CINXE.COM
Economies | International Institute for Sustainable Development
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# " class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="Foster fair and sustainable economies." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.iisd.org/focus-areas/economies" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="International Institute for Sustainable Development" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Economies" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Foster fair and sustainable economies." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/styles/og_image/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?itok=XWTbwJet" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/styles/og_image/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?itok=XWTbwJet" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Economies" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Foster fair and sustainable economies." /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="800" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/styles/og_image/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?itok=XWTbwJet" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #083266} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.iisd.org/focus-areas/economies", "description": "Foster fair and sustainable economies.", "breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Issues", "item": "https://www.iisd.org/strategic-priorities" } ] }, "inLanguage": "en" } ] }</script> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/iisd/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.iisd.org/focus-areas/economies" /> <title>Economies | International Institute for Sustainable Development</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Barlow:400,500,700"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#083266"> <!-- fontawesome --> <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/0db7d48973.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/align.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/autocomplete-loading.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/fieldgroup.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/container-inline.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/clearfix.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/details.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/hidden.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/item-list.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/js.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/nowrap.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/position-container.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/progress.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/reset-appearance.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/resize.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/sticky-header.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/system-status-counter.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/system-status-report-counters.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/tabledrag.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/tablesort.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/system/components/tree-child.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/views/views.module.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/css/eu_cookie_compliance.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/simple_popup_blocks/css/simple_popup_blocks.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/iisd_backend/assets/css/iisd-backend.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/core/assets/vendor/normalize-css/normalize.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/stable/css/core/normalize-fixes.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/action-links.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/breadcrumb.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/button.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/collapse-processed.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/container-inline.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/details.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/exposed-filters.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/field.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/icons.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/inline-form.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/item-list.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/link.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/links.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/menu.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/more-link.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/pager.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/tabledrag.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/tableselect.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/tablesort.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/tabs.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/textarea.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/ui-dialog.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/themes/classy/css/components/messages.css?snd9w8" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/css/style.min.css?snd9w8" /> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-T3RMTW'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-focus-area"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T3RMTW" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <header class="c-header js-header "> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-header__inner"> <div class="c-header__logo-wrapper"> <a class="c-header__logo" href="/" title="Return to the homepage"> <svg class="c-header__logo-svg" id="IISD_logo" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 409.3 173.8"> <g class="c-header__logo-strapline"> <rect x="158.5" y="127.9" style="fill:#093266" width="2.6" height="14.5"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M173.5,136.9v5.6H171V137c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C171.7,132,173.5,134,173.5,136.9"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M183.2,142.3c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3v-3.7h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L183.2,142.3z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M186.6,136.5h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C187.8,134.2,186.9,135.2,186.6,136.5 M194.4,138.4L194.4,138.4 h-7.7c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C194.4,137.6,194.4,138,194.4,138.4"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M198.8,133.6c0.9-0.9,2.1-1.5,3.7-1.5v2.3c-1.6,0.1-2.8,0.6-3.7,1.7v6.3h-2.5v-10.1h2.5V133.6z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M214,136.9v5.6h-2.5V137c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7H204v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C212.3,132,214,134,214,136.9"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M223.9,139.1v-3.4c-0.7-1-1.7-1.4-2.7-1.4c-1.7,0-3,1.5-3,3.2c0,1.7,1.3,3.1,3,3.1 C222.2,140.6,223.2,140.2,223.9,139.1 M226.3,142.4h-2.5v-0.7c-0.8,0.6-1.9,0.9-3.1,0.9c-2.8,0-5.1-2.3-5.1-5.3 c0-2.9,2.3-5.3,5.1-5.3c1.2,0,2.3,0.3,3.1,0.9v-0.7h2.5V142.4z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M236.4,142.3c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3v-3.7h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L236.4,142.3z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M240.7,142.4h-2.5v-10.1h2.5V142.4z M238,128.7c0-0.9,0.7-1.5,1.5-1.5c0.9,0,1.5,0.6,1.5,1.5 c0,0.8-0.7,1.5-1.5,1.5C238.7,130.2,238,129.5,238,128.