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S. Stevens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_as_E._S._Stevens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_as_E._S._Drower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_as_E._S._Drower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Works as E. S. Drower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_as_E._S._Drower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_as_E._S._Drower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_as_E._S._Drower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Translations as E. S. Drower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_as_E._S._Drower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">E. 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<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British cultural anthropologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ethel Stefana Drower</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ethel May Stefana Stevens</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1879-12-01</span>)</span>1 December 1879</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 January 1972<span style="display:none">(1972-01-27)</span> (aged 92)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sir Edwin Drower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stefana_Drower" title="Margaret Stefana Drower">Margaret Stefana Drower</a>, William Mortimer Drower, Denys Drower</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaic studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/100px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/150px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/200px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prophets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Names for adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Individual leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anush Bar Danqa">Anush Bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual food and drink</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Belief in Oneness of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Daily prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objects and symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adathan">Adathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadathan">Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfeil">Urfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfeil">Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwasha">Malwasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">škina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Mag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a> (Ashoriya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Ead Fel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Prayers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px lightblue solid; border-bottom:1px lightblue solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism" title="Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism" title="Template talk:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ethel, Lady Drower</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> <b>Ethel May Stefana Stevens</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_Hub_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives_Hub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 December 1879 – 27 January 1972) was a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural anthropologist">cultural anthropologist</a>, orientalist and novelist who studied the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and its cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-CMK_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was and is still considered one of the primary specialists on the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeans</a>, and was the dedicated collector of Mandaean manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The daughter of a clergyman, in 1906, she was working for <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Brown_(literary_agents)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis Brown (literary agents)">Curtis Brown</a>, a London literary agency when she signed <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a> to write <i><a href="/wiki/Bohemia_in_London" title="Bohemia in London">Bohemia in London</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1911, she married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Drower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Drower (page does not exist)">Edwin Drower</a> and after his knighthood became <b>Lady Drower</b>. As <b>E. S. Stevens</b>, she wrote a series of romantic novels for <a href="/wiki/Mills_%26_Boon" title="Mills & Boon">Mills & Boon</a> and other publishers. In 1921, she accompanied her husband to Iraq where Sir Edwin Drower was adviser to the Justice Minister from 1921 to 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-CMK_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among her grandchildren was the campaigning journalist <a href="/wiki/Roly_Drower" title="Roly Drower">Roly Drower</a>. </p><p>Her works include the comprehensive description and display of the last practising gnostic <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeans</a>' rituals, rites, and customs in <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran: Their Cults, Customs, Magic, Legends, and Folklore</i>, <i>The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans</i> (a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Qolasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolasta">Qolasta</a>), <i>The Secret Adam: A Study of Nasoraean Gnosis</i>, and <i>The Peacock Angel</i> (novel about the <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> editions of unique manuscripts such as astronomical divinations (<a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omen</a>) (<i>The Book of the Zodiac</i>) and magical texts (<i>A Book of Black Magic</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A Phylactery for Rue</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relevant translations of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaean</a> religious works such as <i>The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa</i> and <i>The Coronation of the Great Šišlam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMK_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drower's final major work titled <i>Mass and Masiqta</i> or <i>Messiah, Mass and Masiqta</i> remains unpublished to this day, and it is unclear if the full manuscript exists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before her scholarly activity, "Already under her maiden name of Ethel Stefana Stevens, Lady Drower had been inspired by the Orient. Between 1909 and 1927, she published 13 novels, and she was the author of two delectable books of travel."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMK_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethel, Lady Drower died on 27 January 1972, aged 92. She was survived by her children, including daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stefana_Drower" title="Margaret Stefana Drower">Margaret "Peggy" Hackforth-Jones</a>, and other family members.