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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percy_Bysshe_Shelley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Percy Bysshe Shelley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Geneva_and_Frankenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Geneva_and_Frankenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lake Geneva and Frankenstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Geneva_and_Frankenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_of_Frankenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_of_Frankenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Authorship of Frankenstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_of_Frankenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bath_and_Marlow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bath_and_Marlow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Bath and Marlow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bath_and_Marlow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England_and_writing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England_and_writing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Return to England and writing career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England_and_writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Final years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_themes_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_themes_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Literary themes and styles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_themes_and_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary themes and styles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_themes_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiographical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiographical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Autobiographical elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiographical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novelistic_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novelistic_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Novelistic genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novelistic_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_and_Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_and_Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Enlightenment and Romanticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_and_Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Short stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travelogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travelogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Travelogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travelogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editorial_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Editorial work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Selected works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mary Shelley: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ماري شيلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري شيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰী শ্বেলী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰী শ্বেলী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_%C5%9Eelli" title="Meri Şelli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meri Şelli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مری شلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مری شلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ম্যারি শেলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যারি শেলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Мэры Шэлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мэры Шэлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Мэры Шэлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэры Шэлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мери Шели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мери Шели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyov%C3%A1" title="Mary Shelleyová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Shelleyová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8B" title="Μαίρη Σέλλεϋ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαίρη Σέλλεϋ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مری شلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری شلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EC%85%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="메리 셸리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 셸리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Մերի Շելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերի Շելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley" title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מרי שלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי שלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მერი შელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერი შელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мэри Шелли – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мэри Шелли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мэри Шелли – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мэри Шелли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Shelley" title="Maria Shelley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Shelley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93rija_%C5%A0ellija" title="Mērija Šellija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mērija Šellija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="म्यारी सेली – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यारी सेली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мери Шели – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Шели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="മേരി ഷെല്ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേരി ഷെല്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მერი შელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მერი შელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="مارى شيلى (كاتبه مسرحيه من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى شيلى (كاتبه مسرحيه من المملكه المتحده لبريطانيا العظمى و ايرلاندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="မေရီ ရှယ်လီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မေရီ ရှယ်လီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="म्यारी सेली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्यारी सेली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मेरी शेली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेरी शेली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="メアリー・シェリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー・シェリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80" title="ମେରୀ ସେଲୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେରୀ ସେଲୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੇਰੀ ਸ਼ੈਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੇਰੀ ਸ਼ੈਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="میری شیلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری شیلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مري شیلي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مري شیلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шелли, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шелли, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Shelli" title="Meri Shelli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meri Shelli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelleyov%C3%A1" title="Mary Shelleyová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mary Shelleyová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ماری شیللی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری شیللی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мери Шели – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мери Шели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley" title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mary Shelley" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="மேரி செல்லி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேரி செல்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="แมรี เชลลีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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href="/wiki/User:William_Avery" class="mw-userlink" title="User:William Avery" data-mw-revid="1214496220"><bdi>William Avery</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:William_Avery" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:William Avery">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/William_Avery" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/William Avery">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_mover" title="Wikipedia:Page mover">Page movers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">471,282 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <a href="/wiki/MOS:%27" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:'">MOS:'</a></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&diff=prev&oldid=1214496220" title="Mary Shelley" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&oldid=1214552191" title="Mary Shelley">Revision as of 17:16, 19 March 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&action=edit&oldid=1214552191" title="Mary Shelley">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Lawfullymine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Lawfullymine (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1214552191"><bdi>Lawfullymine</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lawfullymine" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Lawfullymine">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Lawfullymine" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Lawfullymine">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">30 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> adding that William Godwin consented to his minor daughter's marriage and he and his wife signed the register as official witnesses</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&diff=next&oldid=1214552191" title="Mary Shelley" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Bath and Marlow===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Bath and Marlow===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On their return to England in September 1816, Mary and Percy moved—with Claire Clairmont, who took lodgings nearby—to [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], where they hoped to keep Claire's pregnancy secret.<ref>Sunstein, 124–125; Seymour, 165.</ref> At Cologny, Mary Godwin had received two letters from her half-sister, [[Fanny Imlay]], who alluded to her "unhappy life"; on 9 October, Fanny wrote an "alarming letter" from [[Bristol]] that sent Percy Shelley racing off to search for her, without success. On the morning of 10 October, Fanny Imlay was found dead in a room at a [[Swansea]] inn, along with a suicide note and a [[laudanum]] bottle. On 10 December, Percy Shelley's wife, Harriet, was discovered drowned in the [[Serpentine (lake)|Serpentine]], a lake in [[Hyde Park, London]].<ref>St Clair, 413; Seymour, 175.</ref> Both suicides were hushed up. Harriet's family obstructed Percy Shelley's efforts—fully supported by Mary Godwin—to assume custody of his two children by Harriet. His lawyers advised him to improve his case by marrying; so he and Mary, who was pregnant again, married on 30 December 1816 at St Mildred's Church, [[Bread Street]], London.<ref>Sunstein, 129; St Clair, 414–15; Seymour, 176.</ref> Mr and Mrs Godwin were present <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> the marriage <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ended</del> the family rift.<ref>Spark, 54–55; Seymour, 176–177.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On their return to England in September 1816, Mary and Percy moved—with Claire Clairmont, who took lodgings nearby—to [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], where they hoped to keep Claire's pregnancy secret.<ref>Sunstein, 124–125; Seymour, 165.</ref> At Cologny, Mary Godwin had received two letters from her half-sister, [[Fanny Imlay]], who alluded to her "unhappy life"; on 9 October, Fanny wrote an "alarming letter" from [[Bristol]] that sent Percy Shelley racing off to search for her, without success. On the morning of 10 October, Fanny Imlay was found dead in a room at a [[Swansea]] inn, along with a suicide note and a [[laudanum]] bottle. On 10 December, Percy Shelley's wife, Harriet, was discovered drowned in the [[Serpentine (lake)|Serpentine]], a lake in [[Hyde Park, London]].<ref>St Clair, 413; Seymour, 175.</ref> Both suicides were hushed up. Harriet's family obstructed Percy Shelley's efforts—fully supported by Mary Godwin—to assume custody of his two children by Harriet. His lawyers advised him to improve his case by marrying; so he and Mary, who was pregnant again, married on 30 December 1816 at St Mildred's Church, [[Bread Street]], London.<ref>Sunstein, 129; St Clair, 414–15; Seymour, 176.</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Her father gave consent to her marriage as required for a minor aged under twenty-one and</ins> Mr and Mrs Godwin were present <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as witnesses who signed the register, </ins> the marriage <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ending</ins> the family rift.<ref>Spark, 54–55; Seymour, 176–177.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref><ref>London, England Church of England Marriages and Banns 1754-1938 subscriber accessed on Ancestry.co.uk</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Claire Clairmont gave birth to a baby girl on 13 January, at first called Alba, later [[Allegra Byron|Allegra]].<ref>Spark, 57; Seymour, 177.</ref><ref group=note>Alba was renamed "Allegra" in 1818. (Seymour, 177)</ref> In March of that year, the [[Court of Chancery|Chancery Court]] ruled Percy Shelley morally unfit to assume custody of his children and later placed them with a clergyman's family.<ref>Spark, 58; Bennett, ''An Introduction'', 21–22.</ref> Also in March, the Shelleys moved with Claire and Alba to Albion House at [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], a large, damp building on the river [[Thames]]. There Mary Shelley gave birth to her third child, Clara, on 2 September. At Marlow, they entertained their new friends Marianne and [[Leigh Hunt]], worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics.<ref name="Seymour, 195–96"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Claire Clairmont gave birth to a baby girl on 13 January, at first called Alba, later [[Allegra Byron|Allegra]].<ref>Spark, 57; Seymour, 177.</ref><ref group=note>Alba was renamed "Allegra" in 1818. (Seymour, 177)</ref> In March of that year, the [[Court of Chancery|Chancery Court]] ruled Percy Shelley morally unfit to assume custody of his children and later placed them with a clergyman's family.<ref>Spark, 58; Bennett, ''An Introduction'', 21–22.</ref> Also in March, the Shelleys moved with Claire and Alba to Albion House at [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire]], a large, damp building on the river [[Thames]]. There Mary Shelley gave birth to her third child, Clara, on 2 September. At Marlow, they entertained their new friends Marianne and [[Leigh Hunt]], worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics.<ref name="Seymour, 195–96"/></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 17:16, 19 March 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English writer (1797–1851)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin" redirects here. For her mother, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary Shelley (disambiguation)">Mary Shelley (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mary Shelley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Rothwell's portrait of Shelley was shown at the Royal Academy in 1840, accompanied by lines from Percy Shelley's poem The Revolt of Islam calling her a "child of love and light".[1]"><img alt="Half-length portrait of a woman wearing a black dress sitting on a red sofa. Her dress is off the shoulder. The brush strokes are broad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothwell_(painter)" title="Richard Rothwell (painter)">Richard Rothwell</a>'s portrait of Shelley was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1840, accompanied by lines from <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Shelley</a>'s poem <a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a> calling her a "child of love and light".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (1797-08-30)30 August 1797 London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1 February 1851(1851-02-01) (aged 53) London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> (1818), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">see more...</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1816; died 1822)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4, including <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin_the_Younger" title="William Godwin the Younger">William Godwin the Younger</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Shelley_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mary_Shelley_signature.svg/150px-Mary_Shelley_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mary_Shelley_signature.svg/225px-Mary_Shelley_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mary_Shelley_signature.svg/300px-Mary_Shelley_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="158" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who is best known for writing the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> (1818), which is considered an <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction#Shelley_and_Europe_in_the_early_19th_century" title="History of science fiction">early example of science fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aldiss-2">[2]</a> She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic poet">Romantic poet</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>. Her father was the <a href="/wiki/Political_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> and her mother was the philosopher and women's rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. Mary's mother died 11 days after giving birth to her. She was raised by her father, who provided her with a rich if informal education, encouraging her to adhere to his own <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> political theories. When she was four, her father married a neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clairmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Jane Clairmont">Mary Jane Clairmont</a>, with whom Mary came to have a troubled relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Letter1814-10-28-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-StClair295-4">[4]</a> In 1814, Mary began a romance with one of her father's political followers, Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was already married. Together with her stepsister, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>, she and Percy left for France and travelled through Europe. Upon their return to England, Mary was pregnant with Percy's child. Over the next two years, she and Percy faced ostracism, constant debt and the death of their prematurely born daughter. They married in late 1816, after the suicide of Percy Shelley's first wife, Harriet. In 1816, the couple and Mary's stepsister famously spent a summer with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a> near <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, where Shelley conceived the idea for her novel Frankenstein. The Shelleys left Britain in 1818 for Italy, where their second and third children died before Shelley gave birth to her last and only surviving child, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence Shelley</a>. In 1822, her husband drowned when his sailing boat sank during a storm near <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a>. A year later, Shelley returned to England and from then on devoted herself to the upbringing of her son and a career as a professional author. The last decade of her life was dogged by illness, most likely caused by the brain tumour which killed her at the age of 53. Until the 1970s, Shelley was known mainly for her efforts to publish her husband's works and for her novel Frankenstein, which remains widely read and has inspired many theatrical and film adaptations. Recent scholarship has yielded a more comprehensive view of Shelley's achievements. Scholars have shown increasing interest in her literary output, particularly in her novels, which include the historical novels <a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a> (1823) and <a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> (1830), the <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">apocalyptic</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a> (1826) and her final two novels, <a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a> (1835) and <a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a> (1837). Studies of her lesser-known works, such as the travel book <a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a> (1844) and the biographical articles for <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Dionysius Lardner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lardner%27s_Cabinet_Cyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia">Cabinet Cyclopaedia</a> (1829–1846), support the growing view that Shelley remained a political <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> throughout her life. Shelley's works often argue that cooperation and sympathy, particularly as practised by women in the family, were the ways to reform civil society. This view was a direct challenge to the individualistic <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> ethos promoted by Percy Shelley and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> political theories articulated by her father, William Godwin. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodwinJournal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Handwritten page from William Godwin's journal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/GodwinJournal.jpg/220px-GodwinJournal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/GodwinJournal.jpg/330px-GodwinJournal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/GodwinJournal.jpg/440px-GodwinJournal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Page from <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>'s journal recording "Birth of Mary, 20 minutes after 11 at night" (left column, fourth row)</figcaption></figure> Mary Shelley was born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin in <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town, London</a>, in 1797. She was the second child of the feminist philosopher, educator, and writer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> and the first child of the philosopher, novelist, and journalist <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>. Wollstonecraft died of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infections" title="Postpartum infections">puerperal fever</a> shortly after Mary was born. Godwin was left to bring up Mary, along with her older half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a>, Wollstonecraft's child by the American speculator <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A year after Wollstonecraft's death, Godwin published his <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1798), which he intended as a sincere and compassionate tribute. However, because the Memoirs revealed Wollstonecraft's affairs and her illegitimate child, they were seen as shocking. Mary Godwin read these memoirs and her mother's books, and was brought up to cherish her mother's memory.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Mary's earliest years were happy, judging from the letters of William Godwin's housekeeper and nurse, Louisa Jones.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> But Godwin was often deeply in debt; feeling that he could not raise the children by himself, he cast about for a second wife.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In December 1801, he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Godwin" title="Mary Jane Godwin">Mary Jane Clairmont</a>, a well-educated woman with two young children of her own – Charles and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a> Most of Godwin's friends disliked his new wife, describing her as quick-tempered and quarrelsome;<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 2]</a> but Godwin was devoted to her, and the marriage was a success.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Mary Godwin, in contrast, came to detest her stepmother.