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That puts the Republicans opposing it in an awkward position. @liamdenning teamed up with @EnergyCredit1 to follow the money"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2024-opinion-biden-ira-sends-green-energy-investment-republican-districts/img/social/2024-opinion-energy-inflation-reduction-act-social.png"><meta name="twitter:description" content="The White House’s policies have fueled plans for more than $200 billion in cleantech manufacturing investments — mostly in districts with Republican lawmakers opposed to the agenda."><meta name="parsely-section" content="view"> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Liam Denning"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Jeff Davies"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Elaine He"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Carolyn Silverman"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Taylor Tyson"}],"dateCreated":"2024-06-20T09:30:02.945Z","dateModified":"2024-06-20T09:30:02.945Z","datePublished":"2024-06-20T09:30:02.945Z","description":"The White House’s policies have fueled plans for more than $200 billion in cleantech manufacturing investments — mostly in districts with Republican lawmakers opposed to the agenda. 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https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 480w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 640w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 720w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 960w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 1020w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 1200w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 1280w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 1400w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 1800w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 2000w, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/izjFsOMWAFs4/v0/-999x-999.gif 2400w, 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Each bubble represents a Congressional House district, sized according to the amount of cleantech investments announced during the Biden administration." loading="lazy" class="opinion-lede"> </dvz-bpix> </dvz-lede-image-container> <h1 class="container-width svelte-1xhl1ke"> Biden Is Giving Red Districts an Inconvenient Gift: Green Jobs </h1> <h2 class="copy-width svelte-fg6o09"> The White House’s policies have fueled plans for more than $200 billion in cleantech manufacturing investments — mostly in districts with Republican lawmakers opposed to the agenda. </h2> <dvz-bydek class="copy-width svelte-19j0ey5"><dvz-byline class="copy-width svelte-65k9qz"><span>By</span> <span class="item svelte-1bptue3 comma"><span><a href="https://bloomberg.com/opinion/authors/ASe2HvynvWg/liam-denning" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Liam Denning</a></span> </span><span class="item svelte-1bptue3 comma"><span><a href="https://bloomberg.com/opinion/authors/AV5aUGNJiIU/jeff-davies" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Jeff Davies</a></span> </span><span class="item svelte-1bptue3 comma"><span><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/authors/AS0eH95IwdI/elaine-he" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Elaine He</a></span> </span><span class="item svelte-1bptue3 and"><span><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/authors/AWvKP2K2lFM/carolyn-silverman" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Carolyn Silverman</a></span> </span><span class="item svelte-1bptue3"><span><a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/authors/AWuCY9LuxGg/taylor-tyson" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Taylor Tyson</a></span> </span> <span class="dvz-v1-eyebrow dvz-v1-eyebrow-attribution"></span> </dvz-byline> <dvz-dateline class="copy-width svelte-iza9dx"> <time datetime="2024-06-20T09:30:00.000Z" title="June 20, 2024 at 5:30 AM EDT">June 20, 2024</time> </dvz-dateline> <div class="dvz-social-media-buttons "></div> <div class="dvz-v0-ad svelte-50u7zb dvz-v0-ad-sponsored"></div> </dvz-bydek> </figure> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">The single largest investment in the burgeoning US green energy supply chain involves a construction site the size of 121 football fields near Greensboro, North Carolina, and a check for $13.9 billion. By 2030, the Toyota Corp. facility could be employing more than 5,000 people cranking out enough batteries to power half-a-million new electric vehicles each year. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">What’s not to like about that? This seemingly rhetorical question actually demands an answer given America’s partisan divide over climate change. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">The Toyota project, which began with a $1.3 billion initial investment announced in 2021, massively expanded after passage the following year of the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/" data-svelte-h="svelte-trzh0x">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (IRA), President Joe Biden’s signature green legislation offering hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidies for clean technology. The IRA was unanimously opposed by Republicans in Congress. Its cousin, the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/" data-svelte-h="svelte-al4ip8">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>, containing a smaller set of cleantech subsidies, was nominally bipartisan but only drew 13 “yeas” from House Republicans when it passed in 2021. