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<button aria-controls="toc-History_of_claims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of claims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_the_September_11_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_September_11_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>After the September 11 attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_September_11_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dick_Cheney's_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dick_Cheney's_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dick Cheney's allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dick_Cheney's_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_community_claims_and_doubts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_community_claims_and_doubts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Intelligence community claims and doubts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_community_claims_and_doubts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9/11_Commission_conclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9/11_Commission_conclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>9/11 Commission conclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9/11_Commission_conclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Operation Iraqi Freedom documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bush_administration_retraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_administration_retraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bush administration retraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_administration_retraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>American public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skepticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skepticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Skepticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicting_goals_and_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_goals_and_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflicting goals and ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_goals_and_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lack of evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colin_Powell's_address_to_the_U.N._Security_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colin_Powell's_address_to_the_U.N._Security_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Colin Powell's address to the U.N. Security Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colin_Powell's_address_to_the_U.N._Security_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_and_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_and_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Investigations and reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Investigations_and_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Investigations and reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Investigations_and_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1993_WTC_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993_WTC_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1993 WTC investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993_WTC_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_National_Security_Council_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_National_Security_Council_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1998 National Security Council exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_National_Security_Council_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_President's_Daily_Brief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_President's_Daily_Brief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>2001 President's Daily Brief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_President's_Daily_Brief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001-02_Atta_in_Prague_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001-02_Atta_in_Prague_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>2001-02 Atta in Prague investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001-02_Atta_in_Prague_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_DIA_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_DIA_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>2002 DIA reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_DIA_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_British_intelligence_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_British_intelligence_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>2002 British intelligence report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_British_intelligence_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_CIA_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_CIA_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>2003 CIA report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_CIA_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_British_intelligence_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_British_intelligence_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>2003 British intelligence report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_British_intelligence_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_Israeli_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_Israeli_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>2003 Israeli intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_Israeli_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_Feith_memo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_Feith_memo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>2003 Feith memo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_Feith_memo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Carnegie_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Carnegie_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>2004 Carnegie study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Carnegie_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_FBI_interrogation_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_FBI_interrogation_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>2004 FBI interrogation reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_FBI_interrogation_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9/11_Commission_Report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9/11_Commission_Report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span><i>9/11 Commission Report</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9/11_Commission_Report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Senate_report_of_pre-war_intelligence_on_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Senate_report_of_pre-war_intelligence_on_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>2004 Senate report of pre-war intelligence on Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Senate_report_of_pre-war_intelligence_on_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_CIA_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_CIA_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>2004 CIA report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_CIA_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2005_update" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_update"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15.1</span> <span>2005 update</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_update-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_Pentagon_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_Pentagon_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>2006 Pentagon study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_Pentagon_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006_U.S._Senate_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_U.S._Senate_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17</span> <span>2006 U.S. Senate report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_U.S._Senate_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1</span> <span>Administration response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_Pentagon_inspector_general's_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_Pentagon_inspector_general's_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.18</span> <span>2007 Pentagon inspector general's report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_Pentagon_inspector_general's_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Pentagon_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Pentagon_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.19</span> <span>2008 Pentagon report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Pentagon_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_U.S._Senate_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_U.S._Senate_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.20</span> <span>2008 U.S. Senate report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_U.S._Senate_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ddam_H%C3%BCseyn_v%C9%99_%C6%8Fl-Qaid%C9%99_%C9%99laq%C9%99l%C9%99ri_iddias%C4%B1" title="Səddam Hüseyn və Əl-Qaidə əlaqələri iddiası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səddam Hüseyn və Əl-Qaidə əlaqələri iddiası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_du_complot_Saddam-Al-Qa%C3%AFda" title="Théorie du complot Saddam-Al-Qaïda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie du complot Saddam-Al-Qaïda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alega%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_v%C3%ADnculos_entre_a_al-Qaeda_e_Saddam_Hussein" title="Alegações de vínculos entre a al-Qaeda e Saddam Hussein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alegações de vínculos entre a al-Qaeda e Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%95" title="بانگەشەی پەیوەندیی نێوان سەددام حوسێن و ئەلقاعیدە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about issues concerning allegations of pre-<a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">invasion</a> links between Iraq and al-Qaeda. For the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> presence involved during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)#Foreign_fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgency</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/150px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/225px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/300px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, fifth president of Iraq</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/75px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/113px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png/150px-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#CE1126;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Saddam Hussein</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein#Early_life_and_education" title="Saddam Hussein">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Family of Saddam Hussein">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghad_Hussein" title="Raghad Hussein">Raghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Hussein" title="Rana Hussein">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajida_Talfah" title="Sajida Talfah">Sajida Talfah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq-based Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political offices</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> (1979–1991, 1994–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> (1968–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1964–1966, 1979–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Secretary General of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1992–2006)</li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Rise to power</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">Iraqi invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_massacre" title="Dujail massacre">Dujail massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_massacre" title="Halabja massacre">Halabja massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">missile attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_ballistic_missile_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" title="Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia">missile attacks on U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Human rights record</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Qaeda link allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Nuclear weapon program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Desposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="1995 Iraqi presidential referendum">1995 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="2002 Iraqi presidential referendum">2002 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_novels" title="Saddam Hussein's novels">Novels</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Quran" title="Blood Quran">Blood Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabibah_and_the_King" title="Zabibah and the King">Zabibah and the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_Castle" title="The Fortified Castle">The Fortified Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_and_the_City" title="Men and the City">Men and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begone,_Demons" title="Begone, Demons">Begone, Demons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein's signature"><img alt="Saddam Hussein's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/120px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/180px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/240px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="261" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saddam_Hussein_series" title="Template:Saddam Hussein series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saddam_Hussein_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saddam Hussein series (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam_Hussein_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam Hussein series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations</b> were based on false claims by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> alleging that a secretive relationship existed between <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi president">Iraqi president</a> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">pan-Islamist</a> militant organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> between 1992 and 2003. U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> used it as a main <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">reason for invading Iraq</a> in 2003. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">conspiracy theory</a> dates after the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991, when <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi Intelligence Service">Iraqi Intelligence Service</a> officers met al-Qaeda members in 1992. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, the conspiracy theory gained worldwide attention. The consensus of intelligence experts, backed up by reports from the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, and declassified <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> reports, was that these contacts never led to a relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Critics of Bush have said that he was intentionally building a case for war with Iraq with <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">no regard for factual evidence</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations</a></div> <p>During the lead-up to the Iraq War, questions were raised about a possible connection between Saddam Hussein's government and al-Qaeda. One question was whether the Iraqi regime and al-Qaeda had a cooperative relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-caseclosed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caseclosed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some contacts between agents of Saddam's government and members of al-Qaeda have been alleged, the consensus of experts and analysts is that those contacts never led to an formal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> concluded that there was only one encounter between representatives of the Baathist regime and representatives of al-Qaeda. This meeting took place in Sudan in 1995, and the Iraqi representative (who is in custody and has been cooperating with investigators) said that after the meeting he "received word from his IIS chain-of-command that he should not see bin Laden again."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The panel found evidence of only two other instances in which there was any communication between Saddam's regime and al-Qaeda members. On the other two occasions, the Committee concluded, Saddam rebuffed meeting requests from an al-Qaeda operative. The intelligence community has not found other evidence of meetings between al-Qaeda and Iraq.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the more specific question of whether Saddam was behind the attacks of September 11, 2001, the consensus is that there is no credible evidence of his government's involvement. The <a href="/wiki/US_intelligence_community" class="mw-redirect" title="US intelligence community">US intelligence community</a> (CIA, NSA, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a>) view, confirmed by the conclusions of the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence</a>, is that there was no cooperative effort between the two and Saddam did not support the 9/11 attacks; it was considered that the difference in ideology between Saddam and al-Qaeda made cooperation in any terrorist attacks unlikely. The Senate report discussed the possibility of Saddam offering al-Qaeda training and safe haven, but confirmed the CIA's conclusion that there was no evidence of operational cooperation between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 20, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> made clear that his administration did not have evidence to prove that Saddam played a role in the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Claim_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claim-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_claims">History of claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_September_11_attacks">After the September 11 attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the September 11 attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <p>The Bush administration sought to link the Iraqi president to Islamist radicals early in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. President Bush allegedly made the case to <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> as early as September 14, 2001, although Blair urged him not to pursue the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dick_Cheney's_allegations"><span id="Dick_Cheney.27s_allegations"></span>Dick Cheney's allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dick Cheney's allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></div><p> Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> said during a <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a></i> appearance on December 9, 2001, that Iraq was harboring <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Yasin" title="Abdul Rahman Yasin">Abdul Rahman Yasin</a>, a suspect in the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meet_the_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheney repeated the claim in another appearance on September 14, 2003: </p><blockquote><p>We learned more and more that there was a relationship between Iraq and al-Qaida that stretched back through most of the decade of the '90s, that it involved training, for example, on BW and CW, that al-Qaida sent personnel to Baghdad to get trained on the systems that are involved. The Iraqis providing bomb-making expertise and advice to the al-Qaida organization. We know, for example, in connection with the original World Trade Center bombing in '93 that one of the bombers was Iraqi, returned to Iraq after the attack of '93. And we've learned subsequent to that, since we went into Baghdad and got into the intelligence files, that this individual probably also received financing from the Iraqi government as well as safe haven.<sup id="cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meet_the_Press_transcript-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Cheney said in a January 2004 interview with <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> there was "overwhelming evidence" of a relationship between Saddam and al-Qaeda based on purported evidence, including Iraq's alleged harboring of Yasin.<sup id="cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0303-01.htm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 and 2003 <i>Meet the Press</i> interviews, Cheney also reported that Czech Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Gross" title="Stanislav Gross">Stanislav Gross</a> said that an Iraqi intelligence officer met with 9/11 hijacker <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> in Prague five months before the attacks;<sup id="cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meet_the_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 2003 interview, he said that "we've never been able to develop any more of that yet either in terms of confirming it or discrediting it. We just don't know."<sup id="cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meet_the_Press_transcript-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Cheney acknowledged that the notion "that the meeting ever took place" had been "pretty well knocked down now."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_community_claims_and_doubts">Intelligence community claims and doubts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intelligence community claims and doubts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> was rising to prominence as the lead agency in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghan war</a>. When Tenet insisted in his personal meetings with President Bush that there was no connection between al-Qaeda and Iraq, however, Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> initiated a secret program to re-examine the evidence and marginalize the CIA and Tenet. The questionable intelligence acquired by this secret program was "<a href="/wiki/Stovepiping" title="Stovepiping">stovepiped</a>" to the vice president and presented to the public. Cheney's office would sometimes leak the intelligence to reporters, where it would be reported by outlets such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Cheney would subsequently appear on the Sunday political television talk shows to discuss the intelligence, citing the <i>Times</i> to give it credence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prewar CIA testimony was that there was evidence of senior-level contacts between Iraq and al-Qaeda going back a decade, with Iraq providing al-Qaeda training (combat, bomb-making, and <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">CBRN</a>:chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear), but they had no credible information that Baghdad had foreknowledge of the 11 September attacks or any other al-Qaeda strike.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA's report on Iraq's ties to terrorism noted in September 2002 that the CIA did not have "credible intelligence reporting" of operational collaboration between Iraq and al-Qaeda. According to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the CIA reported that "al-Qaida, including Bin Ladin personally, and Saddam were leery of close cooperation," but the "mutual antipathy of the two would not prevent tactical, limited cooperation." (p. 338) The current expert consensus is that although members of Saddam's intelligence service may have met with al-Qaeda terrorists over the last decade or so, there was no evidence that Iraq and al-Qaeda were linked operationally.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now known that the main source for the CIA's claim that Iraq had trained al-Qaeda members in bomb-making, poisons and gases included the now-recanted claims of captured al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a>. The CIA has since recalled and reissued its intelligence reporting about al-Libi's recanted claims.