Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review"> <meta name="description" content="In previous research, older adults reported they preferred enjoyable exercise programmes. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the components of enjoyable group-based physical activity interventions for older adults. Eleven electronic databases were searched in May 2021. Inclusion criteria were: Community-dwelling, ≥60 years of age, group-based physical activity, controlled intervention studies, designed to promote enjoyment, and included a measure of enjoyment or physical activity. Characteristics of the studies, intervention content, and enjoyment outcomes were extracted. Six studies, involving 1205 participants (Mean = 72.9 years old, 71.3% female, 67% European countries) were included. While enjoyment outcomes (n = 3) appeared to improve, there was wide heterogeneity in measurement tools, making it difficult to compare studies. Enjoyable group-based physical activity for older adults may consist of a supportive instructor and peers, creating a shared positive experience. Components included confidence building through competence, and courage experienced in the company of others. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to generate social support to enjoy being physically active together. Future studies should include measures of enjoyment and device-based physical activity. Furthermore, a standardised definition of enjoyable physical activity for older adults is needed to inform the design of future interventions." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Rachel M. Creighton"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kyle F. Paradis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nicole E. Blackburn"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mark A. Tully"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Systematic Review"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity 2022, Vol. 2, Pages 113-129"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-05-28"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/jal2020011"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="In previous research, older adults reported they preferred enjoyable exercise programmes. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the components of enjoyable group-based physical activity interventions for older adults. Eleven electronic databases were searched in May 2021. Inclusion criteria were: Community-dwelling, ≥60 years of age, group-based physical activity, controlled intervention studies, designed to promote enjoyment, and included a measure of enjoyment or physical activity. Characteristics of the studies, intervention content, and enjoyment outcomes were extracted. Six studies, involving 1205 participants (Mean = 72.9 years old, 71.3% female, 67% European countries) were included. While enjoyment outcomes (n = 3) appeared to improve, there was wide heterogeneity in measurement tools, making it difficult to compare studies. Enjoyable group-based physical activity for older adults may consist of a supportive instructor and peers, creating a shared positive experience. Components included confidence building through competence, and courage experienced in the company of others. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to generate social support to enjoy being physically active together. Future studies should include measures of enjoyment and device-based physical activity. Furthermore, a standardised definition of enjoyable physical activity for older adults is needed to inform the design of future interventions." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="physical activity" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="enjoyment" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="older adults" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-05-28"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="2"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Systematic Review" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="113" > <meta name ="prism.endingPage" content="129" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2673-9259"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Ageing and Longevity"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/6"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/05/28"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="2"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="113"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Creighton, Rachel M."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Paradis, Kyle F."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Blackburn, Nicole E."> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tully, Mark A."> <meta name ="citation_lastpage" content="129" > <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/jal2020011"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-jal2020011"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf?version=1653731611"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf?version=1653731611"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf?version=1653731611"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/jal-logo-social.png?ec34f2d3aceb316b" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In previous research, older adults reported they preferred enjoyable exercise programmes. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the components of enjoyable group-based physical activity interventions for older adults. Eleven electronic databases were searched in May 2021. Inclusion criteria were: Community-dwelling, ≥60 years of age, group-based physical activity, controlled intervention studies, designed to promote enjoyment, and included a measure of enjoyment or physical activity. Characteristics of the studies, intervention content, and enjoyment outcomes were extracted. Six studies, involving 1205 participants (Mean = 72.9 years old, 71.3% female, 67% European countries) were included. While enjoyment outcomes (n = 3) appeared to improve, there was wide heterogeneity in measurement tools, making it difficult to compare studies. Enjoyable group-based physical activity for older adults may consist of a supportive instructor and peers, creating a shared positive experience. Components included confidence building through competence, and courage experienced in the company of others. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to generate social support to enjoy being physically active together. Future studies should include measures of enjoyment and device-based physical activity. Furthermore, a standardised definition of enjoyable physical activity for older adults is needed to inform the design of future interventions." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001-550.jpg?1653731701" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" id="abstract" class="abstract_div"> <div class="js-check-update-container"></div> <div class="html-content__container content__container content__container__combined-for-large__first" style="overflow: auto; position: inherit;"> <div class='html-profile-nav'> <div class='top-bar'> <div class='nav-sidebar-btn show-for-large-up' data-status='opened' > <i class='material-icons'>first_page</i> </div> <a id="js-button-download" class="button button--color-inversed" style="display: none;" href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf?version=1653731611" data-name="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review" data-journal="jal"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> Download PDF </a> <div class='nav-btn'> <i class='material-icons'>settings</i> </div> <a href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/reprints" id="js-button-reprints" class="button button--color-inversed"> Order Article Reprints </a> </div> <div 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itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop7831365' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Rachel M. Creighton</div><div id="profile-card-drop7831365" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Rachel M. 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Paradis</div><div id="profile-card-drop7831366" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Kyle F. 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Blackburn</div><div id="profile-card-drop7831367" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/895044/thumb/Nicole_Blackburn.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Nicole E. 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Tully</div><div id="profile-card-drop7831368" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/profiles/895043/thumb/Mark_Tully.jpg" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Mark A. Tully</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/895043?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Mark%20A.%20Tully" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Mark%20A.%20Tully&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mark%20A.%20Tully" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="7831368" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#94bbf7faf0b9f7f3fdbbf8bbf1f9f5fdf8b9e4e6fbe0f1f7e0fdfbfab7a4a4a0a7a2f0a5ada5aca4a5a4a5a5a0a6f0a5aca4a5a5f1a5ada4aca5f2a0a7a4f7a4f1a0a7a5aca4a2"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-4014" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Health Sciences, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, UK</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown BT37 0QB, UK</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">School of Medicine, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>J. Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>(2), 113-129; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011">https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 31 March 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 20 May 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 23 May 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 28 May 2022</span> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-826682" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-826682" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-826682" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf?version=1653731611" data-name="Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review" data-journal="jal">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/2/2/11/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2673-9259/2/2/11/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> <a href="javascript:void(0);" data-reveal-id="supplementaryModal">Download Supplementary Material</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png?1653731698" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA flow diagram. * The search results from individual databases are recorded in the <a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials</a> (<a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Figure S1</a>). ** No automation tools were used; all records were excluded by a human.