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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Satellite transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workflow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workflow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Workflow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workflow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_hardware_and_software_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_hardware_and_software_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Computer hardware and software systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_hardware_and_software_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Simulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Latency (engineering)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AB" title="تلبث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلبث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A8ncia" title="Latència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Latència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latence" title="Latence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Latence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent" title="Latent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Latent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totzeit_(Regelungstechnik)" title="Totzeit (Regelungstechnik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totzeit (Regelungstechnik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latentsusaeg" title="Latentsusaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Latentsusaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latencia" title="Latencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latentzia_(teknologia)" title="Latentzia (teknologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latentzia (teknologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="تأخیر (مهندسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تأخیر (مهندسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latence_(informatique)" title="Latence (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latence (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B4%EC%8B%9C" title="레이턴시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이턴시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latencija_(elektronika)" title="Latencija (elektronika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latencija (elektronika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaman_(rekayasa)" title="Pendaman (rekayasa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendaman (rekayasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latenza" title="Latenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94" title="זמן השהיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמן השהיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%83%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Күту уақыты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күту уақыты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latentie" title="Latentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7" title="レイテンシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レイテンシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latens" title="Latens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%AAncia" title="Latência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonesa_(inxhinieri)" title="Vonesa (inxhinieri) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vonesa (inxhinieri)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency" title="Latency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latenca" title="Latenca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latenssi" title="Latenssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latenssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latens" title="Latens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Latens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecikme_(M%C3%BChendislik)" title="Gecikme (Mühendislik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gecikme (Mühendislik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Затримка (техніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Затримка (техніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8)" title="延遲 (工程學) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="延遲 (工程學)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6)" title="延迟 (工程学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="延迟 (工程学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1771903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Latency%22+engineering">"Latency" engineering</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Latency%22+engineering+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Latency%22+engineering&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Latency%22+engineering+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Latency%22+engineering">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Latency%22+engineering&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Latency</b>, from a general point of view, is a time delay between the <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">cause and the effect</a> of some physical change in the <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> being observed. <a href="/wiki/Lag_(video_games)" title="Lag (video games)">Lag</a>, as it is known in <a href="/wiki/Gaming_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming culture">gaming circles</a>, refers to the latency between the input to a simulation and the visual or auditory response, often occurring because of <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">network delay</a> in online games.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latency is physically a consequence of the limited velocity at which any <a href="/wiki/Event_(relativity)" title="Event (relativity)">physical interaction</a> can propagate. The magnitude of this velocity is always less than or equal to the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. Therefore, every physical system with any physical separation (distance) between cause and effect will experience some sort of latency, regardless of the nature of the stimulation to which it has been exposed. </p><p>The precise definition of latency depends on the system being observed or the nature of the simulation. In <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">communications</a>, the lower limit of latency is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">medium</a> being used to transfer information. In <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)" title="Reliability (computer networking)">reliable</a> two-way communication systems, latency limits the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted, as there is often a limit on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Data_in_transit" title="Data in transit">information that is in-flight</a> at any given moment. Perceptible latency has a strong effect on <a href="/wiki/User_satisfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="User satisfaction">user satisfaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> in