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">One Republican critic of the IRA said, using fairly typical language, that it would “raise taxes” and “throw money at woke climate and social programs that won’t work.” That critic, <a href="https://hudson.house.gov/press-releases/hudson-opposes-democrats-bill-to-increase-taxes-spending-and-big-government" data-svelte-h="svelte-69t9lq">Rep. Richard Hudson,</a> represents North Carolina’s 9th district, which happens to be where Toyota is building that mammoth battery plant. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Hudson’s district epitomizes a peculiarity of the US energy transition — and a growing problem for Republicans. There is a certain luxury enjoyed by politicians who can be rhetorically against something while still quietly welcoming any dollars and jobs that it brings to their constituents. Looking ahead to November, if Republicans are empowered to a point where they actually could vote those dollars away, it would present a much thornier dilemma — and a moment of truth. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">What’s more, factors such as abundant land and cheaper labor have drawn billions of dollars in cleantech investment not only to red districts but also to the swing states that will likely determine who prevails in the race for the White House. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Bloomberg Opinion teamed up with Jeff Davies, founder of <a href="https://www.enerwrap.com/" data-svelte-h="svelte-1ntowi">EnerWrap</a>, which specializes in data-driven insights on the US energy system, to follow the money and construct a granular map of where US cleantech factories announced on Biden’s watch are planned or being built. This encompasses hundreds of projects in more than 450 cities spread across 44 states plus Puerto Rico, backed by more than $200 billion of planned investment. They’re expected to generate 195,000 jobs, plus economic multiplier effects for local businesses, tax bases and infrastructure. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Whichever way you slice the numbers — spending, jobs, projects announced under Biden before or after the passage of the IRA — red districts garner an overwhelming proportion of the benefits. </p> <div class="post-beeswarm"><p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Of the 51 projects in the country that top the $1 billion mark, 43 are in red districts. And of the top 25 districts in the country for announced cleantech manufacturing investment, 21 have a Republican representative in the House. Those 21 districts alone account for an aggregate $119 billion of investment — more than half the national total — and more than 80,000 jobs. This is nothing less than a landslide. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">These numbers are transformational for some districts. Consider Georgia’s 11th, home to Cartersville, an exurb of Atlanta that has attracted almost $7.5 billion of planned investment in several plants making solar panels and batteries. The associated jobs equate to about 12% of the current labor force in that county, Bartow. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Yet the district’s congressman, Rep. Barry Loudermilk, joined several other GOP House members from Georgia in <a href="https://www.ajc.com/opinion/opinion-on-ira-law-georgia-democrats-put-states-interests-last/LCZHEYER5VGCREOOSBLIMU2XJI/" data-svelte-h="svelte-1hhru18">an op-ed in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution calling the IRA a “bad deal.”</a> While the op-ed warned of the impact that the IRA’s domestic-content provisions might have on existing projects in Georgia owned by Hyundai Motor Co., that company has since expanded its plans in the state. Georgia is, by the way, the number one state in the country for cleantech investment dollars and jobs. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Across the country, projects to produce battery minerals, components and packs account for $132 billion of planned spending, more than for all other cleantech sectors combined — which makes sense since batteries underpin EVs and, increasingly, solar and wind projects. Red districts dominate investment in the battery sector, too, taking more than four out of every five of those dollars. Even with offshore wind, where many of the turbines will be deployed off coastal, and therefore often bluer, states, Republican districts account for more pledged dollars in the supply chain than Democratic districts. </p> <figure class="opinion-figure svelte-wqqo3f"><h4 class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f">Battery Manufacturing Investments in Red Districts Boomed Under Biden</h4> <div class="copy-width dek svelte-wqqo3f">Total spending on clean energy technologies since 2021</div> <ul class="copy-width svelte-1f5nsnb"><li class="svelte-1f5nsnb"><span class="square svelte-1f5nsnb" style="--color: #ff576d"> </span> <span style="color: undefined;" class="svelte-1f5nsnb">Red districts</span> </li><li class="svelte-1f5nsnb"><span class="square svelte-1f5nsnb" style="--color: #33b8ff"> </span> <span style="color: undefined;" class="svelte-1f5nsnb">Blue districts</span> </li><li class="svelte-1f5nsnb"><span class="square svelte-1f5nsnb" style="--color: #999"> </span> <span style="color: undefined;" class="svelte-1f5nsnb">Unallocated</span> </li> </ul> <div class="content svelte-wqqo3f"> <div class="op-toaster-iframe copy-width svelte-xx4ukw"> <iframe src="https://www.bloomberg.com/toaster/v2/charts/vfxxylxbwal1qo1mksqrvfwthzyama9l?hideLogo=true&hideTitles=false&interactive=true&noPadding=true" title="Bar chart of the total investment amount in each of eight cleantech manufacturing sectors: batteries, electric vehicles, solar, nuclear, offshore wind, hydrogen, onshore wind and heat pumps & clean HVAC. Each bar is divided into planned spending in red districts and blue districts, with remaining investments categorized as unallocated. Batteries account for $132 billion of announced investments, of which $110 billion is in red districts. Electric vehicles account for $39 billion, while the remaining sectors combine to $35 billion." loading="eager" height="320" class="copy-width opinion-figure svelte-10c2lro" scrolling="no"></iframe></div></div> <figcaption class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f"> <p class="svelte-wqqo3f">Source: US Department of Energy</p> <p class="svelte-wqqo3f">Note: Includes planned investments announced during President Biden’s term.