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png?1653731695" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Risk of bias summary for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Baez, et al., (2017) [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]; Beauchamp, et al., (2018; 2021) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]; Stathi, et al., (2020) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png?1653731692" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Risk of bias graph for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png?1653731697" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Risk of bias summary for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Fox, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]; Inokuchi, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; Matsouka, et al., (2005) [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png?1653731694" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Risk of bias graph for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/review_report">Review Reports</a> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2673-9259/2/2/11/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">In previous research, older adults reported they preferred enjoyable exercise programmes. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the components of enjoyable group-based physical activity interventions for older adults. Eleven electronic databases were searched in May 2021. Inclusion criteria were: Community-dwelling, ≥60 years of age, group-based physical activity, controlled intervention studies, designed to promote enjoyment, and included a measure of enjoyment or physical activity. Characteristics of the studies, intervention content, and enjoyment outcomes were extracted. Six studies, involving 1205 participants (Mean = 72.9 years old, 71.3% female, 67% European countries) were included. While enjoyment outcomes (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) appeared to improve, there was wide heterogeneity in measurement tools, making it difficult to compare studies. Enjoyable group-based physical activity for older adults may consist of a supportive instructor and peers, creating a shared positive experience. Components included confidence building through competence, and courage experienced in the company of others. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to generate social support to enjoy being physically active together. Future studies should include measures of enjoyment and device-based physical activity. Furthermore, a standardised definition of enjoyable physical activity for older adults is needed to inform the design of future interventions.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=physical+activity">physical activity</a>; <a href="/search?q=enjoyment">enjoyment</a>; <a href="/search?q=older+adults">older adults</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-jal-02-00011' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><section id='sec1dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.1. Physical Activity for Older Adults</h4><div class='html-p'>Physical activity benefits physical, cognitive, and social functioning [<a href="#B1-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">1</a>], and positively impacts healthy ageing [<a href="#B2-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">2</a>]. Most older adults do not achieve the recommendations of multi-component physical activity on at least three or more days a week, at moderate or greater intensity [<a href="#B3-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Engaging with the social motivators of physical activity in older adults may be more effective than focusing on the health benefits of physical activity maintenance as a motivator [<a href="#B5-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. To that end, a recent definition of physical activity recognises it is “…influenced by a unique array of interests, emotions, ideas, instructions, and relationships” [<a href="#B6-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">6</a>], yet the social environment is often overlooked in intervention design [<a href="#B7-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">7</a>].</div></section><section id='sec1dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.2. Enjoyment as a Predictor of Physical Activity</h4><div class='html-p'>The affective variables that predict physical activity behaviour include enjoyment, positive attitude, and intrinsic motivation [<a href="#B7-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. In addition, social support for physical activity has been found to have a role in enhancing positive affect [<a href="#B8-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">8</a>]. Creating experiences that may positively impact and motivate future physical activity behaviours should be an important consideration in the design of interventions.</div><div class='html-p'>A conceptional framework of affective determinants of physical activity [<a href="#B9-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">9</a>] can be used to inform how enjoyment may be experienced across a physical activity programme: (1) affective response—“feel good” during or immediately after physical activity; (2) affect processing—automatic and reflective processing of previous affective responses; (3) affectively charged and reflective motivational states—elicited through, for example, intrinsic motivation and intention; and (4) other environmental and cognitive factors, including the physical and social context in which the activity is taking place. Therefore, how the exercise experience is remembered may be influenced by other social factors, aside from the physical exertion.</div></section><section id='sec1dot3-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.3. Behaviour Change and Maintenance</h4><div class='html-p'>Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) are observable and replicable active components in intervention content designed to change behaviour [<a href="#B10-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Components that enhance social support and increase the enjoyment of physical activity have been found to promote engagement in physical activity among older adults [<a href="#B11-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. The use of an established behaviour change theory is also recommended for physical activity interventions to give more effective and consistent results [<a href="#B1-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Research suggests the benefits of enjoyable physical activity interventions on maintenance. Enjoyment correlates with physical activity maintenance among older adults [<a href="#B12-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. A meta-synthesis of qualitative reviews demonstrated that physical activity was more acceptable among older adults when it was perceived as enjoyable and social [<a href="#B8-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B14-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. However, the subjective nature of “enjoyment” is poorly defined in older adults’ physical activity literature. In youth sport, Wiersma [<a href="#B15-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">15</a>] identified that it is often used interchangeably with interest, fun, liking, and intrinsic motivation. Previous systematic reviews have not focused on enjoyment as part of the design, or as a primary outcome, for older adults. There is therefore a need for a systematic review to synthesise current knowledge on enjoyable physical activity group-based interventions for older adults, to inform the design of future interventions.</div></section><section id='sec1dot4-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 1.4. Aim of This Review</h4><div class='html-p'>The aim of this systematic review, therefore, is to identify the components of physical activity interventions for older adults that target enjoyment as part of their design or have measured enjoyment-related constructs as an outcome or consequence. The objectives are to: (1) describe the characteristics of interventions, mapping to affect typology, BCTs, and behaviour change theories; and (2) investigate the effects of the interventions on measures of physical activity and enjoyment.</div></section></section><section id='sec2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><div class='html-p'>This systematic review was conducted following the guideline of PRISMA 2020 and has been registered on PROSPERO (registration number is CRD42021250906).</div><section id='sec2dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Literature Search Strategy</h4><div class='html-p'>Eleven electronic databases were searched on 7 May 2021: CINAHL (EBSCOHost); SPORTDiscus (EBSCOHost); AMED (OVID); EMBASE (OVID); PsycINFO (OVID); MEDLINE (OVID); Scopus; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Web of Science (Clarivate); OpenGrey; and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I.</div><div class='html-p'>Subject headings and key words (title and abstract) were used by authors RMC and MAT to develop the search strategy in MEDLINE (OVID) and adapted for other databases in collaboration with a Subject Librarian. Search terms included those relating to “older adult” and “group-based” and “physical activity” and “affect”, and are detailed in <a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Table S1</a> (<a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Table S1</a>: Ovid Medline Search Strategy). There were no search limitation filters and all publication dates were included until 7 May 2021.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria</h4><div class='html-p'>The included studies had to involve community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. All types of physical activity interventions that were conducted in part or entirely in a group setting of at least four weeks duration were included, regardless of whether they were conducted in a clinical or non-clinical setting. Intervention studies of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), observation studies, and controlled trials—quasi-experimental (including non-randomised) were included, if they had a control arm for comparison. The comparison could be a standard exercise intervention (e.g., exercise referral programme), minimal intervention (e.g., a booklet with information about the benefits of activity), or no intervention (e.g., waiting-list control group). Included interventions had to either specifically state they targeted enjoyment in their design or have an enjoyment-related outcome measure (quantitative or qualitative), even if it was not the primary outcome. If the study was designed to be enjoyable but there was no measure of enjoyment, a physical activity outcome measure was required for that study to be eligible. All years and places of publication were included.