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M251,137.4c0-1.7-1.2-3-2.9-3c-1.7,0-2.9,1.3-2.9,3c0,1.7,1.2,3.1,2.9,3.1C249.9,140.5,251,139.1,251,137.4 M253.5,137.4c0,3.1-2.3,5.4-5.4,5.4c-3.1,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.4c0-3,2.3-5.3,5.4-5.3C251.2,132.1,253.5,134.4,253.5,137.4"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M265.4,136.9v5.6h-2.5V137c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C263.6,132,265.4,134,265.4,136.9"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M275.3,139.1v-3.4c-0.7-1-1.7-1.4-2.7-1.4c-1.7,0-3,1.5-3,3.2c0,1.7,1.3,3.1,3,3.1 C273.7,140.6,274.6,140.2,275.3,139.1 M277.8,142.4h-2.5v-0.7c-0.8,0.6-1.9,0.9-3.1,0.9c-2.8,0-5.1-2.3-5.1-5.3 c0-2.9,2.3-5.3,5.1-5.3c1.2,0,2.3,0.3,3.1,0.9v-0.7h2.5V142.4z"/> <rect x="280.2" y="127.3" style="fill:#093266" width="2.5" height="15.1"/> <rect x="291.2" y="127.9" style="fill:#093266" width="2.6" height="14.5"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M306.5,136.9v5.6H304V137c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C304.7,132,306.5,134,306.5,136.9"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M310.3,139.1c0.2,1.2,1.1,1.7,2.5,1.7c1.2,0,2-0.4,2-1.1c0-0.5-0.4-0.9-1.2-1.1l-2.2-0.4c-1.5-0.3-3-1.1-3-2.9 c0-2,1.7-3.2,4.2-3.2c1.7,0,4.2,0.6,4.5,3.3l-2.3,0c-0.1-1-1-1.5-2.2-1.5c-1.2,0-1.8,0.5-1.8,1.1c0,0.5,0.3,1,1.4,1.2l1.9,0.3 c1.5,0.3,3,1,3,2.9c0,2.2-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3c-2.3,0-4.4-1-4.7-3.7L310.3,139.1z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M326.8,142.3c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3v-3.7h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L326.8,142.3z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M331.1,142.4h-2.5v-10.1h2.5V142.4z M328.4,128.7c0-0.9,0.7-1.5,1.5-1.5c0.9,0,1.5,0.6,1.5,1.5 c0,0.8-0.7,1.5-1.5,1.5C329.1,130.2,328.4,129.5,328.4,128.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M341.4,142.3c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3v-3.7h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L341.4,142.3z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M352.9,142.4h-2.5v-0.9c-0.9,0.7-1.9,1.2-3.1,1.2c-2.6,0-4.4-1.9-4.4-4.8v-5.6h2.5v5.4c0,1.8,0.9,2.8,2.5,2.8 c0.9,0,1.9-0.5,2.6-1.5v-6.7h2.5V142.4z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M362.9,142.3c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3v-3.7h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L362.9,142.3z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M366.3,136.5h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C367.5,134.2,366.5,135.2,366.3,136.5 M374,138.4L374,138.4h-7.7 c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C374.1,137.6,374.1,138,374,138.4"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M390.1,132.4v2.1h-3.9v8h-2.5v-8h-2.8v-2.1h2.8v-1.8c0-2.6,1.6-4.3,4.1-4.3c0.7,0,1.6,0.1,2.3,0.3l-0.4,2.1 c-0.5-0.1-1.1-0.2-1.5-0.2c-1.3,0-2.1,0.8-2.1,2v1.8H390.1z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M398.9,137.4c0-1.7-1.2-3-2.9-3c-1.7,0-2.9,1.3-2.9,3c0,1.7,1.2,3.1,2.9,3.1 C397.7,140.5,398.9,139.1,398.9,137.4 M401.4,137.4c0,3.1-2.3,5.4-5.4,5.4c-3.1,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.4c0-3,2.3-5.3,5.4-5.3 C399.1,132.1,401.4,134.4,401.4,137.4"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M405.6,133.6c0.9-0.9,2.1-1.5,3.7-1.5v2.3c-1.6,0.1-2.8,0.6-3.7,1.7v6.3h-2.5v-10.1h2.5V133.6z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M168,158.5h-2.5c-0.2-1.5-1.2-2.4-3.2-2.4c-1.7,0-2.9,0.8-2.9,2.1c0,1.1,0.8,1.6,2.3,1.9l1.8,0.4 c2.8,0.6,4.3,1.7,4.3,4c0,2.7-2.2,4.5-5.6,4.5c-3.6,0-6-1.9-6.2-5h2.5c0.3,1.7,1.7,2.8,3.8,2.8c1.8,0,2.8-0.7,2.8-2 c0-0.8-0.5-1.5-2.1-1.8l-2.4-0.5c-2.8-0.5-4.1-2-4.1-4.1c0-2.7,2.2-4.5,5.4-4.5C164.6,153.9,167.6,155,168,158.5"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M179.9,168.8h-2.5v-0.9c-0.9,0.7-1.9,1.2-3.1,1.2c-2.6,0-4.4-1.9-4.4-4.8v-5.6h2.5v5.4c0,1.8,0.9,2.8,2.5,2.8 c0.9,0,1.9-0.5,2.6-1.5v-6.7h2.5V168.8z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M184,165.4c0.2,1.2,1.1,1.7,2.5,1.7c1.2,0,2-0.4,2-1.1c0-0.5-0.4-0.9-1.2-1.1l-2.2-0.4c-1.5-0.3-3-1.1-3-2.9 c0-2,1.7-3.2,4.2-3.2c1.7,0,4.2,0.6,4.5,3.3l-2.3,0c-0.1-1-1-1.5-2.2-1.5c-1.2,0-1.8,0.5-1.8,1.1c0,0.5,0.3,1,1.4,1.2l1.9,0.3 c1.5,0.3,3,1,3,2.9c0,2.2-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3c-2.3,0-4.4-1-4.7-3.7L184,165.4z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M200.6,168.7c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3V155h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L200.6,168.7z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M209.6,165.4V162c-0.7-1-1.7-1.4-2.7-1.4c-1.7,0-3,1.5-3,3.2c0,1.7,1.3,3.1,3,3.1 C207.9,166.9,208.9,166.5,209.6,165.4 M212,168.8h-2.5v-0.7c-0.8,0.6-1.9,0.9-3.1,0.9c-2.8,0-5.1-2.3-5.1-5.3 c0-2.9,2.3-5.3,5.1-5.3c1.2,0,2.3,0.3,3.1,0.9v-0.7h2.5V168.8z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M217.1,168.8h-2.5v-10.1h2.5V168.8z M214.3,155c0-0.9,0.7-1.5,1.5-1.5c0.9,0,1.5,0.6,1.5,1.5 c0,0.8-0.7,1.5-1.5,1.5C215,156.5,214.3,155.9,214.3,155"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M229.7,163.2v5.6h-2.5v-5.4c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C227.9,158.4,229.7,160.3,229.7,163.2"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M239.4,165.4V162c-0.7-1-1.7-1.4-2.7-1.4c-1.7,0-3,1.5-3,3.2c0,1.7,1.3,3.1,3,3.1 C237.7,166.9,238.7,166.5,239.4,165.4 M241.9,168.8h-2.5v-0.7c-0.8,0.6-1.9,0.9-3.1,0.9c-2.8,0-5.1-2.3-5.1-5.3 c0-2.9,2.3-5.3,5.1-5.3c1.2,0,2.3,0.3,3.1,0.9v-0.7h2.5V168.8z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M252.2,163.7c0-1.7-1.2-3.1-3-3.1c-1,0-2,0.4-2.7,1.4v3.5c0.7,1,1.7,1.4,2.7,1.4 C251,166.9,252.2,165.4,252.2,163.7 M254.7,163.7c0,2.9-2.3,5.3-5.1,5.3c-1.2,0-2.3-0.3-3.1-0.9v0.7h-2.5v-15.1h2.5v5.8 c0.8-0.6,1.9-0.9,3.1-0.9C252.4,158.4,254.7,160.8,254.7,163.7"/> <rect x="256.5" y="153.6" style="fill:#093266" width="2.5" height="15.1"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M263.2,162.9h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C264.4,160.5,263.5,161.6,263.2,162.9 M271,164.7L271,164.7h-7.7 c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C271,163.9,271,164.3,271,164.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M284,166.4c2.9,0,5.1-2.2,5.1-4.9c0-2.7-2.2-4.8-5.1-4.8h-2.9v9.8H284z M284,154.3c4.5,0,7.7,3,7.7,7.2 c0,4.2-3.3,7.3-7.7,7.3h-5.4v-14.5H284z"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M295.5,162.9h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C296.7,160.5,295.8,161.6,295.5,162.9 M303.3,164.7L303.3,164.7 h-7.7c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C303.3,163.9,303.3,164.3,303.3,164.7"/> <polygon style="fill:#093266" points="310.4,168.8 308.2,168.8 303.6,158.7 306.2,158.7 309.3,165.6 312.4,158.7 315,158.7 "/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M317.5,162.9h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C318.7,160.5,317.8,161.6,317.5,162.9 M325.3,164.7L325.3,164.7 h-7.7c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C325.3,163.9,325.3,164.3,325.3,164.7"/> <rect x="327.3" y="153.6" style="fill:#093266" width="2.5" height="15.1"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M339.6,163.7c0-1.7-1.2-3-2.9-3c-1.7,0-2.9,1.3-2.9,3c0,1.7,1.2,3.1,2.9,3.1 C338.4,166.8,339.6,165.5,339.6,163.7 M342,163.7c0,3.1-2.3,5.4-5.4,5.4c-3.1,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.4c0-3,2.3-5.3,5.4-5.3 C339.7,158.4,342,160.7,342,163.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M351.7,163.7c0-1.7-1.2-3.2-3-3.2c-1,0-2,0.4-2.7,1.4v3.5c0.7,1,1.7,1.4,2.7,1.4 C350.5,166.9,351.7,165.4,351.7,163.7 M354.2,163.7c0,2.9-2.3,5.3-5.1,5.3c-1.2,0-2.3-0.3-3.1-0.9v5.8h-2.5v-15.1h2.5v0.7 c0.8-0.6,1.9-0.9,3.1-0.9C351.9,158.4,354.2,160.8,354.2,163.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M372.7,163.2v5.6h-2.5v-5.4c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.4-2.8c-0.8,0-1.6,0.4-2.3,1.4c0.1,0.4,0.1,0.8,0.1,1.2v5.6h-2.5 v-5.4c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.4-2.8c-0.7,0-1.5,0.4-2.2,1.3v6.8h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.7c0.7-0.6,1.4-1,2.7-1c1.3,0,2.5,0.6,3.3,1.5 c1.1-1,2.1-1.5,3.8-1.5C370.8,158.4,372.7,160.3,372.7,163.2"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M376.8,162.9h5.3c-0.2-1.4-1.1-2.3-2.6-2.3C378,160.5,377.1,161.6,376.8,162.9 M384.6,164.7L384.6,164.7h-7.7 c0.3,1.3,1.2,2.2,2.9,2.2c1,0,1.7-0.3,2-0.9h2.6c-0.6,1.9-2.4,3-4.7,3c-3.2,0-5.4-2.3-5.4-5.3c0-3,2.1-5.3,5.4-5.3 c2.8,0,4.9,2.1,4.9,5.1C384.7,163.9,384.7,164.3,384.6,164.7"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M396.6,163.2v5.6h-2.5v-5.4c0-1.8-0.9-2.8-2.5-2.8c-0.9,0-1.8,0.5-2.6,1.5v6.7h-2.5v-10.1h2.5v0.8 c0.9-0.7,1.9-1.2,3.1-1.2C394.8,158.4,396.6,160.3,396.6,163.2"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M406.4,168.7c-1.1,0.3-1.6,0.4-2.5,0.4c-2.4,0-3.9-1.6-3.9-4.2v-4.1h-2.3v-2.1h2.3V155h2.5v3.7h3.7v2.1h-3.7 v4.1c0,1.3,0.7,1.9,1.9,1.9c0.6,0,1.2-0.1,1.7-0.3L406.4,168.7z"/> </g> <g class="c-header__logo-acronym"> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M241.5,54.9c-7.2-1.3-10.1-3-10.1-8.4c0-5.2,4.7-9.1,12.5-9.1c7.5,0,13,2.5,19.9,7.7l5.3-12.2 