<a href="#cite_note-Letter1814-10-28-3">[3]</a> William Godwin's 19th-century biographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kegan_Paul" title="Charles Kegan Paul">Charles Kegan Paul</a> later suggested that Mrs Godwin had favoured her own children over those of Mary Wollstonecraft.<a href="#cite_note-StClair295-4">[4]</a> Together, the Godwins started a publishing firm called M. J. Godwin, which sold children's books as well as stationery, maps, and games. However, the business did not turn a profit, and Godwin was forced to borrow substantial sums to keep it going.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> He continued to borrow to pay off earlier loans, compounding his difficulties. By 1809, Godwin's business was close to failure, and he was "near to despair".<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Godwin was saved from <a href="/wiki/Debtor%27s_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Debtor's prison">debtor's prison</a> by philosophical devotees such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Place" title="Francis Place">Francis Place</a>, who lent him further money.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polygon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white engraving showing London buildings in the background and carriages and people in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Polygon.jpg/220px-Polygon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Polygon.jpg/330px-Polygon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Polygon.jpg/440px-Polygon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The Polygon (at left) in <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town, London</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras,_London" title="St Pancras, London">St Pancras</a>, where Mary Godwin was born and spent her earliest years</figcaption></figure> Though Mary Godwin received little formal education, her father tutored her in a broad range of subjects. He often took the children on educational outings, and they had access to his library and to the many intellectuals who visited him, including the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> and the former vice-president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Godwin admitted he was not educating the children according to Mary Wollstonecraft's philosophy as outlined in works such as <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1792), but Mary Godwin nonetheless received an unusual and advanced education for a girl of the time. She had a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a> and a daily tutor and read many of her father's children's books on Roman and Greek history in manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> For six months in 1811, she also attended a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Her father described her at age 15 as "singularly bold, somewhat imperious, and active of mind. Her desire of knowledge is great, and her perseverance in everything she undertakes almost invincible."<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> In June 1812, Mary's father sent her to stay with the <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">dissenting</a> family of the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> William Baxter, near <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> To Baxter, he wrote, "I am anxious that she should be brought up ... like a philosopher, even like a cynic."<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Scholars have speculated that she was sent away for her health, to remove her from the seamy side of the business, or to introduce her to radical politics.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Mary Godwin revelled in the spacious surroundings of Baxter's house and in the companionship of his four daughters, and she returned north in the summer of 1813 for a further stay of 10 months.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> In the 1831 introduction to Frankenstein, she recalled: "I wrote then—but in a most common-place style. It was beneath the trees of the grounds belonging to our house, or on the bleak sides of the woodless mountains near, that my true compositions, the airy flights of my imagination, were born and fostered."<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pancras,_Middlesex_(1815).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white engraving of a church in the background, with a river flowing in the front. Two people are sitting on the bank and one is swimming. Trees frame the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png/220px-St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png/330px-St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png/440px-St_Pancras%2C_Middlesex_%281815%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>On 26 June 1814, Mary Godwin declared her love for Percy Shelley at <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft's</a> graveside in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a> (shown here in 1815).<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary Godwin may have first met the radical poet-philosopher <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> in the interval between her two stays in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> By the time she returned home for a second time on 30 March 1814, Percy Shelley had become estranged from his wife and was regularly visiting William Godwin, whom he had agreed to bail out of debt.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Percy Shelley's <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a>, particularly his economic views, which he had imbibed from William Godwin's <a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a> (1793), had alienated him from his wealthy <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> family: they wanted him to follow traditional models of the landed aristocracy, and he wanted to donate large amounts of the family's money to schemes intended to help the disadvantaged. Percy Shelley, therefore, had difficulty gaining access to money until he inherited his estate because his family did not want him wasting it on projects of "political justice". After several months of promises, Shelley announced that he either could not or would not pay off all of Godwin's debts. Godwin was angry and felt betrayed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Mary and Percy began meeting each other secretly at her mother <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>'s grave in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a>, and they fell in love—she was 16, and he was 21.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> On 26 June 1814, Shelley and Godwin declared their love for one another as Shelley announced he could not hide his "ardent passion", leading her in a "sublime and rapturous moment" to say she felt the same way; on either that day or the next, Godwin lost her virginity to Shelley, which tradition claims happened in the churchyard.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Godwin described herself as attracted to Shelley's "wild, intellectual, unearthly looks".<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> To Mary's dismay, her father disapproved, and tried to thwart the relationship and salvage the "spotless fame" of his daughter. At about the same time, Mary's father learned of Shelley's inability to pay off the father's debts.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Mary, who later wrote of "my excessive and romantic attachment to my father",<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> was confused. She saw Percy Shelley as an embodiment of her parents' liberal and reformist ideas of the 1790s, particularly Godwin's view that marriage was a repressive monopoly, which he had argued in his 1793 edition of Political Justice but later retracted.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> On 28 July 1814, the couple eloped and secretly left for France, taking Mary's stepsister, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>, with them.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> After convincing Mary Jane Godwin, who had pursued them to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, that they did not wish to return, the trio travelled to Paris, and then, by donkey, mule, carriage, and foot, through a France recently ravaged by <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">war</a>, to Switzerland. "It was acting in a novel, being an incarnate romance," Mary Shelley recalled in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Godwin wrote about France in 1814: "The distress of the inhabitants, whose houses had been burned, their cattle killed and all their wealth destroyed, has given a sting to my detestation of war...".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> As they travelled, Mary and Percy read works by Mary Wollstonecraft and others, kept a joint journal, and continued their own writing.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, lack of money forced the three to turn back. They travelled down the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and by land to the Dutch port of <a href="/wiki/Maassluis" title="Maassluis">Maassluis</a>, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravesend, Kent">Gravesend, Kent</a>, on 13 September 1814.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran,_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length oval portrait of a man wearing a black jacket and a white shirt, which is askew and open to his chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Curran%2C_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radicalism</a> of Godwin's <a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a> (1793). When the poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> met Shelley, he felt as if he were seeing himself from the 1790s.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> (Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Curran_(painter)" title="Amelia Curran (painter)">Amelia Curran</a>, 1819.)</figcaption></figure> The situation awaiting Mary Godwin in England was fraught with complications, some of which she had not foreseen. Either before or during the journey, she had become pregnant. She and Percy now found themselves penniless, and, to Mary's genuine surprise, her father refused to have anything to do with her.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The couple moved with Claire into lodgings at Somers Town, and later, Nelson Square. They maintained their intense programme of reading and writing, and entertained Percy Shelley's friends, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Percy Shelley sometimes left home for short periods to dodge creditors.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The couple's distraught letters reveal their pain at these separations.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Pregnant and often ill, Mary Godwin had to cope with Percy's joy at the birth of his son by Harriet Shelley in late 1814 and his constant outings with Claire Clairmont.<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 3]</a> Shelley and Clairmont were almost certainly lovers, which caused much jealousy on Godwin's part.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Shelley greatly offended Godwin at one point when, during a walk in the French countryside, he suggested that they both take the plunge into a stream naked; this offended her principles.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> She was partly consoled by the visits of Hogg, whom she disliked at first but soon considered a close friend.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Percy Shelley seems to have wanted Mary Godwin and Hogg to become lovers;<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Mary did not dismiss the idea, since in principle she believed in <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> In practice, however, she loved only Percy Shelley and seems to have ventured no further than flirting with Hogg.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 4]</a> On 22 February 1815, she gave birth to a two-month premature baby girl, who was not expected to survive.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> On 6 March, she wrote to Hogg: <blockquote>My dearest Hogg my baby is dead—will you come to see me as soon as you can. I wish to see you—It was perfectly well when I went to bed—I awoke in the night to give it suck it appeared to be sleeping so quietly that I would not awake it. It was dead then, but we did not find that out till morning—from its appearance it evidently died of convulsions—Will you come—you are so calm a creature & Shelley is afraid of a fever from the milk—for I am no longer a mother now.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a></blockquote> The loss of her child induced acute depression in Mary Godwin, who was haunted by visions of the baby; but she conceived again and had recovered by the summer.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> With a revival in Percy Shelley's finances after the death of his grandfather, Sir Bysshe Shelley, the couple holidayed in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> and then rented a <a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Cottage" title="Shelley's Cottage">two-storey cottage at Bishopsgate</a>, on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Little is known about this period in Mary Godwin's life, for her journal from May 1815 to July 1816 is lost. At Bishopsgate, Percy wrote his poem <a href="/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude</a>; and on 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to a second child, William, named after her father, and soon nicknamed "Willmouse". In her novel '<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a>, she later imagined Windsor as a Garden of Eden.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Geneva_and_Frankenstein">Lake Geneva and Frankenstein</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankensteinDraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Handwritten manuscript of Frankenstein." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/220px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/330px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/440px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Draft of <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> ("It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ...")</figcaption></figure> In May 1816, Mary Godwin, Percy Shelley, and their son travelled to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> with Claire Clairmont. They planned to spend the summer with the poet <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Lord Byron</a>, whose recent affair with Claire had left her pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> In History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a part of France, Switzerland, Germany and Holland (1817), she describes the particularly desolate landscape in crossing from France into Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The party arrived in Geneva on 14 May 1816, where Mary called herself "Mrs Shelley". Byron joined them on 25 May, with his young physician, <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John William Polidori</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sunstein,_117-60">[56]</a> and rented the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> at the village of <a href="/wiki/Cologny" title="Cologny">Cologny</a>; Percy Shelley rented a smaller building called Maison Chapuis on the waterfront nearby.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> They spent their time writing, boating on the lake, and talking late into the night.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> "It proved a wet, ungenial summer", Mary Shelley remembered in 1831, "and incessant rain often confined us for days to the house".<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[note 5]</a> Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves with <a href="/wiki/Fantasmagoriana" title="Fantasmagoriana">German ghost stories</a>, which prompted Byron to propose that they "each write a ghost story".<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Unable to think of a story, young Mary Godwin became anxious: "Have you thought of a story? I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative."<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> During one mid-June evening, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. "Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated", Mary noted; "<a href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</a> had given token of such things".<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> It was after midnight before they retired, and unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her "waking dream", her ghost story:<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 6]</a></blockquote> She began writing what she assumed would be a short story. With Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded this tale into her first novel, <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a>, published in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment "when I first stepped out from childhood into life".<a href="#cite_note-Sunstein,_117-60">[56]</a> The story of the writing of Frankenstein has been fictionalised several times and has formed the basis for a number of films. In September 2011, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Donald_Olson_(astronomer)" title="Donald Olson (astronomer)">Donald Olson</a>, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year, and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her waking dream took place "between 2am and 3am" on 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story.<a href="#cite_note-astro-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship_of_Frankenstein">Authorship of Frankenstein</h3></div> While her husband Percy encouraged her writing, the extent of Percy's contribution to the novel is unknown and has been argued over by readers and critics.<a href="#cite_note-Seymour,_195–96-74">[68]</a> Mary Shelley wrote, "I certainly did not owe the suggestion of one incident, nor scarcely of one train of feeling, to my husband, and yet but for his incitement, it would never have taken the form in which it was presented to the world." She wrote that the preface to the first edition was Percy's work "as far as I can recollect". There are differences in the 1818, 1823 and 1831 editions, which have been attributed to Percy's editing. James Rieger concluded Percy's "assistance at every point in the book's manufacture was so extensive that one hardly knows whether to regard him as editor or minor collaborator", while Anne K. Mellor later argued Percy only "made many technical corrections and several times clarified the narrative and thematic continuity of the text."<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Charles E. Robinson, editor of a facsimile edition of the Frankenstein manuscripts, concluded that Percy's contributions to the book "were no more than what most publishers' editors have provided new (or old) authors or, in fact, what colleagues have provided to each other after reading each other's works in progress."<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Writing on the 200th anniversary of Frankenstein, literary scholar and poet <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Sampson" title="Fiona Sampson">Fiona Sampson</a> asked, "Why hasn't Mary Shelley gotten the respect she deserves?"<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> She noted that "In recent years Percy's corrections, visible in the Frankenstein notebooks held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been seized on as evidence that he must have at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when I examined the notebooks myself, I realized that Percy did rather less than any line editor working in publishing today."<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> Sampson published her findings in In Search of Mary Shelley (2018), one of many biographies written about Shelley. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bath_and_Marlow">Bath and Marlow</h3></div> On their return to England in September 1816, Mary and Percy moved—with Claire Clairmont, who took lodgings nearby—to <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, where they hoped to keep Claire's pregnancy secret.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> At Cologny, Mary Godwin had received two letters from her half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a>, who alluded to her "unhappy life"; on 9 October, Fanny wrote an "alarming letter" from <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> that sent Percy Shelley racing off to search for her, without success. On the morning of 10 October, Fanny Imlay was found dead in a room at a <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> inn, along with a suicide note and a <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a> bottle. On 10 December, Percy Shelley's wife, Harriet, was discovered drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_(lake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine (lake)">Serpentine</a>, a lake in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Both suicides were hushed up. Harriet's family obstructed Percy Shelley's efforts—fully supported by Mary Godwin—to assume custody of his two children by Harriet. His lawyers advised him to improve his case by marrying; so he and Mary, who was pregnant again, married on 30 December 1816 at St Mildred's Church, <a href="/wiki/Bread_Street" title="Bread Street">Bread Street</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Her father gave consent to her marriage as required for a minor aged under twenty-one and Mr and Mrs Godwin were present as witnesses who signed the register, the marriage ending the family rift.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> Claire Clairmont gave birth to a baby girl on 13 January, at first called Alba, later <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Byron" title="Allegra Byron">Allegra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[note 7]</a> In March of that year, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Chancery Court</a> ruled Percy Shelley morally unfit to assume custody of his children and later placed them with a clergyman's family.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Also in March, the Shelleys moved with Claire and Alba to Albion House at <a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow, Buckinghamshire</a>, a large, damp building on the river <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a>. There Mary Shelley gave birth to her third child, Clara, on 2 September. At Marlow, they entertained their new friends Marianne and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Hunt" title="Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a>, worked hard at their writing, and often discussed politics.<a href="#cite_note-Seymour,_195–96-74">[68]</a> Early in the summer of 1817, Mary Shelley finished Frankenstein, which was published anonymously in January 1818. Reviewers and readers assumed that Percy Shelley was the author, since the book was published with his preface and dedicated to his political hero William Godwin.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> At Marlow, Mary edited the joint journal of the group's 1814 Continental journey, adding material written in Switzerland in 1816, along with Percy's poem "<a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>". The result was the History of a Six Weeks' Tour, published in November 1817. That autumn, Percy Shelley often lived away from home in London to evade creditors. The threat of a <a href="/wiki/Debtor%27s_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Debtor's prison">debtor's prison</a>, combined with their ill health and fears of losing custody of their children, contributed to the couple's decision to leave England for Italy on 12 March 1818, taking Claire Clairmont and Alba with them.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> They had no intention of returning.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamShelley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white half-length portrait of a toddler, wearing a small shirt that is falling off of his body, revealing half of his chest. He has short blonde hair and is holding a rose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WilliamShelley.jpg/220px-WilliamShelley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WilliamShelley.jpg/330px-WilliamShelley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/WilliamShelley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>William "Willmouse" Shelley, painted just before his death from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> in 1819 (portrait by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Curran_(painter)" title="Amelia Curran (painter)">Amelia Curran</a>, 1819)</figcaption></figure> One of the party's first tasks on arriving in Italy was to hand Alba over to Byron, who was living in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. He had agreed to raise her so long as Claire had nothing more to do with her.