</div><div class='html-p'>Studies were excluded if the mean age of participants was under 60 years, or if participants lived in nursing or residential institutions. Interventions that did not involve group-based physical activity and those with less than four weeks duration were excluded. Any study without a control group was excluded. Studies that did not report any physical activity or enjoyment-related outcome measures were excluded. Conference abstracts and studies that were not published in English were excluded.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Screening</h4><div class='html-p'>References identified in the searches were imported to Endnote 20.1 reference management tool (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and duplicates removed. The remaining references were exported to Covidence systematic review software 1.0 (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia) for further removal of any remaining duplicates and screening. Titles and abstracts of the remaining references were independently screened against the inclusion criteria by two reviewers (RMC and MAT). Following this, the full text of all remaining articles was independently checked for inclusion by the same reviewers, before making a final decision on eligibility. The reference lists of included articles were also hand searched for potentially eligible articles. Any discrepancies were discussed with a third reviewer (KFP) until a consensus was achieved. The reason for excluding studies was documented.</div></section><section id='sec2dot4-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Data Extraction</h4><div class='html-p'>Data was extracted and recorded in Covidence systematic review software 1.0 (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia) by RMC and independently reviewed by MAT. The authors were contacted for additional information as necessary. Discrepancies were finalised by consensus with a third reviewer (KFP). The data extraction template on Covidence systematic review software was amended to include further information on the study identification, methods, population, intervention, and outcomes. </div><div class='html-p'>Details of intervention outcomes relating to enjoyment and physical activity were extracted. In addition, types of affect, BCTs, and behaviour change theories were extracted and independently reviewed. Affect was categorised as (a) affective response, (b) affect processing, (c) affectively charged motivation, and (d) other environmental and cognitive factors. BCTs were mapped according to the 93 hierarchically clustered techniques [<a href="#B16-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">16</a>] and independently reviewed (RMC and MAT). Information regarding the behaviour change theories documented in the study to underpin the design of the intervention were extracted. Finally, individual, interpersonal, social, and environmental factors that may have influenced or interacted with the perception of enjoyment within the group were noted.</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Risk of Bias Assessment</h4><div class='html-p'>Risk of bias was independently assessed by two reviewers (RMC and MAT) and finalised by consensus of a third reviewer (KFP). For individually randomised, parallel-group trials, the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs (RoB2) was used [<a href="#B17-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. For non-randomised controlled studies, the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) was used [<a href="#B18-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. Risk of bias for each study was categorised as low if all the criteria were assessed as having a low risk of bias, as high if one or more of the criteria was assessed as high, or unclear if no criteria were assessed as high, but one or more of the criteria was assessed as unclear.</div><div class='html-p'>The certainty of evidence of each included study was considered, according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) systematic framework [<a href="#B19-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. However, due to the limited number of included studies and the heterogeneity in design and outcome measures, the authors agreed that it was inappropriate to assign a level of certainty for each outcome.</div></section><section id='sec2dot6-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.6. Data Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'>Continuous data on enjoyment, measured using a questionnaire, were extracted as the overall score or a score of a sub-domain. Physical activity was also measured as a continuous (e.g., minutes of physical activity per day and adherence data) variable. Any enjoyment and physical activity outcomes in the intervention group, compared to the control group, were reported.</div><div class='html-p'>Due to the high heterogeneity between studies (design, intervention, and outcome), a meta-analysis was not appropriate. Data were therefore analysed narratively and reported according to synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guidelines [<a href="#B20-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3-jal-02-00011' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><section id='sec3dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Study Selection</h4><div class='html-p'>A total of 20,998 citations were obtained from 11 databases after applying the predefined search strategy (<a href="#jal-02-00011-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>). After removing duplicates, the titles and abstracts of 10,012 papers were screened, of which 223 papers were retained for full-text screening. Six interventions (from nine articles, where four articles related to the same intervention) were eligible for inclusion. The GrOup-based physical Activity for oLder adults (GOAL) study was referred to in four papers [<a href="#B21-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">24</a>] containing both enjoyment outcomes (affective attitudes from a GOAL sub-sample provided by the author on request) [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>] and physical activity adherence outcomes [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. No additional studies identified from the reference lists of included articles were eligible.</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Study Characteristics</h4><div class='html-p'>Among the six studies included (<a href="#jal-02-00011-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>), the publication dates ranged from 2005 to 2021. Four studies were conducted in Europe (67%), one in North America (17%), and one in Asia (17%). The participants’ mean (SD) age was 72.9 (5.5) years. Sample sizes ranged from 37 to 627, with the mean (SD) sample size of 200.3 (228.5), and were mainly composed of females (71.3%), including one female-only study [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Half of the trials employed randomisation, including a feasibility and a pilot trial. The control groups varied across exercise interventions (home based, standard exercise intervention not exclusive to older adults), to non-exercise interventions (social programmes), to no intervention (healthy younger adults or waiting list control).</div><div class='html-p'>Two studies recruited inactive participants [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>] and, although baseline physical activity levels were not consistently reported, two studies indicated participants had moderate mobility [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>], including participants with a high risk of falls [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. Two studies reported a good health status [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Where reported, baseline physical activity levels were sub-optimal [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>], including one study with a range of non-frail to mild frailty levels. However, some control groups achieved physical activity recommendations [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], which included younger participants [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Enjoyment was explicitly targeted in the design of two studies through tea-breaks and celebrations of achievements [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>], however these studies did not report enjoyment as an outcome measure. The relationship between enjoyment and adherence was implicitly targeted in four studies. These studies compared the outcomes of groups according to different frequencies of meeting, age, gender identities, and virtual formats. In investigating the relationship between physical activity engagement and mood, enjoyment was qualitatively measured at the end or following an intervention [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>], and indirectly as a positive engagement subscale of an exercise-induced feeling inventory pre and post intervention [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. In investigating the relationship between enjoyment in physical activity and adherence, enjoyment was measured directly using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) pre and post intervention [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>], and an affective attitudes towards physical activity scale was used during and post intervention [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Intervention Descriptions</h4><div class='html-p'>Intervention descriptions are reported according to an adapted TIDieR framework (<a href="#jal-02-00011-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). Most interventions described multi-component exercise programmes, including strength, balance, coordination, and flexibility, as well as aerobic moderate intensity exercise. This is consistent with the falls prevention [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>] and active ageing [<a href="#B21-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>] basis of programmes. Each programme also provided opportunities for social interactions, during, following, or in addition to the group exercise session.