</p></figcaption> </figure> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Just before the IRA passed two years ago, we tracked <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/features/2022-08-02/us-green-energy-budgets-pushed-by-democrats-get-spent-on-republicans" data-svelte-h="svelte-17u3imd">where renewable energy projects were being deployed</a> in the US. We found, similarly, that red districts dominated the tally. One reason is simple geography: Rural or semi-rural districts that skew Republican offer more open, and cheaper, land to build solar and wind projects (and sometimes sunnier and windier conditions, especially in the South and Midwest). </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Cheaper land is also good for new factories, as are state incentives to revitalize rural locales. Access to cheaper labor outside of major cities is another draw, especially in right-to-work states, many of which also skew Republican. </p> <figure class="opinion-figure svelte-wqqo3f"><h4 class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f">Cleantech Jobs Provide a Big Boost for Local Economies</h4> <div class="copy-width dek svelte-wqqo3f">Top five projects, ranked by expected employment</div> <div class="content svelte-wqqo3f"> <div class="top-ten-c container-width svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="indiv-c svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="img-c svelte-vbf6ru"><img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ixTb1NodxAgU/v0/-1x-1.jpg" alt="Aerial view of the Hyundai electric vehicle assembly and battery plant under construction in Ellabell, Georgia, in 2023." class="top-ten-img svelte-vbf6ru" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="text-c svelte-vbf6ru"><h4 class="location republican sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Ellabell, GA</h4> <p class="company sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Hyundai batteries, EVs</p> <p class="jobs sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">8,100 jobs</p> <p class="workforce sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Equivalent to 39% of county labor force </p></div> </div><div class="indiv-c svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="img-c svelte-vbf6ru"><img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iqJvDD_b47Y8/v0/-1x-1.jpg" alt="Rivian R1T electric pickup trucks parked at a Rivian service center in Brooklyn, New York, in 2023." class="top-ten-img svelte-vbf6ru" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="text-c svelte-vbf6ru"><h4 class="location republican sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Rutledge, GA</h4> <p class="company sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Rivian EVs (project paused)</p> <p class="jobs sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">7,500 jobs</p> <p class="workforce sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">77% equivalent </p></div> </div><div class="indiv-c svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="img-c svelte-vbf6ru"><img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iE_dblFK.lxU/v0/-1x-1.jpg" alt="The BlueOval SK electric vehicle battery manufacturing facility under construction in Stanton, Tennessee, in 2023." class="top-ten-img svelte-vbf6ru" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="text-c svelte-vbf6ru"><h4 class="location republican sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Stanton, TN</h4> <p class="company sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Ford EVs</p> <p class="jobs sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">6,000 jobs</p> <p class="workforce sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">74% equivalent </p></div> </div><div class="indiv-c svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="img-c svelte-vbf6ru"><img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/ineTSomKc3Tk/v0/-1x-1.jpg" alt="Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida poses with North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper during a tour of the new Toyota battery factory in Liberty, North Carolina, in 2024." class="top-ten-img svelte-vbf6ru" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="text-c svelte-vbf6ru"><h4 class="location republican sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Liberty, NC</h4> <p class="company sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Toyota batteries</p> <p class="jobs sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">5,100 jobs</p> <p class="workforce sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">8% equivalent </p></div> </div><div class="indiv-c svelte-vbf6ru"><div class="img-c svelte-vbf6ru"><img src="https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iyzP_HO_Tp1A/v0/-1x-1.jpg" alt="Kentucky governor Andy Beshear speaks during a Ford Motor Company announcement event at the Kentucky State Capitol in 2021." class="top-ten-img