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> The Shelleys then embarked on a roving existence, never settling in any one place for long.<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[note 8]</a> Along the way, they accumulated a circle of friends and acquaintances who often moved with them. The couple devoted their time to writing, reading, learning, sightseeing, and socialising. The Italian adventure was, however, blighted for Mary Shelley by the deaths of both her children—Clara, in September 1818 in Venice, and William, in June 1819 in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[note 9]</a> These losses left her in a deep depression that isolated her from Percy Shelley,<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> who wrote in his notebook: <blockquote><div class="poem"> My dearest Mary, wherefore hast thou gone, And left me in this dreary world alone? Thy form is here indeed—a lovely one— But thou art fled, gone down a dreary road That leads to Sorrow's most obscure abode. For thine own sake I cannot follow thee Do thou return for mine.<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> </div></blockquote> For a time, Mary Shelley found comfort only in her writing.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> The birth of her fourth child, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence</a>, on 12 November 1819, finally lifted her spirits,<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> though she nursed the memory of her lost children till the end of her life.<a href="#cite_note-Sunstein,_384–85-99">[90]</a> Italy provided the Shelleys, Byron, and other exiles with political freedom unattainable at home. Despite its associations with personal loss, Italy became for Mary Shelley "a country which memory painted as paradise".<a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> Their Italian years were a time of intense intellectual and creative activity for both Shelleys. While Percy composed a series of major poems, Mary wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/Matilda_(novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda (novella)">Matilda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> the historical novel <a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a>, and the plays <a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midas (Shelley)">Midas</a>. Mary wrote Valperga to help alleviate her father's financial difficulties, as Percy refused to assist him further.<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> She was often physically ill, however, and prone to depressions. She also had to cope with Percy's interest in other women, such as <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Stacey" title="Sophia Stacey">Sophia Stacey</a>, Emilia Viviani, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams" title="Jane Williams">Jane Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> Since Mary Shelley shared his belief in the non-exclusivity of marriage, she formed emotional ties of her own among the men and women of their circle. She became particularly fond of the Greek revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Prince Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a> and of Jane and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellerker_Williams" title="Edward Ellerker Williams">Edward Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[note 10]</a> In December 1818, the Shelleys travelled south with Claire Clairmont and their servants to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where they stayed for three months, receiving only one visitor, a physician.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> In 1820, they found themselves plagued by accusations and threats from Paolo and Elise Foggi, former servants whom Percy Shelley had dismissed in Naples shortly after the Foggis had married.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> The pair revealed that on 27 February 1819 in Naples, Percy Shelley had registered as his child by Mary Shelley a two-month-old baby girl named Elena Adelaide Shelley.<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> The Foggis also claimed that Claire Clairmont was the baby's mother.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> Biographers have offered various interpretations of these events: that Percy Shelley decided to adopt a local child; that the baby was his by Elise, Claire, or an unknown woman; or that she was Elise's by Byron.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[note 11]</a> Mary Shelley insisted she would have known if Claire had been pregnant, but it is unclear how much she really knew.<a href="#cite_note-112">[101]</a> The events in Naples, a city Mary Shelley later called a paradise inhabited by devils,<a href="#cite_note-Seymour,_221-113">[102]</a> remain shrouded in mystery.<a href="#cite_note-114">[note 12]</a> The only certainty is that she herself was not the child's mother.<a href="#cite_note-Seymour,_221-113">[102]</a> Elena Adelaide Shelley died in Naples on 9 June 1820.<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> After leaving Naples, the Shelleys settled in Rome, the city where her husband wrote "the meanest streets were strewed with truncated columns, broken capitals...and sparkling fragments of granite or porphyry...The voice of dead time, in still vibrations, is breathed from these dumb things, animated and glorified as they were by man".<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_55-116">[104]</a> Rome inspired her to begin writing the unfinished novel Valerius, the Reanimated Roman, where the eponymous hero resists the decay of Rome and the machinations of "superstitious" Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_55-116">[104]</a> The writing of her novel was broken off when her son William died of malaria.<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_55-116">[104]</a> Shelley bitterly commented that she had come to Italy to improve her husband's health, and instead the Italian climate had just killed her two children, leading her to write: "May you my dear Marianne never know what it is to lose two only and lovely children in one year—to watch their dying moments—and then at last to be left childless and forever miserable".<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a> To deal with her grief, Shelley wrote the novella The Fields of Fancy, which became Matilda, dealing with a young woman whose beauty inspired incestuous love in her father, who ultimately commits suicide to stop himself from acting on his passion for his daughter, while she spends the rest of her life full of despair about "the unnatural love I had inspired".<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> The novella offered a feminist critique of a patriarchal society as Matilda is punished in the afterlife, though she did nothing to encourage her father's feelings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claire_Clairmont,_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a woman showing her neck and head. She has brown hair in ringlet curls and we can see the ruffle from the top of her dress. The painting is done in a palette of oranges and browns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg/220px-Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg/330px-Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg/440px-Claire_Clairmont%2C_by_Amelia_Curran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>, Mary's stepsister and mistress of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> (portrait by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Curran_(painter)" title="Amelia Curran (painter)">Amelia Curran</a>, 1819)</figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1822, a pregnant Mary moved with Percy, Claire, and Edward and Jane Williams to the isolated Villa Magni, at the sea's edge near the hamlet of San Terenzo in the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Lerici" title="Lerici">Lerici</a>. Once they were settled in, Percy broke the "evil news" to Claire that her daughter Allegra had died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> in a convent at <a href="/wiki/Bagnacavallo" title="Bagnacavallo">Bagnacavallo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> Mary Shelley was distracted and unhappy in the cramped and remote Villa Magni, which she came to regard as a dungeon.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> On 16 June, she <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarried</a>, losing so much blood that she nearly died. Rather than wait for a doctor, Percy sat her in a bath of ice to stanch the bleeding, an act the doctor later told him saved her life.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> All was not well between the couple that summer, however, and Percy spent more time with Jane Williams than with his depressed and debilitated wife.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Much of the short poetry Shelley wrote at San Terenzo involved Jane rather than Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman19535,_9-124">[112]</a> The coast offered Percy Shelley and Edward Williams the chance to enjoy their "perfect plaything for the summer", a new sailing boat.<a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> The boat had been designed by Daniel Roberts and an admirer of Byron, <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward Trelawny</a>, who had joined the party in January 1822.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> On 1 July 1822, Percy Shelley, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellerker_Williams" title="Edward Ellerker Williams">Edward Ellerker Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Daniel_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Daniel Roberts">Captain Daniel Roberts</a> sailed south down the coast to <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>. There Percy Shelley discussed with Byron and Leigh Hunt the launch of a radical magazine called <a href="/wiki/The_Liberal" title="The Liberal">The Liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> On 8 July, he and Edward Williams set out on the return journey to Lerici with their eighteen-year-old boat boy, Charles Vivian.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> They never reached their destination. A letter arrived at Villa Magni from Hunt to Percy Shelley, dated 8 July, saying, "pray write to tell us how you got home, for they say you had bad weather after you sailed Monday & we are anxious".<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Gisborne_1815-129">[117]</a> "The paper fell from me," Mary told a friend later. "I trembled all over."<a href="#cite_note-Maria_Gisborne_1815-129">[117]</a> She and Jane Williams rushed desperately to Livorno and then to Pisa in the fading hope that their husbands were still alive. Ten days after the storm, three bodies washed up on the coast near <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a>, midway between Livorno and Lerici. Trelawny, Byron, and Hunt <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> Percy Shelley's corpse on the beach at Viareggio.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England_and_writing_career">Return to England and writing career</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "[Frankenstein] is the most wonderful work to have been written at twenty years of age that I ever heard of. You are now five and twenty. And, most fortunately, you have pursued a course of reading and cultivated your mind in a manner the most admirably adapted to make you a great and successful author. If you cannot be independent, who should be?" </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— William Godwin to Mary Shelley<a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a></cite> </div> After her husband's death, Mary Shelley lived for a year with Leigh Hunt and his family in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, where she often saw Byron and transcribed his poems. She resolved to live by her pen and for her son, but her financial situation was precarious. On 23 July 1823, she left Genoa for England and stayed with her father and stepmother in the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> until a small advance from her father-in-law enabled her to lodge nearby.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Timothy Shelley</a> had at first agreed to support his grandson, Percy Florence, only if he were handed over to an appointed guardian. Mary Shelley rejected this idea instantly.<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a> She managed instead to wring out of Sir Timothy a limited annual allowance (which she had to repay when Percy Florence inherited the estate), but to the end of his days, he refused to meet her in person and dealt with her only through lawyers. Mary Shelley busied herself with editing her husband's poems, among other literary endeavours, but concern for her son restricted her options. Sir Timothy threatened to stop the allowance if any biography of the poet were published.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> In 1826, Percy Florence became the legal heir of the Shelley estate after the death of his half-brother Charles Shelley, his father's son by Harriet Shelley. Sir Timothy raised Mary's allowance from £100 a year to £250 but remained as difficult as ever.<a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a> Mary Shelley enjoyed the stimulating society of William Godwin's circle, but poverty prevented her from socialising as she wished. She also felt ostracised by those who, like Sir Timothy, still disapproved of her relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley.<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> In the summer of 1824, Mary Shelley moved to <a href="/wiki/Kentish_Town" title="Kentish Town">Kentish Town</a> in north London to be near Jane Williams. She may have been, in the words of her biographer <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Muriel Spark</a>, "a little in love" with Jane. Jane later disillusioned her by gossiping that Percy had preferred her to Mary, owing to Mary's inadequacy as a wife.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> At around this time, Mary Shelley was working on her novel, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a> (1826); and she assisted a series of friends who were writing memoirs of Byron and Percy Shelley—the beginnings of her attempts to immortalise her husband.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> She also met the American actor <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Payne" title="John Howard Payne">John Howard Payne</a> and the American writer <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>, who intrigued her. Payne fell in love with her and in 1826 asked her to marry him. She refused, saying that after being married to one genius, she could only marry another.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> Payne accepted the rejection, and tried – without success – to talk his friend Irving into proposing himself. Mary Shelley was aware of Payne's plan, but how seriously she took it is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelley_Easton.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oval portrait of a woman wearing a shawl and a thin circlet around her head. It is painted on a flax coloured background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shelley_Easton.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Shelley_Easton.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shelley_Easton.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Shelley_Easton.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shelley_Easton.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Shelley_Easton.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Reginald Easton's miniature of Mary Shelley is allegedly drawn from her <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> (c. 1857).<a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1827, Mary Shelley was party to a scheme that enabled her friend Isabel Robinson and Isabel's lover, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Diana_Dods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Diana Dods">Mary Diana Dods</a>, who wrote under the name David Lyndsay, to embark on a life together in France as husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[note 13]</a> With the help of Payne, whom she kept in the dark about the details, Mary Shelley obtained false passports for the couple.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> In 1828, she fell ill with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> while visiting them in Paris; weeks later she recovered, unscarred but without her youthful beauty.<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> During the period 1827–40, Mary Shelley was busy as an editor and writer. She wrote the novels <a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a> (1830), <a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a> (1835), and <a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a> (1837). She contributed five volumes of <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives</a> of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French authors to <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Dionysius Lardner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men#Lardner's_Cabinet_Cyclopaedia" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Cabinet Cyclopaedia</a>. She also wrote stories for ladies' magazines. She was still helping to support her father, and they looked out for publishers for each other.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a> In 1830, she sold the copyright for a new edition of Frankenstein for £60 to Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley for their new Standard Novels series.<a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a> After her father's death in 1836 at the age of eighty, she began assembling his letters and a memoir for publication, as he had requested in his will; but after two years of work, she abandoned the project.<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a> Throughout this period, she also championed Percy Shelley's poetry, promoting its publication and quoting it in her writing. By 1837, Percy's works were well-known and increasingly admired.<a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a> In the summer of 1838 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Moxon" title="Edward Moxon">Edward Moxon</a>, the publisher of <a href="/wiki/Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennyson">Tennyson</a> and the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lamb (writer)">Charles Lamb</a>, proposed publishing an edition of the collected works of Percy Shelley. Mary wanted to include in this collection an unexpurgated version of Percy Shelley's epic poem Queen Mab.  Moxon wanted to leave out the most radical passages as too shocking and atheistical, but Mary prevailed, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_de_Boinville" title="Harriet de Boinville">Harriet de Boinville</a>, who agreed to Mary's request to borrow her own original copy gifted by Percy Shelley.<a href="#cite_note-150">[137]</a> Mary was paid £500 to edit the Poetical Works (1838), which Sir Timothy insisted should not include a biography. Mary found a way to tell the story of Percy's life, nonetheless: she included extensive biographical notes about the poems.<a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a> Shelley continued to practice her mother's feminist principles by extending aid to women of whom society disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_98-152">[139]</a> For instance, Shelley extended financial aid to Mary Diana Dods, a single mother and illegitimate herself, who appears to have been a lesbian, and gave her the new identity of Walter Sholto Douglas, husband of her lover Isabel Robinson.<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_98-152">[139]</a> Shelley also assisted Georgiana Paul, a woman disallowed for by her husband for alleged adultery.<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_99-153">[140]</a> Shelley in her diary about her assistance to the latter: "I do not make a boast-I do not say aloud-behold my generosity and greatness of mind-for in truth it is simple justice I perform-and so I am still reviled for being worldly".<a href="#cite_note-Garrett,_99-153">[140]</a> Mary Shelley continued to treat potential romantic partners with caution. In 1828, she met and flirted with the French writer <a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a>, but her one surviving letter to him appears to be a deflection of his declaration of love.<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a> She was delighted when her old friend from Italy, <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward Trelawny</a>, returned to England, and they joked about marriage in their letters.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a> Their friendship had altered, however, following her refusal to cooperate with his proposed biography of Percy Shelley; and he later reacted angrily to her omission of the atheistic section of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a> from Percy Shelley's poems.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a> Oblique references in her journals, from the early 1830s until the early 1840s, suggest that Mary Shelley had feelings for the radical politician <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beauclerk_(politician)" title="Aubrey Beauclerk (politician)">Aubrey Beauclerk</a>, who may have disappointed her by twice marrying others.<a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[note 14]</a> Mary Shelley's first concern during these years was the welfare of Percy Florence. She honoured her late husband's wish that his son attend <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">public school</a> and, with Sir Timothy's grudging help, had him educated at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a>. To avoid boarding fees, she moved to <a href="/wiki/Harrow_on_the_Hill" title="Harrow on the Hill">Harrow on the Hill</a> herself so that Percy could attend as a day scholar.<a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a> Though Percy went on to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and dabbled in politics and the law, he showed no sign of his parents' gifts.<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3></div> In 1840 and 1842, mother and son travelled together on the continent, journeys that Mary Shelley recorded in <a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842 and 1843</a> (1844).<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a> In 1844, Sir Timothy Shelley finally died at the age of ninety, "falling from the stalk like an overblown flower", as Mary put it.<a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a> For the first time, she and her son were financially independent, though the estate proved less valuable than they had hoped.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG/170px-MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG/255px-MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG/340px-MARY_SHELLEY_1797-1851_Author_of_Frankenstein_lived_here_1846-1851.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester_Square" title="Chester Square">Chester Square</a>, Belgravia, London, where Shelley lived in her final years</figcaption></figure> In the mid-1840s, Mary Shelley found herself the target of three separate blackmailers. In 1845, an Italian political exile called Gatteschi, whom she had met in Paris, threatened to publish letters she had sent him. A friend of her son bribed a police chief into seizing Gatteschi's papers, including the letters, which were then destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a> Shortly afterwards, Mary Shelley bought some letters written by herself and Percy Bysshe Shelley from a man calling himself G. Byron and posing as the illegitimate son of the late <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Lord Byron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[151]</a> Also in 1845, Percy Bysshe Shelley's cousin <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Medwin" title="Thomas Medwin">Thomas Medwin</a> approached her, claiming to have written a damaging biography of Percy Shelley. He said he would suppress it in return for £250, but Mary Shelley refused.