</div><div class='html-p'>Three of the studies used trained exercise professionals as facilitators, two studies used peer facilitators, and one study used public health nurses to deliver the programme. Five of the six interventions were face-to-face group exercise programmes, including one that connected participants with existing local programmes, and one was virtual. Three studies adapted previously used interventions to include females [<a href="#B21-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], to be delivered by public health nurses [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>] and to be delivered online [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Most interventions occurred in community settings (of which one was age-specific [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]), and ranged in length from 8 to 52 weeks (Mean (<span class='html-italic'>M</span>) = 23). The eight-week intervention refers to a ten-week programme, which included pre-course technology training that was non-group based and therefore not incorporated in intervention weeks [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>], and likewise the 11-week intervention was part of a 12-week study, including measurements [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Excluding one study that did not provide data for meeting frequency and session duration [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], interventions met one to three times per week (<span class='html-italic'>M</span> = 2), for a duration of 30–120 min (<span class='html-italic'>M</span> = 66 min). The overall number of sessions ranged from at least 7 to 104 sessions (<span class='html-italic'>M</span> = 40), equating to an average of two hours of planned group-based activities per week with additional home-based exercises encouraged.</div><div class='html-p'>Five studies measured adherence to the group-based exercise intervention (<a href="#jal-02-00011-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>) by the number of classes attended (computer log in = 1; swipe card = 1; class register = 3). Attendance ranged from 45.1 [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>] to 93% [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. The study that investigated the frequency of weekly sessions did not however have a measure of adherence [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Adherence outcome measures are discussed further in Section Adherence Outcome Measures.</div><section id='sec3dot3dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.3.1. Behaviour Change Techniques</h4><div class='html-p'>The intervention description of each study was mapped to specific BCTs. Out of 93 potential BCTs, 19 (20.4%) were identified, with each study using a range of one to nine techniques (<span class='html-italic'>M</span> = 4.7). The common groupings of BCTs were antecedents (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 6), social support (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 5), goals and planning (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 4), and shaping knowledge (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 3). The most used techniques were restructuring the social environment, adding objects to the environment, social support (unspecified), instructions on how to perform the behaviour (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 3), and demonstration of the behaviour (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 2). Examples of the use of BCTs used in the included studies are displayed in the <a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials</a> (<a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Table S2</a>).</div></section><section id='sec3dot3dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.3.2. Behaviour Change Theory</h4><div class='html-p'>Two interventions (33.3%) reported an underpinning behavioural change theory. These were primarily the self-determination theory (SDT) [<a href="#B30-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">30</a>], utilised in the peer volunteering active ageing intervention, Active, Connected, Engaged (ACE) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], and self-categorization theory [<a href="#B31-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">31</a>], which underpinned the GOAL trial [<a href="#B21-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot4-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Results of Individual Studies</h4><section id='sec3dot4dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.4.1. Quantitative Findings</h4><section id='EnjoymentOutcomeMeasures' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Enjoyment Outcome Measures</h4><div class='html-p'>Enjoyment increased in all intervention groups. The control groups also increased [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>] or maintained their enjoyment score [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>], except for one study that used a mixed-age control exercise group [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. For Beauchamp, et al., (2021), the affective attitudes were higher in the mixed-gender group (5.97 (1.19)), compared to the same-gender group (5.86 (1.54)) of older adults, compared to the mixed-age, mixed-gender control (5.79 (1.04)).</div></section><section id='PhysicalActivityOutcomeMeasures' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Physical Activity Outcome Measures</h4><div class='html-p'>One study directly measured the physical activity level. This was a feasibility trial not powered to detect the statistical significance. Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was measured using an accelerometer [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>] on an inactive sample. MVPA improvement was lower in the intervention group (1-min-per-day difference versus 5.6 min/day in control group) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. However, the control group had higher baseline physical activity levels (34.5 min/day versus 17.7 min/day) than the intervention, which included non-physical social activities, and participants did not comply well with wear time of the waist-worn accelerometers.</div></section><section id='AdherenceOutcomeMeasures' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='4'> Adherence Outcome Measures</h4><div class='html-p'>Among the five studies that measured adherence (<a href="#jal-02-00011-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>), the lowest levels were reported by Beauchamp, et al., (2018). Nonetheless, it was found that older adults randomised to the mixed-gender group (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.001) participated in significantly more exercise classes compared to the mixed-age, mixed-gender group at both 12 and 24 weeks. There was no significant difference between older adults randomised to the same- or mixed-gender groups at 12 (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> = 0.074) or 24 weeks (<span class='html-italic'>p</span> = 0.187) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In contrast, Baez, et al., (2017) found high levels of adherence in both groups, however their results suggested that a higher fitness level in the control group affected adherence, whereas the initial level of fitness in the intervention group did not appear to affect adherence in the online groups [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. Inokuchi, et al., (2007) achieved 90.9% attendance in the intervention group and also 91.2% in the control group (social programme in a day centre that elderly people already utilised once a week). The intervention in this non-randomised study was popular in the context of Japan, where exercise classes are encouraged at government level for the benefit of older adults maintaining their physical function.</div><div class='html-p'>Fox, et al., (2007) reported 93% attendance in group and 85% in home-based element of the intervention, but there was no comparison control measure [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Although Stathi, et al., (2020) did not report overall attendance, or attendance at the group social events, 100% of those who completed the intervention, achieved the minimum level planned, of engaging with their activator at least seven times (two one-to-one initial meetings in weeks 0–2: motivation stage, three joint visits in months 1–3: action stage, and two joint visits in months 3–6: maintenance stage). The two social events were reported to be well received and attended and recommended for future research into long-term maintenance of positive outcomes [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot4dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 3.4.2. Qualitative Findings</h4><div class='html-p'>Types of affect [<a href="#B9-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">9</a>] were mapped for each intervention to illustrate how enjoyment was described, experienced, or implied. Four themes were identified. The reoccurring theme across all affect types was courage. The embodiment of courage as giving and receiving encouragement also impacted the physical and social contexts. The affective response to exercise included supporting, interacting, caring, and laughing during exercise [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. These social connections were affectively processed following exercise, where the shared experiences and company was remembered as enjoyable [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>A sense of achievement, returning to companions, gaining confidence, and knowledge affectively charges motivation in anticipation of exercise [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. A supportive environment enabled opportunities for participants to interact [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. Courage taken from the group leader encourages individual confidence to participate and courage exchanged within the group encourages a sense of community [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>A sense of challenge, competence, and courage all appear inter-related in the affective response during exercise. For example, strength training provided a challenge, as it involved gradually increasing the level of exertion and taking the opportunity to increase in ability levels [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. Competencies, such as monitoring heart rate, may have led to improved confidence [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>] and courage to exercise safely. The safety aspect was referred to in qualitative results as a contributing factor to a supportive environment [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>], and alludes to creating the conditions for challenge and courage, with reassurance of progress, alongside the physical competence to cope with exercise loading.