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He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A vicious dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second half of the year." /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/52" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of Coral reefs and Descent of man; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A vicious dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second half of the year. His children were growing up: Horace began an engineering apprenticeship, Leonard joined the transit of Venus expedition to New Zealand, and Francis married Amy Ruck and became his father's secretary." /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2019-07-15T11:45:30+01:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-06-05T16:49:41+01:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2015-06-05T16:49:41+01:00" /> <title>Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year | Darwin Correspondence Project</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <style type="text/css" 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href="/about-darwin">About Darwin overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-869"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life">Family life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1125"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-childhood">Darwin on childhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1038"><a href="/tags/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-marriage">Darwin on marriage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1258"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-s-observations-his-children">Darwin’s observations on his children</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2295"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/darwin-and-fatherhood">Darwin and fatherhood</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1039"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/death-anne-elizabeth-darwin">The death of Annie Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1051"><a href="/people/about-darwin/family-life/visiting-darwins">Visiting the Darwins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3416"><a href="/commentary/voyage-hms-beagle" title="">Voyage of HMS Beagle</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1130"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-student-booklist">Darwin’s student booklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-933"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/books-beagle">Books on the Beagle</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1036"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-reading-notebooks">Darwin’s reading notebooks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1060"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/writing-origin">The writing of "Origin"</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1084"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/abstract-darwin-s-theory">Abstract of Darwin’s theory</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1093"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/alfred-russel-wallace-s-essay-varieties">Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="/charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin’s health</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="/tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin’s photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4069"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/what-experiment">What is an experiment?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4081"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/morphology-movement-observation-and-experiment">From morphology to movement: observation and experiment</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4078"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/fools-experiments">Fool's experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4075"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/experimenting-emotions">Experimenting with emotions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4072"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/animals-ethics-and-progress-science">Animals, ethics, and the progress of science</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3366"><a href="/fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="/darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin’s first love</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1050 campl-current-page"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" class="active-trail active">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’ overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3412"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/how-old-earth">How old is the earth?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3411"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/whale-bear">The whale-bear</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3413"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/origin-lost-changes-second-german">Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="/letters/about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="/letters/capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="/letters/correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="/hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="/letters/symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="/world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="/letters/charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="/darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="/letters/diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate’s illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin’s favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="/commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="/letters/list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2262"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2293"><a href="/commentary/evolution/sexual-selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2299"><a href="/commentary/evolution/inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2298"><a href="/commentary/evolution/divergence">Divergence</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3410"><a href="/commentary/evolution/correlation-growth-deaf-blue-eyed-cats-pigs-and-poison">Correlation of growth: deaf blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="/commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="/commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin’s species notebooks: ‘I think . . .’</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin’s introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="/commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin’s earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="/topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin’s hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin’s queries on expression</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="/commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="/commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana – Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="/commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="/commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="/commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="/commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="/commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="/commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="/tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="/tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="/correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="/german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?text=%22%22;f1-document-type=people;sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="/learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="/learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="/learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin’s Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="/learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="/learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="/learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin’s scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="/case-studies-using-darwin%E2%80%99s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin’s letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women’s scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women’s work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="/learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a 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about="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1874: A turbulent year" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-269" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/darwin-c-r-02-00001jpg">DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg</a></h2> <div class="content"> <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg" width="1502" height="2000" alt="Charles Robert Darwin" title="Charles Robert Darwin" /></a><div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Charles Darwin, engraving from a photograph by O. G. Rejlander, Nature, 4 June 1871</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-file-identifier field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">CUL DAR 140.1: 26</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-credit field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Cambridge University Library</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The year 1874 was one of consolidation, reflection, and turmoil for Darwin. He spent the early months working on second editions of <em>Coral reefs</em> and <em>Descent of man</em>; the rest of the year was mostly devoted to further research on insectivorous plants. A vicious dispute over an anonymous review that attacked the work of Darwin’s son George dominated the second half of the year. When requested to provide words to celebrate what would have been the naturalist and traveller Alexander von Humboldt’s 105th birthday, Darwin obliged with a reflection on his debt to Humboldt, whom he had greatly admired in his youth: ‘I have always looked on him as one of the greatest men the world has ever produced. He gave a wonderful impetus to science by showing what could be done by observation during prolonged intervals’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9601">letter to D. T. Gardner, [<em>c</em>. 