c-7.8-6-15.2-9-26.4-9c-17,0-28.4,9.5-28.4,23.1c0,13.3,7.6,19.6,21.2,22.2l12,2.3c7.3,1.3,8.9,4.9,8.8,8c-0.1,4.4-3.5,8-11.7,8 c-8.6-0.2-17.8-4.1-24.5-9.7l-5.4,12.5c6.6,6.6,21.3,11,29.1,11c17.8,0,29.5-9.4,29.5-23.6c0-12.4-8.2-18-22.4-21.1L241.5,54.9z"/> <rect x="157.8" y="25.6" style="fill:#093266" width="15.8" height="74.2"/> <rect x="186.6" y="25.6" style="fill:#093266" width="15.8" height="74.2"/> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M313.3,85.4c13.2,0,23.7-10,23.7-22.9c0-12.4-10.5-22.4-23.7-22.4h-13.1v45.3H313.3z M313.3,25.6 c22.8,0,39.7,15.6,39.7,36.8c0,21.6-16.9,37.5-39.7,37.5h-28.9V25.6H313.3z"/> </g> <g class="c-header__logo-symbol"> <path style="fill:#093266" d="M37.3,103.1C17.9,90.7,9.8,65.7,19.2,43.9c9.5-21.8,33.3-32.9,55.6-27.1L81,2.6c-30.1-9-63,5.7-75.8,35.2 C-7.6,67.3,4,101.4,31.2,117.3L37.3,103.1z"/> <path style="fill:#29C3EC" d="M95,8.8l-6.2,14.2c19.2,12.4,27.3,37.4,17.9,59c-9.4,21.7-33.1,32.8-55.4,27.2l-6.2,14.2 c30,8.9,62.8-5.8,75.6-35.3C133.6,58.6,122,24.7,95,8.8"/> </g> </svg> </a> <button class="c-header__menu-toggle js-header-menu-toggle">Menu</button> </div> <div class="c-header__content-wrapper js-header-content-wrapper"> <div class="c-header__content-inner"> <nav class="c-header__menu"> <ul class="c-main-menu"> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--about c-main-menu__item--expanded c-main-menu__item--has-sub-menu has-sub-menu"> <a href="/mission-and-goals" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About</a> <button class="c-main-menu__expand-button js-submenu-toggle"> <svg class="c-main-menu__expand-icon o-svg o-svg--arrow-down"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=11#arrow-down"/> </svg> </button> <ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu js-sub-menu"> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--mission-and-goals"> <a href="/mission-and-goals" title="About IISD" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">Mission and Goals</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--our-team"> <a href="/about/teams" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Our Team</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--impact"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/our-impact" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Impact</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--sustainable-development"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/sustainable-development" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15044">Sustainable Development</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--employment"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/employment-and-consulting" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Employment</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--annual-reports"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/annual-reports" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Annual Reports</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--funders"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/funders" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18132">Funders</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--issues c-main-menu__item--expanded c-main-menu__item--active-trail is-active-trail c-main-menu__item--has-sub-menu has-sub-menu"> <a href="/strategic-priorities" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">Issues</a> <button class="c-main-menu__expand-button js-submenu-toggle"> <svg class="c-main-menu__expand-icon o-svg o-svg--arrow-down"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=11#arrow-down"/> </svg> </button> <ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu js-sub-menu"> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--strategic-priorities"> <a href="/strategic-priorities" title="Our strategic priorities" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">Strategic Priorities</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--work-areas"> <a href="/strategic-priorities/work-areas" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Work Areas</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--climate"> <a href="/focus-areas/climate" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/73">Climate</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--resources"> <a href="/focus-areas/resources" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Resources</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--economies c-main-menu__item--active-trail is-active-trail"> <a href="/focus-areas/economies" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">Economies</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--articles c-main-menu__item--expanded c-main-menu__item--has-sub-menu has-sub-menu"> <a href="/articles" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16400">Articles</a> <button class="c-main-menu__expand-button js-submenu-toggle"> <svg class="c-main-menu__expand-icon o-svg o-svg--arrow-down"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=11#arrow-down"/> </svg> </button> <ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu js-sub-menu"> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--insights"> <a href="/articles/insights" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16398">Insights</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--deep-dives"> <a href="/articles/deep-dives" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16402">Deep Dives</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--explainers"> <a href="/articles/explainers" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16407">Explainers</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--policy-analysis"> <a href="/articles/policy-analysis" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16405">Policy Analysis</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--success-stories"> <a href="/articles/success-stories" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/41">Success Stories</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--publications"> <a href="/publications" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/36">Publications</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--events"> <a href="/events" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Events</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--newsroom c-main-menu__item--expanded c-main-menu__item--has-sub-menu has-sub-menu"> <a href="/press" title="Latest news and announcements" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42">Newsroom</a> <button class="c-main-menu__expand-button js-submenu-toggle"> <svg class="c-main-menu__expand-icon o-svg o-svg--arrow-down"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=11#arrow-down"/> </svg> </button> <ul class="c-main-menu__sub-menu js-sub-menu"> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--press"> <a href="/press" title="Recent press releases and announcements" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42">Press</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--media-coverage"> <a href="/press/media-coverage" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43">Media Coverage</a> </li> <li class="c-main-menu__item js-menu-item c-main-menu__item--newsletter"> <a href="/newsletter-signup" class="c-main-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6">Newsletter</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <button class="c-header__search-button js-header-search-button" aria-label="Click to open the search form"> <span class="c-header__search-button-text u-accessible-hide">Click to open the search form</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#search"/> </svg> </button> <div class="c-header-search js-header-search" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="c-header-search__label"> <p class="u-accessible-hide" id="c-header-search__label">Search the site</p> <div class="c-header-search__container u-container"> <div class="c-header-search__inner"> <form class="c-header-search__form" action="/search" method="get" role="search" aria-label="Sitewide"> <input class="c-header-search__keyword-input js-search-keywords" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search here..." type="search" name="keywords" value="" size="15" maxlength="128"/> <button class="c-header-search__submit-button" title="Search