<sup id="cite_ref-09intel.html_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09intel.html-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DIA communicated to President Bush in February 2002 its stance that al-Libi "was intentionally misleading his debriefers."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9/11_Commission_conclusions"><span id="9.2F11_Commission_conclusions"></span>9/11 Commission conclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 9/11 Commission conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a></div> <p>In its report, the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> sponsored anti-Saddam Islamists in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and sought to attract them to his Islamic army. Those forces primarily operated in areas not under Saddam's control. To protect his ties with Iraq, Sudanese Islamic leader Hassan al-Turabi brokered an agreement with bin Laden to stop supporting activities against Saddam. Bin Laden seemed to honor this agreement for a time, although he continued to aid Islamic extremists in Kurdistan. During the late 1990s, these extremist groups were defeated by Kurdish forces. In 2001, the extremist groups (with help from Bin Laden) re-formed as <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a>. Indications exist that by then, the Iraqi regime tolerated (and may have helped) Ansar al-Islam against their common Kurdish enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission concluded that "to date [2004] we have seen no evidence that these or the earlier contacts ever developed into a collaborative operational relationship," however, and did not find proof "indicating that Iraq cooperated with al-Qaeda in developing or carrying out any attacks against the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conclusion is consistent with the findings of investigations of specific aspects of the Saddam Hussein-al-Qaeda relationship, including those conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence</a> also reviewed the intelligence community's conclusions,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found them justifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents">Operation Iraqi Freedom documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operation Iraqi Freedom documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom_documents" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom documents">Operation Iraqi Freedom documents</a></div> <p>The U.S. government released "Operation Iraqi Freedom documents", about which the Pentagon said that it had made "no determination regarding the authenticity of the documents, validity or factual accuracy."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims have been made that information in some of the documents suggests that Saddam and al-Qaeda may have been willing to work together. 9/11 Commission member <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kerrey" title="Bob Kerrey">Bob Kerrey</a> looked at some of the documents and "was careful to say that new documents translated last night by ABC News did not prove Saddam Hussein played a role in any way in plotting the attacks of September 11, 2001." However, Kerrey said that one document suggests that "Saddam was a significant enemy of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office of the Director of National Intelligence looked at the documents and said that "amateur translators won't find any major surprises, such as proof Hussein hid stockpiles of chemical weapons."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pentagon also examined the documents and released an official study which did not report on any evidence linking Saddam to al-Qaeda. The 2006 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence concluded that "additional reviews of documents recovered in Iraq are unlikely to provide information that would contradict the Committee's findings or conclusions." Intelligence expert <a href="/wiki/Steven_Aftergood" title="Steven Aftergood">Steven Aftergood</a> said that the release of the documents was being used as an opportunity to find "a retrospective justification for the war in Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bush_administration_retraction"><span class="anchor" id="Bush_Administration_retracts_its_position"></span>Bush administration retraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bush administration retraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 21, 2006, Bush sought to distance himself from the allegation of any link: "First, just if I might correct a misperception, I don't think we ever said—at least I know I didn't say that there was a direct connection between September the 11th and Saddam Hussein."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush reaffirmed the White House position in stronger terms in a press conference on August 21 of that year. Ken Herman of <a href="/wiki/Cox_Media_Group" title="Cox Media Group">Cox News</a> asked, "What did Iraq have to do with ... the attack on the World Trade Center?" Bush replied, "Nothing", and added: "Nobody has ever suggested that the attacks of September the 11th were ordered by Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opponents of Bush's Iraq policy called his statement inconsistent with his letter to Congress of March 21, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority (Democratic) staff report by the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform said that "in 125 separate appearances, they [Bush, Cheney, Powell, Rumsfeld and Rice] made ... 61 misleading statements about Iraq's relationship with al-Qaeda."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_public_opinion">American public opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: American public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Media coverage of the Iraq War">Media coverage of the Iraq War</a></div> <p>Polls have indicated that many Americans continued to believe that Saddam was linked to al-Qaeda, although the number who do so has slowly declined.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discrepancy has been attributed to the way the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mainstream media</a> presented facts and opinion about the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism"><span class="anchor" id="Skepticism_of_the_Saddam–al-Qaeda_link"></span>Skepticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicting_goals_and_ideologies">Conflicting goals and ideologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conflicting goals and ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saddam Hussein was a <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'athist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> combines <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab">pan-Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">nationalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a>. The ideological founder of Ba'athism, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, was a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement is at odds with <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a>, with which Saddam had been in conflict;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam exiled <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> to France when the ayatollah attempted to incite the Iraqi Shia to overthrow him when Khomeini was in exile in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, which was a catalyst for the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the resulting Iran-Iraq war. Khomeini pitted Saddam against Islamic radicalism; Saddam's people were inspired by the Iranian Revolution and eight years of "holy war" against Iranians who used suicide tactics. This wreaked havoc on the Iraqi armed forces, who solved the problem with <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">chemical weapons</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, Saddam supported <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> and the Christian <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, which were funded by Iran and most other Arab countries. When Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> offered to defend <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> by sending <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to repel Saddam's forces. After the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, bin Laden continued to criticize Saddam's <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath">Ba'ath</a> administration and emphasized that Saddam could not be trusted. Bin Laden told his biographer that "the land of the Arab world, the land is like a mother, and Saddam Hussein is fucking his mother."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam abolished <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Court_procedures" title="Sharia">sharia courts</a> in Iraq, cracked down on Islamist movements (responding with mass executions and torture when he felt threatened by them), promoted Western ideals of society and law, and usually retained secular Sunnis, Shias and Christians in his government. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Robert Pape</a>'s study of suicide terrorism found that "al-Qaeda's transnational suicide terrorists have come overwhelmingly from America's closest allies in the Muslim world and not at all from the Muslim regimes that the U.S. State Department considers 'state sponsors of terrorism'."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pape notes that no al-Qaeda suicide attackers came from Iraq. Daniel Byman's study of state sponsorship of terrorism also did not list Iraq as a significant state sponsor and called the al-Qaeda connection "a rationale that before the war was strained and after it seems an ever-weaker reed."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterterrorism experts <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Rohan Gunaratna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a> and journalists <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Burke" title="Jason Burke">Jason Burke</a> (both of whom have written extensively about al-Qaeda) have found no evidence of a collaborative relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. This conclusion agrees with investigations by the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the 9/11 Commission. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> reviewed the CIA investigation, and found that the agency's conclusion that there was no evidence of operational collaboration was justified. </p><p>Although Saddam was not involved in the September 11 attacks, members of his government had contacts with al-Qaeda; however, the links are not considered by experts and analysts as convincing evidence of a collaborative, operational relationship. Former counterterrorism <a href="/wiki/Czar_(political_term)" title="Czar (political term)">czar</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard A. Clarke</a> writes, </p> <blockquote><p>The simple fact is that lots of people, particularly in the Middle East, pass along many rumors and they end up being recorded and filed by U.S. intelligence agencies in raw reports. That does not make them "intelligence". Intelligence involves analysis of raw reports, not merely their enumeration or weighing them by the pound. Analysis, in turn, involves finding independent means of corroborating the reports. Did al-Qaeda agents ever talk to Iraqi agents? I would be startled if they had not. I would also be startled if American, Israeli, Iranian, British, or Jordanian agents had somehow failed to talk to al-Qaeda or Iraqi agents. Talking to each other is what intelligence agents do, often under assumed identities or "false flags", looking for information or possible defectors.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wilkerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Wilkerson">Larry Wilkerson</a>, former chief of staff for <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, told the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> that </p> <blockquote><p> ... Saddam Hussein had his agenda and al-Qaida had its agenda, and those two agendas were incompatible. And so if there was any contact between them, it was a contact that was rebuffed rather than a contact that led to meaningful relationships between them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_evidence">Lack of evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lack of evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alleged meeting in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> between Mohammed Atta and an Iraqi intelligence officer about which Vice President Cheney said that "we've never been able to develop any more of that yet either in terms of confirming it or discrediting it"<sup id="cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meet_the_Press_transcript-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dismissed by CIA Director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a>, who told the Senate Intelligence Committee in February 2004 that there was no evidence to support the meeting. The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> had evidence that Atta was in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> at the time and taking aircraft flight training; the Iraqi officer in question, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Khalil_Ibrahim_Samir_al_Ani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Khalil Ibrahim Samir al Ani (page does not exist)">Ahmed Khalil Ibrahim Samir al Ani</a>, was captured and said that he had never met Atta.<sup id="cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0303-01.htm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cheney's repeated accusation that Iraq harbored <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Yasin" title="Abdul Rahman Yasin">Abdul Rahman Yasin</a>, one of the perpetrators of the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>, conflicts with Iraq's 1998 offer to the FBI of extradition for Yasin in return for a statement clearing Iraq of any responsibility for the attack. Although the CIA and FBI had concluded that Iraq played no role in the attack, the Clinton administration refused the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0303-01.htm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraq also offered to extradite Yasin in 2001, after the 9/11 attacks. In June 2002, an unnamed U.S. intelligence official told <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> that Iraq had attached "extreme conditions" to Yasin's extradition. According to the official, the Iraqis wanted the U.S. to sign a document detailing Yasin's whereabouts since 1993 but the U.S. disagreed with their version of the facts.<sup id="cite_ref-2022991.stm_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022991.stm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yasin cooperated with the FBI and was released, which the bureau later called a "mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-2022991.stm_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022991.stm-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA and FBI concluded in 1995 and 1996 that "the Iraqi government was in no way involved in the attack", and counterterrorism czar Richard Clarke called the allegations "absolutely without foundation" in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqis made another offer to the Bush administration in 2003, which was also declined.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Al-Qaeda did not have any relationship with Saddam Hussein or his regime. We had to draw up a plan to enter Iraq through the north that was not under the control of his regime. We would then spread south to the areas of our fraternal Sunni brothers. The fraternal brothers of the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam</a> expressed their willingness to offer assistance to help us achieve this goal.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a><sup id="cite_ref-berg_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> counterterrorism directors <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Simon" title="Steven Simon">Steven Simon</a> summarized the problem with the Bush administration's view in the eyes of the intelligence community: "The administration pressed its case for war most emphatically by arguing that U.S. national security was imperiled by Saddam's ties to al-Qaeda. The argument had the obvious virtue of playing to the public's desire to see the war on terrorism prosecuted aggressively and conclusively. Yet, scant proof of these links was presented. The record showed a small number of contacts between jihadists and Iraqi officials. This was treated as the tip of an unseen iceberg of cooperation, even though it fell far short of anything that resembled significant cooperation in the eyes of the counterterrorism community—as it always had. No persuasive proof was given of money, weaponry, or training being provided."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Chief of Staff to Secretary of State Colin Powell <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_B._Wilkerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence B. Wilkerson">Lawrence B. Wilkerson</a> said, "[A]s the administration authorized harsh interrogation in April and May 2002—well before the Justice Department had rendered any legal opinion—its principal priority for intelligence was not aimed at pre-empting another terrorist attack on the U.S. but discovering a smoking gun linking Iraq and al-Qa'ida."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_2">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saddam invoked religion shortly before the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> (possibly to bolster his government), adding the words "<a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">God is Great</a>" in Arabic to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">flag</a> and referring to God in his speeches. He began the <a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a> in 1994, which included the construction and repair of mosques,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaram2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaram2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the closure of night clubs, and changes to the law which restricted alcohol consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources allege that several meetings between top Iraqi operatives and bin Laden took place. These claims have been disputed by other sources, including most of the original intelligence agencies that investigated the allegations. Many in the intelligence community are skeptical about whether such meetings, if they took place at all, resulted in any meaningful relationship. Many of the claims of collaboration seem to have originated with associates of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress" title="Iraqi National Congress">Iraqi National Congress</a>, whose credibility has been questioned and who have been accused of manipulating evidence to lure the United States into war on false pretenses. Raw intelligence reports also reached public awareness through the leaking of a memo from Undersecretary of Defense for Policy <a href="/wiki/Douglas_J._Feith" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas J. Feith">Douglas J. Feith</a> to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conclusions of which have been disputed by intelligence agencies which include the CIA. Feith's view of the relationship between Saddam and Osama differed from the official view of the intelligence community, and the memo was leaked to the media. The Pentagon issued a statement that the memo was "a classified annex containing a list and description of the requested reports, so that the committee could obtain the reports from the relevant members of the intelligence community ... The classified annex was not an analysis of the substantive issue of the relationship between Iraq and al Qaeda, and it drew no conclusions." It added, "Individuals who leak or purport to leak classified information are doing serious harm to national security; such activity is deplorable and may be illegal."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former DIA Middle East section head <a href="/wiki/W._Patrick_Lang" title="W. Patrick Lang">W. Patrick Lang</a> told the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> that the <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Standard">Weekly Standard</a></i> article, which published Feith's memo, "is a listing of a mass of unconfirmed reports, many of which themselves indicate that the two groups continued to try to establish some sort of relationship. If they had such a productive relationship, why did they have to keep trying?" According to the <i>Post</i>, "another former senior intelligence official said the memo is not an intelligence product but rather 'data points ... among the millions of holdings of the intelligence agencies, many of which are simply not thought likely to be true.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that an understanding was reached between Iraq and al-Qaeda that al-Qaeda would not act against Saddam in exchange for Iraqi support (primarily in the form of training), but no evidence of such an understanding has been produced. <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> allegedly met with an Iraqi intelligence operative in Prague, but intelligence officials have concluded that no such meeting took place. A training camp in <a href="/wiki/Salman_Pak_facility" title="Salman Pak facility">Salman Pak</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) was said by a number of defectors to have been used to train international terrorists (assumed to be al-Qaeda members) in hijacking techniques, using a real airplane as a prop. The defectors were inconsistent about a number of details; the camp has been examined by U.S. Marines, and intelligence analysts do not believe that it was used by al-Qaeda. Some analysts believe that it was used for counterterrorism training, and others believe it was used to train foreign fighters overtly allied with Iraq. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence concluded, "Postwar findings support the April 2002 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) assessment that there was no credible reporting on al-Qa'ida training at Salman Pak or anywhere else in Iraq. There have been no credible reports since the war that Iraq trained al-Qa'ida operatives at Salman Pak to conduct or support transnational terrorist operations."<sup id="cite_ref-Phase_II_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phase_II-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2001, a month after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_al-Duri" title="Mubarak al-Duri">Mubarak al-Duri</a> was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese intelligence">Sudanese intelligence</a> services who told him that the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> had sent Jack Cloonan and several other agents to speak with a number of people known to have ties to bin Laden. Al-Duri and another Iraqi colleague agreed to meet with Cloonan in a <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a> overseen by the intelligence service. They laughed when asked about any connection between <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, saying that bin Laden hated the dictator whom he considered a "Scotch-drinking, woman-chasing apostate."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations</a></div> <p>Much evidence of alleged links between Iraq and al-Qaeda is based on speculation about meetings which might have taken place between Iraqi officials and al-Qaeda members; the idea that a meeting could have occurred has been interpreted as evidence of collaboration. According to terrorism analyst Evan Kohlman, "While there have been a number of promising intelligence leads hinting at possible meetings between al-Qaeda members and elements of the former Baghdad regime, nothing has been yet shown demonstrating that these potential contacts were historically any more significant than the same level of communication maintained between Osama bin Laden and ruling elements in a number of Iraq's Persian Gulf neighbors, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, Qatar, and Kuwait."