockout&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453-468&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Grant+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1276%26context%3Dhlelj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudohar1999" class="citation journal cs1">Staudohar, Paul D. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/04/art1full.pdf">"Labor relations in basketball: the lockout of 1998–99"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Labor_Review" title="Monthly Labor Review">Monthly Labor Review</a></i>. <b>122</b> (4): 3–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508183124/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1999/04/art1full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Labor+relations+in+basketball%3A+the+lockout+of+1998%E2%80%9399&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Staudohar&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fmlr%2F1999%2F04%2Fart1full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudohar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Staudohar, Paul D. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2012/12/art3full.pdf">"The basketball lockout of 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. <b>135</b> (12): 28–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108004407/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2012/12/art3full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=The+basketball+lockout+of+2011&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Staudohar&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fmlr%2F2012%2F12%2Fart3full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1998%E2%80%9399+NBA+lockout" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Basketball_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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Pacers">Indiana Pacers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#D0E7FF;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Division_(NBA)" title="Southeast Division (NBA)">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Atlanta Hawks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets" title="Charlotte Hornets">Charlotte Hornets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miami_Heat" title="Miami Heat">Miami Heat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Magic" title="Orlando Magic">Orlando Magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Washington_Wizards" title="Washington Wizards">Washington Wizards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFCCCC !important; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Conference_(NBA)" title="Western Conference (NBA)">Western<br />Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#FFCCCC;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#FFCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Division_(NBA)" title="Northwest Division (NBA)">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Denver_Nuggets" title="Denver Nuggets">Denver Nuggets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves" title="Minnesota Timberwolves">Minnesota Timberwolves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers" title="Portland Trail Blazers">Portland Trail Blazers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utah_Jazz" title="Utah Jazz">Utah Jazz</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#FFCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Division_(NBA)" title="Pacific Division (NBA)">Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers" title="Los Angeles Clippers">Los Angeles Clippers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Kings" title="Sacramento Kings">Sacramento Kings</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#FFCCCC;"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Division_(NBA)" title="Southwest Division (NBA)">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_draft" title="NBA draft">Draft</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Eligibility_for_the_NBA_draft" title="Eligibility for the NBA draft">eligibility</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Summer_League" title="NBA Summer League">Summer League</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">Christmas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day_games" title="NBA Martin Luther King Jr. Day games">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_weekend" title="NBA All-Star weekend">All-Star weekend</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">game</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Global_Games" title="NBA Global Games">Global Games</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Cup" title="NBA Cup">Cup tournament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_play-in_tournament" title="NBA play-in tournament">Play-in</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_playoffs" title="NBA playoffs">Playoffs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_playoff_series" title="List of NBA playoff series">list</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">finals</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">champions</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Predecessors <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America" title="Basketball Association of America">BAA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(United_States)" title="National Basketball League (United States)">NBL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association" title="American Basketball Association">ABA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_Association%E2%80%93National_Basketball_Association_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="American Basketball Association–National Basketball Association merger">merger</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Brown_Trophy" title="Walter A. Brown Trophy">Walter A. Brown Trophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association_criticisms_and_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball Association criticisms and controversies">Criticisms and controversies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2007_NBA_betting_scandal" title="2007 NBA betting scandal">2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_lockout" title="NBA lockout">Lockouts</a></dd> <dd>Former divisions <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Division_(NBA)" title="Eastern Division (NBA)">Eastern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Division_(NBA)" title="Midwest Division (NBA)">Midwest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Division_(NBA)" title="Western Division (NBA)">Western</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Teams <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_NBA_teams" title="List of defunct NBA teams">defunct</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_NBA" title="Expansion of the NBA">expansion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_relocated_NBA_teams" title="List of relocated NBA teams">relocated</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the NBA">timeline</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_seasons" title="List of NBA seasons">Seasons</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season" title="Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season">2019–20 suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_NBA_Bubble" title="2020 NBA Bubble">bubble</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Records <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_regular_season_records" title="List of NBA regular season records">regular season</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_post-season_records" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NBA post-season records">postseason</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_All-Star_Game_records" title="List of NBA All-Star Game records">All-Star</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_all-time_NBA_win%E2%80%93loss_records" title="List of all-time NBA win–loss records">win–loss records</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_NBA_players" title="Lists of NBA players">Players</a> <dl><dd>current rosters <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_NBA_Eastern_Conference_team_rosters" title="List of current NBA Eastern Conference team rosters">Eastern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_NBA_Western_Conference_team_rosters" title="List of current NBA Western Conference team rosters">Western</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_NBA_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of foreign NBA players">foreign players</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_NBA" title="Race and ethnicity in the NBA">race and ethnicity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_overall_NBA_draft_picks" title="List of first overall NBA draft picks">first overall draft picks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest-paid NBA players by season">highest paid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_banned_or_suspended_by_the_NBA" title="List of people banned or suspended by the NBA">banned or suspended</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Players_Association" title="National