svelte-vbf6ru" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="text-c svelte-vbf6ru"><h4 class="location republican sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Glendale, KY</h4> <p class="company sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">Ford, SK On batteries</p> <p class="jobs sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">5,000 jobs</p> <p class="workforce sans-text svelte-vbf6ru">10% equivalent </p></div> </div></div></div> <figcaption class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f"> <p class="svelte-wqqo3f">Source: US Department of Energy</p> <p class="svelte-wqqo3f">Photos via Getty Images: Elijah Nouvelage/Bloomberg (Hyundai); Bing Guan/Bloomberg (Rivian); Houston Cofield/Bloomberg (Ford); Logan Cyrus/AFP (Toyota); Jon Cherry/Bloomberg (Ford/SK)</p></figcaption> </figure> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Randolph County, home to that Toyota project, ranks as North Carolina’s 44th most distressed county, out of 100, in the state’s <a href="https://www.commerce.nc.gov/report-county-tiers-ranking-memo-current-year/open#:~:text=County%20Tier%20Changes%20in%202024,Beaufort%2C%20Gates%2C%20and%20Pasquotank." data-svelte-h="svelte-1s67htl">development tier system</a>. The county only recently moved up one tier from the weakest. The median salary for the first 1,750 jobs at the plant, created from the initial investment, will be about 80% higher than the current county median level. County officials’ latest management plan says the “megasite” will have growth impacts “never before envisioned.” </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Similarly, a new $1.9 billion battery plant aimed at commercial electric vehicles, announced in January, is touted as “truly life changing to the constituents” of Marshall County, Mississippi, by state senator Neil Whaley (a Republican, notably). Gov. Tate Reeves, another Republican, hailed it as the second-largest capital investment in the state’s history. The factory, set to begin production in 2027, is expected to generate 2,000 jobs — equivalent to 15% of the county’s entire labor force — paying an average of $66,000 per year, 47% higher than the average there in 2022. Republican Rep. Trent Kelly, whose 1st district in Mississippi hosts the project, has denounced the IRA as being inflationary; his website’s section on energy chiefly <a href="https://trentkelly.house.gov/issues/issue/?IssueID=14933" data-svelte-h="svelte-35u6s7">extols the benefits of fracking</a>. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Republican support for oil and gas development hardly counts as breaking news, but this brings us to an important difference between legacy and new energy industries as they pertain to the US. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Extraction is tied to geology and thereby tends to be concentrated. For example, EnerWrap has identified that 76% of the oil produced on federal lands comes from just two counties in the entire country, both in New Mexico. At a wider level, just 10 states derived 5% or more of their gross domestic product from fossil energy in 2022, producing 93%, 69% and 72% of US onshore oil, gas and coal, respectively, according to ClearView Energy Partners, a Washington-based analysis firm. And while US oil and gas production has hit new records, the industry employs 73,000 fewer people than it did five years ago. The <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-12-27/shale-s-2010s-a-boom-for-oil-a-bust-for-stock-prices?sref=kOk687Pk" data-svelte-h="svelte-1drvfgq">financial scars left by the shale boom</a> of the previous decade mean “drill, baby, drill” might be a useful political slogan but is no way to run a profitable business. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Cleantech, in terms of siting not just energy projects but also the factories assembling the equipment, is inherently diffuse. States such as Georgia, Michigan and North Carolina — the top three for investment — may have essentially zero fossil-fuel resources but they do have educated workforces, top universities, logistical hubs and land for assembly lines. They also have towns and counties eager for economic development. </p> <figure class="opinion-figure svelte-wqqo3f"><h4 class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f">Three Swing States Benefit Most</h4> <div class="copy-width dek svelte-wqqo3f">Top 15 states by announced investments in cleantech manufacturing under Biden</div> <ul class="copy-width svelte-1f5nsnb"><li class="svelte-1f5nsnb"><span class="square svelte-1f5nsnb" style="--color: #ff576d"> </span><span class="square svelte-1f5nsnb" style="--color: #33b8ff"> </span> <span style="color: undefined;" class="svelte-1f5nsnb">Swing state investments</span> </li> </ul> <div class="content svelte-wqqo3f"> <div class="op-toaster-iframe copy-width svelte-xx4ukw"> <iframe src="https://www.bloomberg.com/toaster/v2/charts/8apx4acc3bv58k5v6okrhdq2xc23ziar?hideLogo=true&hideTitles=false&interactive=true&noPadding=true" title="Bar chart of clean energy investments in each state along with a column displaying Biden's vote margin in the 2020 election. Bars are colored red or blue according to the party that won the 2020 presidential election, with a darker hue denoting swing states. Georgia, Michigan and North Carolina top the list with $30 billion, $22 billion and $19 billion in announced investments, respectively. All three states had vote margins within 3 points in the 2020 election." loading="eager" height="320" class="copy-width opinion-figure svelte-10c2lro" scrolling="no"></iframe></div></div> <figcaption class="copy-width svelte-wqqo3f"> <p class="svelte-wqqo3f">Source: US Department of