</div><div class='html-p'>Specific to the affect processing following exercise is the perception of company, perceiving the group to be similar in physical abilities, interests [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>], and needs [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. This may be experienced in the exercises, in social meetings, or at an environmental level where the leader is of a similar age and the place in which the programme is conducted [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. The positive social interactions, where everyone is welcomed, and has the opportunity to get to know each other, in this social, supportive community confirms the group identity over time.</div><div class='html-p'>Specific to affectively charged motivation, anticipating future exercise, is confidence with courage, feeling a sense of worth and satisfaction [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>], achievement, and valuing the effort to counteract the ageing process [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. The reinforcement of self-confidence and self-esteem through certain exercises may relate to affectively charged motivation in anticipating future exercise [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec3dot5-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Risk of Bias</h4><div class='html-p'>Two randomised studies (<a href="#jal-02-00011-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a> and <a href="#jal-02-00011-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>) were assessed as having a low risk of bias [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>], with the third rated as an high risk [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], due to the uncertainty about random-sequence generation, deviations from the intended intervention, and high risk of missing outcome data. Non-randomised studies (<a href="#jal-02-00011-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a> and <a href="#jal-02-00011-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>) were mainly a low risk of bias, however information bias for each study was unclear [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</div></section></section><section id='sec4-jal-02-00011' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>The overall findings of this systematic review demonstrate the variety of ways in which enjoyment can be targeted in group-based physical activity for older adults. While enjoyment outcomes (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 3) appeared to improve, there was wide heterogeneity in the measurement tools. Enjoyable group-based physical activity for older adults may consist of a supportive instructor and supportive peers, creating a shared positive experience. Components included confidence building through competence and courage experienced in the company of others. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to generate social support to enjoy being physically active.</div><section id='sec4dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.1. Features of Enjoyable Group-Based Exercise</h4><div class='html-p'>The identified components of enjoyable group-based physical activity programmes for older adults are consistent with components associated with successful interventions to change physical activity [<a href="#B32-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. These components aim to promote changes using established BCTs, engaging social support, delivered by a wide range of people with appropriate training, in a range of settings, with group and individual or mixed formats, focusing on maintenance and maximising frequency of contacts [<a href="#B32-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The overarching affective theme of courage may be an enabler to promote changes, and the use of BCTs, particularly the engagement of social support, facilitated individually through competence, interpersonally through courage, socially through company, and environmentally with opportunities to interact. The range of facilitators and settings and formats across the studies was evident, with 50% of studies having a longer-term duration of >6 months. The importance of meeting more than once a week [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>], sustainability in the delivery context by profession [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>] or virtual format [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>], with particular focus on mood [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>], the composition of the group [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>], and a maintenance phase [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>] was incorporated in the included studies. The contrasting and overlapping themes of identifying as part of a group that exercises together or identifying as an exerciser who meets in a group is discussed further.</div><section id='sec4dot1dot1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 4.1.1. Identifying as Part of a Group That Exercises Together</h4><div class='html-p'>Identifying as part of a group that exercises together emphasises the importance of social interaction and the use of recreational and external activities. The use of social theories, such as the self-categorization theory in the GOAL trial [<a href="#B21-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], align with this approach. Social cognitive theory has previously been used to explain the effect of physical activity on well-being and how affective states can be drawn upon [<a href="#B33-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. When affective outcomes are prioritised over health-related outcomes, this is known to positively predict physical exercise intentions among older adults [<a href="#B34-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Our findings have demonstrated individuals building their group identity on shared experiences, through collaboration and emotional support (e.g., tea-breaks, messages, and social activities) outside the exercise group. The importance of valuing interaction with peers, companionship, and the encouragement from others has already been identified as major social influences on the physical activity environment [<a href="#B35-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">35</a>,<a href="#B36-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. The companionship provided can be a distraction to the exercise itself, and not perceiving the activity to be “exercise” [<a href="#B36-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The courage theme outlined in our results is consistent with “motivation building” collaboration behaviours: encouragement, challenging one another, fostering persistence, and celebrating success [<a href="#B37-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">37</a>], identified to shape continued exercise adherence, enjoyment, and relatedness. The encouragement was described as verbal support and positive reinforcement, which was evident in the design of the internet-based intervention [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. The positive external reinforcement occurred during exercising, making a distinction from exercising alone or activities outside the exercise time. Here, it is considered that the group environment can be optimised to support exercise behaviour. The finding of a qualitative preference to group exercise, yet a high compliance to home exercises [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>], has been examined elsewhere. A “true group”—who has experienced team building—as opposed to a standard group, is superior to a home-based intervention, in terms of adherence and social interaction [<a href="#B38-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. However, home-based interventions that include contact from others are more superior than home-based with no contact [<a href="#B38-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">38</a>]. Furthermore, there may be more willingness to meet together as a group again, after trying to perform the exercises individually at home.</div><div class='html-p'>The personal challenge or competence aspect of enjoyment is something that has been identified as a predisposing factor to physical activity among older adults [<a href="#B39-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">39</a>] connected to building confidence and self-efficacy [<a href="#B37-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">37</a>]. Perhaps the effect of observing others accomplish similar exercise challenges further enables individuals to maintain the behaviour. This vicarious experience is attributed to social role models who can raise one’s self-efficacy [<a href="#B40-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">40</a>] and increasing social interactions [<a href="#B41-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Additionally, the ability to be able to challenge someone appears to be built on having established rapport and being comfortable with others, and therefore willingly accepting the challenge. While it has been identified to be difficult to isolate the effect of specific BCTs, moderator analyses from older adult physical activity interventions lasting 12 months or more suggested that the BCT of feedback was related to more effective interventions [<a href="#B42-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. Perhaps it is the desire for competence that makes participants more open to feedback. This practical intragroup coaching—exercise task-focused support—similar to other motivational building affective forms of support, arises out of the shared exercise experience.</div></section><section id='sec4dot1dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='' data-nested='3'> 4.1.2. Identifying as an Exerciser Who Meets in a Group</h4><div class='html-p'>Identifying as an exerciser who meets in a group demonstrates the individual competence required to participate in group-based exercise. The use of SDT fits this approach in the ACE study [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], where individuals met with an activator who introduced them to existing groups. They were only brought together as an intervention group twice to share knowledge about existing opportunities and celebrate success as a motivation to maintain improved behaviour. This is an example of social support where individuals were sharing resources, but not necessarily experiencing cohesion. Competence (technique, practice, and discussions about activity) enabled individuals to contribute to the group identity.