all content" type="submit" value=""> <span class="c-header-search__button-text u-accessible-hide">Search</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#search"/> </svg> </button> </form> <button class="c-header-search__cancel js-header-search-close"> Cancel </button> </div> </div> </div> <form class="c-header-search-mobile" action="/search" method="get" role="search" aria-label="Sitewide"> <input class="c-header-search-mobile__keyword-input js-search-keywords" title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search here..." type="search" name="keywords" value="" size="15" maxlength="128"/> <button class="c-header-search-mobile__submit-button" title="Search all content" type="submit" value=""> <span class="c-header-search-mobile__button-text u-accessible-hide">Search</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--search"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#search"/> </svg> </button> </form> <aside class="c-header__aside"> <a href="/donate" class="c-header__aside-button o-button o-button--outline">Donate</a> <button class="c-header__aside-social-button js-header-social-open"> Follow us </button> <div class="c-header__aside-sharing"> <div class="c-social-icons c-social-icons--mobile-header"> <span class="c-social-icons__title">Follow us:</span> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://ca.linkedin.com/company/international-institute-for-sustainable-development" title="Follow us on Linkedin" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--linkedin c-social-icons--mobile-header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#linkedin"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://twitter.com/iisd_news" title="Follow us on X" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--x c-social-icons--mobile-header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#x"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/IISDnews?ref=ts&fref=ts" title="Follow us on Facebook" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--facebook c-social-icons--mobile-header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#facebook"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/iisdvideo" title="See our channel on Youtube" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--youtube c-social-icons--mobile-header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#youtube"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="c-header-social js-header-social" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="c-header-social__label"> <div class="c-header-social__container u-container"> <div class="c-header-social__inner"> <p class="u-accessible-hide" id="c-header-social__label">Links to social media channels</p> <div class="c-social-icons c-social-icons--header"> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://ca.linkedin.com/company/international-institute-for-sustainable-development" title="Follow us on Linkedin" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--linkedin c-social-icons--header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#linkedin"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://twitter.com/iisd_news" title="Follow us on X" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--x c-social-icons--header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#x"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/IISDnews?ref=ts&fref=ts" title="Follow us on Facebook" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--facebook c-social-icons--header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#facebook"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/iisdvideo" title="See our channel on Youtube" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--youtube c-social-icons--header"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#youtube"/> </svg> </a> </div> <button class="c-header-social__close js-header-social-close">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="c-secondary-navigation"> <div class="u-container"> <nav class="c-secondary-navigation__menu"> <ul class="c-secondary-menu"> <li class="c-secondary-menu__item js-menu-item"> <a href="/strategic-priorities/work-areas" class="c-secondary-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Trending:</a> </li> <li class="c-secondary-menu__item js-menu-item"> <a href="/inside-cop-29" class="c-secondary-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18470">COP 29</a> </li> <li class="c-secondary-menu__item js-menu-item"> <a href="/inside-inc-5" class="c-secondary-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18532">INC-5</a> </li> <li class="c-secondary-menu__item js-menu-item"> <a href="/topics/nature" class="c-secondary-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15491">Nature</a> </li> <li class="c-secondary-menu__item js-menu-item"> <a href="/topics/gender-equality" class="c-secondary-menu__item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4470">Gender Equality</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <main id="main-content"> <div class="c-banner"> <div class="c-media c-media--image c-media--banner"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_small_mobile/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg.webp?itok=ZXxKmXBa 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_mobile/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?h=62419acd&itok=I0vrOe8K 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?h=62419acd&itok=J-PTTuUO 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_small_desktop/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?h=62419acd&itok=oz6xvqmT 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_desktop/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?h=62419acd&itok=iU2BNGbc 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/banner_mobile/public/2020-07/RS2058_Workers%20assembling%20and%20testing%20lighters%20in%20factory%20-%20Xuyi%2C%20China%20-%20May%209%202014.jpg?h=62419acd&itok=I0vrOe8K" alt="Workers assembling and testing lighters in factory in China" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <article role="article" about="/focus-areas/economies" class="is-focus-area"> <section class="c-single-header " id="single-header"> <nav class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--increased-padding" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"> <div class="u-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item"> <a href="/strategic-priorities" class="c-breadcrumbs__link"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--breadcrumb-arrow c-breadcrumbs__arrow"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#breadcrumb-arrow"/> </svg> <span class="c-breadcrumbs__label-text">Issues</span> </a> </li> </ol> </div> </nav> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-single-header__content"> <h1 class="c-single-header__heading" lang="en"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Economies</span> </h1> <div class="c-single-header__description" lang="en"> <p>IISD works to level the economic playing field and address unfair rules so everyone has an equal chance to prosper.</p> </div> </div> </div> <style> </style> </section> <article class="o-section o-section--small-margin o-section--wysiwyg paragraph paragraph--type--wysiwyg paragraph--view-mode--default component-24036"> <div class="u-container"> <section class="o-section__content o-content-from-editor js-content-from-editor" lang="en"> <p>A cleaner and more equitable world will deliver real benefits for people and the planet. But everyone is not on a level playing field at the moment. And the pandemic has made things worse.</p> <p><a href="/topics/coronavirus-covid-19" target="_blank" title="Coronavirus (COVID-19)">COVID-19</a> has shown how corrosive inequality is and how urgently we need to build more sustainable and inclusive economies. No country is immune.</p> <p>IISD draws on three decades of international expertise to propose economic pathways that set the world on a sustainable trajectory.</p> <p>We push for needed reforms to <a href="/topics/governance-and-multilateral-agreements" target="_blank">global economic governance systems</a>, help emerging economies <a href="/topics/investment-law-policy" target="_blank">negotiate fair deals</a>, and promote the benefits of <a href="/topics/infrastructure" target="_blank" title="Infrastructure ">sustainable infrastructure</a> and <a href="https://www.iisd.org/savi/nbi/" target="_blank">nature-based solutions</a>.