the field of <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93machine_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–machine interaction">human–machine interaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Online games</a> are sensitive to latency (<a href="/wiki/Lag_(video_games)" title="Lag (video games)">lag</a>), since fast response times to new events occurring during a game session are rewarded while slow response times may carry penalties. Due to a delay in transmission of game events, a player with a high latency internet connection may show slow responses in spite of appropriate <a href="/wiki/Reaction_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction time">reaction time</a>. This gives players with low-latency connections a technical advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_markets">Capital markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capital markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joel Hasbrouck and Gideon Saar (2011) measure latency to execute financial transactions based on three components: the time it takes for information to reach the trader, execution of the trader's algorithms to analyze the information and decide a course of action, and the generated action to reach the exchange and get implemented. Hasbrouck and Saar contrast this with the way in which latencies are measured by many trading venues that use much more narrow definitions, such as the processing delay measured from the entry of the order (at the vendor's computer) to the transmission of an acknowledgment (from the vendor's computer).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading using computers has developed to the point where millisecond improvements in network speeds offer a competitive advantage for financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packet-switched_networks"><span class="anchor" id="PACKET-SWITCHED"></span>Packet-switched networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Packet-switched networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth-delay_product" title="Bandwidth-delay product">Bandwidth-delay product</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">Network delay</a></div> <p><b>Network latency</b> in a <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched">packet-switched</a> network is measured as either <a href="/wiki/One-way_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-way delay">one-way</a> (the time from the source sending a packet to the destination receiving it), or <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_delay_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-trip delay time">round-trip delay time</a> (the one-way latency from the source to the destination plus the one-way latency from the destination back to the source). Round-trip latency is more often quoted, because it can be measured from a single point. Many software platforms provide a service called <a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> that can be used to measure round-trip latency. Ping uses the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">Internet Control Message Protocol</a> (ICMP) <i>echo request</i> which causes the recipient to send the received packet as an immediate response, thus it provides a rough way of measuring round-trip delay time. Ping cannot perform accurate measurements,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principally because ICMP is intended only for diagnostic or control purposes, and differs from real communication protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> might apply different <a href="/wiki/Traffic_shaping" title="Traffic shaping">traffic shaping</a> policies to different protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more accurate measurements it is better to use specific software, for example: <a href="/wiki/Hping" title="Hping">hping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netperf" title="Netperf">Netperf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iperf" title="Iperf">Iperf</a>. </p><p>However, in a non-trivial network, a typical packet will be forwarded over multiple links and gateways, each of which will not begin to forward the packet until it has been completely received. In such a network, the minimal latency is the sum of the transmission delay of each link, plus the forwarding latency of each gateway. In practice, minimal latency also includes queuing and processing delays. <a href="/wiki/Queuing_delay" title="Queuing delay">Queuing delay</a> occurs when a gateway receives multiple packets from different sources heading toward the same destination. Since typically only one packet can be transmitted at a time, some of the packets must queue for transmission, incurring additional delay. <a href="/wiki/Processing_delay" title="Processing delay">Processing delays</a> are incurred while a gateway determines what to do with a newly received packet. <a href="/wiki/Bufferbloat" title="Bufferbloat">Bufferbloat</a> can also cause increased latency that is an order of magnitude or more. The combination of propagation, serialization, queuing, and processing delays often produces a complex and variable network latency profile. </p><p>Latency limits total <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> in reliable two-way communication systems as described by the <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth-delay_product" title="Bandwidth-delay product">bandwidth-delay product</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_optics">Fiber optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fiber optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Latency in <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> is largely a function of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. This would equate to a latency of 3.33 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Μs">μs</a> for every kilometer of path length. The <a href="/wiki/Index_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of refraction">index of refraction</a> of most fiber optic cables is about 1.5, meaning that light travels about 1.5 times as fast in a vacuum as it does in the cable. This works out to about 5.0 μs of latency for every kilometer. In shorter metro networks, higher latency can be experienced due to extra distance in building risers and cross-connects. To calculate the latency of a connection, one has to know the distance traveled by the fiber, which is rarely a straight line, since it has to traverse geographic contours and obstacles, such as roads and railway tracks, as well as other rights-of-way. </p><p>Due to imperfections in the fiber, light degrades as it is transmitted through it. For distances of greater than 100 kilometers, <a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">amplifiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regenerator_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerator (telecommunication)">regenerators</a> are deployed. Latency introduced by these components needs to be taken into account. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_transmission">Satellite transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Satellite transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbits</a> are far enough away from Earth that communication latency becomes significant – about a quarter of a second for a trip from one ground-based transmitter to the satellite and back to another ground-based transmitter; close to half a second for two-way communication from one Earth station to another and then back to the first. <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> is sometimes used to cut this delay, at the expense of more complicated satellite tracking on the ground and requiring more satellites in the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> to ensure continuous coverage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio">Audio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency (audio)</a></div> <p>Audio latency is the delay between when an audio signal enters and when it emerges from a system. Potential contributors to latency in an audio system include <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog-to-digital conversion">analog-to-digital conversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (telecommunication)">buffering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_time" title="Transmission time">transmission time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital-to-analog conversion">digital-to-analog conversion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video">Video</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video latency refers to the degree of delay between the time a transfer of a video stream is requested and the actual time that transfer begins. Networks that exhibit relatively small delays are known as low-latency networks, while their counterparts are known as high-latency networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workflow">Workflow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Workflow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any individual <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> within a system of workflows can be subject to some type of operational latency. It may even be the case that an individual system may have more than one type of latency, depending on the type of participant or goal-seeking behavior. This is best illustrated by the following two examples involving <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a>. </p><p>From the point of view of a passenger, latency can be described as follows. Suppose John Doe flies from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. The latency of his trip is the time it takes him to go from his house in England to the hotel he is staying at in New York. This is independent of the throughput of the London-New York air link – whether there were 100 passengers a day making the trip or 10000, the latency of the trip would remain the same. </p><p>From the point of view of flight operations personnel, latency can be entirely different. Consider the staff at the London and New York airports. Only a limited number of planes are able to make the transatlantic journey, so when one lands they must prepare it for the return trip as quickly as possible. It might take, for example: </p> <ul><li>35 minutes to clean a plane</li> <li>15 minutes to refuel a plane</li> <li>10 minutes to load the passengers</li> <li>30 minutes to load the cargo</li></ul> <p>Assuming the above are done consecutively, minimum plane <a href="/wiki/Turnaround_time" title="Turnaround time">turnaround time</a> is: </p> <dl><dd>35 + 15 + 10 + 30 = <b>90</b></dd></dl> <p>However, cleaning, refueling and loading the cargo can be done at the same time. Passengers can only be loaded after cleaning is complete. The reduced latency, then, is: </p> <dl><dd>35 + 10 = 45</dd> <dd>15</dd> <dd>30</dd> <dd>Minimum latency = <b>45</b></dd></dl> <p>The people involved in the turnaround are interested only in the time it takes for their individual tasks. When all of the tasks are done at the same time, however, it is possible to reduce the latency to the length of the longest task. If some steps have prerequisites, it becomes more difficult to perform all steps in parallel. In the example above, the requirement to clean the plane before loading passengers results in a minimum latency longer than any single task. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics<span class="anchor" id="Mechanical"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any mechanical process encounters limitations modeled by <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian physics">Newtonian physics</a>. The behavior of <a href="/wiki/Disk_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk drive">disk drives</a> provides an example of mechanical latency. Here, it is the time <a href="/wiki/Seek_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Seek time">seek time</a> for the actuator arm to be positioned above the appropriate track and then <a href="/wiki/Rotational_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational latency">rotational latency</a> for the data encoded on a platter to rotate from its current position to a position under the <a href="/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_head" title="Disk read-and-write head">disk read-and-write head</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_hardware_and_software_systems">Computer hardware and software systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer hardware and software systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Access_time" title="Access time">Access time</a></div> <p>Computers run <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">instructions</a> in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a>. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">computer multitasking</a>, the execution of the process can be postponed if other processes are also executing. In addition, the operating system can schedule when to perform the action that the process is commanding. For example, suppose a process commands that a computer card's voltage output be set high-low-high-low and so on at a rate of 1000 Hz. The operating system <a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">schedules</a> the process for each transition (high-low or low-high) based on a hardware clock such as the <a href="/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timer" title="High Precision Event Timer">High Precision Event Timer</a>. The latency is the delay between the events generated by the hardware clock and the actual transitions of voltage from high to low or low to high. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Desktop_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop operating system">desktop operating systems</a> have performance limitations that create additional latency. The problem may be mitigated with real-time extensions and patches such as <a href="/wiki/PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT RT</a>. </p><p>On embedded systems, the real-time execution of instructions is often supported by a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a>. </p><p>Note that in <a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">software systems</a>, benchmarking against "average" and "median" latency can be misleading because few outlier numbers can distort them. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Software_architect" title="Software architect">software architects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developers</a> should use "99th percentile".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulations">Simulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Simulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In simulation applications, latency refers to the time delay, often measured in <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>, between initial input and output clearly discernible to the simulator trainee or simulator subject. Latency is sometimes also called <i>transport delay</i>. Some authorities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> distinguish between latency and transport delay by using the term <i>latency</i> in the sense of the extra time delay of a system over and above the reaction time of the vehicle being simulated, but this requires detailed knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">vehicle dynamics</a> and can be controversial. </p><p>In simulators with both visual and motion systems, it is particularly important that the latency of the motion system not be greater than of the visual system, or symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Simulator_sickness" title="Simulator sickness">simulator sickness</a> may result. This is because, in the real world, motion cues are those of acceleration and are quickly transmitted to the brain, typically in less than 50 milliseconds; this is followed some milliseconds later by a perception of change in the visual scene. The visual scene change is essentially one of change of perspective or displacement of objects such as the horizon, which takes some time to build up to discernible amounts after the initial acceleration which caused the displacement. A simulator should, therefore, reflect the real-world situation by ensuring that the motion latency is equal to or less than that of the visual system and not the other way round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Information">Age of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt_latency" title="Interrupt latency">Interrupt latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">Jitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time" title="Lead time">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_latency" title="Memory latency">Memory latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_time_(technology)" title="Response time (technology)">Response time (technology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsiveness" title="Responsiveness">Responsiveness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackapedia.com/terms/l/latency">"Latency"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422025642/https://hackapedia.com/terms/l/latency">Archived</a> 2021-04-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2020-10-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don%27t+misuse+ping%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c0t0d0s0.org%2Farchives%2F7479-Dont-misuse-ping%21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatency+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane_Chen2005" class="citation web cs1">Shane Chen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109033459/http://www.knowplace.org/pages/howtos/traffic_shaping_with_linux/network_protocols_discussion_traffic_shaping_strategies.php">"Network Protocols Discussion / Traffic Shaping Strategies"</a>. <i>knowplace.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowplace.org/pages/howtos/traffic_shaping_with_linux/network_protocols_discussion_traffic_shaping_strategies.php">the original</a> on 2007-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowplace.org&rft.atitle=Network+Protocols+Discussion+%2F+Traffic+Shaping+Strategies&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Shane+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowplace.org%2Fpages%2Fhowtos%2Ftraffic_shaping_with_linux%2Fnetwork_protocols_discussion_traffic_shaping_strategies.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatency+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aitaseller.wordpress.com/2012/09/19/basic-qos-part-1-traffic-policing-and-shaping-on-cisco-ios-router/">"Basic QoS part 1 – Traffic Policing and Shaping on Cisco IOS Router"</a>. <i>The CCIE R&S</i>. 19 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+CCIE+R%26S&rft.atitle=Basic+QoS+part+1+%E2%80%93+Traffic+Policing+and+Shaping+on+Cisco+IOS+Router&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faitaseller.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F09%2F19%2Fbasic-qos-part-1-traffic-policing-and-shaping-on-cisco-ios-router%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatency+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Foundations of Data Intensive Applications Large Scale Data Analytics Under the Hood</i>. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119713012" title="Special:BookSources/9781119713012"><bdi>9781119713012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Data+Intensive+Applications+Large+Scale+Data+Analytics+Under+the+Hood&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781119713012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatency+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Brian_Blake2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Brian_Blake" title="M. Brian Blake">M. Brian Blake</a> (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901073108/http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~blakeb/pubs/blake_ISEB2003.pdf">"Coordinating Multiple Agents for Workflow-Oriented Process Orchestration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Information Systems and E-Business Management Journal</i>. Springer-Verlag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.georgetown.edu/~blakeb/pubs/blake_ISEB2003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Systems+and+E-Business+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Coordinating+Multiple+Agents+for+Workflow-Oriented+Process+Orchestration&rft.date=2003-12&rft.au=M.+Brian+Blake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.georgetown.edu%2F~blakeb%2Fpubs%2Fblake_ISEB2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatency+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pocketnix.org/posts/Simulating%20latency%20under%20Linux">Simulating network link latency under Linux</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&oldid=1240837898">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latency_(engineering)&oldid=1240837898</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering_concepts" title="Category:Engineering concepts">Engineering concepts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2011">Articles needing additional references from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use American English from September 2019">Use American English from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2020">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 August 2024, at 19:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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