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colin_Powell's_address_to_the_U.N._Security_Council"><span id="Colin_Powell.27s_address_to_the_U.N._Security_Council"></span><span class="anchor" id="U.S._Secretary_of_State_Colin_Powell_Addresses_the_U.N._Security_Council"></span>Colin Powell's address to the U.N. Security Council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colin Powell's address to the U.N. Security Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation,_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Block diagram of an alleged terrorist network" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg/290px-Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg/435px-Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg/580px-Powell_UN_Iraq_presentation%2C_alleged_Terrorist_Network.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Colin Powell's U.N. slide of Al-Zarqawi's alleged global terrorist network. The <a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">"UK Poison Cell"</a> was found in court to be a single person.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20050413_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20050413-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 5, 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the U.N. Security Council on the issue of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech, Powell made several claims about Iraq's ties to terrorism. He acknowledged in January 2004 that the speech presented no hard evidence of collaboration between Saddam and al-Qaeda, and told reporters at a State Department press conference that "I have not seen smoking gun, concrete evidence about the connection, but I do believe the connections existed."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Powell left office, he acknowledged that he was skeptical about the evidence presented to him for the speech. He told <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Walters" title="Barbara Walters">Barbara Walters</a> in an interview that he considered the speech a "blot" on his record, and feels "terrible" about assertions he made in the speech which turned out to be false: "There were some people in the intelligence community who knew at that time that some of these sources were not good, and shouldn't be relied upon, and they didn't speak up. That devastated me." Asked about a Saddam-al-Qaeda connection, Powell answered: "I have never seen a connection ... I can't think otherwise because I'd never seen evidence to suggest there was one."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main claims in Powell's speech—that Jordanian terrorist <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> was a link between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, and that Saddam's government provided training and assistance to al-Qaeda terrorists in Baghdad—have been disputed by the intelligence community and terrorism experts. The CIA released an August 2004 report which concluded that there was "no conclusive evidence that the regime harbored Osama bin Laden associate Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A U.S. official told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that "the report did not make any final judgments or come to any definitive conclusions: "To suggest the case is closed on this would not be correct."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zarqawi reportedly entered Iraq from Iran, infiltrating the Kurdish north because it was the one part of the country not under Saddam's control.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intelligence experts say that Zarqawi had few ties to Osama bin Laden, noting that he was a rival (not an affiliate) of al-Qaeda. A former Israeli intelligence official described the meeting between Zarqawi and bin Laden as "loathing at first sight."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major claims in the speech are attributed by Powell to "an al-Qaeda source." Karen DeYoung wrote, "A year after the invasion, the [CIA] acknowledged that the information had come from a single source who had been branded a liar by U.S. intelligence officials long before Powell's presentation."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source was captured al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a>, who was handed over to Egypt for interrogation. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, al-Libi provided some accurate intelligence on al Qaeda and made some statements about Iraq and al Qaeda while in American custody; after he was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, he made more-specific assertions about Iraq training al-Qaeda members in biological- and chemical-weapons use. A February 2002 DIA report expressed skepticism about al-Libi's claims, noting that he may have been subjected to harsh treatment in Egyptian custody. In February 2004, the CIA reissued al-Libi's debriefing reports to note that he had recanted information. A government official told the <i>New York Times</i> that al-Libi's claims of harsh treatment had not been corroborated; the CIA has refused to comment on al-Libi's case since much of its information remains classified, but current and former government officials agreed to discuss the case on condition of anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-09intel.html_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09intel.html-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two U.S. counterterrorism officials told <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> that they believed the information Powell cited about al-Iraqi came from al-Libi.<sup id="cite_ref-9991919/site/newsweek/_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9991919/site/newsweek/-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A CIA officer told the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> that although the CIA believes al-Libi fabricated information, the agency could not determine whether – or what portions of – the original statements or later recantations are true of false. The Senate report concluded, "The Intelligence Community has found no postwar information to indicate that Iraq provided CBW training to al-Qa'ida."<sup id="cite_ref-Phase_II_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phase_II-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations_and_reports"><span class="anchor" id="Official_investigations_and_reports"></span>Investigations and reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Investigations and reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several investigations by U.S. intelligence agencies, foreign intelligence agencies, and independent investigative bodies have examined aspects of alleged links between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every investigation has concluded that the data examined did not provide compelling evidence of a cooperative relationship between the two entities. On April 29, 2007, former <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> said on <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>, "We could never verify that there was any Iraqi authority, direction and control, complicity with al-Qaeda for <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> or any operational act against America, period."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993_WTC_investigations">1993 WTC investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1993 WTC investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>, there were several investigations of possible collaboration between Saddam Hussein and the terrorists who attacked the building.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neil Herman, who headed the FBI investigation of the attack, noted that there was no evidence of Iraqi support for the attack despite Yasin's presence in Baghdad. "We looked at that rather extensively," he told CNN terrorism expert <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergen" title="Peter Bergen">Peter Bergen</a>. "There were no ties to the Iraqi government." Bergen wrote, "In sum, by the mid-'90s, the Joint Terrorism Task Force in New York, the F.B.I., the U.S. Attorney's office in the Southern District of New York, the C.I.A., the N.S.C., and the State Department had all found no evidence implicating the Iraqi government in the first Trade Center attack."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_National_Security_Council_exercise">1998 National Security Council exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1998 National Security Council exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a>'s counterterrorism division, led a 1998 exercise to analyze the CIA's contention that Iraq and al-Qaeda would not collaborate. "This was a red-team effort," Benjamin said. "We looked at this as an opportunity to disprove the conventional wisdom, and basically we came to the conclusion that the CIA had this one right."<sup id="cite_ref-globe_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, "No one disputes that there have been contacts over the years. In that part of the America-hating universe, contacts happen. But that's still a long way from suggesting that they were really working together."<sup id="cite_ref-globe_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001_President's_Daily_Brief"><span id="2001_President.27s_Daily_Brief"></span>2001 President's Daily Brief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2001 President's Daily Brief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten days after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, President Bush received a classified <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Daily_Brief" title="President's Daily Brief">President's Daily Brief</a> (prepared at his request) indicating that the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the attacks and there was "scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with Al Qaeda." The PDB wrote off the few contacts that existed between Saddam's government and al-Qaeda as attempts to monitor the group, not work with it. According to <i><a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i>, "Much of the contents of the PDB were later incorporated, albeit in a slightly different form, into a lengthier CIA analysis examining not only Al Qaeda's contacts with Iraq, but also Iraq's support for international terrorism."<sup id="cite_ref-waas_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waas-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This PDB was one of the documents the Bush administration refused to turn over to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_of_Pre-war_Intelligence_on_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq">Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq</a>, even on a classified basis, and refused to discuss other than acknowledging its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-waas_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waas-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001-02_Atta_in_Prague_investigations"><span class="anchor" id="2001-2_Atta_in_Prague_investigations"></span>2001-02 Atta in Prague investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2001-02 Atta in Prague investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></div> <p>After 9/11 hijacker <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> was allegedly seen in Prague in 2001 meeting with an Iraqi diplomat, a number of investigations analyzed the possible meeting. They concluded that all known evidence suggested that such a meeting was unlikely at best. According to the January 2003 CIA report "Iraqi Support for Terrorism", "[T]he most reliable reporting to date casts doubt on this possibility" (a meeting).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CIA director George Tenet released "the most complete public assessment by the agency on the issue" in a statement to the Senate Armed Services Committee in July 2004, saying that the agency was "increasingly skeptical" that any such meeting took place.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CIA deputy director John McLaughlin described the extent of the agency's investigation into the claim: "Well, on something like the Atta meeting in Prague, we went over that every which way from Sunday. We looked at it from every conceivable angle. We peeled open the source, examined the chain of acquisition. We looked at photographs. We looked at timetables. We looked at who was where and when. It is wrong to say that we didn't look at it. In fact, we looked at it with extraordinary care and intensity and fidelity."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>New York Times</i> investigation which included "extensive interviews with leading Czech figures" reported that Czech officials had backed off the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FBI and the Czech police chief investigated the issue and reached similar conclusions; FBI director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> noted that the bureau's investigation "ran down literally hundreds of thousands of leads and checked every record we could get our hands on, from flight reservations to car rentals to bank accounts."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9/11 Commission investigation, which examined the FBI and Czech intelligence investigations, concluded that "[n]o evidence has been found that Atta was in the Czech Republic in April 2001." The commission still could not "absolutely rule out the possibility" that Atta was in Prague on 9 April under an alias, but concluded: "There was no reason for such a meeting, especially considering the risk it would pose to the operation. By April 2001, all four pilots had completed most of their training, and the muscle hijackers were about to begin entering the United States. The available evidence does not support the original Czech report of an Atta-Ani meeting." (p. 229)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_DIA_reports">2002 DIA reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2002 DIA reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2002, The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> issued Defense Intelligence Terrorism Summary No. 044-02 in February 2002 (the existence of which was revealed on 9 December 2005 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Jehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Jehl (page does not exist)">Doug Jehl</a> in the <i>New York Times</i>), which impugned the credibility of information obtained from captured al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a>. The DIA summary suggested that al-Libi had been "intentionally misleading" his interrogators, and cast doubt on the possibility of a Saddam Hussein-al-Qaeda conspiracy: "Saddam's regime is intensely secular and is wary of Islamic revolutionary movements. Moreover, Baghdad is unlikely to provide assistance to a group it cannot control."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2002, the DIA said that "there was no credible reporting on al-Qa'ida training at Salman Pak or anywhere else in Iraq".<sup id="cite_ref-Phase_II_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phase_II-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_British_intelligence_report">2002 British intelligence report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2002 British intelligence report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2002, a British intelligence investigation of possible links between Iraq and al-Qaeda and the possibility of Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">WMD</a> attacks issued a report which concluded that "al Qaeda has shown interest in gaining chemical and biological expertise from Iraq, but we do not know whether any such training was provided. We have no intelligence of current cooperation between Iraq and al Qaeda and do not believe that al Qaeda plans to conduct terrorist attacks under Iraqi direction".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_CIA_report">2003 CIA report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2003 CIA report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CIA released <i>Iraqi Support for Terrorism</i>, a report to Congress, in January 2003. The report concluded, "In contrast to the patron-client pattern between Iraq and its Palestinian surrogates, the relationship between Iraq and al-Qaida appears to more closely resemble that of two independent actors trying to exploit each other—their mutual suspicion suborned by al-Qaida's interest in Iraqi assistance, and Baghdad's interest in al-Qaida's anti-U.S. attacks ... The Intelligence Community has no credible information that Baghdad had foreknowledge of the 11 September attacks or any other al-Qaida strike."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scheuer" title="Michael Scheuer">Michael Scheuer</a>, the main researcher assigned to review research for the report, described the review and his conclusions: "For about four weeks in late 2002 and early 2003, I and several others were engaged full time in searching CIA files—seven days a week, often far more than eight hours a day. At the end of the effort, we had gone back ten years in the files and had reviewed nearly twenty thousand documents that amounted to well over fifty thousand pages of materials ... There was no information that remotely supported the analysis that claimed there was a strong working relationship between Iraq and al Qaeda. I was embarrassed because this reality invalidated the analysis I had presented on the subject in my book."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheuer said that he was not part of the analysis team that produced "Iraqi Support for Terrorism", but was the main researcher reviewing the evidence and conclusions of that report. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">SSCI</a> report, "<i>Iraqi Support for Terrorism</i> contained the following summary judgments regarding Iraq's provision of training to al-Qaida: Regarding the Iraq-al-Qa'ida relationship, reporting from sources of varying reliability points to ... incidents of training ... The most disturbing aspect of the relationship is the dozen or so reports of varying reliability mentioning the involvement of Iraq or Iraqi nationals in al-Qa'ida's efforts to obtain CBW training."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the report questioned information from captured al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shaykh_al-Libi" title="Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi">Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi</a>, Colin Powell cited al-Libi's claims in his speech to the United Nations Security Council in February 2003; the following day, President Bush spoke in the Roosevelt Room at the White House with Powell at his side. National Security Council spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Michele_Davis" title="Michele Davis">Michele Davis</a> told <i>Newsweek</i> that it was impossible to determine whether dissent from the DIA and questions by the CIA were seen by officials at the White House before the president spoke. A counter-terrorism official told <i>Newsweek</i> that although CIA reports on al-Libi were distributed widely around U.S. intelligence agencies and policy-making offices, many similarly-routine reports were not read by senior policy-making officials. Davis added that Bush's remarks were "based on what was put forward to him as the views of the intelligence community", and those views came from "an aggregation" of sources.<sup id="cite_ref-9991919/site/newsweek/_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9991919/site/newsweek/-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Newsweek</i> reported, "The new documents also raise the possibility that caveats raised by intelligence analysts about al-Libi's claims were withheld from Powell when he was preparing his Security Council speech. Larry Wilkerson, who served as Powell's chief of staff and oversaw the vetting of Powell's speech, responded to an e-mail from <i>Newsweek</i> Wednesday stating that he was unaware of the DIA doubts about al-Libi at the time the speech was being prepared. 'We never got any dissent with respect to those lines you cite ... indeed the entire section that now we know came from [al-Libi],' Wilkerson wrote."<sup id="cite_ref-9991919/site/newsweek/_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9991919/site/newsweek/-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_British_intelligence_report">2003 British intelligence report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2003 British intelligence report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2003, British intelligence completed a classified report on Iraq. The report was leaked to the BBC, who published information about it on February 5 (the day that Colin Powell addressed the United Nations). According to the BBC, the report "says al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden views Iraq's ruling Ba'ath party as running contrary to his religion, calling it an 'apostate regime'. 'His aims are in ideological conflict with present day Iraq,' it says." The BBC reported that former British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> said that intelligence indicated that the Iraqi regime appeared to be allowing a permissive environment "in which al-Qaeda is able to operate ... Certainly we have some evidence of links between al-Qaeda and various people in Iraq ... What we don't know, and the prime minister and I have made it very clear, is the extent of those links ... What we also know, however, is that the Iraqi regime have been up to their necks in the pursuit of terrorism generally."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_Israeli_intelligence">2003 Israeli intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2003 Israeli intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2003, Israeli intelligence sources told the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> that no link had been conclusively established between Saddam and al-Qaeda. According to the AP story, "Boaz Ganor, an Israeli counter-terrorism expert, told the AP he knows of no Iraqi ties to terror groups, beyond Baghdad's relationship with Palestinian militias and possibly Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda ... A senior Israeli security source told the AP that Israel has not yet found evidence of an Iraqi-Palestinian-Al Qaeda triangle, and that several investigations into possible Al Qaeda ties to Palestinian militias have so far not yielded substantial results. Ganor said Al Qaeda has put out feelers to Palestinian groups, but ties are at a very preliminary stage."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003_Feith_memo">2003 Feith memo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2003 Feith memo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2007 Pentagon inspector general's report concluded that <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Feith" title="Douglas Feith">Douglas Feith</a>'s office in the Department of Defense had "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on the Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship, which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community, to senior decision-makers."<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost2007_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2007-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2003, Feith (undersecretary of defense for policy and head of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a>) sent a memo to Congress that included "a classified annex containing a list and description of the requested reports, so that the committee could obtain the reports from the relevant members of the intelligence community ... The classified annex was not an analysis of the substantive issue of the relationship between Iraq and al Qaeda, and it drew no conclusions."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memo was leaked to the media, and became the foundation of reports in the <i>Weekly Standard</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Hayes" title="Stephen F. Hayes">Stephen F. Hayes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caseclosed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caseclosed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._Patrick_Lang" title="W. Patrick Lang">W. Patrick Lang</a>, former head of the Middle East section of Defense Intelligence Agency, called the Feith memo "a listing of a mass of unconfirmed reports, many of which themselves indicate that the two groups continued to try to establish some sort of relationship. If they had such a productive relationship, why did they have to keep trying?"<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel Benjamin</a> also criticized the memo, noting that "in any serious intelligence review, much of the material presented would quickly be discarded."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pentagon said, "Individuals who leak or purport to leak classified information are doing serious harm to national security; such activity is deplorable and may be illegal."