<a href="#cite_note-166">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[note 15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a coffin-shaped granite tomb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg/220px-Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg/330px-Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg/440px-Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Grave_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>In order to fulfil Shelley's wishes, Percy Florence and his wife Jane had the coffins of her parents exhumed and buried with her in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1848, Percy Florence married Jane Gibson St John. The marriage proved a happy one, and Mary Shelley and Jane were fond of each other.<a href="#cite_note-169">[154]</a> Mary lived with her son and daughter-in-law at Field Place, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, the Shelleys' ancestral home, and at <a href="/wiki/Chester_Square" title="Chester Square">Chester Square</a>, London, and accompanied them on travels abroad.<a href="#cite_note-170">[155]</a> Mary Shelley's last years were blighted by illness. From 1839, she suffered from headaches and bouts of paralysis in parts of her body, which sometimes prevented her from reading and writing.<a href="#cite_note-171">[156]</a> On 1 February 1851, at Chester Square, she died at the age of fifty-three from what her physician suspected was a brain tumour. According to Jane Shelley, Mary Shelley had asked to be buried with her mother and father; but Percy and Jane, judging the graveyard at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras</a> to be "dreadful", chose to bury her instead at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bournemouth" title="St Peter's Church, Bournemouth">St Peter's Church, Bournemouth</a>, near their new home at <a href="/wiki/Boscombe" title="Boscombe">Boscombe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[157]</a> On the first anniversary of Mary Shelley's death, the Shelleys opened her box-desk. Inside they found locks of her dead children's hair, a notebook she had shared with Percy Bysshe Shelley, and a copy of his poem <a href="/wiki/Adona%C3%AFs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonaïs">Adonaïs</a> with one page folded round a silk parcel containing some of his ashes and the remains of his heart.<a href="#cite_note-Sunstein,_384–85-99">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_themes_and_styles">Literary themes and styles</h2></div> Mary Shelley lived a literary life. Her father encouraged her to learn to write by composing letters,<a href="#cite_note-173">[158]</a> and her favourite occupation as a child was writing stories.<a href="#cite_note-174">[159]</a> Unfortunately, all of Mary's <a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a> were lost when she ran off with Percy in 1814, and none of her surviving manuscripts can be definitively dated before that year.<a href="#cite_note-175">[160]</a> Her first published work is often thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[161]</a> comic verses written for Godwin's Juvenile Library when she was ten and a half; however, the poem is attributed to another writer in the most recent authoritative collection of her works.<a href="#cite_note-177">[162]</a> Percy Shelley enthusiastically encouraged Mary Shelley's writing: "My husband was, from the first, very anxious that I should prove myself worthy of my parentage, and enrol myself on the page of fame. He was forever inciting me to obtain literary reputation."<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autobiographical_elements">Autobiographical elements</h4></div> Certain sections of Mary Shelley's novels are often interpreted as masked rewritings of her life. Critics have pointed to the recurrence of the father–daughter <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> in particular as evidence of this autobiographical style.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> For example, commentators frequently read <a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a> (1820) autobiographically, identifying the three central characters as versions of Mary Shelley, William Godwin, and Percy Shelley.<a href="#cite_note-180">[165]</a> Mary Shelley herself confided that she modelled the central characters of <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a> on her Italian circle. Lord Raymond, who leaves England to fight for the Greeks and dies in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, is based on <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron">Lord Byron</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> Adrian, Earl of Windsor, who leads his followers in search of a natural paradise and dies when his boat sinks in a storm, is a fictional portrait of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[166]</a> However, as she wrote in her review of Godwin's novel <a href="/wiki/Cloudesley" title="Cloudesley">Cloudesley</a> (1830), she did not believe that authors "were merely copying from our own hearts".<a href="#cite_note-182">[167]</a> William Godwin regarded his daughter's characters as <a href="/wiki/Type_(metaphysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type (metaphysics)">types</a> rather than portraits from real life.<a href="#cite_note-183">[168]</a> Some modern critics, such as Patricia Clemit and Jane Blumberg, have taken the same view, resisting autobiographical readings of Mary Shelley's works.<a href="#cite_note-184">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novelistic_genres">Novelistic genres</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "[Euthanasia] was never heard of more; even her name perished....The private chronicles, from which the foregoing relation has been collected, end with the death of Euthanasia. It is therefore in public histories alone that we find an account of the last years of the life of Castruccio." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— From Mary Shelley, <a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[170]</a></cite> </div> Mary Shelley employed the techniques of many different novelistic genres, most vividly the Godwinian novel, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s new historical novel, and the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>. The Godwinian novel, made popular during the 1790s with works such as Godwin's <a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Caleb Williams</a> (1794), "employed a Rousseauvian confessional form to explore the contradictory relations between the self and society",<a href="#cite_note-186">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> exhibits many of the same themes and literary devices as Godwin's novel.<a href="#cite_note-187">[172]</a> However, Shelley critiques those <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals that Godwin promotes in his works.<a href="#cite_note-188">[173]</a> In The Last Man, she uses the philosophical form of the Godwinian novel to demonstrate the ultimate meaninglessness of the world.<a href="#cite_note-189">[174]</a> While earlier Godwinian novels had shown how rational individuals could slowly improve society, The Last Man and Frankenstein demonstrate the individual's lack of control over history.<a href="#cite_note-190">[175]</a> Shelley uses the historical novel to comment on gender relations; for example, <a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a> is a feminist version of Scott's masculinist genre.<a href="#cite_note-191">[176]</a> Introducing women into the story who are not part of the historical record, Shelley uses their narratives to question established theological and political institutions.<a href="#cite_note-192">[177]</a> Shelley sets the male protagonist's compulsive greed for conquest in opposition to a female alternative: reason and <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[178]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>, Shelley's other historical novel, Lady Gordon stands for the values of friendship, domesticity, and equality. Through her, Shelley offers a feminine alternative to the masculine power politics that destroy the male characters. The novel provides a more inclusive historical narrative to challenge the one which usually relates only masculine events.<a href="#cite_note-194">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4></div> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">feminist literary criticism</a> in the 1970s, Mary Shelley's works, particularly Frankenstein, began to attract much more attention from scholars. Feminist and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic</a> critics were largely responsible for the recovery from neglect of Shelley as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-195">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Moers" title="Ellen Moers">Ellen Moers</a> was one of the first to claim that Shelley's loss of a baby was a crucial influence on the writing of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-196">[181]</a> She argues that the novel is a "birth myth" in which Shelley comes to terms with her guilt for causing her mother's death as well as for failing as a parent.<a href="#cite_note-197">[182]</a> Shelley scholar <a href="/wiki/Anne_K._Mellor" title="Anne K. Mellor">Anne K. Mellor</a> suggests that, from a feminist viewpoint, it is a story "about what happens when a man tries to have a baby without a woman ... [Frankenstein] is profoundly concerned with natural as opposed to unnatural modes of production and reproduction".<a href="#cite_note-198">[183]</a> Victor Frankenstein's failure as a "parent" in the novel has been read as an expression of the anxieties which accompany pregnancy, giving birth, and particularly maternity.<a href="#cite_note-199">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gilbert" title="Sandra Gilbert">Sandra Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a> argue in their seminal book <a href="/wiki/The_Madwoman_in_the_Attic" title="The Madwoman in the Attic">The Madwoman in the Attic</a> (1979) that in Frankenstein in particular, Shelley responded to the masculine literary tradition represented by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>. In their interpretation, Shelley reaffirms this masculine tradition, including the misogyny inherent in it, but at the same time "conceal[s] fantasies of equality that occasionally erupt in monstrous images of rage".<a href="#cite_note-200">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poovey" title="Mary Poovey">Mary Poovey</a> reads the first edition of Frankenstein as part of a larger pattern in Shelley's writing, which begins with literary self-assertion and ends with conventional femininity.<a href="#cite_note-201">[186]</a> Poovey suggests that Frankenstein's multiple narratives enable Shelley to split her artistic persona: she can "express and efface herself at the same time".<a href="#cite_note-202">[187]</a> Shelley's fear of self-assertion is reflected in the fate of Frankenstein, who is punished for his egotism by losing all his domestic ties.<a href="#cite_note-203">[188]</a> Feminist critics often focus on how authorship itself, particularly female authorship, is represented in and through Shelley's novels.<a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a> As Mellor explains, Shelley uses the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic style</a> not only to explore repressed female sexual desire<a href="#cite_note-205">[190]</a> but also as way to "censor her own speech in Frankenstein".<a href="#cite_note-206">[191]</a> According to Poovey and Mellor, Shelley did not want to promote her own authorial persona and felt deeply inadequate as a writer, and "this shame contributed to the generation of her fictional images of abnormality, perversion, and destruction".<a href="#cite_note-207">[192]</a> Shelley's writings focus on the role of the family in society and women's role within that family. She celebrates the "feminine affections and compassion" associated with the family and suggests that civil society will fail without them.<a href="#cite_note-208">[193]</a> Shelley was "profoundly committed to an ethic of cooperation, mutual dependence, and self-sacrifice".<a href="#cite_note-209">[194]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a>, for example, the central story follows the fortunes of the wife and daughter of the title character, Lord Lodore, who is killed in a duel at the end of the first volume, leaving a trail of legal, financial, and familial obstacles for the two "heroines" to negotiate. The novel is engaged with political and ideological issues, particularly the education and social role of women.<a href="#cite_note-210">[195]</a> It dissects a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> culture that separated the sexes and pressured women into dependence on men. In the view of Shelley scholar <a href="/wiki/Betty_T._Bennett" title="Betty T. Bennett">Betty T. Bennett</a>, "the novel proposes egalitarian educational paradigms for women and men, which would bring social justice as well as the spiritual and intellectual means by which to meet the challenges life invariably brings".<a href="#cite_note-211">[196]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a> is the only one of Mary Shelley's novels in which the heroine's agenda triumphs.<a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a> The novel's resolution proposes that when female values triumph over violent and destructive masculinity, men will be freed to express the "compassion, sympathy, and generosity" of their better natures.<a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enlightenment_and_Romanticism">Enlightenment and Romanticism</h4></div> Frankenstein, like much <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a> of the period, mixes a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visceral" class="extiw" title="wikt:visceral">visceral</a> and alienating subject matter with speculative and thought-provoking themes.<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a> Rather than focusing on the twists and turns of the plot, however, the novel foregrounds the mental and moral struggles of the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a>, Victor Frankenstein, and Shelley imbues the text with her own brand of politicised <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, one that criticised the individualism and egotism of traditional Romanticism.<a href="#cite_note-215">[200]</a> Victor Frankenstein is like Satan in <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>: he rebels against tradition; he creates life; and he shapes his own destiny. These traits are not portrayed positively; as Blumberg writes, "his relentless ambition is a self-delusion, clothed as quest for truth".<a href="#cite_note-216">[201]</a> He must abandon his family to fulfill his ambition.<a href="#cite_note-217">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing a naked man awaking on the floor and another man fleeing in horror. A skull and a book are next to the naked man and a window, with the moon shining through it, is in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/220px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/330px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/440px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>The frontispiece to the 1831 <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Holst" title="Theodor von Holst">Theodor von Holst</a>, one of the first two illustrations for the novel<a href="#cite_note-218">[203]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary Shelley believed in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> idea that people could improve society through the responsible exercise of political power, but she feared that the irresponsible exercise of power would lead to chaos.<a href="#cite_note-219">[204]</a> In practice, her works largely criticise the way 18th-century thinkers such as her parents believed such change could be brought about. The creature in Frankenstein, for example, reads books associated with radical ideals but the education he gains from them is ultimately useless.<a href="#cite_note-220">[205]</a> Shelley's works reveal her as less optimistic than Godwin and Wollstonecraft; she lacks faith in Godwin's theory that humanity could eventually be perfected.<a href="#cite_note-221">[206]</a> As literary scholar Kari Lokke writes, The Last Man, more so than Frankenstein, "in its refusal to place humanity at the centre of the universe, its questioning of our privileged position in relation to nature ... constitutes a profound and prophetic challenge to Western humanism."<a href="#cite_note-222">[207]</a> Specifically, Mary Shelley's allusions to what radicals believed was a failed <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution in France">revolution in France</a> and the Godwinian, Wollstonecraftian, and <a href="/wiki/Burkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean">Burkean</a> responses to it, challenge "Enlightenment faith in the inevitability of progress through collective efforts".<a href="#cite_note-223">[208]</a> As in Frankenstein, Shelley "offers a profoundly disenchanted commentary on the age of revolution, which ends in a total rejection of the progressive ideals of her own generation".<a href="#cite_note-224">[209]</a> Not only does she reject these Enlightenment political ideals, but she also rejects the Romantic notion that the poetic or literary imagination can offer an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-225">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4></div> There is a new scholarly emphasis on Shelley as a lifelong reformer, deeply engaged in the liberal and feminist concerns of her day.<a href="#cite_note-226">[211]</a> In 1820, she was thrilled by the Liberal uprising in Spain which forced the king to grant a constitution.<a href="#cite_note-227">[212]</a> In 1823, she wrote articles for Leigh Hunt's periodical The Liberal and played an active role in the formulation of its outlook.<a href="#cite_note-228">[213]</a> She was delighted when the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> came back to power in 1830 and at the prospect of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45).<a href="#cite_note-229">[214]</a> Critics have until recently cited Lodore and Falkner as evidence of increasing conservatism in Mary Shelley's later works. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poovey" title="Mary Poovey">Mary Poovey</a> influentially identified the retreat of Mary Shelley's reformist politics into the "separate sphere" of the domestic.<a href="#cite_note-230">[215]</a> Poovey suggested that Mary Shelley wrote Falkner to resolve her conflicted response to her father's combination of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> radicalism and stern insistence on social decorum.<a href="#cite_note-231">[216]</a> Mellor largely agreed, arguing that "Mary Shelley grounded her alternative political ideology on the metaphor of the peaceful, loving, bourgeois family. She thereby implicitly endorsed a conservative vision of gradual evolutionary reform."<a href="#cite_note-232">[217]</a> This vision allowed women to participate in the public sphere but it inherited the inequalities inherent in the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-233">[218]</a> However, in the last decade or so this view has been challenged. For example, Bennett claims that Mary Shelley's works reveal a consistent commitment to Romantic idealism and political reform<a href="#cite_note-234">[219]</a> and Jane Blumberg's study of Shelley's early novels argues that her career cannot be easily divided into radical and conservative halves. She contends that "Shelley was never a passionate radical like her husband and her later lifestyle was not abruptly assumed nor was it a betrayal. She was in fact challenging the political and literary influences of her circle in her first work."<a href="#cite_note-235">[220]</a> In this reading, Shelley's early works are interpreted as a challenge to Godwin and Percy Bysshe Shelley's radicalism. Victor Frankenstein's "thoughtless rejection of family", for example, is seen as evidence of Shelley's constant concern for the domestic.<a href="#cite_note-236">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShelleySharpeJuliet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white engraving showing a young woman kneeling down and looking up with her hands clasped. She is wearing a white dress and has dark ringlet curls. She appears to be on a balcony, with clouds in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ShelleySharpeJuliet.jpg/220px-ShelleySharpeJuliet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/ShelleySharpeJuliet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Shelley frequently wrote stories to accompany prepared illustrations for <a href="/wiki/Gift_book" title="Gift book">gift books</a>, such as this one, which accompanied "<a href="/wiki/Transformation_(short_story)" title="Transformation (short story)">Transformation</a>" in the 1830 <a href="/wiki/The_Keepsake" title="The Keepsake">The Keepsake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[222]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1820s and 1830s, Mary Shelley frequently wrote <a href="/wiki/Short_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Short stories">short stories</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gift_book" title="Gift book">gift books</a> or annuals, including sixteen for The Keepsake, which was aimed at middle-class women and bound in silk, with <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a>-edged pages.<a href="#cite_note-238">[223]</a> Mary Shelley's work in this genre has been described as that of a "hack writer" and "wordy and pedestrian".<a href="#cite_note-239">[224]</a> However, critic Charlotte Sussman points out that other leading writers of the day, such as the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poets</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, also took advantage of this profitable market. She explains that "the annuals were a major mode of literary production in the 1820s and 1830s", with The Keepsake the most successful.<a href="#cite_note-240">[225]</a> Many of Shelley's stories are set in places or times far removed from early 19th-century Britain, such as Greece and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>. Shelley was particularly interested in "the fragility of individual identity" and often depicted "the way a person's role in the world can be cataclysmically altered either by an internal emotional upheaval, or by some supernatural occurrence that mirrors an internal schism".<a href="#cite_note-241">[226]</a> In her stories, female identity is tied to a woman's short-lived value in the marriage market while male identity can be sustained and transformed through the use of money.<a href="#cite_note-242">[227]</a> Although Mary Shelley wrote twenty-one short stories for the annuals between 1823 and 1839, she always saw herself, above all, as a novelist. She wrote to Leigh Hunt, "I write bad articles which help to make me miserable—but I am going to plunge into a novel and hope that its clear water will wash off the mud of the magazines."<a href="#cite_note-243">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travelogues">Travelogues</h3></div> When they ran off to France in the summer of 1814, Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley began a joint journal,<a href="#cite_note-244">[229]</a> which they published in 1817 under the title History of a Six Weeks' Tour, adding four letters, two by each of them, based on their visit to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in 1816, along with Percy Shelley's poem "<a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>". The work celebrates youthful love and political idealism and consciously follows the example of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> and others who had combined travelling with writing.<a href="#cite_note-245">[230]</a> The perspective of the History is philosophical and reformist rather than that of a conventional <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a>; in particular, it addresses the effects of politics and war on France.<a href="#cite_note-246">[231]</a> The letters the couple wrote on the second journey confront the "great and extraordinary events" of the final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a> after his "<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>" return in 1815. They also explore the <a href="/wiki/Sublimity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimity">sublimity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> as well as the revolutionary legacy of the philosopher and novelist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[232]</a> Mary Shelley's last full-length book, written in the form of letters and published in 1844, was Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840, 1842 and 1843, which recorded her travels with her son Percy Florence and his university friends. In Rambles, Shelley follows the tradition of Mary Wollstonecraft's <a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a> and her own A History of a Six Weeks' Tour in mapping her personal and political landscape through the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a> and sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-248">[233]</a> For Shelley, building sympathetic connections between people is the way to build civil society and to increase knowledge: "knowledge, to enlighten and free the mind from clinging deadening prejudices—a wider circle of sympathy with our fellow-creatures;—these are the uses of travel".