27 August 1874]</a>). The death of a Cambridge friend, Albert Way, caused Darwin’s cousin, William Darwin Fox, to reminiscence about their university days together, and the long-abandoned pleasures of shooting and collecting beetles (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9446">letter from W. D. Fox, 8 May [1874]</a>).  Such reminiscences led Darwin to the self-assessment, ‘as for one’s body growing old there is no help for it, & I feel as old as Methusalem; but not much in mind except that I think one takes everything more quietly, as not signifying so much. And … one looks backwards much more than forwards’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9454">letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874]</a>).</p> <blockquote><p><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(51, 51, 51)">I feel very old & helpless</span></p> </blockquote> <p>The year started for Darwin with a week’s visit to London, staying at his brother Erasmus’s house.  He requested a visit from his doctor Andrew Clark, whom he had been consulting since August 1873. Darwin had originally thought that Clark’s dietary treatment would ‘do wonders’, but as he confessed to his old <em>Beagle </em>shipmate Bartholomew James Sulivan, ‘it was an illusory hope.— I feel very old & helpless’  (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9229">letter to B. J. Sulivan, 6 January [1874]</a>). Darwin mentioned his poor health so frequently in correspondence that Ernst Haeckel inferred that he was well from his silence on the matter (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9698">letter from Ernst Haeckel, 26 October 1874</a>).</p> <h4><span style="background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); color:rgb(51, 51, 51)">Séances, psychics, and sceptics</span></h4> <p>Darwin excused himself for reasons of health from various social activities, even the opportunity to contact the spirit world. While Darwin was in London, his son George organised a séance at Erasmus’s house. The event was led by the medium Charles E. Williams, and was attended by George Henry Lewes and Marian Evans (George Eliot), but Darwin excused himself, finding it too hot and tiring. ‘The Lord have mercy on us all, if we have to believe in such rubbish’, he confided to Joseph Dalton Hooker (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9247">letter to J. D. Hooker, 18 January [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Later in the month, another Williams séance was held at the home of Darwin’s cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood. Those present included George Darwin, the psychic researcher Frederick William Henry Myers, and Thomas Henry Huxley, who sent a long report to Darwin with the spirit-busting conclusion that Mr Williams was ‘a cheat and an imposter’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9256">letter from T. H. Huxley, 27 January 1874</a>). Darwin agreed that it was ‘all imposture’, and could not believe that his cousin could be so easily ‘humbugged’; his theory was that Williams managed to get the two men on each side of him to hold each other’s hands, instead of his, ‘& that he was thus free to perform his antics’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9258">letter to T. H. Huxley, 29 January [1874]</a>). This did not stop word getting to America of the ‘strange news’ that Darwin had allowed ‘a spirit séance’ at his home (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9385">letter from T. G. Appleton, 2 April 1874</a>).</p> <h4>Back over old ground</h4> <p>New editions of <em>Coral reefs</em> and <em>Descent</em> consumed the first three months of the year and, like many of Darwin’s enterprises in the 1870s, were family affairs.</p> <h5><em>Coral reefs</em></h5> <p>His son Horace had suggested a new edition of the coral book in December 1873, when he realised the difficulty a Cambridge bookseller had in obtaining the first edition, published in 1842 (<em>Correspondence</em> vol. 21, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9181">letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 17 December [1873]</a>). Darwin himself had some trouble in finding a copy. Having sent back his own to the publishers, he applied first to his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, and finally borrowed one from Charles Lyell (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9233F">letter to Smith, Elder & Co., 8 January 1874</a>, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9231">letter to J. D. Hooker, 8 January 1874</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9240">letter to Charles Lyell, [13 January 1874]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin blamed his illness for the ‘dreadfully written’ parts of the draft sent to Smith, Elder & Co, and he was able to tackle the proofs only with the help of his daughter Henrietta, whom he thought  ‘a good dear girl to take so sweetly all the horrid bother of correction’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9324">letter to H. E. Litchfield, 21 [March 1874]</a>). The book came out in June with the later chapters on the formation and distribution of coral-reefs substantially revised, and an account of the sandstone bar off Pernambuco on the Brazilian coast was added to the appendix.</p> <p>Demand for the book may have been increased by the publication in 1872 of <em>Corals and coral islands</em>, by James Dwight Dana, an American zoologist, geologist, and leading expert on coral-reefs . In his preface (<em>Coral reefs</em> 2d ed., pp. v–vii), Darwin reasserted the priority of his work. Dana had complained that Darwin had not given enough weight to sea temperature or volcanic activity in accounting for the absence of coral-reefs in certain locations. Darwin countered with the facts that low temperature cannot fully account for the absence of coral-reefs in some areas, and a volcano cannot affect the whole coastline of a large island. Dana also thought that Darwin had seen fringing reefs as proof of the recent elevation of the land, whereas Darwin thought they could also indicate that the land had long remained stationary (<em>Coral reefs</em>, p. vi). On receiving a presentation copy, Dana sent an apology for misinterpreting Darwin on this point (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9556">letter from J. D. Dana, 21 July 1874</a>); however, he did not retract his criticism in his own second edition (Dana 1875, p. 274).</p> <h5><em>Descent</em></h5> <p>Alongside his revision of <em>Coral reefs,</em> Darwin went to work on a new edition of <em>Descent</em>. In the preface, he acknowledged his great debt ‘to a large number of correspondents for the communication of a surprising number of new facts and remarks’ (<em>Descent</em> 2d ed., p. v).</p> <p>Among the many contributors was George Cupples, a Scottish deerhound expert who forwarded Darwin’s queries about the numbers of males and females born into, and preserved in, litters of puppies to other dog breeders (letters from George Cupples, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9309">21 February 1874 </a>and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9356">12 March 1874</a>); the material was summarised in a note about how breeders’ selective practices might influence sex ratios (<em>Descent </em>2d ed., p. 258 n. 99). The former bishop of Honolulu, Thomas Nettleship Staley, and Titus Munson Coan, a physician in New York whose parents had been missionaries, provided information on female infanticide and disease in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii; letters from T. N. Staley, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9286">12 February 1874</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9307">20 February 1874</a>; letters from T. M. Coan, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9290">14 February 1874</a> and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9506">22 June 1874</a>). A civil servant in the Colonial Office, William Dealtry, also provided information on population numbers and sex ratios among the Pitcairn islanders (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9244">letter from William Dealtry, 16 January 1874</a>).</p> <p>One of the most significant additions to <em>Descent</em> was an eight-page note written by Huxley with the aim of ending a dispute over the structure of ape and human brains that had raged between himself and Richard Owen since the 1860s. Darwin had omitted this controversial topic from the first edition of <em>Descent</em> but, because some still doubted the close similarities between ape and human brains, he asked for a clarifying note from Huxley (Desmond and Moore 2004, pp. xxxv–xxxvi). Huxley obliged with a lengthy ‘screed’, stating: ‘I think you will say that I have pounded the enemy into a jelly’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9409">letter from T. H. Huxley, 14 April 1874</a>). The technical nature of Huxley’s argument prompted him to add, ‘Put my contribution into the smallest type admissible for it will be read by none but anatomists; and never mind where it goes’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9413">letter from T. H. Huxley, 16 April 1874</a>).</p> <p>The second edition of <em>Descent</em> was published in November 1874 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9717">letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874</a>). Though containing forty extra pages and three new illustrations, it was issued in a single volume at a much reduced price of nine shillings, in line with Charles Lyell’s <em>Student’s elements of geology</em>, and with the cheaper sixth edition of Darwin’s own <em>Origin</em>. (The first edition had been in two volumes and had cost twenty-four shillings.) Murray’s partner, Robert Francis Cooke, informed Darwin that the lower price would bring the profits on the first 2000 copies ‘to almost nil’ but, as the work had been stereotyped, the return on subsequent print runs would be very good (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9717">letter from R. F. Cooke, 12 November 1874</a>).