Energy</p> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Georgia, Michigan and North Carolina also happen to be swing states. Indeed, five of the seven swing states — those three plus Nevada and Arizona — feature in the top 15 for cleantech investment. One notable laggard is Pennsylvania, which is the biggest in terms of electoral college votes but comes in at 28th for cleantech investment with less than $1 billion planned. It’s also the only swing state with a significant fossil fuels industry. </p> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Of course, not all projects may end up getting built exactly as planned, as Rivian Automotive Inc.’s recent pause on construction of a plant in Georgia demonstrated. Even so, as billions of dollars flow into red districts, the probability of a clash between ideological purity and economic pragmatism is growing. It is entirely possible, of course, that November 2024 reshapes the political landscape, including who holds power in Washington. A second term for former President Donald Trump may <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-13/trump-tells-gop-he-plans-to-entirely-reverse-biden-s-ev-policy?sref=kOk687Pk" data-svelte-h="svelte-vgo4d3">see a concerted effort to roll back Biden’s green agenda</a>. But to do so, he would need a lot of House Republicans to vote away two things every district needs more of: Jobs and money, green or otherwise. </p></div> <figure class="copy-width svelte-hf3soc"> <div class="content svelte-hf3soc"> <div class="svelte-8arbrn">Related tickers: <ul class="svelte-8arbrn"><li><a href="//www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/7203:JP" data-terminal="7203 JP Equity DES">7203:JP (Toyota Motor Corp.)</a></li><li><a href="//www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/005380:KS" data-terminal="005380 KS Equity DES">005380:KS (Hyundai Motor Co.)</a></li><li><a href="//www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/F:US" data-terminal="F US Equity DES">F:US (Ford Motor Co.)</a></li><li><a href="//www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/RIVN:US" data-terminal="RIVN US Equity DES">RIVN:US (Rivian Automotive Inc.)</a></li></ul></div></div> </figure> <footer class="copy-width svelte-tklhns"> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Lead illustration by Elaine He </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board or Bloomberg LP and its owners. </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">To contact the authors of this story: Liam Denning at <a href="mailto:ldenning1@bloomberg.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-svelte-h="svelte-1gl86f9">ldenning1@bloomberg.net</a> and Jeff Davies at <a href="mailto:jeff@wrapify.tech" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-svelte-h="svelte-1flfemp">jeff@wrapify.tech</a> </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">To contact the editors responsible for this story: Candice Zachariahs at <a href="mailto:czachariahs2@bloomberg.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-svelte-h="svelte-rvk2n1">czachariahs2@bloomberg.net</a> and Christina Sterbenz at <a href="mailto:csterbenz@bloomberg.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-svelte-h="svelte-d5hsll">csterbenz@bloomberg.net</a> </p> <br> <hr class="svelte-cdu7cn"> <br> <b data-svelte-h="svelte-5f5pz4">Sources and methodology</b> <br><br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Bloomberg Opinion and EnerWrap analyzed the spread of cleantech manufacturing investments announced since President Biden took office on Jan. 20, 2021 through April 19, 2024, using data from the <a href="https://www.energy.gov/invest" data-svelte-h="svelte-ym4291">US Department of Energy</a>. (See their <a href="https://www.energy.gov/invest/map-methodology" data-svelte-h="svelte-1a2q3io">methodology</a> for how they gathered and categorized investments from public announcements). </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">We identified congressional districts by geolocating a project’s reported latitude, longitude, city and state. For investments of more than $1 billion and where the geolocated coordinates and the city or state were misaligned, we tracked down the site address to manually verify the district. We also removed 16 inactive or duplicated projects; of the 702 records remaining, 470 contained information on a site and projected investments or jobs, amounting to $203 billion in planned spending. We considered the remaining $3 billion as unallocated. </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">Vote margins from the 2022 US House races are from Ballotpedia. We assigned uncontested elections a vote margin of 100%. In districts with vacancies (CO4, OH6), we list the former representative; where the representative has since been replaced (NY26, UT2, VA4), we report the current representative alongside the district’s 2022 vote margin. </p> <br> <p class="copy-width svelte-1oxiscb">April 2024 county civilian labor force data are from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. </p> <br><br></footer> <script> { __sveltekit_1uvm3iz = { assets: "/graphics/2024-opinion-biden-ira-sends-green-energy-investment-republican-districts", base: new URL(".", location).pathname.slice(0, -1), env: {} }; const element = document.currentScript.parentElement; const data = [null,null]; Promise.all([ import("./_app/immutable/entry/start.e740ee45.js"), import("./_app/immutable/entry/app.b2c40bd4.js") ]).then(([kit, app]) => { kit.start(app, element, { node_ids: [0, 2], data, form: null, error: null }); }); } </script> </main> <div class="dvz-v0-ad"></div> <div class="dvz-content"> <section class="dvz-recirculator 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