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drower received several honours for her scholarly contributions: </p> <ul><li>honorary <a href="/wiki/DLitt" class="mw-redirect" title="DLitt">DLitt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></li> <li>honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">DD</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></li> <li>honorary fellow of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> of <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Lidzbarski</a> gold medal for her work on the Mandaeans and their literary transmission on 1 October 1964<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMK_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drower_Collection">Drower Collection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drower Collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts#Drower_Collection" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">List of Mandaic manuscripts § Drower Collection</a></div> <p>The Drower Collection (DC), held at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, is the most extensive collection of Mandaean manuscripts. The collection consists of 55 manuscripts, many of which Drower had obtained through the Mandaean priest Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon" title="Negm bar Zahroon">Negm bar Zahroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drower donated MSS. Drower 1-53 to the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in 1958. MS. Drower 54, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_%C5%A0i%C5%A1lam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coronation of the Great Šišlam">The Coronation of the Great Šišlam</a></i>, was given to the library by Lady Drower in 1961. MS. Drower 55, Lady Drower's personal notebook, was added in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_Hub_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives_Hub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her death, some of Drower's private notebooks were obtained by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>. These notebooks are not part of the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MS. DC 2, which was copied by <a href="/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon" title="Negm bar Zahroon">Sheikh Negm</a> for Drower in 1933, mentions the <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean baptismal name">Mandaean baptismal name</a> (i.e., spiritual name given by a Mandaean priest, as opposed to a birth name) of E. S. Drower as <b><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a> pt Šušian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡊࡋࡉࡋࡀ ࡐࡕ ࡔࡅࡔࡉࡀࡍ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Wreath, daughter of Susan'), as her middle name Stefana means 'wreath' in Greek. MS. DC 26, a manuscript copied by copied by Sheikh Faraj for Drower in 1936, contains two <i>qmahas</i> (exorcisms). MS. DC 26 is dedicated to Drower's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stefana_Drower" title="Margaret Stefana Drower">Margaret</a> ("Peggy"), who is given the Mandaean baptismal name <i>Marganita pt Klila</i> ("Pearl, daughter of Wreath") in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley</a> published a compiled collection of E. S. Drower's letters. The book includes texts of Drower's correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_H._Gordon" title="Cyrus H. Gordon">Cyrus H. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Macuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Macuch">Rudolf Macuch</a>, Sidney H. Smith, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_R._Driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey R. Driver">Godfrey R. Driver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Hooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel H. Hooke">Samuel H. Hooke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenthal" title="Franz Rosenthal">Franz Rosenthal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_as_E._S._Stevens">Works as E. S. Stevens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works as E. S. Stevens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_991321"><i>The Veil: A Romance of Tunis</i>, New York, F.A. Stokes, 1909.</a></li> <li><i>The Mountain of God</i>, London, Mills & Boon, 1911.</li> <li>Two works reviewing the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in 1911 - "Abbas Effendi: His Personality, Work, and Followers" in <i><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortnightly Review">Fortnightly Review</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The Light in the Lantern" in <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody%27s_Magazine" title="Everybody's Magazine">Everybody's Magazine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Long Engagement</i>, New York, Hodder & Stoughton, 1912.</li> <li><i>The Lure</i>, New York, John Lane, 1912.</li> <li><i>Sarah Eden</i>, London, Mills & Boon, 1914.</li> <li><i>Allward</i>, London, Mills & Boon, 1915.</li> <li><i>"--And What Happened"</i>, London, <a href="/wiki/Mills_%26_Boon" title="Mills & Boon">Mills & Boon</a>, 1916.</li> <li><i>The Safety Candle</i>, London, Cassell and Company, 1917.</li> <li><i>Magdalene: A Study in Methods</i>, London, Cassell, 1919.</li> <li><i>By Tigris and Euphrates</i>, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1923.</li> <li><i>Sophy: A Tale of Baghdad</i>, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1924.</li> <li><i>Cedars, Saints and Sinners in Syria</i>, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1926.</li> <li><i>The Losing Game</i>, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1926.</li> <li><i>Garden of Flames</i>, New York, F.A. Stokes, 1927.</li> <li><i>Ishtar</i>, London, Hurst & Blackett, 1927.</li> <li><i>Folk-Tales of Iraq, set down and translated from the vernacular by E. S. Stevens</i>, New York, B. Blom, 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_as_E._S._Drower">Works as E. S. Drower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works as E. S. Drower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460203"><i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran: Their Cults, Customs, Magic, Legends, and Folklore</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm"><i>Peacock Angel: Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and Their Sanctuaries</i></a>, London: J. Murray, 1941.</li> <li><i>Water into Wine: A Study of Ritual Idiom in the Middle East</i>, London: Murray, 1956.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/mandaean/adam.pdf"><i>The Secret Adam: A Study of Nasoraean Gnosis</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mandaicdictionar0000drow">A Mandaic Dictionary</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macuch</a>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Drower's Folk-Tales of Iraq</i>, edited by Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley, Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_as_E._S._Drower">Translations as E. S. Drower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations as E. S. Drower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a> = Sfar malwašia: D. C. 31</i>, Oriental Translation Fund XXXVI; London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1949.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sarhdqabindsisla0000unse">Šarḥ ḏ qabin ḏ šišlam rba</a> (D. C. 38). <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_%C5%A0i%C5%A1lam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wedding of the Great Šišlam">Explanatory Commentary on the Marriage Ceremony of the great Šišlam</a></i>, text transliterated and translated, Rome: Ponteficio Istituto Biblico, 1950.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a> or Progress Through the Purgatories</i>, text with translation notes and Appendices, Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1950.</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Hibil-Ziwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa">Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa</a>: the Mandaic text reproduced, together with translation, notes and commentary</i>, Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1953.