</p> </section> <aside class="o-section__aside"> </aside> </div> </article> <style> </style> <section class="c-featured-boxes o-section paragraph paragraph--type--featured-boxes paragraph--view-mode--default component-38176" id=component-38176> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-featured-boxes__heading o-block-heading"> <h2 class="o-block-heading__heading"> Featured topics </h2> </div> <div class="c-featured-boxes__inner o-card-container js-featured-box-container"> <a href="/topics/investment-law-policy" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Investment Law &amp; Policy"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=6eej9ygW 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=4WyPyFPu 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=2ZJ0Mrqr 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=sayP1G4f 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=lALAjsu4 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2067_investment-law-policy-topic.jpg?h=37841612&itok=4WyPyFPu" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4472"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Investment Law & Policy</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> How can we ensure developing economies attract international investment that promotes sustainable development? </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/trade" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Trade"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=Yqp3raGD 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=9A2ii6W2 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=Kz891k3U 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=hx3mLrrt 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=kwqaM_T5 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2024-05/trading-ship-under-bridge-trade-topic_0.jpg?h=a39026df&itok=9A2ii6W2" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4476"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Trade</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> IISD’s work shapes trade policy so it advances sustainable, low-carbon development. </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/standards-and-value-chains" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Standards and Value Chains"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=AbL9PcH4 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=87CFux_M 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=70nuOnkh 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=GB3E-_Q6 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=JTbZm4Lv 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2073_standards-value-chains-topic.jpg?h=f85d559c&itok=87CFux_M" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4473"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Standards and Value Chains</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> If designed and used appropriately, sustainability standards can help advance more sustainable production, consumption, and trade. </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <style> </style> <section class="c-featured-boxes o-section paragraph paragraph--type--featured-boxes paragraph--view-mode--default component-38213" id=component-38213> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-featured-boxes__heading o-block-heading"> <h2 class="o-block-heading__heading"> Featured projects </h2> </div> <div class="c-featured-boxes__inner o-card-container js-featured-box-container"> <a href="/projects/investment-policy-forum" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="Investment Policy Forum"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=qYzj3zKD 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=2zr8OXHT 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=L9ugpdwu 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=wDlQheqU 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=XW0k4Upd 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/iStock_000061728890_Large_Rickshaw.jpg?h=17850c86&itok=2zr8OXHT" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="6090"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Investment Policy Forum</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> IISD's Investment Policy Forum is the world's only platform for investment negotiators from developing countries and a driving force for global sustainable investment reform. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/projects/investment-treaty-news" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="Investment Treaty News"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=IiM2A1b- 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=pARciNaW 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=Vdaw5giQ 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=2Ejx9ttK 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=2M3E_ELG 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/itn-banner.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=pARciNaW" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="6150"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Investment Treaty News</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Investment Treaty News is IISD's long-running flagship journal, offering our global readership the latest news, analysis, and ideas on how international investment impacts sustainable development. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/projects/sustainable-asset-valuation-savi" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="The Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi)"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=nD7c-jEo 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=KlQGqcat 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=Y8bpzwDN 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=jdEsKsw4 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=E39sMhBG 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/iStock_000039776380_Medium.jpg?h=c3f5738d&itok=KlQGqcat" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="6116"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi)</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> IISD developed the Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) to demonstrate to governments, investors and citizens why sustainable assets can deliver better value for money and more attractive internal rates of return. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/projects/energy-charter-treaty" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="The Energy Charter Treaty"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=viC2sAA7 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=ka1kOpOj 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=PmSzHCbg 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=w0cS3c16 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=dO6cZP3C 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/ITN%20v10i4%20-%20Insight%201%20-%20Voon.jpg?h=e7fbe004&itok=ka1kOpOj" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="12286"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Energy Charter Treaty</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is an energy investment agreement that has grown into an obstacle to impactful climate policies—and a safeguard for the fossil fuel industry. In April 2024, the European Parliament voted for the European Union's historic withdrawal from the treaty. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/projects/sustainable-infrastructure-programme-asia-sipa" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="Sustainable Infrastructure Programme in Asia (SIPA)"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=jUJbhGsF 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=g8hk_sD8 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=301CWccq 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=SzOCEDIU 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=qxwC2gJW 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2022-02/smog-pollution-jakarta-indonesia.jpg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=g8hk_sD8" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="17871"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sustainable Infrastructure Programme in Asia (SIPA)</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> SIPA provides countries in Central and Southeast Asia with capacity development and policy advice at different stages of the infrastructure investment cycle. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/projects/state-sustainability-initiatives" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small c-featured-box--layout-three has-link has-summary" title="State of Sustainability Initiatives"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--project"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=pgZ1I7Nu 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=SGKeZ83V 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=sklUdS-L 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=D0vAVxIT 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=nLH0i4vE 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/ssi-featured-image.png?h=140a2dec&itok=SGKeZ83V" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="12278"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">State of Sustainability Initiatives</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Credible and solution-oriented research, dialogue, and strategic advice for decision-makers about voluntary sustainability standards and other supportive initiatives. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Project</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> <style> </style> <style> </style> <section class="o-section c-listing view view-taxonomy-item-listing view-id-taxonomy_item_listing view-display-id-focus_areas has-no-filters"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-listing__heading o-block-heading"> <h2 class="o-block-heading__heading"> Latest </h2> </div> <div class="c-listing__content-wrapper"> <div class="c-listing__items"> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/articles/statement/cop-29-moves-needle-on-finance" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="COP 29 Outcome Moves Needle on Finance"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18567"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"> COP 29 Outcome Moves Needle on Finance </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> In the last hours of negotiations, concerted pressure from the most vulnerable developing countries resulted in an improved outcome on the finance target, with a decision to set a goal of at least USD 300 billion per year by 2035 for developing countries to advance their climate action. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Statement</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 23, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/articles/insight/hidden-clauses-tax-investment-policy-reform" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="The Hidden Clauses That Can Hinder Tax and Investment Policy Reform"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18566"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"> The Hidden Clauses That Can Hinder Tax and Investment Policy Reform </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Stabilization clauses should no longer automatically be included in contracts between states and investors. If they are, they should, at a minimum, build on the latest international standards on stabilization to avoid being a barrier to sustainable development. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Insight</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 22, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/publications/newsletter/november-2024-carbon-minefields" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="November 2024 | Carbon Minefields Oil and Gas Exploration Monitor"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18555"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">November 2024 | Carbon Minefields Oil and Gas Exploration Monitor</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> In October 2024, 20 oil and gas exploration licences were awarded across three countries, with a significant portion granted by Brazil. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Newsletter</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 21, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/publications/report/green-public-procurement-indonesia" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="Green Public Procurement in Indonesia"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18556"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Green Public Procurement in Indonesia</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> This report explores the state of green public procurement (GPP) in Indonesia and offers key strategies for advancing sustainable procurement practices. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Report</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 20, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/articles/press-release/europe-dash-gas-africa-puts-private-profits-first" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="Europe’s Dash for Gas in Africa puts Private Profits First"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18549"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"> Europe’s Dash for Gas in Africa puts Private Profits First </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Europe’s demand for gas is contributing to expansion of LNG projects in Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal. This favours the interests of European oil and gas companies over those of African countries, a new report shows. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Press release</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 19, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/articles/press-release/united-kingdom-new-zealand-colombia-join-coffis" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="The United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Colombia Join Coalition to Phase Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18552"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"> The United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Colombia Join Coalition to Phase Out Fossil Fuel Subsidies </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Today on the sidelines of the UN Climate Conference in Baku (COP 29), the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Colombia joined the international Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS). </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Press release</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 19, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/publications/report/sustainable-asset-valuation-aquaculture-madagascar" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of Aquaculture in Madagascar"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18554"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sustainable Asset Valuation (SAVi) of Aquaculture in Madagascar</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> In this integrated cost-benefit analysis, the Nature-Based Infrastructure Global Resource Centre analyzes the potential of sustainable aquaculture practices to enhance nutrition and protect the environment in Madagascar. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Report</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 19, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="views-row"> <a href="/publications/report/leveraging-digital-infrastructure-mining" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-large has-link has-summary" title="Leveraging Digital Infrastructure for Mining Community Resilience"> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="18545"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Leveraging Digital Infrastructure for Mining Community Resilience</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> This report explores the socio-economic impacts and potential of new technologies in the mining sector. </p> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__meta"> <p class="c-featured-box__subtype">Report</p> <p class="c-featured-box__date">November 18, 2024</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <nav class="c-pager" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="u-accessible-hide">Pagination</h4> <ul class="c-pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="c-pager__button c-pager__button--first"> <a class="c-pager__button-link c-pager__button-link--icon c-pager__button-link--first is-inactive" href="" title="Go to first page"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">« First</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--double-chevron c-pager__icon c-pager__icon--first"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#double-chevron"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button c-pager__button--prev"> <a class="c-pager__button-link c-pager__button-link--icon c-pager__button-link--prev is-inactive" href="" title="Go to previous page" rel="prev"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">‹ Previous</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-pager__icon c-pager__icon--prev"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#chevron"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button"> <a class="c-pager__button-link is-active" href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=0" title="Current page"> <span class="u-accessible-hide"> Current page </span>1</a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button"> <a class="c-pager__button-link" href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="u-accessible-hide"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button"> <a class="c-pager__button-link" href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=2" title="Go to page 3"> <span class="u-accessible-hide"> Page </span>3</a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button"> <a class="c-pager__button-link" href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=3" title="Go to page 4"> <span class="u-accessible-hide"> Page </span>4</a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button"> <a class="c-pager__button-link" href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=4" title="Go to page 5"> <span class="u-accessible-hide"> Page </span>5</a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button c-pager__button--ellipsis" role="presentation">…</li> <li class="c-pager__button c-pager__button--next"> <a class="c-pager__button-link c-pager__button-link--icon c-pager__button-link--next " href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">Next ›</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--chevron c-pager__icon c-pager__icon--next"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#chevron"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-pager__button c-pager__button--last"> <a class="c-pager__button-link c-pager__button-link--icon c-pager__button-link--last " href="?q=focus-areas/economies&page=193" title="Go to last page"> <span class="u-accessible-hide">Last »</span> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--double-chevron c-pager__icon c-pager__icon--last"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#double-chevron"/> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </section> <section class="c-featured-boxes o-section" id="featured-boxes"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-featured-boxes__heading o-block-heading"> <h2 class="o-block-heading__heading"> Other related topics </h2> </div> <div class="o-card-container"> <a href="/topics/circular-economy" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Circular Economy"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=E0N_Tgr1 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=-i9wpTcS 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=a_5u77wQ 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=UZrPnJEG 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=NBgZTWSY 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2078_circular-economy-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=-i9wpTcS" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4484"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Circular Economy </span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> In a circular economy, products are designed, produced, and used to reduce waste and regenerate natural systems. </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/sustainable-finance" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Sustainable Finance"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=uumh7oN9 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=l1a5mcGM 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=tf9Tibau 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=nz_2iGg3 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=g7roT5wW 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2021-06/iStock-812308068.jpg?h=140710cd&itok=l1a5mcGM" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4471"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Sustainable Finance</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Sustainable finance has gained considerable traction in recent years, becoming a significant trend in the financial industry. </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/infrastructure" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Infrastructure"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=l2fGWsXg 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=bZCOKzgK 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=mWNaTaw5 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=Cf6CjpmF 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=QdR0d2rr 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2066_infrastructure-topic.jpg?h=4ffac15b&itok=bZCOKzgK" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4483"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Infrastructure </span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Infrastructure is the backbone of sustainable development and a powerful driver of economic activity. </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/public-procurement" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Public Procurement"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=adjiFgIK 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=gu386RjT 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=X7KYBXWY 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=04I8cb59 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=8UwxY16d 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2023-04/rs4336_istock-645656026-scr.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=gu386RjT" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4474"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Procurement</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> Government purchasing power should be leveraged towards buying the most sustainable goods, services, and works. </p> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/topics/responsible-business" class="c-featured-box c-featured-box--size-small has-link has-summary" title="Responsible Business"> <div class="c-featured-box__image-wrapper c-featured-box__image-wrapper--topic"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=rjbf99WK 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 480px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=zQ50QKk7 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 767px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_tablet/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=PHYYPvds 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1017px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_small_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=2G8NttTR 1x" media="only screen and (max-width: 1275px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_desktop/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=1KrcngJu 1x" media="only screen and (min-width: 1276px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_box_landscape_mobile/public/2020-06/RS2072_responsible-business-topic.