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_Carnegie_study">2004 Carnegie study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2004 Carnegie study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> scholars <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cirincione" title="Joseph Cirincione">Joseph Cirincione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tuchman_Mathews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tuchman Mathews">Jessica Tuchman Mathews</a> and George Perkovich published their study, <i>WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications</i>, in January 2004. The study looked into Saddam's relationship with al-Qaeda, concluding that "although there have been periodic meetings between Iraqi and Al Qaeda agents, and visits by Al Qaeda agents to Baghdad, the most intensive searching over the last two years has produced no solid evidence of a cooperative relationship between Saddam's government and Al Qaeda." It also found "some evidence that there were no operational links" between the two entities.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_FBI_interrogation_reports">2004 FBI interrogation reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2004 FBI interrogation reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">interrogation of Saddam Hussein</a> in the first half of 2004, <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> special agent <a href="/wiki/George_Piro" title="George Piro">George Piro</a> had 25 face-to-face meetings with Saddam Hussein while he was held as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> at the United States military detention facility at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meek0626_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meek0626-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piro's reports, filed during the interrogation, were declassified and released in 2009 after a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">U.S. Freedom of Information Act</a> request.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hussein had reportedly maintained that he did not collaborate with al-Qaeda,<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said he feared al-Qaeda would have turned on him, and was quoted as calling <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> a "zealot."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9/11_Commission_Report"><span id="9.2F11_Commission_Report"></span><span class="anchor" id="2004_9/11_Commission_Report"></span><i>9/11 Commission Report</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 9/11 Commission Report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The July 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report" title="9/11 Commission Report">9/11 Commission Report</a></i> addressed a possible conspiracy between the government of Iraq and al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks. The report addressed allegations of contacts between al-Qaeda and members of Saddam Hussein's government and concluded that there was no evidence that such contacts developed into a collaborative relationship, and they did not cooperate to commit terrorist attacks against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_Senate_report_of_pre-war_intelligence_on_Iraq"><span class="anchor" id="2004_Senate_Report_of_Pre-war_Intelligence_on_Iraq"></span>2004 Senate report of pre-war intelligence on Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2004 Senate report of pre-war intelligence on Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Select Committee on Intelligence</a> examined "the quality and quantity of U.S. intelligence on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, ties to terrorist groups, Saddam Hussein's threat to stability and security in the region, and his repression of his own people;"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the objectivity, reasonableness, independence, and accuracy of the judgments reached by the Intelligence Community".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee examined the CIA's five intelligence products on Iraqi links to terrorism, focusing on the agency's 2003 study, in section 12 of the report: "Iraq's Links to Terrorism". It concluded that the CIA had accurately concluded that contacts between Saddam Hussein's regime and members of al-Qaeda did not constitute a formal relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on information the CIA made available to the Senate committee, it published the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence</a> critiquing the intelligence-gathering process.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_CIA_report">2004 CIA report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2004 CIA report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2004, the CIA finished another assessment of possible links between Iraq and al-Qaeda. The assessment had been requested by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States">Office of the Vice President</a>, which asked the CIA to reexamine the possibility that Jordanian terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi constituted a link between Saddam and al-Qaeda (as Colin Powell had said in his speech to the United Nations Security Council). The assessment concluded that there was no evidence that Saddam Hussein's regime had harbored al-Zarqawi. A U.S. official familiar with the new CIA assessment said that intelligence analysts were unable to determine conclusively the nature of the relationship between al-Zarqawi and Saddam. "It's still being worked," he said. "It (the assessment) ... doesn't make clear-cut, bottom-line judgments" about whether Saddam's regime aided al-Zarqawi. The official told <a href="/wiki/Knight_Ridder" title="Knight Ridder">Knight Ridder</a>, "What is indisputable is that Zarqawi was operating out of Baghdad and was involved in a lot of bad activities"; the report did not conclude, however, that Saddam's regime had provided "aid, comfort and succor" to al-Zarqawi. According to the Knight Ridder story, "Some officials believe that Saddam's secular regime kept an eye on al-Zarqawi, but didn't actively assist him." Knight Ridder reporters called the CIA study "the latest assessment that calls into question one of President Bush's key justifications for last year's U.S.-led invasion of Iraq."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_update"><span class="anchor" id="2005_update_of_CIA_report"></span>2005 update</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2005 update"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2005, the CIA updated its 2004 report to conclude that Saddam's regime "did not have a relationship, harbor, or even turn a blind eye toward Mr. Zarqawi and his associates".<sup id="cite_ref-09intelcnd.html_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09intelcnd.html-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two counterterrorism analysts told <i>Newsweek</i> that Zarqawi probably received medical treatment in Baghdad in 2002, but Saddam's government may never have known that he was in Iraq because he used "false cover." <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> reported that an intelligence official told <i>Newsweek</i> that, according to the report's current draft, "most evidence suggests Saddam Hussein did not provide Zarqawi safe haven before the war. It also recognizes that there are still unanswered questions and gaps in knowledge about the relationship ... The most recent CIA analysis is an update—based on fresh reporting from Iraq and interviews with former Saddam officials—of a classified report that analysts in the CIA's Directorate of Intelligence first produced more than a year ago."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_Pentagon_study">2006 Pentagon study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2006 Pentagon study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2006, the Pentagon published a study of the "Harmony database" documents captured in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmony_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmony-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the study did not address allegations of Iraqi ties to al-Qaeda, it analyzed papers that offer insight into the history of the movement and tensions among its leadership. The Pentagon found evidence that al-Qaeda jihadists viewed Saddam as an "infidel", and advised against working with him.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_U.S._Senate_report"><span class="anchor" id="2006_U.S._Senate_Report_of_Pre-War_Intelligence"></span><span class="anchor" id="CIA_conclusions"></span><span class="anchor" id="DIA_conclusions"></span><span class="anchor" id="FBI"></span>2006 U.S. Senate report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 2006 U.S. Senate report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence#"Phase_two"_of_the_investigation" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence § "Phase two" of the investigation</a></div> <p>In September 2006, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released two bipartisan reports which constituted Phase II of its study of prewar intelligence claims about Iraq's pursuit of WMD and alleged links to al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reports concluded, according to David Stout of <i>The New York Times</i>, that "there is no evidence that Saddam Hussein had prewar ties to Al Qaeda and one of the terror organization's most notorious members, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi."<sup id="cite_ref-09intelcnd.html_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09intelcnd.html-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator John Rockefeller, the committee's ranking Democrat, said: "Today's reports show that the administration's repeated allegations of a past, present and future relationship between al Qaeda and Iraq were wrong and intended to exploit the deep sense of insecurity among Americans in the immediate aftermath of the September 11th attacks."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administration_response">Administration response</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Administration response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the report was released, <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> told <i>Fox News Sunday</i> that she did not remember seeing that particular report and "there were ties between Iraq and al-Qaeda."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with Tim Russert on <i>Meet the Press</i>, Vice President Cheney said: "We've never been able to confirm any connection between Iraq and 9/11." He reiterated that there was a connection between Iraq and al-Qaeda, citing Zarqawi's presence in Baghdad and DCI George Tenet's claim of "a relationship that went back at least a decade." Pressed about the Senate report, Cheney said: "I haven't seen the report. I haven't had a chance to read it yet."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_Pentagon_inspector_general's_report"><span id="2007_Pentagon_inspector_general.27s_report"></span><span class="anchor" id="2007_Pentagon_Inspector_General_Report"></span>2007 Pentagon inspector general's report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 2007 Pentagon inspector general's report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pentagon's inspector general issued a February 2007 report<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which found that the actions of Feith's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a>, the source of most misleading intelligence about al-Qaeda and Iraq, were inappropriate but not illegal. Senator <a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">Carl Levin</a>, Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said: "The bottom line is that intelligence relating to the Iraq-al-Qaeda relationship was manipulated by high-ranking officials in the Department of Defense to support the administration's decision to invade Iraq. The inspector general's report is a devastating condemnation of inappropriate activities in the DOD policy office that helped take this nation to war."<sup id="cite_ref-Faulted_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulted-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feith said, however, that he felt vindicated by the report's conclusion that what he did was not unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-Faulted_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulted-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told <i>The Washington Post</i> that his office produced a criticism of the consensus of the intelligence community, acknowledging that he "was not endorsing its substance."<sup id="cite_ref-Faulted_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faulted-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Pentagon_report">2008 Pentagon report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 2008 Pentagon report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents,</i> a Pentagon-sponsored March 2008 study, was based on the review of over 600,000 Iraqi documents captured after the 2003 US invasion. The study found no direct connection between Iraq and al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon_2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It noted that during the early 1990s, "Saddam supported groups that either associated directly with al Qaeda (such as the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, led at one time by bin Laden's deputy, <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>) or that generally shared al Qaeda's stated goals and objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>While these documents do not reveal direct coordination and assistance between the Saddam regime and the al Qaeda network, they do indicate that Saddam was willing to use, albeit cautiously, operatives affiliated with al Qaeda as long as Saddam could have these terrorist–operatives monitored closely ... This created both the appearance of and, in some ways, a 'de facto' link between the organizations. At times, these organizations would work together in pursuit of shared goals but still maintain their autonomy and independence because of innate caution and mutual distrust.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The report also stated that "captured documents reveal that the regime was willing to co-opt or support organizations it knew to be part of al Qaeda."<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon_2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> In July 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi Intelligence Service">IIS</a> director for international intelligence ordered an investigation of a terrorist group known as the Army of Muhammad. The investigation revealed that the group "threatened Kuwaiti authorities and plans to attack American and Western interests",<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon_2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> and was working with Osama bin Laden. According to the report, "A later memorandum from the same collection to the Director of the IIS reports that the Army of Muhammad is endeavoring to receive assistance [from Iraq] to implement its objectives, and that the local IIS station has been told to deal with them in accordance with priorities previously established. The IIS agent goes on to inform the Director that 'this organization is an offshoot of bin Laden, but that their objectives are similar but with different names that can be a way of camouflaging the organization.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentagon_2008-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>ABC News noted about the report that the primary target of Saddam's terror activities was not the United States or Israel: "The predominant targets of Iraqi state terror operations were Iraqi citizens, both inside and outside of Iraq." Saddam's primary aim was self-preservation and the elimination of potential internal threats to his power.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_U.S._Senate_report">2008 U.S. Senate report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 2008 U.S. Senate report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2008, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released the final part of its Phase II investigation of the intelligence assessments that led to the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq; this part of the investigation looked into statements by members of the Bush administration, and compared those statements to what the intelligence community was telling the administration at the time. The report, endorsed by eight Democrats and two Republicans on the committee, concluded that "Statements and implications by the President and Secretary of State suggesting that Iraq and al-Qa'ida had a partnership, or that Iraq had provided al-Qa'ida with weapons training, were not substantiated by the intelligence." It concluded that "Statements ... regarding Iraq's contacts with al-Qa'ida were substantiated by intelligence information. However, policymakers' statements did not accurately convey the intelligence assessments of the nature of these contacts, and left the impression that the contacts led to substantive Iraqi cooperation or support of al-Qa'ida" and "Statements that Iraq provided safe haven for Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and other al-Qa'ida-related terrorist members were substantiated by the intelligence assessments. Intelligence assessments noted Zarqawi's presence in Iraq and his ability to travel and operate within the country. The intelligence community generally believed that Iraqi intelligence must have known about, and therefore at least tolerated, Zarqawi's presence in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>New York Times</i> called the report "especially critical of statements by the president and vice president linking Iraq to Al Qaeda and raising the possibility that Mr. Hussein might supply the terrorist group with unconventional weapons." Committee chair John D. Rockefeller IV wrote in an addendum to the report, "Representing to the American people that the two had an operational partnership and posed a single, indistinguishable threat was fundamentally misleading and led the nation to war on false premises."<sup id="cite_ref-mazzetti_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzetti-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a minority addendum to the report signed by four Republican dissenters, the Republicans "suggested that the investigation was a partisan smoke screen to obscure the real story: that the C.I.A. failed the Bush administration by delivering intelligence assessments to policy makers that have since been discredited."<sup id="cite_ref-mazzetti_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzetti-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minority senators did not take issue with the majority's conclusion that there was no evidence of a Saddam-al-Qaeda conspiracy, but objected to the manner in which the report was assembled and called the finished product "a waste of Committee time and resources."<sup id="cite_ref-mazzetti_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazzetti-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissent focused on the committee's reluctance to include statements by previous administrations and members of Congress about prewar intelligence, and objected to the report's conclusion that President Bush and Vice President Cheney made statements that Saddam was prepared to give WMD to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This investigation related to Abdul Rahman Yasin.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqis had made a similar offer to the Bush administration in 2003, but that offer was also spurned.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caseclosed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caseclosed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caseclosed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes. Stephen F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031118175232/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/378fmxyz.asp">Case Closed</a>, <i>The Weekly Standard</i>. 24 November 2003; Volume 009, Issue 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CRPT-108srpt301/CRPT-108srpt301"><i>S. Rept. 108-301 - REPORT OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE on the U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY'S PREWAR INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS ON IRAQ together with ADDITIONAL VIEWS</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 31, 2003. p. 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Rept.+108-301+-+REPORT+OF+THE+SELECT+COMMITTEE+ON+INTELLIGENCE+on+the+U.S.+INTELLIGENCE+COMMUNITY%27S+PREWAR+INTELLIGENCE+ASSESSMENTS+ON+IRAQ+together+with+ADDITIONAL+VIEWS&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2003-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FCRPT-108srpt301%2FCRPT-108srpt301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even the alleged training and safe haven involved secular Baathists not associated with al-Qaeda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claim-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claim_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/2006/03/20/9-11-and-saddam">Bush Falsely Claims He Never Linked Hussein To September 11</a>", <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Think Progress</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124171127/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXe4z8b1ZCRZTZzlVRbxWKVORV4A">Blair warned Bush against Iraq push after 9/11: advisor</a>," <i>Agence France Presse</i> (30 November 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14751790902985215">The Bush Doctrine and the Anglo-American Special Relationship - by Lamont Colucci</a>," "Routledge - Taylor & Francis" (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meet_the_Press-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/vicepresident/news-speeches/speeches/print/vp20011209.html">"The Vice President Appears on NBC's Meet the Press"</a>. <i>White House news release</i> (Press release). The White House. 2001-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vice+President+Appears+on+NBC%27s+Meet+the+Press&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2001-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fvicepresident%2Fnews-speeches%2Fspeeches%2Fprint%2Fvp20011209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meet_the_Press_transcript-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meet_the_Press_transcript_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3080244">Transcript for Sept. 14 - Meet the Press</a>", <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-0303-01.htm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-0303-01.htm_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandayWarren_P._StrobelJohn_Walcott2004" class="citation news cs1">Landay, Jonathan S.; Warren P. Strobel; John Walcott (March 3, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208023017/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0303-01.htm">"Doubts Cast on Efforts to Link Saddam, al-Qaida"</a>. Knight-Ridder. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0303-01.htm">the original</a> on December 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Doubts+Cast+on+Efforts+to+Link+Saddam%2C+al-Qaida&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft.aulast=Landay&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft.au=Warren+P.+Strobel&rft.au=John+Walcott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines04%2F0303-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/print/20060329-2.html">"Interview of the Vice President by Tony Snow"</a>. <i>White House news release</i> (Press release). The White House. 2006-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+of+the+Vice+President+by+Tony+Snow&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F03%2Fprint%2F20060329-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside">"Frontline: The Dark Side,"</a> PBS, aired June 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/congress/2004_rpt/iraq-wmd-intell_chapter12-n.htm">"Training of al-Qaida by Iraq"</a>, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments On Iraq, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a>, GlobalSecurity.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorintelligence/cialetter.html">C.I.A. Letter to Senate on Baghdad's Intentions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907004534/http://foi.missouri.edu/terrorintelligence/cialetter.