</li> <li><i>Mandaeans. Liturgy and Ritual. The <a href="/wiki/Qolasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Qolasta">Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans</a></i>, translated with notes, Leiden: Brill, 1959.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thousandtwelvequ0000unse">Alf trisar šuialia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a>: A Mandaean Text</i>, edited in transliteration and translation, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1960.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_%C5%A0i%C5%A1lam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coronation of the Great Šišlam">The Coronation of the Great Šišlam</a></i>, Leiden: Brill, 1962.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pairofnaoraeanco0000unse">A Pair of Naṣoraean Commentaries: Two Priestly Documents, the Great First World and the Lesser First World</a></i>, translated, Leiden: Brill, 1963.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Archives_Hub-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_Hub_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_Hub_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/7e0b27da-329f-3ac3-9664-7c70398be5c1">Mandaean manuscripts given by Lady Ethel May Stefana Drower</a>. Archives Hub.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMK-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMK_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMK_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMK_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMK_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMK_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Müller-Kessler, Drower [née Stevens], Ethel May Stefana, Lady Drower, in <i>New Dictionary of National Biography</i>, vol. 16 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 193–194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/53642">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today stored as Drower Collection (DC) in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford. A comprehensive list is found in E. S. Drower, A Mandæan Bibliography, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> 1953, pp. 34–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macuch</a>, Lady Ethel Stefana Drower, <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i> 124, 1974, pp. 6–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. S. Drower, A Mandæan Book of Black Magic, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> 1943, pp. 149–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. S. Drower, A Phylactery for Rue. (An Invocation of the Personified Herb), <i>Orientalia N.S.</i> 15, 1946, pp. 324–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2012" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/20157?contents=editorial-content"><i>Lady E. S. Drower's Scholarly Correspondence</i></a>. Brill. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004222472" title="Special:BookSources/9789004222472"><bdi>9789004222472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+E.+S.+Drower%27s+Scholarly+Correspondence&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004222472&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F20157%3Fcontents%3Deditorial-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+S.+Drower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Segal" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Segal">J. B. Segal</a>, Obituary: Ethel Stefana, Lady Drower, in <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i> 35, 1972, p. 621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley2010_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). <i>The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history</i>. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-621-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-621-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+stem+of+souls%3A+reconstructing+Mandaean+history&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-621-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+S.+Drower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitteilungen des Komitees für die Lidzbarski-Stiftung, in <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i> 114, 1964, p. *10*.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+S.+Drower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower2012" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Lady Ethel Stefana (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/20157"><i>Lady E. S. Drower's Scholarly Correspondence</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20519-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20519-2"><bdi>978-90-04-20519-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+E.+S.+Drower%27s+Scholarly+Correspondence&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20519-2&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Lady+Ethel+Stefana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F20157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+S.+Drower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nzPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1067">Abbas Effendi: His personality, work, and followers</a>, by E. S. Stevens, The Fortnightly Review, New series vol 95, no 534, 1 June 1911, pp. 1067–1084</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012320191;view=1up;seq=803">The light in the lantern</a>, by Ethel Stefana Stevens, Everybody's Magazine, vol 24, no 6, Dec 1911, pp. 755– 786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vk.com/doc2355792_437013170?hash=ba0879093b7c0832ba&dl=455c2a717365d1bf7d"><i>vk.com</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://damienlabadie.blogspot.gr/2014/11/a-mandaic-dictionary-drower-macuch.html"><i>damienlabadie.blogspot.gr</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._S._Drower&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/E._S._Drower" class="extiw" title="q:E. 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Drower bibliography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mandaeism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism_footer" title="Template:Mandaeism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism_footer" 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title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/70px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/105px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/140px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaeans" title="Kentaeans">Kentaeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priesthood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_priests" title="List of Mandaean priests">List of Mandaean priests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa" title="Anush bar Danqa">Anush bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Zihrun" title="Ram Zihrun">Ram Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibia_Mudalal" title="Bibia Mudalal">Bibia Mudalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Khaffagi" title="Abdullah Khaffagi">Abdullah Khaffagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon" title="Negm bar Zahroon">Negm bar Zahroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Negm" title="Abdullah bar Negm">Abdullah bar Negm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Sam" title="Abdullah bar Sam">Abdullah bar Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Doraji" title="Taleb Doraji">Taleb Doraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaldoon_Majid_Abdullah" title="Khaldoon Majid Abdullah">Khaldoon Majid Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahi_Bashikh" title="Sahi Bashikh">Sahi Bashikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhana_Nashmi" title="Yuhana Nashmi">Yuhana Nashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafid_al-Sabti" title="Rafid