</p> <p>Darwin's son George had laboured hard on the revisions and wrote to his father:  ‘I hope you wo’nt think me bumptious if <strong>I </strong>say to <strong>you</strong> that I think it a splendid book & deserving of every inch of its reputation. Your power of marshalling facts under one point of view & the number of facts utterly staggers me; but I’m more struck than anything by the conciseness & clearness of your thought’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9421">letter from G. H. Darwin, 20 April 1874</a>).</p> <h4>The Mivart affair</h4> <p>Before helping Darwin revise <em>Descent</em>, George had taken up questions of human evolution and inheritance himself.  In August 1873, he had published in the <em>Contemporary Review</em> ‘On beneficial restrictions to liberty of marriage’,<em> </em>in which he suggested that modern scientific views of inheritance might lead to restrictions on marriage in order to discourage the spread of various mental and physical disorders (G. H. Darwin 1873b). In July 1874, an anonymous essay appeared in the <em>Quarterly Review </em>discussing works on primitive man by John Lubbock and Edward Burnett Tylor. It included an attack on George’s paper as speaking ‘in an approving strain . . . of the encouragement of vice in order to check population’.</p> <p>The review was by St George Jackson Mivart, one of the most severe critics of the theory of natural selection, and one who had succeeded in offending the usually generous Darwin by his previous anonymous attacks ([Mivart] 1869; 1871c). In his review, Mivart criticised both son and father, dismissing Darwin’s views on the development of language as ‘nonsense’ and as displaying ‘amazing ignorance’ ([Mivart] 1874b, p. 45). He also circuitously implicated Darwin in the supposed endorsement of immorality, for the link between prostitution and reduced population in various cultures had been made in <em>Descent of man</em> (<em>Descent</em> 1: 134). By interpreting George’s article as a defence of such immoral practices, Mivart was indirectly accusing Darwin himself of supporting the ‘hideous sexual criminality of Pagan days’ ([Mivart] 1874b, p. 70).</p> <blockquote><p>'scurrilous libel'</p> </blockquote> <p>As the authorship of the review became known within Darwin’s immediate circle, a bitter dispute ensued over Mivart’s misrepresentation of George’s views, and more generally the respectability of Darwin’s evolutionary views and the ethics of scientific conduct (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 22, Appendix V and Dawson 2007, pp. 77–81). Darwin first considered taking legal action over the ‘scurrilous libel’ on his son (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9568">letter to G. H. Darwin, [27 July 1874]</a>).  George, however, consulted with his friends in the legal profession and concluded that he could not use the libel law or even allege ‘specific injury in trade or profession’. He recognised the ‘skilful venom’ of Mivart, and suggested that he instead should write an `explicit denial & short account’ of his essay.</p> <p>Mivart’s attack had been published in the <em>Quarterly Review</em>, one of the most prestigious and politically Conservative journals with a long tradition of anonymous reviews. Its proprietor was none other than John Murray, Darwin’s publisher. So incensed was Darwin that he thought it appropriate to apply pressure on Murray to print George’s defence. After re-reading George’s original article he could not see ‘a shadow of foundation for the false, scurrilous accusation of [a] lying scoundrel’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9580">letter to G. H. Darwin, 1 August [1874]</a>). He drafted a brief statement of denial in the form of a letter to the editor, and sent it to George. Drafts went back and forth in early August, as father and son agonised over the wording of both the letter to the editor and the letter to Murray to accompany it. The depth of Darwin’s feelings can be gauged by his willingness to stake his thirty-year relationship with Murray on the outcome (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9590">enclosure to letter from G. H. Darwin, 6 [August] 1874</a>):</p> <blockquote><p>I think you will see that I have no choice on this head, if you will put yourself in my position, and imagine me to be the proprietor of a review in which according to your own judgment and that of all the friends whom you had consulted, a calumnious and groundless attack on your son had appeared and no reparation was granted. In this case you would I feel sure, no longer treat me as your friend, and you would free yourself at the earliest possible period from all business transactions with me.</p> </blockquote> <p>George worried that it would be ‘a great annoyance to go to a new publisher’ and advised that Darwin should not push Murray to the point of cutting off relations. ‘I’m a grown man now’, he reminded Darwin, ‘& sh<sup>d</sup>. stand on my own footing, & if it is refused I’m really no worse off than if I had sent my letter direct to the Editor & it had been refused’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9592">letter from G. H. Darwin, [6 or 7 August 1874]</a>). When the letter was finally sent to Murray, Darwin referred only to their ‘long & friendly intercourse’ to justify his ‘asking a favour ‘. He explained why he had written to Murray and not the editor of the <em>Quarterly</em>: ‘I cannot expect fair treatment from him without your aid, after his employment of a gentleman to review my Descent of Man, who was notoriously pledged by two previous publications to review me in a hostile spirit’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9598">letter to John Murray, 11 August 1874</a>).</p> <p>Darwin was referring to Mivart’s highly critical review of <em>Descent</em> ([Mivart] 1871b), which had also been published anonymously in the <em>Quarterly</em>. This review had caused Darwin such great offence that he had broke off his correspondence with Mivart (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 20, <a href="/DCP-LETT-8156A">letter to St G. J. Mivart, 11 January [1872]</a>). To Darwin’s relief, Murray replied immediately: ‘I have lost no time in seeing the Editor upon the subject who considering the matter has no hesitation in agreeing to your request to print your Son’s letter as it stands in the next number of the Review & in the same type’  (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9599A">letter from John Murray, 12 August 1874</a>). George’s letter appeared in the October issue together with a rejoinder from the (still anonymous) reviewer.</p> <p>However, the Mivart affair was not finished. Darwin was not satisfied with the published rejoinder, which was not an apology but a defence, and which allowed Mivart to remain behind the veil of anonymity. As the two men had corresponded for years, and had even regarded each other as friends, Darwin wanted Mivart both to address the matter privately and to take public responsibility for his published views.</p> <p>In December, he sought advice from Huxley and Hooker, sending them a draft letter that asked Mivart directly whether he was the author of the review (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9757">see letter to J. D. Hooker, 14 December 1874</a>). Huxley stepped in, shunning Mivart at an evening meeting and communicating the ‘swell’ of his indignation through William Walter Roberts, a Catholic priest and friend of Mivart’s, who was attending Huxley’s lectures. Father Roberts’s manner left Huxley in no doubt that Mivart had written the article (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9768">enclosure to letter from J. D. Hooker, 21 December 1874</a>). Huxley’s message through Roberts brought a very apologetic response from Mivart to Huxley, his former teacher; a plethora of excuses followed Mivart’s statement that the review caused him more pain and regret than anything he had written before (see <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 22, Appendix V, p. 641). </p> <blockquote><p>give him the cold shoulder</p> </blockquote> <p>Darwin thanked Huxley for representing him in public but was still inclined to write to Mivart directly after he knew the full result of Hooker’s and Huxley’s representations (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9770">letter to T. H. Huxley, 22 December [1874]</a>). Huxley responded in sympathy: ‘If anybody tries that on with my boy Leonard the old wolf will shew all the fangs he has left by that time, depend upon it’, and added, ‘the severest & most effectual punishment for this sort of moral assasination is quietly to ignore the offender & give him the cold shoulder’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9773">letter from T. H. Huxley, 23 December 1874</a>). He enclosed his reply to Mivart, which stated that Mivart should have written to Darwin or George offering him the ‘fullest & frankest apology’ and sent a retraction to the editor of the <em>Quarterly Review</em>. Huxley concluded: ‘our views on those points which <em>I</em> hold to be the most important of all to mankind, are too hopelessly divergent to render familiar intercourse between us pleasant or adviseable’.</p> <p>On Christmas Eve, Darwin wrote to Hooker that they were still in a dilemma because Mivart had admitted nothing in public and neither the apology in the private letter to Huxley nor a private apology to George would do: ‘& the case is in some respects worse as he now owns that for some months he has thought himself wrong, & yet on Oct 15<sup>th</sup> he published that shabby rejoinder’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9777">letter to J. D. Hooker, 24 December [1874]</a>).  