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 10-09-2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Statement.pdf">"Statement on the release of the 9/11 Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+release+of+the+9%2F11+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9-11commission.gov%2Freport%2F911Report_Statement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(40.3 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-09intel.html-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-09intel.html_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-09intel.html_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDOUGLAS_JEHL2005" class="citation news cs1">DOUGLAS JEHL (December 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/09/politics/09intel.html">"Qaeda-Iraq Link U.S. Cited Is Tied to Coercion Claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Qaeda-Iraq+Link+U.S.+Cited+Is+Tied+to+Coercion+Claim&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft.au=DOUGLAS+JEHL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F09%2Fpolitics%2F09intel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJehl2005" class="citation news cs1">Jehl, Douglas (November 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/06/politics/06intel.ready.html">"Report Warned Bush Team About Intelligence Doubts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Report+Warned+Bush+Team+About+Intelligence+Doubts&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft.aulast=Jehl&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F06%2Fpolitics%2F06intel.ready.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-911REPORT/summary"><i>The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Report)</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. July 22, 2004. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072304-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072304-3"><bdi>0-16-072304-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Commission+Report%3A+Final+Report+of+the+National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks+Upon+the+United+States+%289%2F11+Report%29&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft.isbn=0-16-072304-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FGPO-911REPORT%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5223932"><i>9/11 panel sees no link between Iraq, al-Qaida</i></a> <i>MSNBC</i> June 16, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milbank, Dana. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54702-2004Jun19.html">9/11 Panel's Findings Vault Bush Credibility To Campaign Forefront</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 06-20-2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.senate.gov/iraqreport2.pdf#search='Senate%20Report%20of%20Prewar%20Intelligence%20on%20Iraq'">Senate Report on Prewar Intelligence of Iraq</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816215352/http://intelligence.senate.gov/iraqreport2.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (broken link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The committee also found gaps in the intelligence-gathering methods used (see <a href="#2004_Senate_Report_of_Pre-war_Intelligence_on_Iraq">#2004 Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq</a>), but did not suggest that these gaps altered the conclusions those agencies reached.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11881112">Declassified notes offer glimpse into al-Qaida</a>", <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>, 03-17-2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lake, Eil. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/article/29746">Saddam, Al Qaeda Did Collaborate, Documents Show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060415022447/http://www.nysun.com/article/29746">Archived</a> 2006-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", 03-24-2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bray, Hiawatha. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2006/03/18/us_puts_iraqi_documents_on_the_web/">US puts Iraqi documents on the Web</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, 03-18-2006. Retrieved 03-28 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416025721/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-17-na-ushussein17-story.html">U.S. Reveals Once-Secret Files From Hussein Regime</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 16, 2023)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/print/20060320-7.html">"President Discusses War on Terror and Operation Iraqi Freedom"</a> (Press release). The White House. 2006-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Discusses+War+on+Terror+and+Operation+Iraqi+Freedom&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F03%2Fprint%2F20060320-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmarky1dark2006" class="citation web cs1">marky1dark (23 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_A77N5WKWM&t=1m4s">"Bush admits that Iraq Had Nothing To Do With 9/11"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/f_A77N5WKWM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-13 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+admits+that+Iraq+Had+Nothing+To+Do+With+9%2F11&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft.au=marky1dark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df_A77N5WKWM%26t%3D1m4s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/08/print/20060821.html">"Press ference by the President"</a> (Press release). The White House. 2006-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+ference+by+the+President&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F08%2Fprint%2F20060821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/print/20030321-5.html">"Presidential Letter"</a> (Press release). The White House. 2003-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Letter&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2003-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2003%2F03%2Fprint%2F20030321-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514140012/http://www.house.gov/reform/min/pdfs_108_2/pdfs_inves/pdf_admin_iraq_on_the_record_rep.pdf">"Iraq on The Record: The Bush Administration's Public Statements on Iraq"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. House of Representatives. 2004-03-16. p. 36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/reform/min/pdfs_108_2/pdfs_inves/pdf_admin_iraq_on_the_record_rep.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-18</span></span>. <q>61 misleading statements about Iraq's relationship with al Qaeda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+on+The+Record%3A+The+Bush+Administration%27s+Public+Statements+on+Iraq&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2004-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Freform%2Fmin%2Fpdfs_108_2%2Fpdfs_inves%2Fpdf_admin_iraq_on_the_record_rep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510103500/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12-29-2005%2F0004240417&EDATE=">"Sizeable Minorities Still Believe Saddam Hussein Had Strong Links to Al Qaeda, Helped Plan 9/11 and Had Weapons of Mass Destruction"</a>. Harris Interactive. PR Newswire. 29 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/12-29-2005/0004240417&EDATE=">the original</a> on 2008-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sizeable+Minorities+Still+Believe+Saddam+Hussein+Had+Strong+Links+to+Al+Qaeda%2C+Helped+Plan+9%2F11+and+Had+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.date=2005-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.prnewswire.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstories.pl%3FACCT%3D104%26STORY%3D%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F12-29-2005%2F0004240417%26EDATE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/11047">Few Americans Perceive Hussein-9/11 Link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302160809/http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/11047">Archived</a> 2006-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerbisias2006" class="citation news cs1">Zerbisias, Antonia (March 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1142894779554&call_page=TS_Entertainment&call_pageid=968867495754&call_pagepath=A&E/News&pubid=968163964505">"U.S. media wallows in amnesia"</a>. Toronto Star.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+media+wallows+in+amnesia&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft.aulast=Zerbisias&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FNASApp%2Fcs%2FContentServer%3Fpagename%3Dthestar%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1%26c%3DArticle%26cid%3D1142894779554%26call_page%3DTS_Entertainment%26call_pageid%3D968867495754%26call_pagepath%3DA%26E%2FNews%26pubid%3D968163964505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media_10_02_03_Report.pdf">"Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050929024415/http://www.pipa.org/OnlineReports/Iraq/Media_10_02_03_Report.pdf">Archived</a> 2005-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803232825/http://www.damascus-online.com/se/bio/aflaq_michel.htm">"Michel Aflaq"</a>. Damascus-online.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damascus-online.com/se/bio/aflaq_michel.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michel+Aflaq&rft.pub=Damascus-online.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damascus-online.com%2Fse%2Fbio%2Faflaq_michel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdel-Malek, Anouar <i>Contemporary Arab Political Thought</i>, London: Zed Books, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergen, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216031256/http://www.peterbergen.com/bergen/articles/details.aspx?id=233">Vanity Fair excerpt of the book "The Osama bin Laden I Know"</a>". (archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pape, <i>Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</i> New York: Random House, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6317-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6317-5">1-4000-6317-5</a> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Byman, <i>Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism</i> Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83973-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83973-4">0-521-83973-4</a> p. 285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2004" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Richard A. (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Against_All_Enemies" title="Against All Enemies">Against All Enemies</a>: Inside America's War on Terrorism</i>. New York: Free Press/Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstallenemie00clar/page/269">269–270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-6024-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-6024-4"><bdi>0-7432-6024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+All+Enemies%3A+Inside+America%27s+War+on+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=269-270&rft.pub=Free+Press%2FSimon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-6024-4&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Gary (2006-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426082930/http://voanews.com/english/NewsAnalysis/2006-04-19-voa60.cfm">"State-Sponsored Terrorism Thrives"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Hayes+memo+is+important%E2%80%94but+bogus&rft.date=2003-12-09&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2003%2F12%2Fthe-hayes-memo-is-important-but-bogus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Cirincione, Jessica Tuchman Mathews, George Perkovich, with Alexis Orton, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Iraq3FullText.pdf">WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications</a></i> Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (8 January 2004) pp. 48, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meek0626-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meek0626_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeek2009" class="citation news cs1">Meek, James Gordon (2009-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629063949/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dc/2009/06/how-the-fbi-broke-saddam-1.html">"How the FBI Broke Saddam - Part 1"</a>. <i>Mouth Of The Potomac</i>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News (New York)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dc/2009/06/how-the-fbi-broke-saddam-1.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-02</span></span>. <q>The first FBI interrogation of Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti - in a program codenamed 'Desert Spider' - took place Feb. 7, 2004, in a dingy cell at Baghdad International Airport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mouth+Of+The+Potomac&rft.atitle=How+the+FBI+Broke+Saddam+-+Part+1&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=James+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fblogs%2Fdc%2F2009%2F06%2Fhow-the-fbi-broke-saddam-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSA-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSA_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattleMcQuade,_Brendan2009" class="citation web cs1">Battle, Joyce; McQuade, Brendan (2009-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB279/index.htm">"Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI : Twenty Interviews and Five Conversations with "High Value Detainee # 1" in 2004"</a>. <i>National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 279</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-02</span></span>. <q>FBI special agents carried out 20 formal interviews and at least 5 'casual conversations' with former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein after his capture by U.S. troops in December 2003, according to secret FBI reports released as the result of Freedom of Information Act requests by the National Security Archive and posted today on the Web at www.nsarchive.org.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book+No.+279&rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein+Talks+to+the+FBI+%3A+Twenty+Interviews+and+Five+Conversations+with+%22High+Value+Detainee+%23+1%22+in+2004&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Battle&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=McQuade%2C+Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB279%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2009" class="citation news cs1">Kessler, Glenn (2009-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/01/AR2009070104217.html">"Saddam Hussein Said WMD Talk Helped Him Look Strong to Iran -"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-02</span></span>. <q>Saddam Hussein told an FBI interviewer before he was hanged that he allowed the world to believe he had weapons of mass destruction because he was worried about appearing weak to Iran, according to declassified accounts of the interviews released yesterday. The former Iraqi president also denounced Osama bin Laden as 'a zealot' and said he had no dealings with al-Qaeda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saddam+Hussein+Said+WMD+Talk+Helped+Him+Look+Strong+to+Iran+-&rft.date=2009-07-02&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F01%2FAR2009070104217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2004" class="citation news cs1">Harper, Tim (18 June 2004). "Saddam-Al Qaeda link exists Bush; Disputes 9/11 panel's contention U.S. response to attacks chaotic: [ONT Edition]". <i>Toronto Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Saddam-Al+Qaeda+link+exists+Bush%3B+Disputes+9%2F11+panel%27s+contention+U.S.+response+to+attacks+chaotic%3A+%5BONT+Edition%5D&rft.date=2004-06-18&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CRPT-109srpt331/CRPT-109srpt331"><i>S. Rept. 109-331 - REPORT of the SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE on POSTWAR FINDINGS ABOUT IRAQ'S WMD PROGRAMS AND LINKS TO TERRORISM AND HOW THEY COMPARE WITH PREWAR ASSESSMENTS together with ADDITIONAL AND MINORITY VIEWS</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. September 8, 2006. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Rept.+109-331+-+REPORT+of+the+SELECT+COMMITTEE+ON+INTELLIGENCE+on+POSTWAR+FINDINGS+ABOUT+IRAQ%27S+WMD+PROGRAMS+AND+LINKS+TO+TERRORISM+AND+HOW+THEY+COMPARE+WITH+PREWAR+ASSESSMENTS+together+with+ADDITIONAL+AND+MINORITY+VIEWS&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FCRPT-109srpt331%2FCRPT-109srpt331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrobelJonathan_S._LandayJohn_Walcott2004" class="citation news cs1">Strobel, Warren P.; Jonathan S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CIA+Review+Finds+No+Evidence+Saddam+Had+Ties+to+Islamic+Terrorists&rft.date=2004-10-05&rft.aulast=Strobel&rft.aufirst=Warren+P.&rft.au=Jonathan+S.+Landay&rft.au=John+Walcott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines04%2F1005-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-09intelcnd.html-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-09intelcnd.html_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-09intelcnd.html_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Mazzetti2006" class="citation news cs1">Mark Mazzetti (September 8, 2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/washington/09intelcnd.html">"Senate Panel Releases Report on Iraq Intelligence"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Panel+Releases+Report+on+Iraq+Intelligence&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.au=Mark+Mazzetti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F08%2Fwashington%2F09intelcnd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9831216/wid/6448213/site/newsweek">Terror Watch: New Doubts on Iraq-Qaeda Links</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, October 26, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmony-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harmony_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219072611/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/aq/Harmony%20and%20Disharmony%20--%20CTC.pdf">"Harmony and Disharmony: Exploiting al-Qai'da's Organizational Vulnerabilities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctc.usma.edu/aq/Harmony%20and%20Disharmony%20--%20CTC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harmony+and+Disharmony%3A+Exploiting+al-Qai%27da%27s+Organizational+Vulnerabilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctc.usma.edu%2Faq%2FHarmony%2520and%2520Disharmony%2520--%2520CTC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a>, 02-14-2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226111921/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/aq/AFGP-2002-600080-Trans.pdf">"CTC Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctc.usma.edu/aq/AFGP-2002-600080-Trans.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.senate.gov/phaseiiinc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+by+the+Intelligence+Community+of+Information+Provided+by+the+Iraqi+National+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.senate.gov%2Fphaseiiinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/08/AR2006090800911.html"><i>The Washington Post</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwtx.com/home/headlines/3881902.html">Rice: Saddam Did Have Links To al-Qaeda.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071207191714/http://www.kwtx.com/home/headlines/3881902.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/KWTX-TV" title="KWTX-TV">KWTX-TV</a>, September 10, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/print/20060910.html">"Interview of the Vice President by Tim Russert, NBC News, Meet the Press"</a>. <i>White House news release</i> (Press release). The White House. 2006-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+of+the+Vice+President+by+Tim+Russert%2C+NBC+News%2C+Meet+the+Press&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2006%2F09%2Fprint%2F20060910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022944/https://www.npr.org/documents/2007/feb/dod_iog_iraq_summary.pdf">Review of Pre-Iraqi War Activities of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy: Executive Summary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived September 27, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faulted-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faulted_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulted_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulted_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincusSmith2007" class="citation news cs1">Pincus, Walter; Smith, R. Jeffrey (February 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802387.html">"Official's Key Report On Iraq Is Faulted"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214042657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802387.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Official%27s+Key+Report+On+Iraq+Is+Faulted&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentagon_2008-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_2008_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a.abcnews.com/images/pdf/Pentagon_Report_V1.pdf">"Iraqi Perspectives Project - Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents, Volume 1 (Redacted)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308134137/https://a.abcnews.com/images/pdf/Pentagon_Report_V1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Perspectives+Project+-+Saddam+and+Terrorism%3A+Emerging+Insights+from+Captured+Iraqi+Documents%2C+Volume+1+%28Redacted%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa.abcnews.com%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FPentagon_Report_V1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a.abcnews.com/images/pdf/Pentagon_Report_V1.pdf">Iraqi Perspectives Project - Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents (Redacted)</a>, Volume 1, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/iraqi/index.html">"Iraqi Perspectives Project - Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Documents (Redacted)"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Perspectives+Project+-+Saddam+and+Terrorism%3A+Emerging+Insights+from+Captured+Iraqi+Documents+%28Redacted%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Firp%2Feprint%2Firaqi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"U.S. Military Concludes No Saddam Link to Al Qaeda" <i>ABC News</i> (11 March 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611232451/http://intelligence.senate.gov/080605/phase2a.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.senate.gov/080605/phase2a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.senate.gov%2F080605%2Fphase2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazzetti-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mazzetti_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazzetti_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazzetti_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzettiShane2008" class="citation news cs1">Mazzetti, Mark; Shane, Scott (June 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021203714/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/world/middleeast/06intel.html">"Bush Overstated Iraq Evidence, Senators Report"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/world/middleeast/06intel.html">the original</a></span> on October 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Overstated+Iraq+Evidence%2C+Senators+Report&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft.aulast=Mazzetti&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F06intel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaddam+Hussein+and+al-Qaeda+link+allegations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intelligence.senate.gov/080605/phase2a.pdf">p. 100-112</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611232451/http://intelligence.senate.gov/080605/phase2a.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saddam_Hussein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saddam_Hussein" title="Template:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saddam_Hussein" title="Template talk:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam_Hussein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saddam_Hussein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Human rights record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq,_Saddam_Hussein_(222).