al-Sabti">Rafid al-Sabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwan_Alkhamas" title="Salwan Alkhamas">Salwan Alkhamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Council_of_Ahvaz" title="Mandaean Council of Ahvaz">Mandaean Council of Ahvaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabian_Mandaean_Association_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia">Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qulasta_(list)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eniana" title="Eniana">Eniana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priestly texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Great_Baptism" title="Scroll of the Great Baptism">Scroll of the Great Baptism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic</a> texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl" title="Incantation bowl">Incantation bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls" title="Mandaic lead rolls">Lead rolls</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%A1ra_d-Ainia" title="Pišra d-Ainia">Pišra d-Ainia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasana" title="Yasana">Yasana</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uthras" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anana_(Mandaeism)" title="Anana (Mandaeism)">Anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gufna" title="Gufna">Gufna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermediary realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mšiha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demons_in_Mandaeism" title="Demons in Mandaeism">Demons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag and Mag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology#Planets" title="Mandaean cosmology">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamish" title="Shamish">Shamish</a> (Sun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libat" title="Libat">Libat</a> (Venus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbu" title="Nbu">Nbu</a> (Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)" title="Sin (Mandaeism)">Sin</a> (Moon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwan" title="Kiwan">Kiwan</a> (Saturn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)" title="Bil (Mandaeism)">Bil</a> (Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirig" title="Nirig">Nirig</a> (Mars)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a> (truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a> (gnosis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a> (communion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a> (image)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a> (soul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha#As_the_spirit" title="Ruha">Ruha</a> (spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a> (mind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kasia" title="Adam Kasia">Adam Kasia</a> (hidden Adam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Pagria" title="Adam Pagria">Adam Pagria</a> (bodily Adam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a> (banner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a> (oil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a> (incense)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a> (talisman seal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a> (robe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a> (turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a> (mouth-veil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himiana" title="Himiana">Himiana</a> (girdle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margna" title="Margna">Margna</a> (staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a> (wreath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a> (crown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a> (baptism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a> (triple ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a> (minor ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a> (death mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a> (wedding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Brakha</a> (prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a> (name of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Sauma</a> (fasting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Zidqa</a> (almsgiving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Naming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Baghdad Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra_Dakhil_Mandi" title="Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi">Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Yuhana_Mandi" title="Yahya Yuhana Mandi">Yahya Yuhana Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallacia_Mandi" title="Wallacia Mandi">Wallacia Mandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="Feast of the Great Shishlam">Feast of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daula_(month)" title="Daula (month)">Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuna_(month)" title="Nuna (month)">Nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embra_(month)" title="Embra (month)">ʿmbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_(month)" title="Taura (month)">Taura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmia" title="Silmia">Ṣilmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartana_(month)" title="Sartana (month)">Sarṭana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(month)" title="Aria (month)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumbulta" title="Shumbulta">Šumbulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaina" title="Qaina">Qaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqba" title="Arqba">Arqba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitia" title="Hitia">Hiṭia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadia_(month)" title="Gadia (month)">Gadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_and_Rud" title="Ram and Rud">Ram and Rud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurbai_and_Sharhabeil" title="Shurbai and Sharhabeil">Shurbai and Sharhabeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wife#In_Mandaeism" title="Noah's wife">Nuraita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_(Unicode_block)" title="Mandaic (Unicode block)">Unicode block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarly disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_studies" title="Mandaean studies">Mandaean studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">Category</a></b>  <b>·</b>  <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mandaeism" title="Outline of Mandaeism">Outline</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322139#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322139#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322139#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/102050711X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83800043">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16663972b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16663972b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073212245">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90137477">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/102893">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302452205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510749206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/810911">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102050711X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083389024">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69460f3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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