On the same day, Mivart replied to Huxley’s letter in detail, concluding:</p> <blockquote><p>‘Widely divergent as are our views as to what is most important for the welfare of Mankind, I shall never while we both live, cease to hope that that divergence may cease & even while it still exists it does not <strong>on my side</strong> in the least obstruct “familiar intercourse” or render it “unpleasant” <em>to me</em>, because it does not on my side, produce the least personal ill feeling. Of course I can only submit to your wishes in this respect but I do so with regret & with a hearty wish for many happy new years for you & yours’</p> <p>(see Correspondence vol. 22, appendix V, p. 644).</p> </blockquote> <p>In his dealings with both Huxley and Darwin, Mivart wanted a clear distinction between the realm of public debate and the realm of private relations.  However, from Darwin’s point of view, Mivart had violated codes of friendship and of scientific conduct by attacking Darwin’s family and personalising the conflict, and by failing to address in private letters disagreements that were later made public through anonymous reviews. While staying with Hooker over Christmas, John Tyndall, professor at and superintendent of the Royal Institution of Great Britain was informed of Mivart’s offence; he offered his support to Darwin, judging Mivart’s act as ‘the natural outflow of his character’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9787">letter from John Tyndall, 28 December 1874</a>).</p> <p>Darwin’s friends were closing ranks against Mivart. Hooker even suggested having him removed as secretary of the Linnean Society  (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9788">letter From J. D. Hooker, 29 December 1874</a>). Huxley advised against this (Correspondence vol. 23, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9797">from J. D. Hooker, 3 January [1875]</a>), preferring to attack Mivart in print, as in his review of Ernst Haeckel’s <em>Anthropogenie</em> in the <em>Academy  </em>(2 January 1875; see Appendix V, pp. 644–5) .</p> <p>The affair rolled on into January 1875 and was never resolved to Darwin’s satisfaction. Assisted in the wording by his wife, Emma, and daughter Henrietta, he finally wrote a polite, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9812">very formal letter to Mivart on 12 January 1875</a>, refusing to hold any future communication with him. This is the last letter between them that has been found.</p> <h4>The next generation</h4> <p>George moved on from the affair, and despite periodic bouts of illness affecting his digestive system and diet treatments Darwin’s own doctor, Andrew Clark, he began to make a career for himself. By the end of the year he had drafted articles on cousin marriage, the theory of exchange value, and the second elliptic integral (G. H. Darwin 1875a, 1875b, 1875d, 1875e).</p> <p>Darwin’s other children were also doing well. Despite ill health, his youngest son Horace began the year by taking the examination for the BA degree in the mathematical tripos at the University of Cambridge. Darwin, whose experience of mathematics while an undergraduate was far from happy, sent words of encouragement after the first tests: ‘I heartily rejoice that you have stood the examination without being bad & have done pretty well’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9234">letter to Horace Darwin, 9 January [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Horace came sixth among those who achieved second-class degrees. He started a three-year apprenticeship with the engineering firm Easton and Anderson of Erith, Kent. After a month’s trial Darwin wrote to the firm about Horace’s illness: ‘My son is most desirous to enter your works; & I am sure he will never voluntarily be idle. Under these circumstances I trust that you will be so good as not to bind him to long hours of work’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9440">letter to Easton and Anderson, 4 May [1874]</a>).</p> <p>At the end of June, Darwin’s fourth son, Leonard, who had joined the Royal Engineers in 1871, went to New Zealand as photographer on an expedition to observe the transit of Venus. Darwin had taken advantage of the correspondence about phyllotaxy he had with Hubert Airy, the son of the Astronomer Royal, George Biddell Airy, to help Leonard gain the commission (<em>Correspondence</em> vol. 20, <a href="/DCP-LETT-8486A">letter to Hubert Airy, 24 August 1872</a>). The passage took twelve weeks aboard the immigrant ship <em>Merope</em>. Leonard joined a colourful collection of saloon passengers, and enjoyed a comfortable cabin (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9517F">see letter from Leonard Darwin to Emma Darwin, [after 26 June -- 28 September 1874]</a>). However, poor weather resulted in almost total failure of observations in New Zealand (see G. B. Airy ed. 1881).</p> <p>Darwin’s third son Francis married Amy Ruck, the sister of a friend of Leonard Darwin’s in the Royal Engineers, on 23 July 1874. The newly-weds went on honeymoon to Switzerland but that did not stop them contributing to the family enterprise by observing <em>Pinguicula</em> (butterwort) for Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants. Amy drew a plant and Francis was disappointed that they seemed not to catch insects nearly so much in Switzerland (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9595">letter from Francis and Amy Darwin, 8 August [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Francis had given up the idea of a medical career, and moved back to Down with Amy to become Darwin’s secretary. They rented Down Lodge and Emma Darwin wrote, ‘They have . . . made the rooms look very well, & the garden is certainly beyond the average in prettiness & snugness’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9674">letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874]</a>).  </p> <h4>More discord</h4> <p>Less happy were the various local disputes that the Darwins had with the vicar of Down, George Sketchley Ffinden, including one over the use of the Down schoolroom as a winter reading room in 1873 (see <em>Correspondence</em>, vol. 21, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9122">letter to Down School Board, [after 29 November 1873]</a>). Emma saw a ‘great blessing’ in the rumour that Ffinden might be leaving to take up his dead uncle’s position of vicar of Deptford (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9674">letter from Emma Darwin to J. B. Innes, 12 October [1874]</a>), but to her disappointment it was ‘all moonshine’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9683">letter from G. H. Darwin, 18 October 1874</a>).  </p> <p>Darwin’s much loved ‘sandwalk’, the gravel path on which he made several circuits a day for exercise and uninterrupted thinking, also became a source of vexation. Darwin’s efforts to purchase the wooded land, which he had been renting from John Lubbock, led to a straining of relations with his neighbour and protégé. After consultation with lawyers over a doubt that it may have been included in Lubbock’s marriage settlements, the sale was agreed in April for £300 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9385F">letter from John Lubbock, 2 April 1874</a>), a high price that aggrieved Darwin.</p> <h4>Gardens and gardeners</h4> <p>Darwin’s garden at Down continued to be a source of inspiration.  In April, he wrote a letter to <em>Nature, </em>observing that the flowers of primroses were being destroyed by birds in his garden to a larger extent than usual. He wondered whether the cause was birds feeding on the nectar, and whether the phenomenon was confined to Kent or more widespread. He appealed to correspondents in England and abroad to observe whether the primroses there suffered, and to state the result, whether negative or affirmative, adding whether primroses were abundant in each district (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9418">letter to <em>Nature</em>, 18 April [1874]</a>).</p> <p>He received numerous replies from all over the country. Edward Frankland described his pet bullfinch accurately attacking the nectaries of cowslips but his canary indiscriminately eating every part of the flower. Both birds had been in captivity for years and had little experience of cowslips or primroses, and Frankland added, ‘The businesslike way in which the bullfinch went to work upon the flowers convinces me that its selective skill is hereditary’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9430">letter from Edward Frankland, 26 April 1874</a>). Darwin replied, asking for more information: ‘Good Heavens what a prodigy the brain of every creature is.— The eagerness of caged birds for green food must be a rather disturbing element. Could you get a good bunch of Primrose flowers or cowslip flowers & try once again; & observe whether your bird swallows any part of the cut-off portion, or merely presses them for, as I supposed, the nectar’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9432A">letter to Edward Frankland, 28 April [1874]</a>). Frankland concluded that his Isle of Wight bullfinches had inherited ‘a more utilitarian character than that possessed by the Kent birds’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9435">letter from Edward Frankland, 30 April 1874</a>).</p> <p>The botanist Thereza Story-Maskelyne also sent the remains of cowslip flowers that had been attacked by her canaries (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9426">letter from T. M. Story-Maskelyne, 4 May 1874</a>). In a second letter to <em>Nature</em>, Darwin summarised the descriptions he had been sent from near Preston in Lancashire, north Hampshire, Devonshire, and Ireland.  He suggested that  Frankland’s experiments showed that the behaviour of the bullfinch was instinctive and likened them to Douglas Spalding’s observations on the instinctive actions of chickens when their eyes were uncovered, after having been blindfolded from the moment of being hatched (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9444">letter to <em>Nature</em>, 7 and 11 May [1874]</a>; Spalding 1872a).</p> <p>Darwin was so impressed with Spalding’s work on the instinctive capacities of young animals that he invited him to lunch at Down. He reported to his son George that Spalding was planning to experiment on the sense of direction in animals, and had been trying blindfolded children; he thought Spalding had arrived at the same results as George, although nothing is known of George’s experiments (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9472">letter to G. H. Darwin, 27 May [1874]</a>). However, the death in July of Spalding’s patron, Lady Amberley, marked the end of his s research programme (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9557">letter from D. A. Spalding, 21 July 1874</a>).