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saddam Hussein"><img alt="Saddam Hussein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg/100px-Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg/150px-Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg/200px-Iraq%2C_Saddam_Hussein_%28222%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_novels" title="Saddam Hussein's novels">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabibah_and_the_King" title="Zabibah and the King">Zabibah and the King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_Castle" title="The Fortified Castle">The Fortified Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_and_the_City" title="Men and the City">Men and the City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Begone,_Demons" title="Begone, Demons">Begone, Demons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Quran" title="Blood Quran">Blood Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Killing babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder">Alleged shredder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddam%27s_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam's family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid</li> <li>Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat</li> <li>Half-brothers: <a href="/wiki/Watban_Ibrahim" title="Watban Ibrahim">Watban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabawi_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Sabawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Barzan</a></li> <li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Sajida_Talfah" title="Sajida Talfah">Sajida Talfah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samira_Shahbandar" title="Samira Shahbandar">Samira Shahbandar</a></li> <li>Uncle and Father-in-Law: <a href="/wiki/Khairallah_Talfah" title="Khairallah Talfah">Khairallah Talfah</a></li> <li>Sons: <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a></li> <li>Daughters: <a href="/wiki/Rana_Hussein" title="Rana Hussein">Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raghad_Hussein" title="Raghad Hussein">Raghad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hala_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Hussein">Hala</a></li> <li>Grandchildren: <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Hussein">Mustapha Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-ayyam_al-tawila" title="Al-ayyam al-tawila">Al-ayyam al-tawila</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saddam" title="House of Saddam">House of Saddam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Double" title="The Devil's Double">The Devil's Double</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saddam_Hussein" title="Category:Saddam Hussein">Category:Saddam Hussein</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Al-Qaeda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al-Qaeda" title="Template talk:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Al-Qaeda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_al-Qaeda_members" title="List of al-Qaeda members">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi">Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_bin_Atef_al-Awlaki" title="Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki">Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_Youssef_al-Annabi" title="Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi">Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sayyid_Muhamed_Mustafa_al-Bakri" title="Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri">Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Banna" title="Ibrahim al-Banna">Ibrahim al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al_Qosi" title="Ibrahim al Qosi">Ibrahim al Qosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Walid_al-Masri" title="Abu Walid al-Masri">Abu Walid al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Showqi_Al-Islambouli" title="Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli">Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir" title="Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir">Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Mostafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Humam_al-Shami" title="Abu Humam al-Shami">Abu Humam al-Shami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-Oraydi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Mohammed Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaed_Salim_Sinan_al-Harethi" title="Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi">Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed_Fadhil" title="Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil">Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Yemeni" title="Haitham al-Yemeni">Haitham al-Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Rabia" title="Abu Hamza Rabia">Abu Hamza Rabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Musa_Matwalli_Atwah" title="Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah">Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Faruq" title="Omar al-Faruq">Omar al-Faruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Badri" title="Haitham al-Badri">Haitham al-Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Masri" title="Abu Yaqub al-Masri">Abu Yaqub al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talha_al-Sudani" title="Abu Talha al-Sudani">Abu Talha al-Sudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Laith_al-Libi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Laith al-Libi">Abu Laith al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Al-Jazairi" title="Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi">Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Mursi" title="Midhat Mursi">Midhat Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Moumou" title="Mohamed Moumou">Mohamed Moumou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Habib" title="Khalid Habib">Khalid Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghadiya" title="Abu Ghadiya">Abu Ghadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zubair_al-Masri" title="Abu Zubair al-Masri">Abu Zubair al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rauf" title="Rashid Rauf">Rashid Rauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khalil_al-Hakim" title="Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim">Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahid_Mohammed_Ally_Msalam" title="Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam">Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Salim_Swedan" title="Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan">Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan" title="Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan">Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Said_al_Libi" title="Abdullah Said al Libi">Abdullah Said al Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Somali" title="Saleh al-Somali">Saleh al-Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri" title="Saeed al-Masri">Saeed al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Jawfi" title="Hamza al-Jawfi">Hamza al-Jawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_Hamed_Ali" title="Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali">Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abul-Khair" title="Mohamed Abul-Khair">Mohamed Abul-Khair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fateh" title="Sheikh Fateh">Sheikh Fateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huthaifa_al-Batawi" title="Huthaifa al-Batawi">Huthaifa al-Batawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Kashmiri" title="Ilyas Kashmiri">Ilyas Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed" title="Fazul Abdullah Mohammed">Fazul Abdullah Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman" title="Atiyah Abd al-Rahman">Atiyah Abd al-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Khan" title="Samir Khan">Samir Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Dahab" title="Tariq al-Dahab">Tariq al-Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_Ali_Hasan" title="Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan">Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_al-Quso" title="Fahd al-Quso">Fahd al-Quso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_al-Libi" title="Abu Yahya al-Libi">Abu Yahya al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghul" title="Hassan Ghul">Hassan Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Zaid_al_Kuwaiti" title="Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti">Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Ali_al-Shihri" title="Said Ali al-Shihri">Said Ali al-Shihri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farman_Ali_Shinwari" title="Farman Ali Shinwari">Farman Ali Shinwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abdelhamid Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Haji_Jama_Mee%27aad" title="Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad">Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Bahaji" title="Said Bahaji">Said Bahaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri" title="Abu Khalid al-Suri">Abu Khalid al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ould_Hamaha" title="Omar Ould Hamaha">Omar Ould Hamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Al-Turki" title="Abu Yusuf Al-Turki">Abu Yusuf Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Gulshair_el_Shukrijumah" title="Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah">Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn" title="Adam Yahiye Gadahn">Adam Yahiye Gadahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_bin_Ghazi_al-Nadhari" title="Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari">Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_Ahmad_Othman_al-Ghamdi" title="Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi">Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sulayman_Muhammad_al-Rubaysh" title="Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh">Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Ali_al-Ansi" title="Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi">Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi" title="Nasir al-Wuhayshi">Nasir al-Wuhayshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_al-Fadhli" title="Muhsin al-Fadhli">Muhsin al-Fadhli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalil_al-Madani" title="Abu Khalil al-Madani">Abu Khalil al-Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rehman" title="Matiur Rehman">Matiur Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri" title="Abu Firas al-Suri">Abu Firas al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Refai_Taha" title="Ahmed Refai Taha">Ahmed Refai Taha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Asiri" title="Ibrahim al-Asiri">Ibrahim al-Asiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_Shihab" title="Sari Shihab">Sari Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Umar" title="Asim Umar">Asim Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi" title="Qasim al-Raymi">Qasim al-Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Aruri" title="Khalid al-Aruri">Khalid al-Aruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah">Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhsin_al-Masri" title="Abu Muhsin al-Masri">Abu Muhsin al-Masri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim" title="Mamdouh Mahmud Salim">Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadih_el-Hage" title="Wadih el-Hage">Wadih el-Hage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Fawwaz" title="Khalid al-Fawwaz">Khalid al-Fawwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Nashiri" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri">Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin" title="Riduan Isamuddin">Riduan Isamuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Bahlul" title="Ali al-Bahlul">Ali al-Bahlul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghailani" title="Ahmed Ghailani">Ahmed Ghailani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faraj_al-Libbi" title="Abu Faraj al-Libbi">Abu Faraj al-Libbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar" title="Mustafa Setmariam Nasar">Mustafa Setmariam Nasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_al_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hadi al Iraqi">Abdul Hadi al Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jafar_Jamal_al-Kahtani" title="Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani">Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atiq_Awayd_Al_Harbi" title="Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi">Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younis_al-Mauritani" title="Younis al-Mauritani">Younis al-Mauritani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith" title="Sulaiman Abu Ghaith">Sulaiman Abu Ghaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Anas_al-Libi" title="Abu Anas al-Libi">Abu Anas al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhanad_Mahmoud_Al_Farekh" title="Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh">Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Haq" title="Amin al-Haq">Amin al-Haq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Banshiri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri">Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Masri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Masri">Abu Ubaidah al-Masri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahfouz_Ould_al-Walid" title="Mahfouz Ould al-Walid">Mahfouz Ould al-Walid</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> (expelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani" title="Abu Maria al-Qahtani">Abu Maria al-Qahtani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Salama_Mabruk" title="Ahmad Salama Mabruk">Ahmad Salama Mabruk</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani" title="Abu Omar al-Turkistani">Abu Omar al-Turkistani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir">Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Batarfi" title="Khalid Batarfi">Khalid Batarfi</a> (died)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Al-Qaeda_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Al-Qaeda attacks">Timeline<br />of attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">2000 USS <i>Cole</i> bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">2001 September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11,_2007_Algiers_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 11, 2007 Algiers bombings">2007 Algiers bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad" title="2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad">2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing">2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">2013 In Amenas hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">2013 Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">2015 Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">2015 Bamako hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2016 Ouagadougou attacks">2016 Ouagadougou attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">2016 Grand-Bassam shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bamako_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Bamako attack">2016 Bamako attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">drone strikes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> (Somalia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> (Yemen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent">Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent</a> (Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> (Mali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> (Syria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charity organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolence_International_Foundation" title="Benevolence International Foundation">Benevolence International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haramain_Foundation" title="Al-Haramain Foundation">Al-Haramain Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_Handbook" title="Al Qaeda Handbook">Al Qaeda Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Neda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Neda">Al Neda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sahab" title="As-Sahab">As-Sahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)" title="Inspire (magazine)">Inspire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_(magazine)" title="Al-Khansaa (magazine)">Al-Khansaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_al-Qaeda_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit">Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Jihad" title="Voice of Jihad">Voice of Jihad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaedat_al-Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaedat al-Jihad">Qaedat al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Islamic_Media_Front" title="Global Islamic Media Front">Global Islamic Media Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS <i>Cole</i> bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda" title="Category:Al-Qaeda">Category:Al-Qaeda</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_War" title="Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_War" title="Template talk:Iraq War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraq_War_(2003–2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prelude" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Prelude to the Iraq War">Prelude</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">British</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_attacks_against_Iran" title="Iraqi chemical attacks against Iran">Chemical attacks against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah testimony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">No-fly zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNSCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCOM">UNSCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms-to-Iraq_affair" title="Arms-to-Iraq affair">Arms-to-Iraq affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme" title="Oil-for-Food Programme">Oil-for-Food Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Program_Hearings" title="Oil-for-Food Program Hearings">Investigations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Aftermath of the September 11 attacks">Aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">U.S. War in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">Invasion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">WMD claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Yellowcake uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_aluminum_tubes" title="Iraqi aluminum tubes">Aluminum tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_biological_weapons_program" title="Iraqi biological weapons program">Biological weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_chemical_weapons_program" title="Iraqi chemical weapons program">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curveball_(informant)" title="Curveball (informant)">"Curveball"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Iraqi_mobile_weapons_laboratories" title="Allegations of Iraqi mobile weapons laboratories">Mobile weapon labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks#Al-Qaeda_and_Iraq_blamed_for_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">Anthrax claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot" title="Wood Green ricin plot">Ricin claims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War#Oil" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Oil as a possible rationale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell%27s_presentation_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council">Colin Powell's UN presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Disarmament crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Monitoring,_Verification_and_Inspection_Commission" title="United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission">UNMOVIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_Iraqi_peace_initiatives" title="Failed Iraqi peace initiatives">Failed peace initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">Iraq resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="British parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq">UK parliament's support for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Legitimacy of the invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Media coverage of the Iraq War">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_military_analyst_program" title="Pentagon military analyst program">Military analyst program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_rapid_response_operation" title="Pentagon rapid response operation">Rapid response operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder">Saddam's alleged shredder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">Preemptive war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Saddam Hussein and human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dossiers<br />and memos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_memo" title="Downing Street memo">Downing Street memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Dossier" title="September Dossier">September Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_letter" title="Vilnius letter">Vilnius letter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_letter_of_the_eight" title="The letter of the eight">Letter of the eight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Blair_2003_Iraq_memo" title="Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo">Bush–Blair 2003 memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Dossier" title="Iraq Dossier">February Dossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush%E2%80%93Aznar_memo" title="Bush–Aznar memo">Bush–Aznar memo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)">2003–06 period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Anbar campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Fallujah during the Iraq War">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">2006 al-Askari mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Civil war (2006–08)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 U.S. troop surge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Timeline of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion<br />(2003)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Timeline of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq">Preparations for invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Battle of Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Fall of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Battle of Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">US public opinion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation<br />(2003–2011)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_occupation_of_Ramadi" title="American occupation of Ramadi">Occupation of Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100_Orders" title="100 Orders">100 Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_2" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 2">CPA Order 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_17" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17">CPA Order 17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_installations_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military installations in Iraq">U.S. military bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(company)#Role_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Blackwater (company)">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Fund_for_Iraq" title="Development Fund for Iraq">Development Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_of_Iraq" title="Economic reform of Iraq">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Iraq" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq">UNAMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qa%27qaa_high_explosives_controversy" title="Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy">Al Qa'qaa high explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">U.S. kill or capture strategy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Replacementgovernments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Administrative_Law_(Iraq)" title="Transitional Administrative Law (Iraq)">Replacement<br />governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Interim Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Transitional_Government" title="Iraqi Transitional Government">Transitional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">Ratification</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Combatants of the Iraq