</div><div class='html-p'>The enjoyment of the physical activity itself, or the combination with enjoyable and useful activities, has been described elsewhere as an individual preference. This may depend on the individuals’ task-focus (physical activity) or group identity-focus (social) motivations. These elements were somewhat explored as psychological mediators in the GOAL trial [<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. Among the intervention groupings of older adults, an attraction to the groups’ social activities and enjoyment was higher, who also perceived their group to increase in social dimensions of cohesiveness over time, compared to the mixed-age group. There was no difference in attraction to the group task activities, which were similar, regardless of age-specific classes; however, in older age groups, the task cohesion also increased over time. The case for social cohesion increasing over time [<a href="#B43-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">43</a>] is not consistent with the findings from Baez, et al., (2017), which demonstrated a non-significant improvement in enjoyment in both online-group exercising and home exercising arms over time. However, the implications of the intervention group not being in person and the control group having telephone reviews from the instructor, affected the depth of cohesion in both groups. The facilitation of group cohesion, by identifying opportunities for interaction among participants, was identified by the ACE study as a future recommendation, expected to improve adherence rates, perceptions of well-being, and long-term maintenance of positive outcomes [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>While some aspects of engaging classes are structural and organization factors, e.g., high-quality instructors [<a href="#B36-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">36</a>], the shared responsibilities of creating an engaging environment are between the instructor, participants, and their chosen activities. Multi-component interventions should consider both the maintenance phase of the group and how the individual can maintain exercise beyond the group to target enjoyment in group-based physical activity interventions for a diverse range of older adults. Provisions for a supportive physical and social environment with the interlock of competence, company, confidence, and courage are recommended to create positive group-exercise experiences targeting enjoyment among older adults.</div></section></section><section id='sec4dot2-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.2. Limitations of Evidence</h4><div class='html-p'>There were a lack of studies in the literature that explicitly targeted or measured enjoyment. As enjoyment itself is poorly defined, measurement scales are not well established. None of the tools used were validated for use in older adults and were not comparable. Physical activity data was insufficiently measured, with only one included study using accelerometers. Furthermore, the overall strength of the evidence was weak due to some missing data, controls with varying levels of baseline physical activity and exercise behaviours. A meta-analysis was not appropriate to produce meaningful results on enjoyment outcomes, due to the heterogeneity in design, intervention content, and outcome measures, and was not possible for exercise outcomes. Other qualitative studies may provide more of an insight into the experience of enjoyment among older adults attending group-based exercise programmes, which did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study.</div></section><section id='sec4dot3-jal-02-00011' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 4.3. Implications for Practice, Policy and Future Research</h4><div class='html-p'>The overall results present features of programmes that could potentially be used to promote enjoyment in group-based physical activity programmes for older adults. The interventions that implicitly targeted enjoyment were found to meet together more than once a week, with considerations for a home-based or online element, tailoring progress while maintaining similarity and identity in the group, building both collaboration and social support.</div><div class='html-p'>There was a high proportion of females in the included studies (71.3% overall), limiting broader generalisability of the findings. Given that only one study was exclusive to females [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>], there is a need for further research on the enjoyment of group-based physical activity among older males. One exception recruited 66% males, based on their formative research to recruit more males, by focusing on the provision of assistance with getting out and about and engaging with their communities [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. Their alternative study design focused on introducing older adults to a range of existing groups, rather than creating a new exercise group [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>], and there is a need to explore alternative intervention designs that have a wider reach to under-represented groups in older adults physical activity interventions.</div><div class='html-p'>The findings suggest that interventions should target environmental, social, interpersonal, and individual components to create an enjoyable exercise experience for older adults (<a href="#jal-02-00011-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>). There is a need for a further definition of the enjoyment of physical activity among older adults. Further research is needed on physical activity interventions explicitly targeting enjoyment among older adults, underpinned by types of affect, BCTs, and behaviour change theories.</div></section></section><section id='sec5-jal-02-00011' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic review to examine the effectiveness of group-based physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults. The findings suggest that multi-component interventions may be designed to increase older adults’ enjoyment and adherence if they encourage individual competence and group cohesion simultaneously through confidence and company. The generalizability of the findings were limited by the under-representation of men in the included studies. Nonetheless, the findings have important implications for the design of future group-based physical activity programmes for older adults. Within a physically supportive environment, older adults have the potential to restructure their own social environment, generating social support to enjoy being physically active, through the creation of a welcoming environment as part of the development of an enjoyable exercise experience. However, the evidence is limited and an agreed definition of the meaning of enjoyable physical activity for older adults is required.</div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section><section id='app1-jal-02-00011' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> Supplementary Materials</h2><div class='html-p'>The following supporting information can be downloaded at: <a href='https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jal2020011/s1' target='_blank' rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/jal2020011/s1</a>, Figure S1: Search results from individual databases; Table S1: Ovid Medline Search strategy; Table S2: Examples of Behaviour Change Techniques commonly identified in group-based physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults.</div></section></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>M.A.T. and R.M.C. developed the idea and protocol for the review. Searching, screening, data extraction and analyses were conducted by R.M.C. and M.A.T., with support from K.F.P. and N.E.B. The manuscript was drafted by R.M.C., with input from M.A.T., K.F.P. and N.E.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research was funded by the Department for the Economy (DfE) Postgraduate Studentship (2020/2021—2022/2023). MAT is part funded by the NIHR (Public Health Research (NIHR131550)). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Not applicable.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>No new data were created or analysed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>Support for accessing and searching databases, including subject headings and key words in developing the search strategy, was provided by Kelly McCoo, Assistant Subject Librarian—Life & Health Sciences, Ulster University.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-jal-02-00011' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Bangsbo, J.; Blackwell, J.; Evans, A.B.; Gliemann, L.; Lundbye-Jensen, J.; Hellsten, Y.; Boraxbekk, C.J.; Caserotti, P.; Troelsen, J.; Dela, F.; et al. 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[<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=How+dynamic+are+exercise+group+dynamics?+Examining+changes+in+cohesion+within+class-based+exercise+programs&author=Dunlop,+W.L.&author=Falk,+C.F.&author=Beauchamp,+M.R.&publication_year=2013&journal=Health+Psychol.+Off.+J.+Div.+Health+Psychol.+Am.+Psychol.+Assoc.&volume=32&pages=1240%E2%80%931243&doi=10.1037/a0030412" class='google-scholar' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>Google Scholar</a>] [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030412" class='cross-ref' target='_blank' rel='noopener noreferrer'>CrossRef</a>]</li></ol></section><section id='FiguresandTables' type='display-objects'><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-f001"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f001"> <img alt="Jal 02 00011 g001 550" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 1.</b> PRISMA flow diagram. * The search results from individual databases are recorded in the <a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials</a> (<a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Figure S1</a>). ** No automation tools were used; all records were excluded by a human.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> PRISMA flow diagram. * The search results from individual databases are recorded in the <a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials</a> (<a href="#app1-jal-02-00011" class="html-app">Figure S1</a>). ** No automation tools were used; all records were excluded by a human.