</p> <p>By 1874, Darwin had resigned himself to the fact that he would not complete all of the more grand theoretical publications that he had once planned: ‘I shall never have strength & life to complete more of the series of books in relation to the Origin, of which I have the M.S. half completed; but I have started the subject & that must be enough for me’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9454">letter to W. D. Fox, 11 May [1874]</a>).</p> <h4>Plants that eat . . . but how?</h4> <p>Despite this, Darwin brought the same combination of careful observational practice and theoretical insight to his highly original botanical investigations of insectivorous plants. Even more than his previous research for <em>Orchids</em> and <em>Climbing plants</em>, this work drew on methods from a variety of scientific fields, especially physiology and chemistry.  </p> <blockquote><p><em>I think I have made some curious discoveries</em></p> </blockquote> <p>Taking stock of what he had achieved, he wrote to his cousin William Darwin Fox: ‘I am preparing a book almost wholly on Drosera or the Sun-Dew, which is a wonderful plant under a physiological point of view, & I think I have made some curious discoveries. One of the chief new points is that it secretes a fluid analogous to gastric juice, for it contains a ferment, closely analogous to pepsine, with an acid, & can thus in a few hours dissolve the hardest cartilage, bone & meat &c. &c.’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9454">letter to W. D. Fox,  11 May [1874]</a>). His research was greatly assisted by botanists from Kew and around the country, and by London chemists and animal physiologists.</p> <p>Physiological botany was only beginning to be widely pursued in Britain and Darwin’s interest in digestion, sensitivity, and other ‘animal’-like properties in plants led him to work with physiologists at the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution in London, who performed comparative animal experiments on the digestibility of various substances on his behalf. Thomas Lauder Brunton sent the results of his experiments on the digestion of chlorophyll with extracts from a dog’s stomach (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9322">letter from T. L. Brunton, 28 February 1874</a>), and Edward Emanuel Klein subjected the bones of the skull of a cat to digestion with artificial gastric juice  for about a week (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9460">letter from E. E. Klein, 14 May 1874</a>). John Burdon Sanderson sent the results of his experiments on a range of substances, including haemoglobin, globulin, and mucin. He also did experiments with pepsin (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9427F">letter from J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 25 April 1874)</a>, and with dentine and enamel (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9502">letter from J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 19 June 1874</a>).</p> <p>Darwin’s work inspired Burdon Sanderson to do his own original research on insectivorous plants, and Darwin sent him his notes on <em>Dionaea </em>(Venus fly trap) to help with his lecture at the Royal Institution (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9368">letter to J. S. Burdon Sanderson, 21 March 1874</a>). Sanderson published the results of his work on electrical phenomena associated with the contraction of <em>Dionaea </em>leaves in <em>Nature</em> (Burdon Sanderson 1874). Hooker also gratefully received a summary of Darwin’s results ‘higglety-pigglety’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9555">letter to J. D. Hooker, 20 July [1874]</a>).</p> <p>In 1873, Hooker had begun a series of experiments on the digestive ability of the tropical pitcher-plant, <em>Nepenthes</em>, and he was now presenting some preliminary findings in his presidential address to the department of botany and zoology at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (J. D. Hooker 1874a). Hooker had been ‘driven wild’ by the address and had been ‘working steadily at Nepenthes every day’ and had made a good deal out. He continued, ‘its apetite for cartilage is simply <strong>prodigious </strong>… Nothing can be more lovely than to draw out the cartilage attached to a thread after immersion it looks like a ball of rock crystal refracting the light most beautifully’  (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9602">letter from J. D. Hooker, 17 August 1874</a>).</p> <p>All summer, Hooker and Darwin traded stories about the relative digestive powers of their experimental subjects.  Darwin wrote that, compared with <em>Nepenthes</em>, ‘Poor Drosera & Dionaea cut quite an insignificant figure, as a cube of cartilage of <sup>1</sup>/<sub>10</sub> inch is almost beyond their digestive power’, but he took ‘rather a malicious pleasure’ in Hooker’s failure to get <em>Cephalotus</em> (the Albany pitcher-plant) to digest, comparing it with his own <em>Utricularia</em> (bladderwort; <a href="/DCP-LETT-9604">letter to J. D. Hooker, 20 August 1874</a>).</p> <p>Although the sundew and the Venus fly trap were the main plant groups in Darwin’s study, he also sought out a variety of other insect-eating plants. The surgeon and botanist John Ralfs sent <em>Utricularia </em>from Cornwall, but Darwin was unwell when it arrived, so Francis worked on the tiny bladders under the microscope. Darwin looked forward to having his ‘brain clear & hand steady’ in order to work on its difficult structures (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9546">letter to John Ralfs, 13 July [1874]</a>). The research may have been assisted by a new type of high resolution water-immersion lens that Darwin had purchased from France on the recommendation of Hooker and physiologists at the Brown Institution (see <a href="/DCP-LETT-9326">letter to Edmund Hartnack et Cie, 1 March 1874</a>, and <em>Correspondence</em> vol. 21, <a href="/DCP-LETT-9095F">letter from Francis Darwin,  [11 October 1873]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin wasted several weeks in fruitless trials and observations on <em>Utricularia,</em> concluding: ‘The negative work takes five times more time than the positive’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9613">letter to J. D. Hooker, 30 August [1874]</a>), and that, although they caught many small freshwater crustaceans, they could not digest them but fed on the decomposed remains. He wrote to the chemist Edward Frankland to find out whether at the ‘close of the putrefaction of flesh, skin &c, any substance is produced before the final resolution of the matter into gasses & salts of ammonia’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9614A">letter to Edward Frankland, 31 August 1874</a>).</p> <blockquote><p>I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than this day’s work</p> </blockquote> <p>Lady Dorothy Nevill supplied Darwin with a specimen of <em>Utricularia montana</em> to work on. At first, Darwin mistook the empty stem tubers for bladders; when he found that the real bladders, which were very small and transparent  and on the roots, captured prey, he exclaimed:  ‘I have hardly ever enjoyed a day more in my life than this day’s work’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9644">letter to D. F. Nevill, 18 September [1874]</a>).Francis’s new wife, Amy, drew the plant (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9218">letter to Francis Darwin, [17 September 1874]</a>), and the German botanist Ferdinand Cohn provided observations on the structure and mechanism that Darwin agreed with (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9677A">letter to F. J. Cohn, 12 October 1874</a>). Darwin’s American correspondent Mary Treat sent observations of the prey  caught in the bladders and declared the hidden-fruited bladderwort (<em>Utricularia clandestina</em>) to be<em> </em>the most wonderful carnivorous plants that she had seen’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9740">letter from Mary Treat, 2 December 1874</a>).</p> <p>The social breadth of the network that Darwin drew on in his work on insectivorous plants was remarkable. The aristocratic horticulturist Dorothy Nevill hugely admired Darwin and was always eager to help by sending specimens from her well-stocked garden. She sought every opportunity to meet him in person and she valued the photograph he sent highly (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9633">letter from D. F. Nevill, [11 September 1874]</a>).</p> <p>At the other end of the spectrum, the Dublin accounts clerk Thomas Cooke Copland sent Darwin details of an Australian variety of sundew (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9509">letter from T. C. Copland, 23 June 1874</a>).</p> <blockquote><p>the man-eating tree of Madagascar</p> </blockquote> <p>Asa Gray publicised Darwin’s work on insectivorous plants in his articles for <em>Nation </em>and <em>Gardeners’ Chronicle</em> ([Gray] 1874a; [Gray] 1874b) and provided encouragement, urging him to ‘hurry up the book about <em>Drosera</em>’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9492">letter from Asa Gray, 16 June 1874</a>). He passed on a spoof article ‘<em>Crinoida Dajeeana</em>: the man-eating tree of Madagascar’, in which the fictitious Dr Omelius Friedlowsky felt compelled to make a discovery public before it was pre-empted by the work of Darwin and others: he had found a plant that preyed on water buffalo and cheetahs, and even ate a woman after she drank the viscous fluid it exuded. Darwin replied: ‘I began reading the Madagascan squib quite gravely, & when I found it stated that Felis & Bos inhabited Madagascar, I thought it was a false story, & did not perceive it was a hoax till I came to the woman’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9480">letter to Asa Gray, 3 June [1874]</a>).</p> <h4>Response to <em>Expression</em></h4> <p>The scope of Darwin’s correspondence was reflected in the comments and criticisms he received on recent publications.  