War">Participants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Australian involvement in the Iraq War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancon/Irak" title="Dancon/Irak">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Georgian involvement in the Iraq War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Iranian involvement in the Iraq War">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Italian involvement in the Iraq War">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Iraq_Reconstruction_and_Support_Group" title="Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Polish involvement in the Iraq War">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Division" title="Zaytun Division">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Humanitarian_Assistance_Task_Force_976_Thai-Iraq" title="Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="Ukrainian involvement in the Iraq War">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_involvement_in_the_Iraq_War" title="British involvement in the Iraq War">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurgent<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sunni<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_in_Iraq" title="Islamic Army in Iraq">Islamic Army in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Revolution_Brigades" title="1920 Revolution Brigades">1920 Revolution Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Rashideen" title="Jaish al-Rashideen">Jaish al-Rashideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Iraqi_Resistance" title="Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance">Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_of_Iraq" title="Hamas of Iraq">Hamas of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Banner_Organization" title="Black Banner Organization">Black Banner Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness_and_Holy_War" title="Wakefulness and Holy War">Wakefulness and Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Theeb" title="Abu Theeb">Abu Theeb</a>'s group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Al-Salafi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army">Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Army_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Army (Iraq)">Mujahideen Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shia<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Deraa" title="Abu Deraa">Abu Deraa</a>'s militia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheibani_Network" title="Sheibani Network">Sheibani Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Heaven" title="Soldiers of Heaven">Soldiers of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa%27ib_Ahl_al-Haq" title="Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq">Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Day_Brigade" title="Promised Day Brigade">Promised Day Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata%27ib_Hezbollah" title="Kata'ib Hezbollah">Kata'ib Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ba'ath<br />loyalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedayeen_Saddam" title="Fedayeen Saddam">Fedayeen Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Army_(Iraq)" title="Popular Army (Iraq)">Popular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Battles_and_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Battles and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ancient_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ancient Babylon">Ancient Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Scorpion_(Iraq_2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Scorpion (Iraq 2003)">Desert Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Thrust">Desert Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2003)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2003)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Justice" title="Operation Iron Justice">Iron Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy_Blizzard" title="Operation Ivy Blizzard">Ivy Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Delay" title="Operation Northern Delay">Northern Delay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Airborne_Dragon" title="Operation Airborne Dragon">Airborne Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panther_Squeeze" title="Operation Panther Squeeze">Panther Squeeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peninsula_Strike" title="Operation Peninsula Strike">Peninsula Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Planet_X" title="Operation Planet X">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Telic" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Telic">Telic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulldog_Mammoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bulldog Mammoth">Bulldog Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Saber" title="Operation Iron Saber">Iron Saber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">New Dawn (Al Fajr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Phantom Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Linebacker" title="Operation Phantom Linebacker">Phantom Linebacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plymouth_Rock" title="Operation Plymouth Rock">Plymouth Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Vigilant Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warrior%27s_Rage" title="Operation Warrior's Rage">Warrior's Rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Rising_Force" title="Operation Able Rising Force">Able Rising Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Able_Warrior" title="Operation Able Warrior">Able Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hammer_(Iraq_2005)" title="Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2005)">Iron Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Matador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_New_Market" title="Operation New Market">New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spear" title="Operation Spear">Spear (Romhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Squeeze_Play" title="Operation Squeeze Play">Squeeze Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steel_Curtain" title="Operation Steel Curtain">Steel Curtain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Al_Majid" title="Operation Al Majid">Al Majid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaugamela" title="Operation Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian_Tiger_IV" title="Operation Guardian Tiger IV">Guardian Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_River_Falcon" title="Operation River Falcon">River Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sinbad" title="Operation Sinbad">Sinbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Swarmer" title="Operation Swarmer">Swarmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Together_Forward" title="Operation Together Forward">Together Forward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alljah" title="Operation Alljah">Alljah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arbead_II" title="Operation Arbead II">Arbead II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ardennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Eagle" title="Operation Black Eagle">Black Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando_Eagle" title="Operation Commando Eagle">Commando Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forsythe_Park" title="Operation Forsythe Park">Forsythe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Imposing_Law" title="Operation Imposing Law">Imposing Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leyte_Gulf" title="Operation Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Avalanche" title="Operation Marne Avalanche">Marne Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Marne_Torch" title="Operation Marne Torch">Marne Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mawtini" title="Operation Mawtini">Mawtini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Strike" title="Operation Phantom Strike">Phantom Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Thunder" title="Operation Phantom Thunder">Phantom Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Tempest" title="Operation Polar Tempest">Polar Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Purple_Haze" title="Operation Purple Haze">Purple Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saber_Guardian" title="Operation Saber Guardian">Saber Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer_(2007)" title="Operation Sledgehammer (2007)">Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stampede_3" title="Operation Stampede 3">Stampede 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hammer" title="Operation Tiger Hammer">Tiger Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valiant_Guardian" title="Operation Valiant Guardian">Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defeat_Al_Qaeda_in_the_North" title="Operation Defeat Al Qaeda in the North">Defeat Al Qaeda in the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Augurs_of_Prosperity" title="Operation Augurs of Prosperity">Augurs of Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phantom_Phoenix" title="Operation Phantom Phoenix">Phantom Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War#2010:_US_drawdown_and_Operation_New_Dawn" title="Iraq War">New Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Invasion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invasion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Umm_Qasr" title="Battle of Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Faw_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Faw (2003)">Al Faw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2003)" title="Battle of Basra (2003)">Basra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasiriyah" title="Battle of Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_attack_on_Karbala" title="2003 attack on Karbala">Karbala I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha_Dam" title="Battle of Haditha Dam">Haditha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2003)" title="Battle of Najaf (2003)">Najaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samawah_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samawah (2003)">Samawah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2003)" title="Battle of Karbala (2003)">Karbala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Kut_(2003)" title="Battle of Al Kut (2003)">Al Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hillah_(2003)" title="Battle of Hillah (2003)">Hillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Karbala_Gap_(2003)" title="Battle of the Karbala Gap (2003)">Karbala Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debecka_Pass" title="Battle of Debecka Pass">Debecka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Baghdad I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majar_al-Kabir" title="Battle of Majar al-Kabir">Majar al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Offensive_(2003)" title="Ramadan Offensive (2003)">Ramadan Offensive</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2004 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Karbala_City_Hall" title="Defense of the Karbala City Hall">Karbala City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="First Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sadr_City" title="Siege of Sadr City">Siege of Sadr City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2004)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2004)">Ramadi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Good_Friday_ambush" title="2004 Good Friday ambush">Good Friday ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_International_Airport" title="Battle of Baghdad International Airport">Baghdad International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husaybah_(2004)" title="Battle of Husaybah (2004)">Husaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danny_Boy" title="Battle of Danny Boy">Danny Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2004)" title="Battle of Najaf (2004)">Najaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_CIMIC_House" title="Battle of the CIMIC House">CIMIC House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(2004)" title="Battle of Samarra (2004)">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Second Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2004)" title="Battle of Mosul (2004)">Mosul</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar_raid" title="Lake Tharthar raid">Lake Tharthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Ghraib" title="Battle of Abu Ghraib">Abu Ghraib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Qa%27im_(2005)" title="Battle of Al-Qa'im (2005)">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hit_convoy_ambush" title="2005 Hit convoy ambush">Hit convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haditha" title="Battle of Haditha">Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2005)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2005)">Tal Afar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2006–2008)">Baghdad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2006)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2006)">Ramadi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diwaniya" title="Battle of Diwaniya">Diwaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Rumaythah" title="Battle of Al Rumaythah">Al Rumaythah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amarah" title="Battle of Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turki" title="Battle of Turki">Turki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_Street" title="Battle of Haifa Street">Haifa Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala_provincial_headquarters_raid" title="Karbala provincial headquarters raid">Karbala provincial HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najaf_(2007)" title="Battle of Najaf (2007)">Najaf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shurta_Nasir" title="Operation Shurta Nasir">Shurta Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2007)" title="Battle of Basra (2007)">Basra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baqubah" title="Battle of Baqubah">Baqubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Route_Bismarck" title="Battle of Route Bismarck">Route Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donkey_Island" title="Battle of Donkey Island">Donkey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_(2007)" title="Battle of Karbala (2007)">Karbala III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraq_spring_fighting" title="2008 Iraq spring fighting">Spring fighting</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iraqi_Day_of_Ashura_fighting" title="2008 Iraqi Day of Ashura fighting">Iraqi Day of Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nineveh_campaign" title="2008 Nineveh campaign">Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Basra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_al-Qaeda_offensive_in_Iraq" title="2008 al-Qaeda offensive in Iraq">Al-Qaeda offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009–2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palm_Grove" title="Battle of the Palm Grove">Palm Grove</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_operations_in_northern_Iraq" title="List of Turkish operations in northern Iraq">Turkish incursions into northern Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq" title="2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq">2008</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Abu_Kamal_raid" title="2008 Abu Kamal raid">Abu Kamal raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">War crimes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Occupation_forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killings and<br />massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq#War_crimes_and_allegations" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">During the 2003 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2003_journalist_killings_by_the_United_States" title="April 2003 journalist killings by the United States">U.S. killings of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallujah_killings_of_April_2003" title="Fallujah killings of April 2003">Fallujah killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nadhem_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Nadhem Abdullah">Killing of Nadhem Abdullah</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Muhamad_Husain_Kadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir">Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukaradeeb_wedding_party_massacre" title="Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre">Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Street_helicopter_incident" title="Haifa Street helicopter incident">Haifa Street helicopter incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2005_Tal_Afar_shootings" title="January 2005 Tal Afar shootings">Tal Afar shootings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_prison_incident" title="Basra prison incident">Basra prison incident</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haditha_massacre" title="Haditha massacre">Haditha massacre</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings" title="Mahmudiyah rape and killings">Mahmudiyah rape and killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaqi_massacre" title="Ishaqi massacre">Ishaqi massacre</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hatley#2006_Deployment_and_murder_allegations" title="John E. Hatley">Baghdad detainee killings</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdania_incident" title="Hamdania incident">Hamdania incident</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Moonen#Shooting_incident" title="Andrew J. Moonen">Iraqi bodyguard killing</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iron_Triangle" title="Operation Iron Triangle">Iron Triangle Murders</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12,_2007,_Baghdad_airstrike" title="July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike">Baghdad airstrike</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak" title="Iraq War documents leak">Iraq War Logs</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions#Use_by_US_forces_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">Use of white phosphorus by the United States</a> (2004–05)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torture<br />and abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prison</a> (2003–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Bucca" title="Camp Bucca">Camp Bucca</a> (2003–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nama" title="Camp Nama">Camp Nama</a> (2003–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_Air_Base#Structure" title="Balad Air Base">Balad Air Base</a> (2003–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nagem_Hatab" title="Death of Nagem Hatab">Death of Nagem Hatab</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Baha_Mousa" title="Killing of Baha Mousa">Killing of Baha Mousa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abed_Hamed_Mowhoush" title="Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush">Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi" title="Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi">Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Fashad_Mohamed" title="Death of Fashad Mohamed">Death of Fashad Mohamed</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">§ <a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Other killings<br />and bombings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_bombing_of_Jordanian_embassy_in_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 bombing of Jordanian embassy in Baghdad">Jordanian embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Hotel_bombing" title="Canal Hotel bombing">Canal Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_mosque_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali mosque bombing">Imam Ali mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_October_2003_Baghdad_bombings" title="27 October 2003 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad October 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Erbil_bombings" title="2004 Erbil bombings">Erbil 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashura_massacre" title="2004 Ashura massacre">Ashura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_April_2004_Basra_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="21 April 2004 Basra bombings">Basra 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Mosul_bombings" title="2004 Mosul bombings">Mosul 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_attacks_on_churches_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 attacks on churches in Iraq">2004 church bombings</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="14 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">14 September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_September_2004_Baghdad_bombing" title="30 September 2004 Baghdad bombing">30 September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Karbala_and_Najaf_bombings" title="2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings">Karbala and Najaf bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Baqubah_bombing" title="2004 Baqubah bombing">Baqubah 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Kufa_mosque_bombing" title="2004 Kufa mosque bombing">Kufa mosque bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2005 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Erbil_bombing" title="2005 Erbil bombing">Erbil 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Musayyib_bombing" title="2005 Musayyib bombing">Musayyib bombing</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2005 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_September_2005_Baghdad_bombings" title="14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Balad_bombings" title="2005 Balad bombings">Balad 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Khanaqin_bombings" title="2005 Khanaqin bombings">Khanaqin bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5_January_2006_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="5 January 2006 Iraq bombings">Karbala and Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2006 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buratha_mosque_bombing" title="Buratha mosque bombing">Buratha mosque bombing</a></li> <li>Sadr City bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_July_2006_Sadr_City_bombing" title="1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_November_2006_Sadr_City_bombings" title="23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_Al-Jihad_massacre" title="Hayy Al-Jihad massacre">Hayy Al-Jihad massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_University_bombings" title="Mustansiriya University bombings">Mustansiriya University</a></li> <li>Baghdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22_January_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="22 January 2007 Baghdad bombings">22 January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_February_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing">3 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="12 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">12 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_February_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 February 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_March_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="29 March 2007 Baghdad bombings">29 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_April_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings">18 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_July_2007_Baghdad_market_bombing" title="26 July 2007 Baghdad market bombing">26 July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_August_2007_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings">1 August</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Hillah_bombings" title="2007 Al Hillah bombings">Al Hillah 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Tal_Afar_bombings_and_massacre" title="2007 Tal Afar bombings and massacre">Tal Afar 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraqi_Parliament_bombing" title="2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing">Iraqi Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Karbala_mosque_bombings" title="2007 Karbala mosque bombings">2007 Karbala mosque bombings</a></li> <li>Massacres of Yazidis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2007_Yazidi_massacre" title="April 