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Jal 02 00011 g001" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f002"> <img alt="Jal 02 00011 g002 550" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Risk of bias summary for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Baez, et al., (2017) [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]; Beauchamp, et al., (2018; 2021) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]; Stathi, et al., (2020) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> Risk of bias summary for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Baez, et al., (2017) [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]; Beauchamp, et al., (2018; 2021) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]; Stathi, et al., (2020) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Jal 02 00011 g002" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f003"> <img alt="Jal 02 00011 g003 550" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Risk of bias graph for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f003" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 3.</b> Risk of bias graph for randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Jal 02 00011 g003" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g003.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f004"> <img alt="Jal 02 00011 g004 550" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Risk of bias summary for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Fox, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]; Inokuchi, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; Matsouka, et al., (2005) [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>].  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f004" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 4.</b> Risk of bias summary for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. (Fox, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]; Inokuchi, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]; Matsouka, et al., (2005) [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Jal 02 00011 g004" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g004.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f005"> <img alt="Jal 02 00011 g005 550" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Risk of bias graph for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_jal-02-00011-f005" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 5.</b> Risk of bias graph for non-randomised studies: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Jal 02 00011 g005" data-large="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png" data-original="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png" data-lsrc="/jal/jal-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jal-02-00011-g005.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Characteristics of included studies. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> Characteristics of included studies.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Author (Year)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Country</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Age (Years) <br>Mean (SD)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sample Size</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gender <br>(% Female)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Study <br>Design</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Control Group</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Participants’ Characteristics</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Enjoyment Aspect of Design</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Enjoyment <br>Related Outcome <br>Measures</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Measurement Timepoints</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Baez, et al., (2017) [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Italy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70.9 (5.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total: 37; <br>I = 20; <br>C = 17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Randomised pilot trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Standard individual home-based training program</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ranging from non-frail to mild frailty level</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Investigating the relationship between enjoyment in physical activity and adherence</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >PACES: <br>16 items (5 points per item)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Week 0 <br>Week 10</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Beauchamp, et al., (2018, 2021) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Canada</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71.57 (5.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total: 627; <br>I<sup>(SASG)</sup> = 236; <br>I<sup>(SAMG)</sup> = 210; <br>C<sup>(MAMG)</sup> = 181</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Randomised controlled trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Standard exercise group composed of mixed age and gender</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Health status mainly good–very good, married (50.6%), White (82.1%), retired (79.1%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Affective attitudes towards physical activity predicted as mediators of adherence, in grouping similar identities together</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Affective attitudes towards physical activity: three semantic differential items (7 points per item)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Week 12 <br>Week 24</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fox, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Italy, France, England</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.6 (3.9)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total: 176; <br>I = 112; <br>C = 64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >56%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Non-randomised controlled trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No intervention: healthy younger adults aged 20–37 years (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 45)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Majority with no serious conditions of ill health, at least secondary-level educated, married</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Investigating the relationship between engagement in physical activity and mood</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Enjoyment as a qualitative theme on the effect on participants well-being</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Week 52 <sup>a</sup> <br>8–12 months post-intervention <sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Inokuchi, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Japan</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80.8 (6.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total: 268; <br>I = 144; <br>C = 124</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >84%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Multi-centre non-randomised controlled trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Weekly social programmes in day centre</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Criteria included 5 or more risk factors for falls</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Recreational tea breaks were explicit in the design to encourage friendly relations</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Matsouka, et al., (2005) [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Greece</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >64.8 (4.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total 55; <br>I = 45; <br>C = 10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Non-randomised controlled trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Non-exercisers (members of the Public Care Institutes for the Elderly)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Inactive female-exclusive criteria, members of Public Care Institutes for the Elderly (PCIE)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Groups were designed to meet 0, 1, 2, and 3 times per week, examining the effect of group exercise frequency on mood</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Exercise-induced feeling inventory, positive engagement subscale: 12 items (5 points per item)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Week 0 <br>Week 12</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stathi, et al., (2020) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >UK</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.8 (6.9)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Total: 39; <br>EG = 22; <br>CG = 17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >44%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Feasibility randomised controlled trial</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Waiting-list control group</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sedentary, retired, inactive <sup>c</sup>, capable of walking at least 200 m, and no diagnosis of dementia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Designed to support socially disengaged and inactive older adults to get out of the house and celebrate achievements</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><sup>a</sup> MMC site in England; <sup>b</sup> KC site in England; <sup>c</sup> Reported less than 20 min per week in the past month in MVPA. Abbreviations: C = control group; I = intervention group; IPAQ = International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MAMG = mixed age, mixed gender; MVPA = moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity; NR = not reported; PA = physical activity; PACES = Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale; SAMG = similar age, mixed gender; SASG = similar age, same gender; SD = standard deviation.