After his wife read <em>Expression</em>, the military surgeon Francis François de Chaumont sent observations of his children shedding tears as tiny babies (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9433">letter from F. S. B. François de Chaumont, 29 April 1874</a>).</p> <p>Asa Gray forwarded a letter from the American physicist and painter Ogden Rood, who had been inspired to observe ears by <em>Descent</em>, and sent a sketch of man he had seen in bank with enormous tips to his ears (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9455">letter from Asa Gray, 12 May 1874</a>).</p> <p>The Manchester physician James Ross offered an alternative explanation of the firm closure of the lips in the expression of determination or decision: that it protected the teeth of combatants (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9617">letter from James Ross, September 1874</a>).</p> <p>The American philosopher Chauncey Wright sent a detailed letter about shaking and nodding of the head in different cultures (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9624">letter from Chauncey Wright, 3 September 1874</a>).</p> <p>The American lawyer Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker claimed: ‘I have entire control over the muscles which move the nostrils being able to dilate and contract them at will as rapidly and in precisely the same manner as you have doubtless often seen rabbits do when they are sitting at rest’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9636">letter from S. W. Pennypacker, 14 September 1874</a>).</p> <p>Thomas Lauder Brunton sent Darwin examples of busts with different expressions on each side of the face, with a physiological explanation (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9701">letter from T. L. Brunton, [29] October [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Finally, one correspondent wondered whether he was being a nuisance to Darwin by pointing out that dogs vomited when in perfect state of health and often returned to the vomit and ate it (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9745">letter from W. G. Walker, 6 December 1874</a>).</p> <h4>The Zoological Station at Naples</h4> <p>Mindful of the scientific assistance he received from so many quarters, Darwin remained keen to help those in his circle of correspondents when the occasion arose. He continued to provide support to Anton Dohrn’s Zoological Station at Naples, which had got into financial difficulty and needed more funds if it was to be completed. Darwin learned from Huxley that Dohrn’s father would allow him to accept a public subscription for the Zoological Station and that Dohrn was overworked and troubled about the zoological station’s debts of £1500 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9336">see letter from T. H. Huxley, 6 March 1874</a>). Darwin immediately sent a donation of £100, and £10 each from his sons George and Francis (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9338">letter to Anton Dohrn, 7 March 1874</a>).</p> <p>Dohrn replied from his sickbed mentioning a photograph of the station to be sent to Darwin by Francis Maitland Balfour; Darwin offered to try to get it exhibited at a Royal Society of London soirée  (see <a href="/DCP-LETT-9394">letter from Anton Dohrn, 6 April 1874</a>, and <a href="/DCP-LETT-9414">letter to Anton Dohrn, 16 April and 9 August 1874</a>). Darwin also helped Michael Foster to prepare a printed appeal for funds, raising £860 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9384">Circular to John Lubbock, P. L. Sclater, Charles Lyell, W. B. Carpenter, and Michael Foster, [7 April 1874]</a>; <a href="/DCP-LETT-9498">letter from Michael Foster, 17 June [1874]</a>).</p> <h4>Friend and patron</h4> <p>Darwin championed a number of other causes during the year. He assisted the retired diplomat and ornithologist Robert Swinhoe, a valued correspondent on various subjects during his time in China, in his candidacy for election to the Royal Society of London (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9330">see letter to H. B. Tristram, 3 March [1874]</a>). He wrote letters to friends at the Athenaeum Club to support the election of his nephew, the fine-art specialist Henry Parker (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9365">letter from E. A. Darwin, 17 [March 1874]</a>). He tried to persuade John Murray to publish a second edition of John Ferguson McLennan’s <em>Primitive marriage</em>, a work that he had cited as an authority on marriage customs in <em>Descent</em> (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9451">see letter John Murray, 9 May [1874]</a>). He communicated Mary Elizabeth Barber’s paper on the pupae of the green-banded swallowtail butterfly (<em>Papilio nireus</em>) assuming the colour of their surroundings to the Entomological Society of London (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9666">letter from H. W. Bates, 1 October 1874</a>). He supported the application of the ornithologist and senior assistant curator Richard Bowdler Sharpe for promotion at the British Museum (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9731">letter to R. B. Sharpe, 24 November [1874]</a>).  He wrote in admiration of Charles Lyell’s plan to leave a bequest to the Geological Society of London and an annual medal (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9477">letter to Charles Lyell, 31 May [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Finally, on a more personal level, Darwin took care of his close friend Hooker, who stayed at Down after his wife Frances Harriet died suddenly on 13 November (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9728">letter to J. D. Hooker, [17 November 1874]</a>). Later in the month, he wrote to Hooker, ‘I declare I wonder that you are alive, considering the work which you have to do—It is enough to kill anyone’, and asked Thomas Henry Farrer to attempt to influence the government to provide  an assistant at Kew to reduce Hooker’s workload (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9738">letter to J. D. Hooker, 30 November [1874]</a>).</p> <h4>New colleagues and old</h4> <p>The year 1874 saw the start of an important relationship for Darwin’s last years. The young physiologist George John Romanes wrote a long letter to Herbert Spencer about Darwin’s discussion of rudimentary organs in <em>Origin </em>in relation to Spencer’s work, and sent a copy to Darwin (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9543">letter from G. J. Romanes, 10 July 1874</a>). After a second letter from Romanes enclosing a letter from Spencer (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9563">letter from G. J. Romanes, 24 July 1874</a>), Darwin replied, ‘I have so poor a metaphysical head that M<sup>r</sup> Spencer’s terms of equilibration &c always bother me & make everything less clear’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9569">letter to G. J. Romanes, 28 July [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Romanes had considered being ordained in the Anglican church before switching his studies at Cambridge from mathematics to natural sciences. He stayed on after graduating to work in the physiological laboratory established by Michael Foster. He then studied under John Scott Burdon Sanderson at University College London, and developed an interest in the primitive nervous and locomotor systems of medusae and echinoderms (jellyfish and sea urchins), as a way of studying the evolutionary origins of mind and intelligence.</p> <p>The friendship that he developed with Darwin guided Romanes’s future research on evolution, and by the end of year Darwin had introduced him to Hooker in order that he could perform plant graft-hybrid experiments to test Darwin’s theory of pangenesis (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9766">letter to J. D. Hooker, 20 December 1874</a>). Romanes even suggested grafting the ears of rabbits, but Darwin thought this ‘almost impossible, as it would be so difficult to keep the animal quiet afterwards’. He added, ‘I do not speak of the pain as of course you would do it under chloroform’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9783">letter to G. J. Romanes, 27 December 1874</a>). He suggested transplanting the combs of fowls instead.</p> <p>While Romanes’s career was just taking off, the career of one of Darwin’s more colourful correspondents came to an abrupt end, as the curator of the Australian Museum in Sydney, Gerard Krefft, reported: ‘I have been forcibly ejected from my quarters in the Museum by order of some of the Trustees who desired to be revenged because I proved them a pack of imposters’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9694">letter from Gerard Krefft, 22 October 1874</a>).</p> <h4>Darwinism: securing the foundations</h4> <p>Public recognition for Darwin continued to pour in from all quarters. He was elected a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9305">see letter to J. P. Cooke, 20 February 1874</a>), and honorary member of the Entomological Society of France (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9334F">letter to Eugène Desmarest, 4 March 1874</a>). He featured in the scientific worthies series  in <em>Nature</em> (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9458A">letter to  J. N. Lockyer, 13 May [1874]</a>), and he wrote to Asa Gray, who provided the essay on him: ‘Everyone, I suppose occasionally thinks that he has worked in vain, & when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your article, & if that does not expel the evil spirit, I shall know that I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9483">letter to Asa Gray, 5 June [1874]</a>).</p> <p>The influence of Darwin’s work was further increased by translations that were published as soon as possible after the publication of the English editions. Darwin’s French publisher, Charles Reinwald, engaged new translators to replace Jean Jacques Moulinié, who had died after a period of ill health in 1873.  Edmond Barbier corrected defects in Moulinié’s translation of <em>Descent </em>and a second French edition was published in January 1875 (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9265">letter from C.