2007 Yazidi massacre">April massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahtaniyah_bombings" title="Qahtaniyah bombings">Qahtaniyah bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Makhmour_bombing" title="2007 Makhmour bombing">Makhmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayda_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sayda bombing">Abu Sayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Askari_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Askari mosque bombing">Al-Askari mosque 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_al-Khilani_mosque_bombing" title="2007 al-Khilani mosque bombing">Al-Khilani mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Amirli_bombing" title="2007 Amirli bombing">Amirli bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kirkuk_bombings" title="2007 Kirkuk bombings">Kirkuk 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Al_Amarah_bombings" title="2007 Al Amarah bombings">Al Amarah bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2008_Baghdad_bombings" title="1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="6 March 2008 Baghdad bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_June_2008_Baghdad_bombing" title="17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_bombing" title="2008 Balad bombing">Balad 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karbala_bombing" title="2008 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Karmah_bombing" title="2008 Karmah bombing">Al-Karmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Dujail_bombing" title="2008 Dujail bombing">Dujail bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Balad_Ruz_bombing" title="2008 Balad Ruz bombing">Balad Ruz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_Mosul" title="2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul">Attacks on Christians in Mosul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_police_recruitment_centre_bombing" title="2009 Baghdad police recruitment centre bombing">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="2009 Baghdad bombings">6 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2009_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2009 Baghdad bombing">June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="August 2009 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2009 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2009_Baghdad_bombings" title="December 2009 Baghdad bombings">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_Baghdad%E2%80%93Miqdadiyah_suicide_attacks" title="April 2009 Baghdad–Miqdadiyah suicide attacks">Baghdad–Miqdadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Taza_bombing" title="2009 Taza bombing">Taza bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kirkuk_bombing" title="2009 Kirkuk bombing">Kirkuk 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Tal_Afar_bombing" title="2009 Tal Afar bombing">Tal Afar 2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_May_2010_Iraq_attacks" title="10 May 2010 Iraq attacks">10 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_August_2010_Iraq_bombings" title="25 August 2010 Iraq bombings">25 August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25_January_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="25 January 2010 Baghdad bombings">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_February_2010_Baghdad_bombing" title="1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="April 2010 Baghdad bombings">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="17 August 2010 Baghdad bombings">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_September_2010_Baghdad_bombings" title="19 September 2010 Baghdad bombings">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_November_2010_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 November 2010 Baghdad bombings">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baqubah_bombings" title="2010 Baqubah bombings">Baqubah 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_massacre" title="2010 Baghdad church massacre">Baghdad church massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nationwide attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2011_Iraq_suicide_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2011 Iraq suicide attacks">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_2011_Iraq_attacks" title="15 August 2011 Iraq attacks">August</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bagdad bombings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27_January_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="27 January 2011 Baghdad bombing">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_August_2011_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="28 August 2011 Baghdad bombing">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2011_Baghdad_bombings" title="October 2011 Baghdad bombings">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_January_2011_Iraq_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="24 January 2011 Iraq bombings">Arba'een bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tikrit_assault" title="2011 Tikrit assault">Tikrit assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Hillah_bombing" title="2011 Al Hillah bombing">Al Hillah 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Samarra_bombing" title="2011 Samarra bombing">Samarra bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al_Diwaniyah_bombing" title="2011 Al Diwaniyah bombing">Al Diwaniyah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Taji_bombings" title="2011 Taji bombings">Taji bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Karbala_bombing" title="2011 Karbala bombing">Karbala 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Basra_bombings" title="2011 Basra bombings">Basra 2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other war crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_raid_on_Camp_Ashraf" title="2011 raid on Camp Ashraf">Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Archaeological looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq" title="Chlorine bombings in Iraq">Chlorine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Brigade_(Iraq)#Human_rights_abuses" title="Wolf Brigade (Iraq)">Torture by the Wolf Brigade</a> (2004–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="United States and the International Criminal Court">United States and the International Criminal Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act" title="American Service-Members' Protection Act">Hague Invasion Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_and_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Prosecution for the 2003 invasion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abtan_v._Blackwater" title="Abtan v. Blackwater">Abtan v. Blackwater</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saleh_v._Bush" title="Saleh v. Bush">Saleh v. Bush</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguba_Report" title="Taguba Report">Taguba Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>§</b> All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Casualties of the Iraq War">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count_project" title="Iraq Body Count project">Iraq Body Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Family_Health_Survey" title="Iraq Family Health Survey">Iraq Family Health Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties">Lancet surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORB_survey_of_Iraq_War_casualties" title="ORB survey of Iraq War casualties">ORB survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_to_Baghdad_during_the_Iraq_War" title="Damage to Baghdad during the Iraq War">Damage to Baghdad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Al-Aimmah_Bridge_disaster" title="2005 Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster">Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crises_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">2007 cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_cost_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Financial cost of the Iraq War">Financial cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq#Iraq_War" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraqi Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Modern_Iraq_and_Iran" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_academics_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq">Violence against Iraqi academics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WMD_conjecture_in_the_aftermath_of_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="WMD conjecture in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Post-invasion WMD conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_leak" title="Iraq leak">Iraq scandal in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks_comments_on_George_W._Bush" title="Dixie Chicks comments on George W. Bush">Dixie Chicks comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_event" title="Hood event">Hood event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)" title="David Kelly (weapons expert)">Death of David Kelly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Inquiry" title="Hutton Inquiry">Hutton Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Angelo_dela_Cruz" title="Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz">Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_document_leak" title="2004 Iraq document leak">2004 document leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_bombing_memo" title="Al Jazeera bombing memo">Al Jazeera bombing memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Thomas_Beauchamp_controversy" title="Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy">Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoveOn.org_ad_controversy" title="MoveOn.org ad controversy">MoveOn.org ad controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_in_Fallujah" title="Six Days in Fallujah">Six Days in Fallujah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Role of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">War resisters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Investigations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence" title="Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence">Senate Report on WMD Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Survey_Group" title="Iraq Survey Group">Duelfer Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Inquiry" title="Iraq Inquiry">Chilcot Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-war" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_prelude_to_the_Iraq_War" title="International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War">Pre-war international reactions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuy_Voyne!" title="Khuy Voyne!">Khuy Voyne!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2003_Saddam_Hussein_interview" title="February 2003 Saddam Hussein interview">Saddam Hussein interview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Views on the invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_in_the_United_States_on_the_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq">U.S. public opinion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War" title="United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Anti-war_series" title="Oprah's Anti-war series">Oprah's Anti-war series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_map_pendant" title="Iraqi map pendant">Iraqi map pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Soldier:_Iraq_%26_Afghanistan" title="Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan">Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Op_(photomontage)" title="Photo Op (photomontage)"><i>Photo Op</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Responsible_Plan_to_End_the_War_in_Iraq" title="A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq">A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoe-throwing_incident" title="George W. Bush shoe-throwing incident">Bush shoe-throwing incident</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_2002_anti-war_protest" title="Halloween 2002 anti-war protest">Halloween 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">February 15, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_March_2003_anti-war_protest" title="20 March 2003 anti-war protest">March 20, 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Them_Home_Now_Tour" title="Bring Them Home Now Tour">Bring Them Home Now Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20,_2005_counter-inaugural_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 20, 2005 counter-inaugural protest">January 20, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24,_2005_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="September 24, 2005 anti-war protest">September 24, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="January 27, 2007 anti-war protest">January 27, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17,_2007_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 17, 2007 anti-war protest">March 17, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Port_of_Tacoma_protests" title="2007 Port of Tacoma protests">2007 Port of Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15,_2007,_anti-war_protest" title="September 15, 2007, anti-war protest">September 15, 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19,_2008_anti-war_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="March 19, 2008 anti-war protest">March 19, 2008</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath in Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State#Jamāʻat_al-Tawḥīd_wa-al-Jihād_(1999–2004)" title="History of the Islamic State">The rise of ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency</a> (2011–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq</a> (2013–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against ISIL</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">U.S.-led intervention in Iraq</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Outposts_of_tyranny" title="Outposts of tyranny">Outposts of tyranny</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saeed_al-Sahhaf" title="Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf">"Baghdad Bob"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">"Chemical Ali"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq war)">Coalition of the willing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_checking" title="Dead checking">Dead checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_journalism" title="Embedded journalism">Embedded journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_fries" title="Freedom fries">Freedom fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_Unit" title="Friedman Unit">Friedman Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBU-43/B_MOAB" title="GBU-43/B MOAB">"Mother of All Bombs"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huda_Salih_Mahdi_Ammash" title="Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash">"Mrs. Anthrax"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_and_New_Europe" title="Old Europe and New Europe">Old Europe and New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">Regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Shock and awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries#"Sixteen_Words"_controversy_in_2003_State_of_the_Union" title="Niger uranium forgeries">"Sixteen Words"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson#Lines_attributed_to_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Ice_Cream" title="Star Spangled Ice Cream">Star Spangled Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_reset" title="Strategic reset">Strategic reset</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/There_are_unknown_unknowns" title="There are unknown unknowns">"There are unknown unknowns"</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_Death_(Iraq)" title="Triangle of Death (Iraq)">Triangle of Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">"Yo, Blair"</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Critical" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_arrogance" title="Global arrogance">Global arrogance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_wrong_war,_at_the_wrong_place,_at_the_wrong_time#Iraq_War_usage" title="The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time">"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Iraqi_Freedom_Memorial" title="Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial">Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaheed_Monument" title="Al-Shaheed Monument">Al-Shaheed Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial" title="Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial">Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwood_Gratitude_and_Honor_Memorial" title="Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial">Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Memorial_Garden" title="Old North Memorial Garden">Old North Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Iraqi_Culture" title="Saving Iraqi Culture">Saving Iraqi Culture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of assassinations of the Iraq War">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_shootdowns_and_accidents_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War">Aviation shootdowns and accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Iraq_War" title="List of bombings during the Iraq War">Bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalition_military_operations_of_the_Iraq_War" title="List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War">Coalition military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraq_War_documentaries" title="List of Iraq War documentaries">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Iraq" title="List of Iraqi security forces fatality reports in Iraq">Iraqi security forces fatality reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most-wanted_Iraqi_playing_cards" title="Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards">Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_contractor_deaths_in_Iraq" title="List of private contractor deaths in Iraq">Private contractor deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Timeline of the Iraq War">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Iraq" title="2003 in Iraq">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Iraq" title="2004 in Iraq">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Iraq" title="2005 in Iraq">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Iraq" title="2006 in Iraq">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Iraq" title="2007 in Iraq">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Iraq" title="2008 in Iraq">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Iraq" title="2009 in Iraq">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Iraq" title="2010 in Iraq">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Iraq" title="2011 in Iraq">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">"Enhanced interrogation techniques"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_the_United_States" title="Torture in the United States">Torture in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zone" title="Green Zone">Green Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling#Petrodollar_warfare" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar warfare theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">Post-9/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs" title="The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs">The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">Unilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_archives" title="Ba'ath Party archives">Ba'ath Party archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Outline of the Iraq War">Outline</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" title="Category:Iraq War">Category</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="n:Iraq War">Wikinews</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq War">Multimedia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign"><i>Estimate of the Situation</i></a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste"><i>Mary Celeste</i></a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i></a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a></span> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /><small>(outside the United States)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osama_bin_Laden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Template talk:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osama_bin_Laden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osama bin Laden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osama_bin_Laden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Personal life of Osama bin Laden">Childhood, education, and personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_activity_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant activity of Osama bin Laden">Militant activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_ideology_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and ideology of Osama bin Laden">Beliefs and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Manhunt for Osama bin Laden">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">Khartoum compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad">Abbottabad compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the killing of Osama bin Laden">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name_Geronimo_controversy" title="Code name Geronimo controversy">code name controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_family" title="Bin Laden family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ladin" title="Muhammad bin Ladin">Muhammad bin Ladin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas" title="Hamida al-Attas">Hamida al-Attas</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najwa_Ghanhem" class="mw-redirect" title="Najwa Ghanhem">Najwa Ghanhem</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Laden" title="Abdallah bin Laden">Abdallah bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_bin_Laden" title="Omar bin Laden">Omar bin Laden</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al_Aqiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al Aqiq">Wadi al Aqiq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messages_to_the_World" title="Messages to the World">Messages to the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="2004 Osama bin Laden video">2004 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape" title="19 January 2006 Osama bin Laden tape">19 January 2006 tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 6, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">6 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 11, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">11 September 2007 video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video" title="September 20, 2007, Osama bin Laden video">20 September 2007 tape</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People" title="Letter to the American People">Letter to the American People</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture" title="Osama bin Laden in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_bin_Laden" title="Growing Up bin Laden">Growing Up bin Laden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_War,_Inc." title="Holy War, Inc.">Holy War, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Easy_Day" title="No Easy Day">No Easy Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Osama_bin_Laden%3F" title="Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?">Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Interviews of Osama bin Laden">Interviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_a_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden">Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_bodyguards" title="Osama bin Laden's bodyguards">Bodyguards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station" title="Bin Laden Issue Station">Issue Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Brooks_Faulkner" title="Gary Brooks Faulkner">Gary Brooks Faulkner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&oldid=1258889532">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations&oldid=1258889532</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" title="Category:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Causes_and_prelude_of_the_Iraq_War" 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