<a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> Between observations on scenery, culture, and "the people, especially in a political point of view",<a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a> she uses the travelogue form to explore her roles as a widow and mother and to reflect on revolutionary nationalism in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-251">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[note 16]</a> She also records her "pilgrimage" to scenes associated with Percy Shelley.<a href="#cite_note-253">[237]</a> According to critic Clarissa Orr, Mary Shelley's adoption of a persona of philosophical motherhood gives Rambles the unity of a prose poem, with "death and memory as central themes".<a href="#cite_note-254">[238]</a> At the same time, Shelley makes an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> case against monarchy, class distinctions, slavery, and war.<a href="#cite_note-255">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3></div> Between 1832 and 1839, Mary Shelley wrote many biographies of notable Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and French men and a few women for <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Dionysius Lardner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a>. These formed part of Lardner's <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men#Lardner's_Cabinet_Cyclopaedia" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Cabinet Cyclopaedia</a>, one of the best of many such series produced in the 1820s and 1830s in response to growing middle-class demand for self-education.<a href="#cite_note-256">[240]</a> Until the republication of these essays in 2002, their significance within her body of work was not appreciated.<a href="#cite_note-257">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[note 17]</a> In the view of literary scholar Greg Kucich, they reveal Mary Shelley's "prodigious research across several centuries and in multiple languages", her gift for biographical narrative, and her interest in the "emerging forms of feminist historiography".<a href="#cite_note-259">[242]</a> Shelley wrote in a biographical style popularised by the 18th-century critic <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Poets">Lives of the Poets</a> (1779–1781), combining secondary sources, <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> and anecdote, and authorial evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-260">[243]</a> She records details of each writer's life and character, quotes their writing in the original as well as in translation, and ends with a critical assessment of their achievement.<a href="#cite_note-261">[244]</a> For Shelley, biographical writing was supposed to, in her words, "form as it were a school in which to study the philosophy of history",<a href="#cite_note-262">[245]</a> and to teach "lessons". Most frequently and importantly, these lessons consisted of criticisms of male-dominated institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[246]</a> Shelley emphasises domesticity, romance, family, sympathy, and compassion in the lives of her subjects. Her conviction that such forces could improve society connects her biographical approach with that of other early feminist historians such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays" title="Mary Hays">Mary Hays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jameson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jameson">Anna Jameson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[247]</a> Unlike her novels, most of which had an original print run of several hundred copies, the Lives had a print run of about 4,000 for each volume: thus, according to Kucich, Mary Shelley's "use of biography to forward the social agenda of women's historiography became one of her most influential political interventions".<a href="#cite_note-265">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editorial_work">Editorial work</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The qualities that struck anyone newly introduced to Shelley, were, first, a gentle and cordial goodness that animated his intercourse with warm affection, and helpful sympathy. The other, the eagerness and ardour with which he was attached to the cause of human happiness and improvement." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Mary Shelley, "Preface", Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley<a href="#cite_note-266">[249]</a></cite> </div> Soon after Percy Shelley's death, Mary Shelley determined to write his biography. In a letter of 17 November 1822, she announced: "I shall write his life—& thus occupy myself in the only manner from which I can derive consolation."<a href="#cite_note-267">[250]</a> However, her father-in-law, Sir Timothy Shelley, effectively banned her from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-268">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[note 18]</a> Mary began her fostering of Percy's poetic reputation in 1824 with the publication of his Posthumous Poems. In 1839, while she was working on the Lives, she prepared a new edition of his poetry, which became, in the words of literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Wolfson" title="Susan J. Wolfson">Susan J. Wolfson</a>, "the canonizing event" in the history of her husband's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-270">[252]</a> The following year, Mary Shelley edited a volume of her husband's essays, letters, translations, and fragments, and throughout the 1830s, she introduced his poetry to a wider audience by publishing assorted works in the annual The Keepsake.<a href="#cite_note-271">[253]</a> Evading Sir Timothy's ban on a biography, Mary Shelley often included in these editions her own <a href="/wiki/Annotations" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotations">annotations</a> and reflections on her husband's life and work.<a href="#cite_note-272">[254]</a> "I am to justify his ways," she had declared in 1824; "I am to make him beloved to all posterity."<a href="#cite_note-273">[255]</a> It was this goal, argues Blumberg, that led her to present Percy's work to the public in the "most popular form possible".<a href="#cite_note-274">[256]</a> To tailor his works for a <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> audience, she cast Percy Shelley as a <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyrical</a> rather than a political poet.<a href="#cite_note-275">[257]</a> As Mary Favret writes, "the disembodied Percy identifies the spirit of poetry itself".<a href="#cite_note-276">[258]</a> Mary glossed Percy's political radicalism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sentimentalism_(literature)" title="Sentimentalism (literature)">sentimentalism</a>, arguing that his <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> arose from sympathy for those who were suffering.<a href="#cite_note-277">[259]</a> She inserted romantic anecdotes of his benevolence, domesticity, and love of the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-278">[260]</a> Portraying herself as Percy's "practical muse", she also noted how she had suggested revisions as he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-279">[261]</a> Despite the emotions stirred by this task, Mary Shelley arguably proved herself in many respects a professional and scholarly editor.<a href="#cite_note-280">[262]</a> Working from Percy's messy, sometimes indecipherable, notebooks, she attempted to form a chronology for his writings, and she included poems, such as Epipsychidion, addressed to Emilia Viviani, which she would rather have left out.<a href="#cite_note-281">[263]</a> She was forced, however, into several compromises, and, as Blumberg notes, "modern critics have found fault with the edition and claim variously that she miscopied, misinterpreted, purposely obscured, and attempted to turn the poet into something he was not".<a href="#cite_note-282">[264]</a> According to Wolfson, Donald Reiman, a modern editor of Percy Bysshe Shelley's works, still refers to Mary Shelley's editions, while acknowledging that her editing style belongs "to an age of editing when the aim was not to establish accurate texts and scholarly apparatus but to present a full record of a writer's career for the general reader".<a href="#cite_note-283">[265]</a> In principle, Mary Shelley believed in publishing every last word of her husband's work;<a href="#cite_note-284">[266]</a> but she found herself obliged to omit certain passages, either by pressure from her publisher, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Moxon" title="Edward Moxon">Edward Moxon</a>, or in deference to public propriety.<a href="#cite_note-285">[267]</a> For example, she removed the <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> passages from <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a> for the first edition. After she restored them in the second edition, Moxon was prosecuted and convicted of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous_libel" title="Blasphemous libel">blasphemous libel</a>, though the prosecution was brought out of principle by the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hetherington" title="Henry Hetherington">Henry Hetherington</a>, and no punishment was sought.<a href="#cite_note-286">[268]</a> Mary Shelley's omissions provoked criticism, often stinging, from members of Percy Shelley's former circle,<a href="#cite_note-287">[269]</a> and reviewers accused her of, among other things, indiscriminate inclusions.<a href="#cite_note-288">[270]</a> Her notes have nevertheless remained an essential source for the study of Percy Shelley's work. As Bennett explains, "biographers and critics agree that Mary Shelley's commitment to bring Shelley the notice she believed his works merited was the single, major force that established Shelley's reputation during a period when he almost certainly would have faded from public view".<a href="#cite_note-289">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Neoclassical pieta of a woman holding a man's body in her lap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg/220px-Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg/330px-Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg/440px-Mary_and_Percy_Shelley._Engraving_by_George_Stodart_after_monument_by_Henry_Weekes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Engraving by George Stodart after a monument of Mary and Percy Shelley by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Weekes" title="Henry Weekes">Henry Weekes</a> (1853)</figcaption></figure> In her own lifetime Mary Shelley was taken seriously as a writer, though reviewers often missed her writings' political edge. After her death, however, she was chiefly remembered as the wife of Percy Bysshe Shelley and as the author of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-290">[272]</a> In fact, in the introduction to her letters published in 1945, editor Frederick Jones wrote, "a collection of the present size could not be justified by the general quality of the letters or by Mary Shelley's importance as a writer. It is as the wife of [Percy Bysshe Shelley] that she excites our interest."<a href="#cite_note-291">[273]</a> This attitude had not disappeared by 1980 when <a href="/wiki/Betty_T._Bennett" title="Betty T. Bennett">Betty T. Bennett</a> published the first volume of Mary Shelley's complete letters. As she explains, "the fact is that until recent years scholars have generally regarded Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley as a result: William Godwin's and Mary Wollstonecraft's daughter who became Shelley's <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-292">[274]</a> It was not until Emily Sunstein's Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality in 1989 that a full-length scholarly biography was published.<a href="#cite_note-293">[275]</a> The attempts of Mary Shelley's son and daughter-in-law to "Victorianise" her memory by censoring biographical documents contributed to a perception of Mary Shelley as a more conventional, less reformist figure than her works suggest. Her own timid omissions from Percy Shelley's works and her quiet avoidance of public controversy in her later years added to this impression. Commentary by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Hogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Trelawny</a>, and other admirers of Percy Shelley also tended to downplay Mary Shelley's radicalism. Trelawny's Records of Shelley, Byron, and the Author (1878) praised Percy Shelley at the expense of Mary, questioning her intelligence and even her authorship of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-294">[276]</a> Lady Shelley, Percy Florence's wife, responded in part by presenting a severely edited collection of letters she had inherited, published privately as Shelley and Mary in 1882.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-295">[277]</a> From Frankenstein's first theatrical adaptation in 1823 to the cinematic adaptations of the 20th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">first cinematic version in 1910</a> and now-famous versions such as <a href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale's</a> 1931 <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' satirical 1974 <a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>'s 1994 <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a>, many audiences first encounter the work of Mary Shelley through adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-296">[278]</a> Over the course of the 19th century, Mary Shelley came to be seen as a one-novel author at best, rather than as the professional writer she was; most of her works have remained out of print until the last thirty years, obstructing a larger view of her achievement.<a href="#cite_note-297">[279]</a> In recent decades, the republication of almost all her writing has stimulated a new recognition of its value. Her habit of intensive reading and study, revealed in her journals and letters and reflected in her works, is now better appreciated.<a href="#cite_note-298">[280]</a> Shelley's conception of herself as an author has also been recognised; after Percy's death, she wrote of her authorial ambitions: "I think that I can maintain myself, and there is something inspiriting in the idea."<a href="#cite_note-299">[281]</a> Scholars now consider Mary Shelley to be a major <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> figure, significant for her literary achievement and her political voice as a woman and a liberal.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-295">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Mary Shelley bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_(novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda (novella)">Mathilda</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga; or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca</a> (1823)</li> <li>Posthumous Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a> (1837)</li> <li>The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1839)</li> <li>Contributions to <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a> (1835–39), part of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner" title="Dionysius Lardner">Dionysius Lardner</a>'s Cabinet Cyclopaedia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a> in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (1844)</li></ul> Collections of Mary Shelley's papers are housed in Lord Abinger's Shelley Collection on deposit at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/The_Carl_H._Pforzheimer_Collection_of_Shelley_and_His_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle">The Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, and in the John Murray Collection. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)">Mary Shelley (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wollstonecraft_tree.svg" title="File:Wollstonecraft tree.svg">Godwin–Shelley family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png" title="File:HistorySixWeeksTourMap.png">Map of 1814 and 1816 European journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:RamblesMap.png" title="File:RamblesMap.png">Map of 1840s European journeys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Claire's first name was "Jane", but from 1814 (see Gittings and Manton, 22) she preferred to be called "Claire" (her second name was "Clara"), which is how she is known to history. To avoid confusion, this article calls her "Claire" throughout. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> William St Clair, in his biography of the Godwins and the Shelleys, notes that "it is easy to forget in reading of these crises [in the lives of the Godwins and the Shelleys] how unrepresentative the references in surviving documents may be. It is easy for the biographer to give undue weight to the opinions of the people who happen to have written things down." (246) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "Journal 6 December—Very Unwell. Shelley & Clary walk out, as usual, to heaps of places...A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir. Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event, which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells, etc., for it is the son of his wife" (quoted in Spark, 39). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Sunstein speculates that Mary Shelley and Jefferson Hogg made love in April 1815. (Sunstein, 98–99) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The violent storms were, it is now known, a repercussion of the volcanic eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> in Indonesia in the previous year (Sunstein, 118). See also <a href="/wiki/The_Year_Without_a_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Year Without a Summer">The Year Without a Summer</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Seymour argues that evidence from Polidori's diary conflicts with Mary Shelley's account of when the idea came to her (157). </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Alba was renamed "Allegra" in 1818. (Seymour, 177) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> At various times, the Shelleys lived at <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagni_di_Lucca" title="Bagni di Lucca">Bagni di Lucca</a>, Venice, <a href="/wiki/Este,_Veneto" title="Este, Veneto">Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Rome, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, Bagni di Pisa, and San Terenzo. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Clara died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> at the age of one, and William of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> at three and a half. (Seymour, 214, 231) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The Williamses were not technically married; Jane was still the wife of an army officer named Johnson. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Elise had been employed by Byron as Allegra's nurse. Mary Shelley stated in a letter that Elise had been pregnant by Paolo at the time, which was the reason they had married, but not that she had had a child in Naples. Elise seems to have first met Paolo only in September. See Mary Shelley's letter to Isabella Hoppner, 10 August 1821, Selected Letters, 75–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> "Establishing Elena Adelaide's parentage is one of the greatest bafflements Shelley left for his biographers." (Bieri, 106) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Dods, who had an infant daughter, assumed the name Walter Sholto Douglas and was accepted in France as a man. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Beauclerk married Ida Goring in 1838 and, after Ida's death, Mary Shelley's friend Rosa Robinson in 1841. A clear picture of Mary Shelley's relationship with Beauclerk is difficult to reconstruct from the evidence. (Seymour, 425–426) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> According to Bieri, Medwin claimed to possess evidence relating to Naples. Medwin is the source for the theory that the child registered by Percy Shelley in Naples was his daughter by a mystery woman. See also, Journals, 249–250 n3. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Mary Shelley donated the £60 fee for Rambles to the exiled Italian revolutionary Ferdinand Gatteschi, whose essay on the <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> rebels she included in the book. (Orr, "Mary Shelley's Rambles ") </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> However, "precise attribution of all the biographical essays" in these volumes "is very difficult", according to Kucich. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Sir Timothy Shelley made his allowance to Mary (on behalf of Percy Florence) dependent on her not putting the Shelley name in print. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> All essays from The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley are marked with a "(CC)" and those from The Other Mary Shelley with an "(OMS)". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Seymour, 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldiss-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldiss_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldiss1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Aldiss, Brian</a> (1973). Billion Year Spree: The True History of Science Fiction (first ed.). Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385088879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385088879"><bdi>978-0385088879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billion+Year+Spree%3A+The+True+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0385088879&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter1814-10-28-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter1814-10-28_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter1814-10-28_3-1">b</a> Letter to Percy Shelley, 28 October 1814. Selected Letters, 3; St Clair, 295; Seymour 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair295-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StClair295_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair295_4-1">b</a> St Clair, 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Seymour, 28–29; St Clair, 176–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> St Clair, 179–188; Seymour, 31–34; Clemit, Legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft (CC), 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Seymour, 38, 49; St. Clair, 255–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> St Clair, 199–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Seymour, 47–49; St Clair, 238–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> St Clair, 243–244, 334; Seymour, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> St. Clair, 283–287. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> St. Clair, 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> St. Clair, 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Sunstein, 38–40; Seymour, 53; see also Clemit, "Legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft" (CC), 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Seymour, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Sunstein, 58; Spark, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Seymour, 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Quoted in Seymour, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Seymour, 71–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Spark, 17–18; Seymour, 73–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Qtd. in Spark, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> St Clair, 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 17; St Clair, 357; Seymour, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Sunstein, 70–75; Seymour, 88; St. Clair, 329–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> St. Clair, 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Spark, 19–22; St Clair, 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Garrett, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Garrett, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Seymour, 94, 100; Spark, 22–23; St. Clair, 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Letter to Maria Gisborne, 30 October – 17 November 1834. Seymour, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> St Clair, 373; Seymour, 89 n, 94–96; Spark, 23 n2. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Spark, 24; Seymour, 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Quoted in Sunstein, 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Garrett, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Spark, 26–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Spark, 30; Seymour, 109, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> St Clair, 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 20; St Clair, 373; Sunstein, 88–89; Seymour, 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Spark, 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Spark, 36–37; St Clair, 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Sunstein, 91–92; Seymour, 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Garrett, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Garrett, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Spark, 38–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> St Clair, 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Sunstein, 94–97; Seymour, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Spark, 41–46; Seymour, 126–127; Sunstein, 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Seymour, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Quoted in Spark, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> St Clair, 375; Spark, 45, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Sunstein, 93–94, 101; Seymour, 127–128, 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Sunstein, 101–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 28–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzwell2014" class="citation web cs1">Buzwell, Greg (15 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mary-shelley-frankenstein-and-the-villa-diodati">"Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and the Villa Diodati"</a>. Discovering Literature: Romantics & Victorians. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727034651/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mary-shelley-frankenstein-and-the-villa-diodati">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley%2C+Frankenstein+and+the+Villa+Diodati&rft.series=Discovering+Literature%3A+Romantics+%26+Victorians&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Buzwell&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fmary-shelley-frankenstein-and-the-villa-diodati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunstein,_117-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunstein,_117_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunstein,_117_60-1">b</a> Sunstein, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 31; Seymour, 152. Sometimes spelled "Chappuis"; Wolfson, Introduction to Frankenstein, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Sunstein, Emily W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/maryshelleyroman00suns">Mary Shelley: romance and reality</a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4218-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-4218-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 January 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley%3A+romance+and+reality&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4218-4&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Emily+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryshelleyroman00suns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Paragraph 6, Introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein; Sunstein, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Para. 7, Intro., Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgwater2004" class="citation book cs1">Bridgwater, Patrick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EOWf_H61LQC&pg=PA55">De Quincey's Gothic Masquerade</a>. Rodopi. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042018136" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042018136"><bdi>978-9042018136</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318053706/https://books.google.com/books?id=7EOWf_H61LQC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Quincey%27s+Gothic+Masquerade&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9042018136&rft.aulast=Bridgwater&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EOWf_H61LQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Para. 8, Intro., Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Para. 10, Intro., Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1831" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary W. (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42324/42324-h/42324-h.htm">Frankenstein or, The Modern Prometheus</a>. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. Retrieved 11 January 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein+or%2C+The+Modern+Prometheus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn+and+Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F42324%2F42324-h%2F42324-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 30–31; Sunstein, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-astro-73"><a href="#cite_ref-astro_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2011" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Tim (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/26/frankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers">"Frankenstein's hour of creation identified by astronomers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%27s+hour+of+creation+identified+by+astronomers&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fsep%2F26%2Ffrankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seymour,_195–96-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour,_195–96_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour,_195–96_74-1">b</a> Seymour, 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2008" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Jennifer (7 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Birth-of-Frankenstein-/27400">"The Birth of 'Frankenstein'"</a>. The Chronicle of Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5982">0009-5982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611003915/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Birth-of-Frankenstein-/27400">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+%27Frankenstein%27&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft.issn=0009-5982&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Birth-of-Frankenstein-%2F27400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Robinson 1996, part 1, p. lxvii, quoted in Jones 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2018" class="citation news cs1">Sampson, Fiona (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">"Why Hasn't Mary Shelley Gotten the Respect She Deserves?"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803165505/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Hasn%27t+Mary+Shelley+Gotten+the+Respect+She+Deserves%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fjan%2F13%2Ffrankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-%3FCMP%3DShare_iOSApp_Other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2016" class="citation news cs1">Sampson, Fiona (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">"Frankenstein at 200: Why Hasn't Mary Shelley Been Given the Respect She Deserves?"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803165505/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+at+200%3A+Why+Hasn%27t+Mary+Shelley+Been+Given+the+Respect+She+Deserves%3F&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fjan%2F13%2Ffrankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-%3FCMP%3DShare_iOSApp_Other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Sunstein, 124–125; Seymour, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> St Clair, 413; Seymour, 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Sunstein, 129; St Clair, 414–15; Seymour, 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Spark, 54–55; Seymour, 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> London, England Church of England Marriages and Banns 1754-1938 subscriber accessed on Ancestry.co.uk </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Spark, 57; Seymour, 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Spark, 58; Bennett, An Introduction, 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Seymour, 185; Sunstein, 136–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Spark, 60–62; St Clair, 443; Sunstein, 143–49; Seymour, 191–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> St Clair, 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 39–42; Spark, 62–63; Seymour, 205–06. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Seymour, 214–16; Bennett, An Introduction, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sunstein, 170–71, 179–82, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Quoted in Seymour, 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 47, 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Spark, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunstein,_384–85-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunstein,_384–85_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunstein,_384–85_99-1">b</a> Sunstein, 384–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Seymour, 235–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Seymour, 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Bieri, 170–76; Seymour, 267–70, 290; Sunstein, 193–95, 200–01. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 43–44; Spark, 77, 89–90; Gittings and Manton, 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Holmes, 464; Bieri, 103–04. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 46; Seymour, 221–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Spark, 73; Seymour, 224; Holmes, 469–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Journals, 249–50 n3; Seymour, 221; Holmes, 460–74; Bieri, 103–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Seymour, 221; Spark, 86; Letter to Isabella Hoppner, 10 August 1821, Selected Letters, 75–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seymour,_221-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour,_221_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour,_221_113-1">b</a> Seymour, 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Holmes, 466; Bieri, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett,_55-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_55_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_55_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_55_116-2">c</a> Garrett, 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Garrett, 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Garrett, 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Garrett, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Spark, 79; Seymour, 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Seymour, 301. Holmes, 717; Sunstein, 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Holmes, 725; Sunstein, 217–218; Seymour, 270–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman19535,_9-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman19535,_9_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1953">Norman 1953</a>, pp. 5, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Gittings and Manton, 71; Holmes, 715. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Seymour, 283–284, 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Holmes, 728. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Seymour, 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maria_Gisborne_1815-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Gisborne_1815_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maria_Gisborne_1815_129-1">b</a> Letter to Maria Gisborne, 15 August 1815, Selected Letters, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Seymour, 302–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Qtd. in Seymour, 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Spark, 100–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Spark, 102–103; Seymour, 321–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Spark, 106–107; Seymour, 336–337; Bennett, An Introduction, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Seymour, 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Spark, 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Spark, 116, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Seymour, 341, 363–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Spark, 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Spark, 111–113; Seymour, 370–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Seymour, 543. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Spark, 117–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Seymour, 384–385. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Seymour, 389–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Seymour, 404, 433–435, 438. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Seymour, 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Seymour, 450, 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Seymour, 453. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> de Boinville, Barbara. At the Center of the Circle: Harriet de Boinville (1773-1847) and the Writers She Influenced During Europe's Revolutionary Era. (2023). Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, p. 175-182. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Seymour, 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett,_98-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_98_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_98_152-1">b</a> Garrett, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett,_99-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_99_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrett,_99_153-1">b</a> Garrett, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See Bennett, Introduction to Selected Letters, xx, and Mary Shelley's letter of 24 May 1828, with Bennett's note, 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Spark, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Seymour, 401–402, 467–468. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Spark, 133–134; Seymour, 425–426; Bennett, Introduction to Selected Letters, xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Spark, 124; Seymour, 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Spark, 127; Seymour, 429, 500–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Seymour, 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Spark, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Seymour, 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Spark, 140; Seymour, 506–507. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Spark, 141–142; Seymour, 508–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Seymour, 515–516; Bieri, 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Sunstein, 383–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Spark, 143; Seymour, 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2019" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Martin (2019). The Palgrave Literary Dictionary of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Literary+Dictionary+of+Mary+Wollstonecraft+Shelley&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Spark, 144; Bennett, Introduction to Selected Letters, xxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Seymour, 540. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Bennett, "Mary Shelley's letters" (CC), 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Mary Shelley, Introduction to 1831 edition of Frankenstein. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Nora Crook, "General Editor's Introduction", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Sussman, 163; St Clair, 297; Sunstein, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Seymour, 55; Carlson, 245; "Appendix 2: 'Mounseer Nongtongpaw': Verses formerly attributed to Mary Shelley", Travel Writing: The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, Vol. 8, Ed. Jeanne Moskal, London: William Pickering (1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Quoted in Wolfson, Introduction to Frankenstein, xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Mellor, 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> See Nitchie, Introduction to Mathilda, and Mellor, 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 74; Lokke, "The Last Man" (CC), 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Qtd. in Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> See, for example, Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 190–192; Clemit, "From The Fields of Fancy to Matilda", 64–75; Blumberg, 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Shelley, Valperga, 376–378. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 140–141, 176; Clemit, "Legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft" (CC), 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 143–144; Blumberg, 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 187, 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Curran, "Valperga" (CC), 106–107; Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 179; Lew, "God's Sister" (OMS), 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 183; Bennett, "Political Philosophy", 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Lew, "God's Sister" (OMS), 173–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Bunnell, 132; Lynch, "Historical novelist" (CC), 143–144; see also Lew, "God's Sister" (OMS), 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Mellor, xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Hoeveler, "Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory" (CC), 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Hoeveler, "Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory" (CC), 46–47; Mellor, 40–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Mellor, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Mellor, 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Gilbert and Gubar, 220; see also, Hoeveler, "Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory" (CC), 47–48; see also, 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Poovey, 115–116, 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Poovey, 131; see also Hoeveler, "Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory" (CC), 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Poovey, 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Hoeveler, "Frankenstein, feminism, and literary theory" (CC), 49; Myers, "The Female Author", 160–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Mellor, 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Mellor, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Mellor, 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Mellor, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Mellor, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Vargo, Introduction to Lodore, 21, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 92, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Ellis, "Falkner and other fictions" (CC), 152–153; O'Sullivan, "A New Cassandra" (OMS), 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Ellis, "Falkner and other fictions" (CC), 159–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Spark, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Mellor, "Making a 'monster'" (CC), 14; Blumberg, 54; Mellor, 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Blumberg, 47; see also Mellor, 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Blumberg, 47; see also 86–87 for a similar discussion of Castruccio in Valperga; Mellor, 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Browne, Max. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/auth/login.jsp?url=%2Fview%2Farticle%2F28633">Theodor Richard Edward von Holst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125936/http://www.oxforddnb.com/auth/login.jsp?url=%2Fview%2Farticle%2F28633">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. (subscription required) Retrieved 20 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 36–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Blumberg, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Blumberg, 37, 46, 48; Mellor, 70–71, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Lokke, "The Last Man" (CC), 116; see also Mellor, 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Lokke, "The Last Man" (CC), 128; see also Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Clemit, Godwinian Novel, 198; see also 204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Paley, "Apocalypse without Millennium" (OMS), 111–121; Mellor, 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettCurran2000" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Betty T.; Curran, Stuart (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyherti00benn">Mary Shelley in Her Times</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyherti00benn/page/n34">18</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801863349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801863349"><bdi>978-0801863349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley+in+Her+Times&rft.pages=18-28&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0801863349&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Betty+T.&rft.au=Curran%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryshelleyherti00benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonStone2003" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Lucy; Stone, Staci (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyencyc0000morr">A Mary Shelley Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyencyc0000morr/page/421">421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mary+Shelley+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Stone%2C+Staci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryshelleyencyc0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2010" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Lucy (2010). Mary Shelley: Her Circle and Her Contemporaries. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 131–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Shelley%3A+Her+Circle+and+Her+Contemporaries&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonStone2003" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Lucy; Stone, Staci (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyencyc0000morr">A Mary Shelley Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryshelleyencyc0000morr/page/444">444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mary+Shelley+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Stone%2C+Staci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryshelleyencyc0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Sites, "Utopian Domesticity", 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Poovey, 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Mellor, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Mellor, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Blumberg, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Blumberg, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Hofkosh, "Disfiguring Economies" (OMS), 207, 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Sussman, "Stories for The Keepsake" (CC), 163; Hofkosh, "Disfiguring Economies" (OMS), 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Qtd. in Sussman, "Stories for The Keepsake" (CC), 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Sussman, "Stories for The Keepsake" (CC), 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Sussman, "Stories for The Keepsake" (CC), 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Sussman, "Stories for The Keepsake" (CC), 167, 176; Hofkosh, "Disfiguring Economies", (OMS), 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Seymour, 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Moskal, "Travel writing" (CC), 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 24–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Moskal, "Travel writing" (CC), 244; Clemit, "Legacies of Godwin and Wollstonecraft" (CC), 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 114–115, 118; Orr, "Mary Shelley's Rambles "; Schor, "Mary Shelley in Transit" (OMS), 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Qtd. in Schor, "Mary Shelley in Transit" (OMS), 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Moskal, "Travel writing", 247–250; Orr, "Mary Shelley's Rambles ". </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Moskal, "Travel writing" (CC), 247–250; Bennett, An Introduction, 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Orr, "Mary Shelley's Rambles ". </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Nora Crook, "General Editor's Introduction", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xix; see also Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Nora Crook, "General Editor's Introduction", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xxvii; Tilar J. Mazzeo, "Introduction by the editor of Italian Lives", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xli. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Lisa Vargo, "Editor's Introduction Spanish and Portuguese Lives", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives and other Writings, Vol. 2, xxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Qtd. in Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 230–231, 233, 237; Nora Crook, "General Editor's Introduction", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xxviii; Clarissa Campbell Orr, "Editor's Introduction French Lives", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 2, lii. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Kucich, "Biographer" (CC), 235; see Nora Crook, "General Editor's Introduction", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xxv for the exact number; Tilar J. Mazzeo, "Introduction by the editor of Italian Lives", Mary Shelley's Literary Lives, Vol. 1, xli. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Shelley, "Preface", Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Quoted in Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Spark, 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 193, 209 n12; Bennett, An Introduction, 112; Fraistat, "Shelley Left and Right", Shelley's Prose and Poetry, 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Qtd. in Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Blumberg, 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Fraistat, "Shelley Left and Right", Shelley's Prose and Poetry, 645–646; see also Seymour, 466; Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 195, 203; Favret, "Sympathy and Irony" (OMS), 19, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Favret, "Sympathy and Irony" (OMS), 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 194; Fraistat, "Shelley Left and Right", Shelley's Prose and Poetry, 647, Favret, "Sympathy and Irony" (OMS), 18, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Bennett, Introduction to Selected Letters, xxiii–xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Seymour, 466; Blumberg, 160–161, 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Blumberg, 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Wolfson, "Editorial Privilege" (OMS), 68, n. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 199; Spark, 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 112; Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 209 n16. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Seymour, 467–468; Blumberg, 165–166; Townsend, 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Spark, 130–131; Seymour, 467–468. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 210 n26. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Bennett, "Finding Mary Shelley", 300–301; see also Wolfson, "Mary Shelley, editor" (CC), 198; Bennett, An Introduction, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Mellor, xi, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Qtd. in Blumberg, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Bennett, "Finding Mary Shelley", 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> "Introduction" (OMS), 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Seymour, 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_295-1">b</a> Bennett, An Introduction, ix–xi, 120–121; Schor, Introduction to Cambridge Companion, 1–5; Seymour, 548–561. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Schor, "Frankenstein and film" (CC). </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Bennett, "Finding Mary Shelley", 292–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Bennett, "Finding Mary Shelley", 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Qtd. in Bennett, "Finding Mary Shelley", 298. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Shelley, Mary. Collected Tales and Stories. Ed. Charles E. Robinson. Baltimore, MD: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1706-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-1706-4">0-8018-1706-4</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein;_or,_The_Modern_Prometheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a>. Ed. Susan J. Wolfson. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-39953-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-39953-6">0-321-39953-6</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814–44. Ed. Paula R. Feldman and Diana Scott-Kilvert. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5088-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5088-6">0-8018-5088-6</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_(Mary_Shelley_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Man (Mary Shelley novel)">The Last Man</a>. Ed. Morton D. Paley. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283865-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283865-2">0-19-283865-2</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a>. Ed. Lisa Vargo. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-077-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-077-6">1-55111-077-6</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. Mary Shelley's Literary Lives and Other Writings. 4 vols. Ed. Tilar J. Mazzeo. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85196-716-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85196-716-8">1-85196-716-8</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=172580">Mathilda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107025545/http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=172580">Archived</a> 7 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ed. Elizabeth Nitchie. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 1959. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2008.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Matilda</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Janet Todd</a>. London: Penguin, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043371-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043371-6">0-14-043371-6</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFkJAAAAQAAJ&q=percy+shelley+date:1838-1840">The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427235258/https://books.google.com/books?id=mFkJAAAAQAAJ&dq=percy+shelley+date:1838-1840&lr=&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0">Archived</a> 27 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Edward Moxon, 1840. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2008.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. Selected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4886-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4886-5">0-8018-4886-5</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary. <a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga; or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca</a>. Ed. Michael Rossington. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283289-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283289-1">0-19-283289-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley, Percy Bysshe</a>. Shelley's Poetry and Prose. Eds. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97752-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97752-8">0-393-97752-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_T._Bennett" title="Betty T. Bennett">Bennett, Betty T.</a> "Finding Mary Shelley in her Letters". Romantic Revisions. Ed. Robert Brinkley and Keith Hanley. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38074-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38074-X">0-521-38074-X</a>.</li> <li>Bennett, Betty T., ed. Mary Shelley in her Times. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4">0-8018-7733-4</a>.</li> <li>Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X">0-8018-5976-X</a>.</li> <li>Bennett, Betty T. "The Political Philosophy of Mary Shelley's Historical Novels: Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". The Evidence of the Imagination. Ed. Donald H. Reiman, Michael C. Jaye, and Betty T. Bennett. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7372-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7372-9">0-8147-7372-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bieri" title="James Bieri">Bieri, James</a>. Percy Bysshe Shelley, a Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816–1822. Newark, DE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware_Press" title="University of Delaware Press">University of Delaware Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-893-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-893-0">0-87413-893-0</a>.</li> <li>Blumberg, Jane. Mary Shelley's Early Novels: "This Child of Imagination and Misery". Iowa City, IA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_Press" title="University of Iowa Press">University of Iowa Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-397-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-397-7">0-87745-397-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, William D. (Spring 1999). "William Godwin, Chivalry, and Mary Shelley's The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck". Papers on Language and Literature. 35 (2): 187–205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+on+Language+and+Literature&rft.atitle=William+Godwin%2C+Chivalry%2C+and+Mary+Shelley%27s+The+Fortunes+of+Perkin+Warbeck&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-205&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bunnell, Charlene E. "All the World's a Stage": Dramatic Sensibility in Mary Shelley's Novels. New York: Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93863-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93863-5">0-415-93863-5</a>.</li> <li>Carlson, J.A. England's First Family of Writers: Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Mary Shelley. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8618-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8618-X">0-8018-8618-X</a>.</li> <li>Clemit, Pamela. "From The Fields of Fancy to Matilda". Mary Shelley in her Times. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4">0-8018-7733-4</a>.</li> <li>Clemit, Pamela. The Godwinian Novel: The Rational Fictions of Godwin, Brockden Brown, Mary Shelley. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811220-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811220-3">0-19-811220-3</a>.</li> <li>Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5">0-8386-3684-5</a>.</li> <li>Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, ed. Mary Shelley's Fictions: From Frankenstein to Falkner. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>/Palgrave, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-77106-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-77106-0">0-333-77106-0</a>.</li> <li>Fisch, Audrey A., Anne K. Mellor, and Esther H. Schorr, eds. The Other Mary Shelley: Beyond "Frankenstein". New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507740-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507740-7">0-19-507740-7</a>.</li> <li>Frank, Frederick S. "Mary Shelley's Other Fictions: A Bibliographic Consensus". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Ed. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5">0-8386-3684-5</a>.</li> <li>Garrett, Martin. Mary Shelley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195217896" title="Special:BookSources/0195217896">0195217896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gilbert" title="Sandra Gilbert">Gilbert, Sandra M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Madwoman_in_the_Attic" title="The Madwoman in the Attic">The Madwoman in the Attic</a>: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02596-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02596-3">0-300-02596-3</a>.</li> <li>Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818594-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818594-4">0-19-818594-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Holmes, Richard</a>. Shelley: The Pursuit. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2">0-00-720458-2</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923091617/https://www.rc.umd.edu/reviews-blog/charles-e-robinson-ed-frankenstein-notebooks-facsimile-edition-mary-shelleys-novel-1816">"Charles E. Robinson, Ed. The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition of Mary Shelley's Novel, 1816–17 (Parts One and Two)"</a>. (Book Review). Romantic Circles website, 1 January 1998. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</li> <li>Jump, Harriet Devine, Pamela Clemit, and Betty T. Bennett, eds. Lives of the Great Romantics III: Godwin, Wollstonecraft & Mary Shelley by Their Contemporaries. London: Pickering & Chatto, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85196-512-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85196-512-2">1-85196-512-2</a>.</li> <li>Levine, George, and U. C. Knoepflmacher, eds. The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelley's novel. Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03612-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03612-3">0-520-03612-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_K._Mellor" title="Anne K. Mellor">Mellor, Anne K.</a> Mary Shelley: Her Life, her Fiction, Her Monsters. London: Routledge, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90147-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90147-2">0-415-90147-2</a>.</li> <li>Myers, Mitzi. "Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley: The Female Author between Public and Private Spheres". Mary Shelley in her Times. Ed. Betty T. Bennett. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7733-4">0-8018-7733-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1953" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Sylva (1953). "Shelley's Last Residence". Keats–Shelley Journal. 2 (Jan). Keats–Shelley Association of America: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30212475">30212475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keats%E2%80%93Shelley+Journal&rft.atitle=Shelley%27s+Last+Residence&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=Jan&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30212475%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Sylva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Orr, Clarissa Campbell. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1998/v/n11/005813ar.html">Mary Shelley's Rambles in Germany and Italy, the Celebrity Author, and the Undiscovered Country of the Human Heart</a>". Romanticism on the Net 11 (August 1998). Retrieved 22 February 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Poovey" title="Mary Poovey">Poovey, Mary</a>. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-67528-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-67528-9">0-226-67528-9</a>.</li> <li>Robinson, Charles E., ed. The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition of Mary Shelley's Novel, 1816–17 (Parts One and Two). The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics, Volume IX, Donald H. Reiman, general ed. Garland Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1608-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1608-9">0-8153-1608-9</a>.</li> <li>Schor, Esther, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00770-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00770-4">0-521-00770-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Seymour" title="Miranda Seymour">Seymour, Miranda</a>. Mary Shelley. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5711-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5711-9">0-7195-5711-9</a>.</li> <li>Sites, Melissa. "Re/membering Home: Utopian Domesticity in Mary Shelley's Lodore". A Brighter Morn: The Shelley Circle's Utopian Project. Ed. Darby Lewes. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0472-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0472-1">0-7391-0472-1</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Johanna M. "A Critical History of Frankenstein". Frankenstein. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22762-0">0-312-22762-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Spark, Muriel</a>. Mary Shelley. London: Cardinal, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X">0-7474-0318-X</a>.</li> <li>St Clair, William. The Godwins and the Shelleys: The Biography of a Family. London: Faber & Faber, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-15422-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-15422-0">0-571-15422-0</a>.</li> <li>Sterrenburg, Lee. "The Last Man: Anatomy of Failed Revolutions". Nineteenth Century Fiction 33 (1978): 324–347.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_W._Sunstein" title="Emily W. Sunstein">Sunstein, Emily W.</a> Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. 1989. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2">0-8018-4218-2</a>.</li> <li>Townsend, William C. Modern State Trials. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman,_Brown,_Green,_and_Longmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans">Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans</a>, 1850.</li> <li>Wake, Ann M Frank. "Women in the Active Voice: Recovering Female History in Mary Shelley's Valperga and Perkin Warbeck". Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein". Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Ed. Syndy M. Conger, Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3684-5">0-8386-3684-5</a>.</li> <li>White, Daniel E. "'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1997/v/n6/005750ar.html">The god undeified': Mary Shelley's Valperga, Italy, and the Aesthetic of Desire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331052957/http://www.erudit.org/revue/ron/1997/v/n6/005750ar.html">Archived</a> 31 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Romanticism on the Net 6 (May 1997). Retrieved 22 February 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Goulding, Christopher. "The Real Doctor Frankenstein?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. The Royal Society of Medicine, May 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Richard Holmes</a>, "Out of Control" (review of Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 277 pp.; and Mary Shelley, The New Annotated Frankenstein, edited and with a foreword and notes by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_S._Klinger" title="Leslie S. Klinger">Leslie S. Klinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liveright" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright">Liveright</a>, 352 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 38, 40–41.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gordon" title="Charlotte Gordon">Gordon, Charlotte</a> (2016). Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft & Mary Shelley, Random House.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Mary Shelley <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=6293">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=6293&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Mary Shelley <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=6293&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=6293">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=6293&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mary Shelley at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mary Shelley">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="c:Mary Shelley">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Mary Shelley">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="q:Mary Shelley">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Mary Shelley">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mary Shelley">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mary_Shelley" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mary Shelley">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mary-shelley">Works by Mary Shelley in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/61">Works by Mary Shelley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20M%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mary%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22M%2E%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mary%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mary%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20Wollstonecraft%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20M%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20M%2E%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mary%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mary%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22M%2E%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mary%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mary%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20W%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mary%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Mary%22%29%20OR%20%28%221797-1851%22%20AND%20Shelley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Mary Shelley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?1836">Mary Shelley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/783">Works by Mary Shelley</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html">Mary Shelley chronology and bibliography</a> – part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/">Romantic Circles</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F34892">"Archival material relating to Mary Shelley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Mary+Shelley&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF34892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47152#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/cps/22142">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley manuscript material, 1815–1850</a>, held by the Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/mary-shelley">Mary Shelley</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0791217/">Mary Shelley</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL25342A">Works by Mary Shelley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47152#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722084039/http://www.empmuseum.org/exhibitions/index.asp?articleID=953">"Mary W. Shelley biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture#Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Museum of Pop Culture">Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+W.+Shelley+biography&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120722084039%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.empmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Findex.asp%3FarticleID%3D953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Shelley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/mary-shelley-index">Exhibits relating to Mary Shelley at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910025309/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/mary-shelley-index">Archived</a> 10 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a> (1984 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)">Gothic (1986 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind">Rowing with the Wind (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer">Haunted Summer (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)">Mary Shelley (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Shelley&#039;s_Frankenstein;_or,_The_Modern_Prometheus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frankenstein" title="Template:Frankenstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frankenstein" title="Template talk:Frankenstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frankenstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frankenstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley&#039;s_Frankenstein;_or,_The_Modern_Prometheus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Waldman" title="Doctor Waldman">Doctor Waldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Universal_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Universal film series)">Universal series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="House of Frankenstein (film)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Septimus_Pretorius" title="Doctor Septimus Pretorius">Doctor Septimus Pretorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Frankenstein">Wolf Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)" title="Bride of Frankenstein (character)">Bride of Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Frankenstein" title="Ludwig Frankenstein">Ludwig Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Hammer_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Hammer film series)">Hammer series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_of_Frankenstein" title="The Evil of Frankenstein">The Evil of Frankenstein</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Created_Woman" title="Frankenstein Created Woman">Frankenstein Created Woman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_and_the_Monster_from_Hell" title="Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell">Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toho series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._Baragon" title="Frankenstein vs. Baragon">Frankenstein vs. Baragon</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Gargantuas" title="The War of the Gargantuas">The War of the Gargantuas</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_all%27italiana_%E2%80%93_Prendimi,_straziami,_che_brucio_de_passion!" title="Frankenstein all'italiana – Prendimi, straziami, che brucio de passion!">Frankenstein all'italiana</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1985_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1985 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Squad" title="The Monster Squad">The Monster Squad</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenhooker" title="Frankenhooker">Frankenhooker</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein">Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(2000_film)" title="Monster Mash (2000 film)">Monster Mash</a> (2000)</li> <li>Frankenström (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumbs!" title="Thumbs!">Frankenthumb</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(film)" title="Igor (film)">Igor</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scared_Shrekless" title="Scared Shrekless">The Bride of Gingy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_Frankencreepy" title="Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy">Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Family" title="Monster Family">Monster Family</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Frankenstein" title="Lisa Frankenstein">Lisa Frankenstein</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Go_Home!" title="Munster, Go Home!">Munster, Go Home!