-F. Reinwald , 4 February 1874</a>). Barbier also translated the second edition of <em>Journal of researches</em>, which was published for the first time in French as <em>Voyage d’un naturaliste autour du monde</em> (Naturalist’s journey on board the Beagle) in December (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9752">letter from C.-F. Reinwald , 10 December 1874</a>). Samuel Jean Pozzi and René Benoît produced the first French translation of <em>Expression</em>.</p> <p>Darwin’s German translator, Julius Victor Carus, and his publisher, Eduard Koch of E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, proposed to bring out an edition of his collected works in German. Darwin’s books were selling well in Germany and Carus wrote that around 17,000 copies of all the works that had been translated had already been sold (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9363">letter from J. V. Carus, 15 March 1874</a>). Darwin was ‘much pleased’ but privately said Carus was ‘like a goose’ for thinking he could not weary the German public (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9324">letter to H. E. Litchfield,  21 [March 1874]</a>).</p> <p>Arrangements were also made for a Serbian translation of <em>Origin </em>(<a href="/DCP-LETT-9643">letter from M. M. Radovanović, 17 September 1874</a>), which appeared in 1878.</p> <p>Books and articles were received from authors around the world, indicating the diverse reception of Darwin’s work. His controversial German admirer, Ernst Haeckel, sent the fifth edition of his <em>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</em> along with <em>Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte des Mensches</em>. Surprised about receiving two books in quick succession, Darwin wrote back ‘Good Heavens, take care that you do not wear out your brain’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9647A">letter to Ernest Haeckel, 20 September 1874</a>). Haeckel lamented  the hostile reception of his <em>Anthropogenie</em> in religious circles in Britain: ‘Your countrymen specifically do not seem to understand the anti-clerical movement which now governs <em>all</em> truth-loving educated persons here in Germany’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9767">letter from Ernst Haeckel, 20 December 1874</a>). </p> <h4>Darwinism interpreted</h4> <p>Darwin’s theory of natural selection was put to work in surprising contexts, and when the German philosopher Carl du Prel sent his book <em>The struggle for existence in the sky: the Darwinian formula established in the mechanics of the world of stars</em>, Darwin remarked: ‘It is quite a new light to me & a very interesting fact, that anyone should endeavour to extend a law analogous to that of the struggle for existence to the inorganic world’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9462">letter to Carl du Prel, 19 May 1874</a>).</p> <p>One of the stranger presents was a copy of Joseph Simms’s book on physiognomy (Simms 1873), which contained Darwin’s portrait to illustrate the quality of ‘Observativeness Large’. Simms also requested an outline of Darwin’s foot (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9637">letter from Joseph Simms, 14 September 1874</a>).</p> <p>However, Darwin reserved the most praise for a book on the ants of Switzerland that he received from Auguste Forel. Taking great pleasure in how the work dealt with sexual forms and crossing, he wrote: ‘I have now read the whole of your admirable work & seldom in my life have I been more interested by any book’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9680">letter to Auguste Forel, 15 October 1874</a>). Forel was an assistant physician at the Munich district asylum; his work included a detailed study of ant brains in relation to the evolution of sterility individual intelligence as opposed to instinct, and the evolution of inter-species alliances.</p> <p>At the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held in August in Belfast, several papers featured Darwin’s work. John Tyndall asked Darwin to glance over his presidential paper, which became famous as the Belfast address (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9587">letter from John Tyndall, 5 August 1874</a>). It discussed the relationship between science and religion through a historical survey of scientists’ engagement with philosophical materialism, including a celebration of Darwin’s achievements and those of the principle of the conservation of energy (Tyndall 1874). Darwin replied that he had been ‘most deeply gratified’, adding, ‘I have not one word of criticism to make. It all seems to me excellent, & as clear as light’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9599">letter to John Tyndall, 12 August [1874]</a>).</p> <p>Hooker reported that ‘Lubbock’s Lecture went off admirably— but Huxley’s was the magnum opus of the meeting’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9610">letter from J. D. Hooker, [29 August 1874]</a>). Lubbock had given an evening lecture on common flowers in relation to insects. Huxley’s paper was on the 'hypothesis that animals are automata and its history', and charted historical and recent developments in animal physiology to conclude that human consciousness was a mere by-product of the physical workings of the body (T. H. Huxley 1874a).</p> <p>Despite the materialist connotations of both Huxley’s and Tyndall’s addresses, Charles Lyell, who had spent his career distancing geology from such doctrines, which were associated with infidelity and atheism, wrote, ‘I have been intending from day to day to congratulate you on the Belfast meeting, on which occasion you and your theory of evolution may be fairly said to have had an ovation’ (<a href="/DCP-LETT-9619">letter from Charles Lyell, 1 September 1874</a>).</p> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Terms: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/tags/coral-reefs" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Coral reefs</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/tags/descent-man" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Descent of man</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/tags/spiritualism" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">spiritualism</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/tags/carnivorous-plants" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">carnivorous plants</a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/tags/ccd-intro" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CCD intro</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/commentary/darwins-controversies" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Darwin's controversies</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-related-bibliographic-refe field-type-text field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Related bibliographic reference: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> [Mivart, St George Jackson.] 1871c. Darwin’s <i>Descent of man. Quarterly Review</i> 131: 47–90.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Tyndall, John. 1874b. Presidential address. [Read 19 August 1874.] <i>Report of the 44th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</i> (1874): lxvi–xcvii.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1874a. On the hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history. <i>Fortnightly Review</i> n.s. 16: 555–80.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Coral reefs</i>: <i>The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the </i>Beagle<i>, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy RN, during the years 1832 to 1836.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1842.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Descent</i>: <i>The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2 vols. London: John Murray. 1871.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Coral reefs</i> 2d ed.: <i>The structure and distribution of coral reefs.</i> By Charles Darwin. Revised edition. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1874.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Dana, James Dwight. 1875. <i>Corals and coral islands.</i> 2d edition. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low and Searle.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Descent</i> 2d ed.: <i>The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex.</i> By Charles Darwin. 2d edition. London: John Murray. 1874.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Lyell, Charles. 1871. <i>The student’s elements of geology.</i> London: J. Murray.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Origin</i>: <i>On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1859.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Darwin, George Howard. 1873b. On beneficial restrictions to liberty of marriage. <i>Contemporary Review</i> 22: 412–26.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> [Mivart, St George Jackson.] 1869. Difficulties of the theory of natural selection. <i>Month</i> 11: 35–53, 134–53, 274–89.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> [Mivart, St George Jackson.] 1874b. Primitive man: Tylor and Lubbock. [Essay review of the works of John Lubbock and Edward Burnett Tylor.] <i>Quarterly Review</i> 137 (1874): 40–77.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Mivart, St George Jackson. 1871b. <i>On the genesis of species.</i> 2d edition. London and New York: Macmillan and Co.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Darwin, George Howard. 1875a. Marriages between first cousins in England and their effects. [Read 16 March 1875.] <i>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</i> 38: 153–84.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Darwin, George Howard. 1875b. Marriages between first cousins in England and their effects. <i>Fortnightly Review</i> 18: 22–41.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Darwin, George Howard. 1875d. The theory of exchange value. <i>Fortnightly Review</i> 17: 243–53.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Darwin, George Howard. 1875e. On a mechanical representation of the second elliptic integral. <i>Messenger of Mathematics</i> 4: 113–15. [G. H. Darwin 1907–16, 4: 272–5.]