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Content of group-based physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> Content of group-based physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Author (Year)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Physical <br>Aspect of <br>Intervention</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Social <br>Aspect of <br>Intervention</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Basis of <br>Exercise <br>Program</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Who Delivered the Intervention</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mode of Delivery</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Setting</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Length (Weeks)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No. <br>Session per Week</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Session <br>Duration (Mins)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >How Adherence Was <br>Assessed</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Adherence</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Theory</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Baez, et al. (2017) [<a href="#B29-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">29</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Muscle strengthening and balance retraining exercises</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Virtual gym classes with messaging and persuasion features</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >OTAGO falls prevention programme</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Training coach</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Gym central trainee mobile app</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Online</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2+</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30–40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1. % of sessions attended <br>2. % length of exercise videos watched</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1. 85% sessions attended <br>2. Mean (SD) 91.75% (12.46)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Beauchamp, et al., (2018, 2021) [<a href="#B22-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Moderate-intensity exercises</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Exerciser t-shirts and post-workout gatherings, delivered by older adults</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >GOAL trial informed by Lively Lads case study</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Peer facilitators</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Face to face</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >YMCA centre</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >50–60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Electronic attendance records from access cards</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Week 12: 52.2% <sup>a</sup> <br>Week 24: 45.1% <sup>a</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Self-categorization theory, social cognitive theory, theory of planned behaviour</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fox, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B28-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">28</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Aerobic exercise, machine-based strength training, Tai Chi, and flexibility exercise</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Initial intensive support and social opportunities</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Better Ageing Project</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Researchers and exercise professionals</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Face to face</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >University Campus Health and Wellness Clubs</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >52</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Centre = 2; <br>Home = 1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60–90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Class register and home log</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >93% attendance at exercise classes and 85% for home exercises</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Inokuchi, et al., (2007) [<a href="#B27-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">27</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stretching and strengthening exercises against gravity and balance retraining exercises included stepping, tandem walking, and sideways walking</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Recreational and tea breaks</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nurse-led falls prevention exercise programme</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nurse-led</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Face to face</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Community centre</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Centre = 1 <br>(supplemented by daily home exercises)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Class register and home log</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >90.9% attendance at classes <br>Home exercises: <br>Mean = 4.3 days a week</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Matsouka, et al., (2005) [<a href="#B25-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">25</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Flexibility, strength, coordination (outdoor and indoor leisure activities, callisthenic exercises), aerobic (walking and aerobic exercises), flexibility, balance, agility, muscular coordination (games and recreational activities)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Focus on leisure and recreational activities</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Training programme based on “Long-term Physical Activity Workshop” for isolated older adults</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Trained exercise specialist</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Face to face</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Public Care Institutes for the Elderly</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1–3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Stathi, et al., (2020) [<a href="#B26-jal-02-00011" class="html-bibr">26</a>]</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Promotion of a range of local physical and non-physical activity opportunities</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Initial individual peer support and joint visits, two group social events</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Active, Connected, Engaged (ACE) programme </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Peer led by trained activators</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Introduction to community face-to-face groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Existing community groups</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >NR</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >% of sessions with their activator attended</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >100%</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Self-determination theory</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'><sup>a</sup> SASG and SAMG intervention groups combined. Abbreviations: NR = not reported; SASG = similar age, same gender; SAMG = similar age, mixed gender.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="jal-02-00011-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href='#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t003'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9259/2/2/11/display" href="#table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Environmental, social, interpersonal, and individual components of affect, BCTs, and behaviour change theory among physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_jal-02-00011-t003" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 3.</b> Environmental, social, interpersonal, and individual components of affect, BCTs, and behaviour change theory among physical activity interventions targeting enjoyment in older adults.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Affect</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >BCTs</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Theory</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Environmental</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Welcoming, supportive <br>(instructor), providing <br>opportunities to interact— <br>exercise programme or <br>externally</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Adding objects to the environment (exercise aids); restructuring the social environment (online, tea-breaks, activity opportunities)</td><td rowspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Self- <br>categorization theory (group <br>cohesion) <br>Self- <br>determination theory (social <br>support—competence)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Social</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Company—shared experience, perceived similarity, building a sense of community</td><td rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Social support—messaging, post-workout, and social events</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Interpersonal</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Courage—supporting, <br>interacting, caring, expressing <br>(laughing)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Individual</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Competence—performance, achievement, <br>Confidence—self-worth, knowledge, <br>satisfaction <br>(noticing and valuing effort and <br>benefits for daily life)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Instruction and <br>demonstration on how to perform behaviour (training tips, manual, handout, videos)</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section id="html-copyright"><br>© 2022 by the authors. 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Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>, 113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Creighton RM, Paradis KF, Blackburn NE, Tully MA. Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2022; 2(2):113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Creighton, Rachel M., Kyle F. Paradis, Nicole E. Blackburn, and Mark A. Tully. 2022. "Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 2, no. 2: 113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Creighton, R. M., Paradis, K. F., Blackburn, N. E., & Tully, M. A. (2022). 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Ageing Longev.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>2</em>, 113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Creighton RM, Paradis KF, Blackburn NE, Tully MA. Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em>. 2022; 2(2):113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Creighton, Rachel M., Kyle F. Paradis, Nicole E. Blackburn, and Mark A. Tully. 2022. "Group-Based Physical Activity Interventions Targeting Enjoyment in Older Adults: A Systematic Review" <em>Journal of Ageing and Longevity</em> 2, no. 2: 113-129. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2020011 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Creighton, R. M., Paradis, K. F., Blackburn, N. E., & Tully, M. A. (2022). 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