</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Revenge" title="The Munsters' Revenge">The Munsters' Revenge</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_Come_the_Munsters" title="Here Come the Munsters">Here Come the Munsters</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Scary_Little_Christmas" title="The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas">The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_(2022_film)" title="The Munsters (2022 film)">The Munsters</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Transylvania (franchise)">Hotel Transylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)" title="Hotel Transylvania (film)">Hotel Transylvania</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2" title="Hotel Transylvania 2">Hotel Transylvania 2</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_3:_Summer_Vacation" title="Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation">Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_Transformania" title="Hotel Transylvania: Transformania">Hotel Transylvania: Transformania</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Soul" title="Life Without Soul">Life Without Soul</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_mostro_di_Frankenstein" title="Il mostro di Frankenstein">Il mostro di Frankenstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Teenage_Frankenstein" title="I Was a Teenage Frankenstein">I Was a Teenage Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_1970" title="Frankenstein 1970">Frankenstein 1970</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Frankenstein's Daughter">Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster" title="Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster">Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Meets_Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter">Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Monstruos_del_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Monstruos del Terror">Los Monstruos del Terror</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frankenstein" title="Lady Frankenstein">Lady Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_vs._Frankenstein" title="Dracula vs. Frankenstein">Dracula vs. Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%2780" title="Frankenstein '80">Frankenstein '80</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_for_Frankenstein" title="Flesh for Frankenstein">Flesh for Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackenstein" title="Blackenstein">Blackenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Castle_of_Freaks" title="Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks">Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoufu_Densetsu_Kaiki!_Frankenstein" title="Kyoufu Densetsu Kaiki! Frankenstein">Frankenstein Legend of Terror</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Island" title="Frankenstein Island">Frankenstein Island</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator_(film)" title="The Vindicator (film)">The Vindicator</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_from_Death_(Frankenstein_2000)" title="Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)">Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._the_Creature_from_Blood_Cove" title="Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove">Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Girl_vs._Frankenstein_Girl" title="Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl">Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Wolf_Man" title="House of the Wolf Man">House of the Wolf Man</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Day_of_the_Beast" title="Frankenstein: Day of the Beast">Frankenstein: Day of the Beast</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Army" title="Frankenstein's Army">Frankenstein's Army</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Theory" title="The Frankenstein Theory">The Frankenstein Theory</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Frankensteins" title="Army of Frankensteins">Army of Frankensteins</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._The_Mummy" title="Frankenstein vs. The Mummy">Frankenstein vs. The Mummy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2015_film)" title="Frankenstein (2015 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Yokai_War:_Guardians" title="The Great Yokai War: Guardians">The Great Yokai War: Guardians</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Black_Girl_and_Her_Monster" title="The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster">The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride!" title="The Bride!">The Bride!</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(upcoming_film)" title="Frankenstein (upcoming film)">Frankenstein</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Frankenstein" title="Tales of Frankenstein">Tales of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Jr._and_The_Impossibles" title="Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles">Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovie_Goolies" title="Groovie Goolies">Groovie Goolies</a> (1970-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1973_film)" title="Frankenstein (1973 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Squad" title="Monster Squad">Monster Squad</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struck_by_Lightning_(TV_series)" title="Struck by Lightning (TV series)">Struck by Lightning</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_Today" title="The Munsters Today">The Munsters Today</a> (1988-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Force" title="Monster Force">Monster Force</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="House of Frankenstein (miniseries)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="Frankenstein (miniseries)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2007_film)" title="Frankenstein (2007 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenhole" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenhole">Mary Shelley's Frankenhole</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)">The Doctor</a>" (2012)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Brother" title="In the Name of the Brother">In the Name of the Brother</a>" (2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles" title="The Frankenstein Chronicles">The Frankenstein Chronicles</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(2016_TV_series)" title="Second Chance (2016 TV series)">Second Chance</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_The_Series" title="Hotel Transylvania: The Series">Hotel Transylvania: The Series</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize#Anime" title="Code: Realize">Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Vampire%27s_Victim" title="Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim">Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Webling#Frankenstein" title="Peggy Webling">Frankenstein</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortitude_(play)" title="Fortitude (play)">Fortitude</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joined_At_The_Heart" title="Joined At The Heart">Joined At The Heart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%E2%80%93_A_New_Musical" title="Frankenstein – A New Musical">Frankenstein – A New Musical</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(musical)" title="Young Frankenstein (musical)">Young Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">Frankenstein</a> (2011 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Wedding" title="Frankenstein's Wedding">Frankenstein's Wedding</a> (2011 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_(novel)" title="Frankenstein's Aunt (novel)">Frankenstein's Aunt</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Romance_(novel)" title="Gothic Romance (novel)">Gothic Romance</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_Returns" title="Frankenstein's Aunt Returns">Frankenstein's Aunt Returns</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Cat" title="Frankenstein's Cat">Frankenstein's Cat</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Son_(novel)" title="Prodigal Son (novel)">Prodigal Son</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Night_(Koontz_and_Gorman_novel)" title="City of Night (Koontz and Gorman novel)">City of Night</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_and_Alive_(Koontz_novel)" title="Dead and Alive (Koontz novel)">Dead and Alive</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Souls_(Koontz_novel)" title="Lost Souls (Koontz novel)">Lost Souls</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Town" title="The Dead Town">The Dead Town</a> (2011)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_Baghdad" title="Frankenstein in Baghdad">Frankenstein in Baghdad</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson%27s_Frankenstein" title="Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein">Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(DC_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (DC Comics)">Frankenstein (DC Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Dell_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Dell Comics)">Frankenstein (Dell Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Frankenstein" title="Doc Frankenstein">Doc Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming_(manga)" title="Embalming (manga)">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)">Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Prize_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Prize Comics)">Frankenstein (Prize Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Frankenstein (comics)">Young Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (video game)">Frankenstein's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein (video game)">Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_Monster_Returns" title="Frankenstein: The Monster Returns">Frankenstein: The Monster Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Franken" title="Dr. Franken">Dr. Franken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (video game)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Through_the_Eyes_of_the_Monster" title="Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster">Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(video_game)" title="Van Helsing (video game)">Van Helsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize" title="Code: Realize">Code: Realize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_aspects_in_Frankenstein" title="Gothic aspects in Frankenstein">Gothic aspects in Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Classic_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Classic Monsters">Universal Classic Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Promethean_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein's Promethean dimension">Frankenstein's Promethean dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_6_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Channel 6 radio stations in the United States">Franken-FMs</a> (radio stations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstrat" title="Frankenstrat">Frankenstrat</a> (guitar)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(instrumental)" title="Frankenstein (instrumental)">Frankenstein</a>" (1973 single)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dr._Stein" title="Dr. Stein">Dr. Stein</a>" (1988 single)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Death_Race)" title="Frankenstein (Death Race)">Frankenstein (Death Race)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Template:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Template talk:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percy Bysshe Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenci" title="The Cenci">The Cenci</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(poem)" title="Hellas (poem)">Hellas</a> (1822)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/120px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/180px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg/240px-Percy_Bysshe_Shelley_by_Alfred_Clint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2948" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastrozzi" title="Zastrozzi">Zastrozzi</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Irvyne" title="St. Irvyne">St. Irvyne</a> (1811)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Necessity_of_Atheism" title="The Necessity of Atheism">The Necessity of Atheism</a>" (1811)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetical_Essay_on_the_Existing_State_of_Things" title="Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things">Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things</a>" (1811)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_Lord_Ellenborough" title="A Letter to Lord Ellenborough">A Letter to Lord Ellenborough</a>" (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a> (1817)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Frankenstein" title="On Frankenstein">On Frankenstein</a>" (1817, published 1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_View_of_Reform" title="A Philosophical View of Reform">A Philosophical View of Reform</a> (1819–20, published 1920)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a>" (published posthumously, 1840)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Fragments_of_Margaret_Nicholson" title="Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson">Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_Poems" title="Posthumous Poems">Posthumous Poems</a> (1824)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Walk" title="The Devil's Walk">The Devil's Walk</a>" (1812)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mutability_(poem)" title="Mutability (poem)">Mutability</a>" (1816)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Intellectual_Beauty" title="Hymn to Intellectual Beauty">Hymn to Intellectual Beauty</a>" (1817)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_(poem)" title="Mont Blanc (poem)">Mont Blanc</a>" (1817)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ozymandias" title="Ozymandias">Ozymandias</a>" (1818)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Philosophy" title="Love's Philosophy">Love's Philosophy</a>" (1819)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_the_West_Wind" title="Ode to the West Wind">Ode to the West Wind</a>" (1820)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a>" (1820)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_(poem)" title="The Cloud (poem)">The Cloud</a>" (1820)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Word_is_Too_Often_Profaned" title="One Word is Too Often Profaned">One Word is Too Often Profaned</a>" (1822)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Music,_When_Soft_Voices_Die" title="Music, When Soft Voices Die">Music, When Soft Voices Die</a>" (1824)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Dirge" title="A Dirge">A Dirge</a>" (1824)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_in_1819" title="England in 1819">England in 1819</a>" (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mab_(poem)" title="Queen Mab (poem)">Queen Mab</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor,_or_The_Spirit_of_Solitude" title="Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude">Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Islam" title="The Revolt of Islam">The Revolt of Islam</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_and_Helen" title="Rosalind and Helen">Rosalind and Helen, A Modern Eclogue</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipsychidion" title="Epipsychidion">Epipsychidion</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adona%C3%AFs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonaïs">Adonaïs</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_and_Maddalo" title="Julian and Maddalo">Julian and Maddalo</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_of_Atlas" title="The Witch of Atlas">The Witch of Atlas</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Life" title="The Triumph of Life">The Triumph of Life</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a> (1832)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations with Mary Shelley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a> (1820)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfstein_(book)" title="Wolfstein (book)">Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit</a> (1822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfstein,_the_Murderer" title="Wolfstein, the Murderer">Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastrozzi,_The_Master_of_Discipline" title="Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline">Zastrozzi, The Master of Discipline</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastrozzi,_A_Romance" title="Zastrozzi, A Romance">Zastrozzi, A Romance</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_H._Pforzheimer_Collection_of_Shelley_and_His_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle">Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Universe" title="Rising Universe">Rising Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Cottage" title="Shelley's Cottage">Shelley's Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Memorial" title="Shelley Memorial">Shelley Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorship debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_authorship_question" title="Frankenstein authorship question">Frankenstein authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wrote_Frankenstein" title="The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein">The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Shelley</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shelley" title="Timothy Shelley">Timothy Shelley</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Bysshe_Shelley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet">Sir Bysshe Shelley</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Medwin" title="Thomas Medwin">Thomas Medwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Trelawny" title="Edward John Trelawny">Edward John Trelawny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley">The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley:_A_Life_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley: A Life Story (page does not exist)">Shelley: A Life Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> (1935 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a> (1984 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)">Gothic</a> (1986 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer">Haunted Summer</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind">Rowing with the Wind</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)">Mary Shelley</a> (2017 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">The Haunting of Villa Diodati</a>" (2020 TV episode)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Memorial_Award" title="Shelley Memorial Award">Shelley Memorial Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template talk:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a> (1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Her circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gardiner" title="Jane Gardiner">Jane Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a> (publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (mentor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (2020 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/21px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/42px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, 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alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/18px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/28px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/37px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/19px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/29px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/38px-Sf-userbox.png 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control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47152#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120981238">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6293">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36781/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqvW7hy8mQjdyXjyD7fv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11879695X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061063">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887567p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11887567p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456331">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV114179">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36176007">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007489&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1721524">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/284328">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1105236">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068997469">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056197">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004897&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000250138&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038996">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=69697">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024079">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199625086">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlm2vq04wqchm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810599844005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/255326">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267928705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000165180">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519950206706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14143644">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02316865?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b58db027-dcd2-412c-8074-c19e49fccc8a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1224374">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11879695X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11879695X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026671131">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041438">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zk5jct">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&oldid=1214552191">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Shelley&oldid=1214552191</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary_Shelley" title="Category:Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1797_births" title="Category:1797 births">1797 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1851_deaths" title="Category:1851 deaths">1851 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_women_writers" title="Category:19th-century English women writers">19th-century English women writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_novelists" title="Category:19th-century English 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