</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Airy, George Biddell, ed. 1881. <i>Account of observations of the transit of Venus, 1874, December 8: made under the authority of the British government: and of the reduction of the observations.</i> [London]: H.M. Stationery Office, under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Spalding, Douglas Alexander. 1872a. On instinct. [Read before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 19 August 1872.] <i>Nature</i>, 10 October 1872, pp. 485–6.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Burdon Sanderson, John Scott. 1874a. Venus’s fly-trap (<i>Dionæa muscipula</i>). (Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 5 June 1874.) <i>Nature</i>, 11 June 1874, pp. 105–7, and 18 June 1874, pp. 127–8.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Hooker, Joseph Dalton. 1874a. Address to the Department of Botany and Zoology. <i>Report of the 44th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science</i> (1874), Transactions of the sections, pp. 102–16. [Also published as ‘The carnivorous habits of plants’, <i>Nature</i>, 3 September 1874, pp. 366–72.]</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> [Gray, Asa.] 1874a. Insectivorous plants. <i>Nation</i>, 2 April 1874, pp. 216–7; 9 April 1874, pp. 232–4.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> [Gray, Asa.] 1874b. Do plants eat insects? <i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 2 May 1874, pp. 565–6; 9 May 1874, pp. 597–9. Reprinted from the New York <i>Nation</i>.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Expression</i>: <i>The expression of the emotions in man and animals.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: John Murray. 1872.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> McLennan, John Ferguson. 1865. <i>Primitive marriage: an inquiry into the origin of the form of capture in marriage ceremonies.</i> Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> <i>Journal of researches</i> (1840): <i>Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by HMS Beagle, under the command of Captain FitzRoy, RN, from 1832 to 1836.</i> By Charles Darwin. London: Henry Colburn. 1840.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Balfour, Francis Maitland. 1874. A preliminary account of the development of the elasmobranch fishes. <i>Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science</i> n.s. 14: 323–64.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Haeckel, Ernst. 1874b. <i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte. Gemeinverständliche wissenschaftliche Vorträge über die Entwickelungslehre im Allgemeinen und diejenige von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck im Besonderen.</i> 5th edition. Berlin: Georg Reimer.</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="bibliography even"> Haeckel, Ernst. 1874a. <i>Anthropogenie: oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen. Gemeinverständliche wissenschaftliche Vorträge über die Grundzüge der menschlichen Keimes- und Stammes-Geschichte.</i> Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="bibliography even"> Smith, Charles Manby. 1857. <i>Curiosities of London life: or, phases, physiological and social, of the great metropolis.</i> London: W. and F. G. Cash.</div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content "> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1097 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/FITZROY-R-01-05660.jpg?itok=GaagKH0Z)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-E-01-01218.jpg?itok=ozj0QpGk)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-02-02357.jpg?itok=SchxeKwK)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-01-02357.jpg?itok=UCAmJ_At)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-01-01203.jpg?itok=0Jm0VtzG)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/TEGETMEIER-W-B-01-04682.jpg?itok=A2QjtG5o)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/WALLACE-A-R-01-01832.jpg?itok=2Ptl2OXa)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/OWEN-R-01-03629.jpg?itok=f53MuCPx)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/BENTHAM-G-01-00398.jpg?itok=tM3UqtiG)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Down-house1_4.jpg?itok=4_rtOp2x)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg?itok=BBVkiqVO)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00113.jpg?itok=sF2FC3ni)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=XL8-zA8v)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00116.jpg?itok=N9ikp1AD)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00340-00001-C-00007-00004-000-p471.jpg?itok=amNzEpLQ)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg?itok=MmoeVmv4)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00072.jpg?itok=E2w1KsMz)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00040.jpg?itok=W-VC37wq)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-05-00001.jpg?itok=eEVkSzQ3)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00140-00004-000-00007.jpg?itok=II3d31Wn)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00162-000-00201.jpg?itok=wTj1bEPM)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-1050 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg?itok=tBvrwyfP)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year" class="active-trail active">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg?itok=LlpKTTUy)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-R-01-01205.jpg?itok=t7EJx2F1)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Christ%27s%20College%20Library%20monkey.JPG?itok=ANjwgfNC)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/frontispiece_bernard_darwin_MS-ADD-08904-00004-01158-000-00001-s.jpg?itok=KfoObDs8)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3394 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg?itok=b1GlRz8m)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_28_frontispiece.jpg?itok=uiPDp-CE)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-T-00992-B-00001-00045-000-FANCY-PORTRAIT-NO-54_CD.jpg?itok=0uAnSj_J)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/The_funeral_ceremony_of_the_Charles_Darwin_at_Westminster_Ab_Wellcome_V0018693_final.jpg?itok=ws9uiIeg)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-people" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related people</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1067.xml">Copland, T. C.</a></h3> <div class="date">1818–84</div> <div class="summary">Accounts clerk. Born in Norfolk, England. Married in Dublin, 1854. Employed in the Accountant’s Department of the Board of Public Works, Custom House, Dublin.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1346.xml">Dohrn, Anton</a></h3> <div class="date">1840–1909</div> <div class="summary">German zoologist. Studied medicine and zoology at various German universities. PhD, Breslau, 1865. Studied with Ernst Haeckel and became Haeckel’s first assistant at Jena, where he habilitated in 1868. Founded the Zoological Station at Naples, built between 1872 and 1874. The station was the first marine laboratory, and served as a model for other similar institutions throughout the world.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1622.xml">Ffinden, G. S.</a></h3> <div class="date">1836/7–1911</div> <div class="summary">Clergyman. Ordained priest, 1861. Curate of Monks Risborough, Buckinghamshire, 1860–1; Newport Pagnell, 1861–2; Moulsoe, Buckinghamshire, 1863–9. Domestic chaplain to Earl Carrington, 1871. Vicar of Down, 1871–1911.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3350.xml">Mivart, S. G. J.</a></h3> <div class="date">1827–1900</div> <div class="summary">Comparative anatomist. Converted to Catholicism, 1844. Called to the bar, 1851, but never practised. Established his reputation as an anatomist by his studies on primates. Lecturer in comparative anatomy, St Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London, 1862–84. Secretary, Linnean Society, 1874–80; vice-president, 1892. Professor of the philosophy of natural history, University of Louvain, 1890–3. Excommunicated, 1900. Vigorous critic of Darwinism. Attempted to reconcile evolutionary theory and Catholicism. FRS 1869.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4580.xml">Llewelyn, T. M.Story-Maskelyne, T. M.</a></h3> <div class="date">1834–1926</div> <div class="summary">Welsh botanist, astronomer, and experimental photographer. A granddaughter of the naturalist Lewis Weston Dillwyn, and daughter of the photographer John Dillwyn Llewelyn and his wife Emma Thomasina Talbot. Supplied climate data to the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Married Mervyn Herbert Nevil Story-Maskelyne, professor of mineralogy, University of Oxford, in 1858. Mother of three daughters, including the educator and gardener Thereza, Lady Rucker.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-53d19138cafabc75249eabcb119d34e7"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"><h3>About this article</h3> <p>Based on the introduction to <strong><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>, volume 22:</strong> <strong>1874</strong></p> <p>Edited by: Frederick Burkhardt, James A. Secord, Samantha Evans, Shelley Innes, Francis Neary, Alison M. Pearn, Anne Secord, Paul White.</p> <p>(Cambridge University Press 2015)</p> <p>Order this volume online from <a href="http://admin.cambridge.org/ps/academic/subjects/life-sciences/darwin/series/correspondence-charles-darwin" target="_blank">Cambridge University Press</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png" /></a></p> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-1"> <div id="block-block-1" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <p>Darwin Correspondence Project<br /> <a href="mailto:darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk">darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk</a></p> <p>© <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> 2022</p> <p><a href="/copyright-declaration">Copyright declaration</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></p> <p>Website by <a href="http://www.surfaceimpression.digital/">Surface Impression</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-2"> <div id="block-menu-block-5" class="block block-menu-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-5 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