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=zQ50QKk7" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </div> <div class="c-featured-box__content-wrapper js-featured-box" data-node-id="4481"> <div> <h3 class="c-featured-box__title"> <span class="c-featured-box__title-text"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Responsible Business</span> </span> </h3> <p class="c-featured-box__summary"> By adopting sustainable practices, companies can gain a competitive edge, increase their market share, and boost shareholder value. </p> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </article> <div class="u-clear"></div> </div> </main> <footer class="c-footer"> <div class="c-footer__top"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-footer__inner c-footer__inner--top"> <div class="c-social-icons c-social-icons--inline-title"> <span class="c-social-icons__title">Follow us:</span> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://ca.linkedin.com/company/international-institute-for-sustainable-development" title="Follow us on Linkedin" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--linkedin c-social-icons--inline-title"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#linkedin"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://twitter.com/iisd_news" title="Follow us on X" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--x c-social-icons--inline-title"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#x"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/IISDnews?ref=ts&fref=ts" title="Follow us on Facebook" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--facebook c-social-icons--inline-title"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#facebook"/> </svg> </a> <a class="c-social-icons__icon-link" href="http://www.youtube.com/user/iisdvideo" title="See our channel on Youtube" target="_blank"><svg class="o-svg o-svg--youtube c-social-icons--inline-title"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#youtube"/> </svg> </a> </div> <nav aria-labelledby="block-footer-menu-menu" id="block-footer-menu" class="c-footer__menu block block-menu navigation menu--footer"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer-menu-menu">Footer menu</h2> <ul class="c-footer__menu-list"> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact" class="c-footer__menu-item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3">Contact</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/mission-and-goals/employment-and-consulting" class="c-footer__menu-item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Employment</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="c-footer__menu-item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15078">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/ethics" class="c-footer__menu-item-link">Ethics</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="c-footer__menu-item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7">Privacy Policy</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/terms-and-conditions" class="c-footer__menu-item-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/15475">Terms and Conditions</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://www.iisd.org/podcast" class="c-footer__menu-item-link">Podcast</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__bottom"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-footer__inner c-footer__inner--bottom"> <div class="c-footer__credit-container"> <svg class="o-svg o-svg--iisd-logo c-footer__logo-svg"> <use class="o-svg__use" xlink:href="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/img/symbol/svg/sprite.symbol.svg?v=12#iisd-logo"/> </svg> <small class="c-footer__credit"> © 2024 International Institute for Sustainable Development. </small> </div> <form class="c-footer__newsletter-form" method="GET" action="https://www.iisd.org/newsletter-signup"> <label class="c-footer__newsletter-title">Sign up to IISD’s newsletter</label> <div class="c-footer__newsletter-form-content"> <input class="c-footer__newsletter-form-input" type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" required/> <button class="c-footer__newsletter-form-submit o-button" type="submit">Sign up</button> </div> </form> <div class="c-footer__newsletter-button"> <span class="c-footer__newsletter-title">Sign up to IISD’s newsletter</span> <a class="c-footer__newsletter-button-link o-button" href="https://www.iisd.org/newsletter-signup" title="Go to the newsletter sign up page">Sign up</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div class="c-newsletter-popup"> <form class="c-newsletter-popup__form" method="GET" action="https://www.iisd.org/newsletter-signup"> <label class="c-newsletter-popup__title">Looking for more? Sign up for our newsletter</label> <div class="c-newsletter-popup__form-content"> <input class="c-newsletter-popup__form-input" type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" required/> <button class="c-newsletter-popup__form-submit o-button" type="submit"> Sign up </button> </div> <div class="c-newsletter-popup__description"> Read our <a class="c-newsletter-popup__link" href="https://www.iisd.org/privacy-policy"> Privacy policy </a>. </div> </form> <div class="c-newsletter-popup__button"> <a class="c-c-newsletter-popup__button-link o-button" href="https://www.iisd.org/newsletter-signup" title="Go to the newsletter sign up page"> Sign up </a> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/75","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en","currentQuery":{"q":"focus-areas\/economies"}},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"simple_popup_blocks":{"settings":[{"identifier":"c-newsletter-popup","uid":"newsletter_popup","type":"1","css_selector":"0","layout":"3","visit_counts":"0","overlay":"0","trigger_method":"0","trigger_selector":"#custom-css-id","enable_escape":"0","delay":"0","minimize":"0","close":"1","use_time_frequency":"0","time_frequency":"3600","show_minimized_button":"0","width":"386","cookie_expiry":"100","status":"1","trigger_width":""}]},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBy clicking the Accept button, you agree to us doing so.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003ENo, thanks\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/privacy-policy","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":false,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":true,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":0,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":true,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"close_banner","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"49626ab4d8d89daeac5f85d44733b4742e0398e7543b8ab75a59b24ef539b887"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.6.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/element.matches.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/object.assign.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery-once/jquery.once.min.js?v=2.2.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/picturefill/picturefill.min.js?v=3.0.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.once.bc.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/simple_popup_blocks/js/simple_popup_blocks.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-throttle-debounce/1.1/jquery.ba-throttle-debounce.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.perfect-scrollbar/1.4.0/perfect-scrollbar.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/svg4everybody/2.1.9/svg4everybody.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/object-fit-images/3.2.4/ofi.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/magnific-popup.js/1.1.0/jquery.magnific-popup.min.js"></script> <script src="/themes/iisd-shared/iisd_base/assets/js/header.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/themes/iisd-shared/iisd_base/assets/js/header-search.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/themes/iisd-shared/iisd_base/assets/js/social-sharing.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/themes/iisd-shared/iisd_base/assets/js/responsive-table.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/js-cookie/js.cookie.min.js?v=3.0.1"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-once/2.2.3/jquery.once.min.js"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/js/featured-box.js?snd9w8"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/js/header-social.js?snd9w8"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/js/newsletter-popup.js?snd9w8"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=9.5.11" defer></script> <script src="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/src/node_modules/sticky-js/dist/sticky.min.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/iisd/assets/js/in-page-navigation.js?v=1"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/iisd_backend/assets/js/paragraphs.js?v=1"></script> </body> </html>