Basketball Players Association">NBPA</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_head_coaches_with_400_games_coached" title="List of NBA head coaches with 400 games coached">Head coaches</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_NBA_head_coaches" title="List of current NBA head coaches">current</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_player-coaches" title="List of NBA player-coaches">player-coaches</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_championship_head_coaches" title="List of NBA championship head coaches">champions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_NBA_coaches" title="List of foreign NBA coaches">foreign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_NBA_coaches" title="List of female NBA coaches">female</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Coaches_Association" title="National Basketball Coaches Association">NBCA</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_team_owners" title="List of NBA team owners">Owners</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_referees" title="List of NBA referees">Referees</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Referees_Association" title="National Basketball Referees Association">NBRA</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards<br />and honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien_Championship_Trophy" title="Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy">Larry O'Brien Trophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Podoloff_Trophy" title="Maurice Podoloff Trophy">Maurice Podoloff Trophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_awards" title="List of NBA awards">NBA awards</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Most_Valuable_Player" title="NBA Most Valuable Player">MVP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player" title="NBA Finals Most Valuable Player">Finals MVP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_conference_finals_most_valuable_player" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA conference finals most valuable player">Conference finals MVP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game_Kobe_Bryant_Most_Valuable_Player" title="NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player">All-Star MVP</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" title="Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" title="List of members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame">Members</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_anniversary_teams" title="NBA anniversary teams">Anniversary teams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_retired_numbers" title="List of NBA retired numbers">Retired numbers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_arenas" title="List of NBA arenas">Arenas</a></dd> <dd>Business <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_collective_bargaining_agreement" title="NBA collective bargaining agreement">collective bargaining agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_jersey_sponsors" title="List of NBA jersey sponsors">jersey sponsors</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_salary_cap" title="NBA salary cap">salary cap</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Store" title="NBA Store">NBA Store</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_teams_by_valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NBA teams by valuation">team valuations</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Culture <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_cheerleading" title="NBA cheerleading">cheerleading</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_mascots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Basketball Association mascots">mascots</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_dress_code" title="NBA dress code">dress code</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superteams_in_the_NBA" title="Superteams in the NBA">superteams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_the_NBA" title="Sleep in the NBA">sleep</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">G League</a></dd> <dd>Media <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association_on_television" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball Association on television">TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_TV" title="NBA TV">NBA TV</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/NBA_Academy" title="NBA Academy">NBA Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_rivalries" title="List of NBA rivalries">Rivalries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basketball_Clipart.svg/16px-Basketball_Clipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basketball_Clipart.svg/24px-Basketball_Clipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Basketball_Clipart.svg/32px-Basketball_Clipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Basketball" title="Portal:Basketball">Basketball portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_Basketball_Association" title="Category:National Basketball Association">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_NBA_season" title="2024–25 NBA season">2024–25 season</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_labor_disputes_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USA_pro_sports_labor_relations" title="Template:USA pro sports labor relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USA_pro_sports_labor_relations" title="Template talk:USA pro sports labor relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USA_pro_sports_labor_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USA pro sports labor 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href="/wiki/1980_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1980 Major League Baseball strike">1980 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1981 Major League Baseball strike">1981 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1985 Major League Baseball strike">1985 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Major_League_Baseball_lockout" title="1990 Major League Baseball lockout">1990 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1994–95 Major League Baseball strike">1994–95 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Major_League_Baseball_lockout" title="2021–22 Major League Baseball lockout">2021–22 lockout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NBA lockout">1995 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_NBA_lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 NBA lockout">1996 lockout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1998–99 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_NBA_lockout" title="2011 NBA lockout">2011 lockout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_NFL_strike/lockout" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 NFL strike/lockout">1968 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_NFL_strike/lockout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 NFL strike/lockout (page does not exist)">1970 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_NFL_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 NFL strike">1974 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_NFL_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 NFL strike">1982 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_NFL_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 NFL strike">1987 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_NFL_referee_lockout" title="2001 NFL referee lockout">2001 referee lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_NFL_lockout" title="2011 NFL lockout">2011 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_NFL_referee_lockout" title="2012 NFL referee lockout">2012 referee lockout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_NHL_strike" title="1992 NHL strike">1992 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NHL_lockout" title="1994–95 NHL lockout">1994–95 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NHL_lockout" title="2004–05 NHL lockout">2004–05 lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_NHL_lockout" title="2012–13 NHL lockout">2012–13 lockout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation" title="United States Soccer Federation">United States Soccer Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team_pay_discrimination_claim" title="United States women's national soccer team pay discrimination claim">2017 gender discrimination claim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Boston_Celtics_boycott" title="1961 Boston Celtics boycott">1961 Boston Celtics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_American_athlete_strikes" title="2020 American athlete strikes">2020 American athlete strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_MLS_referee_lockout" title="2024 MLS referee lockout">2024 MLS referee lockout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998–99_NBA_lockout&oldid=1255583751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998–99_NBA_lockout&oldid=1255583751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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