Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">  <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.carousel.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.theme.default.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/custom.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/author.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css"> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.ico" type="image/gif" sizes="16x16">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-97CYJNEWHS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-97CYJNEWHS'); </script>  <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 110px;"> <div><p>GET THE APP</p></div> <a href=" https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.journals.hilarispublisher&hl=en" target="_blank" id="getAppModel"> <div class="a_icon"> <span><i class="fa fa-android"></i></span> </div> </a>  </div> <title>Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Antibodies 芒聙垄 Immunochemistry 芒聙垄 Biomedical"> <meta name="description" content="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Betina Klint Nielsen*"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Hilaris SRL"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Immunochemistry & Immunopathology"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Betina Klint Nielsen"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2023"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="9"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.37421/ 2469-9756.2023.9.171"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2469-9756"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/04/27"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Antibodies, also known as Immunoglobulins (Ig), are versatile and powerful molecules that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against pathogens, toxins, and other foreign substances. Their unique ability to recognize and bind to specific antigens has made them indispensable tools in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Immunochemistry, the field that investigates the interactions between antibodies and antigens, has enabled groundbreaking advancements in various areas of biomedicine. This article explores the power of antibodies and how immunochemistry has revolutionized biomedical research, paving the way for new discoveries and breakthroughs."> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment.pdf"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/abstract/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/css/animate.css"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light py-3"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand d-smd-none" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here"><img src="/assets/img/hilaris-publisher.svg" alt=".." title="Click here" height="40px"></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnlMain" aria-controls="navbarJrnlMain" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnlMain"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Journals" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access-journals.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Manuscript Guidelines">Manuscript Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics">Publication ethics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Services" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Services </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Services"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advertisement.html" title="Advertisement">Advertisement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/membership.html" title="Membership">Membership</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reprints.html" title="Reprints">Reprints</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/subscription.html" title="Subscription"> Subscription</a> </div> </div>  <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary p-0 mb-3 nav-links-mobile-view"> <div class="container mx-3 mx-sm-auto"> <a class="navbar-brand d-block d-sm-none" href="#">Journal Menu</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnl" aria-controls="navbarJrnl" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnl"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology.html" title="Journal Home"><i class="fas fa-home pr-2"></i> Journal</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Instructions for Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aim & Scope">Aim & Scope</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/peer-review-process.html" title="Peer Review Process">Peer Review Process</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/inpress.html" title="In press">In press</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <header class="container py-3"> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 d-none d-sm-block"> <img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/flyers/Immunochemistry--Immunopathology-Open-Access-flyer.jpg" alt=".." title="Click here" class="img-fluid"> </div> <div class="col-lg col-md"> <h1 class="h2 text-primary">Immunochemistry & Immunopathology</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <p class="mb-1">ISSN: 2469-9756 </p> </div> <div class="col"> Open Access </div> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( { pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4"> <div class="card bg-amber-400 border-0"> <div class="card-body p-2 d-flex align-items-center"> Submit Manuscript <a class="animate-icon mx-3 stretched-link" href="https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/immunochemistry-immunopathology.html" title="Click here" target="_blank"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-horizontal"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> </span> </a> <img src="/assets/img/manuscript.svg" alt=".." width="50"> </div> </div> <div class="mt-2 cu_whatsapp"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-md btn-fb waves-effect waves-light bg-primary text-white cu_wtsapp"><span class="wow flash bg_cu p-4 rounded" data-wow-duration="2s" data-wow-delay="1s" data-wow-iteration="infinite"><i class="fab fa-whatsapp-square text-white pr-1"></i></span><span class="pl-3 pos_cl">+447897072958 </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Opinion - (2023) Volume 9, Issue 2 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 text-right">  </div> </div> <h1 class="font-size-8 mt-2">Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment</h1> <a href='https://www.hilarispublisher.com/author/betina-klint-nielsen-34918' title='Betina Klint Nielsen' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Betina Klint Nielsen</a><sup><a href='#Betina_Klint_Nielsen'>*</a></sup>  <br/> <div class="mb-2"></div> <a id="Betina_Klint_Nielsen"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Betina Klint Nielsen, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sao Joao University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='Bkn585@regionsjaelland.dk'></i> <div class="clearfix mt-2 mb-3"> <div class="float-left"><a href="#ai" class="btn_cu_color" id="changeicon" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#au_info"><strong>Author information</strong> <span><i class="fas fa-plus fa-sm"></i></span></a></div> <div class="float-right"> <nav class="nav a-mx-2 med_pdf"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment.pdf" title="View PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 yellow-900 border-yellow-900" style="position: relative; right: 5px;"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/immunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment.pdf&aid=98507" title="Download PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 border-blue-900"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="au_info" class="collapse"> <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body p-2 pb-0"> Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sao Joao University Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal<br>  <p> <strong>Received: </strong>01-Apr-2023, Manuscript No. Icoa-23-100347; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>03-Apr-2023, Pre QC No. P-100347; <strong>Reviewed: </strong>15-Apr-2023, QC No. Q-100347; <strong>Revised: </strong>20-Apr-2023, Manuscript No. R-100347; <strong>Published:</strong> 27-Apr-2023 , <strong>DOI:</strong> 10.37421/ 2469-9756.2023.9.171 <br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Nielsen, Betina Klint. “Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment.” Immunochem Immunopathol 9 (2023): 171. <br> <strong>Copyright:</strong> © 2023 Nielsen BK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body px-3 pb-0"> <h2 class="font-size-5">Abstract</h2> <p>Antibodies, also known as Immunoglobulins (Ig), are versatile and powerful molecules that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against pathogens, toxins, and other foreign substances. Their unique ability to recognize and bind to specific antigens has made them indispensable tools in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Immunochemistry, the field that investigates the interactions between antibodies and antigens, has enabled groundbreaking advancements in various areas of biomedicine. This article explores the power of antibodies and how <a target='_blank' href='https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access-journals/immunochemistry-15755.html'>immunochemistry</a> has revolutionized biomedical research, paving the way for new discoveries and breakthroughs.</p> </div> </div> <h4>Keywords</h4> <p>Antibodies • Immunochemistry • Biomedical</p> <h4>Introduction</h4> <p>Immunology is a branch of science that focuses on understanding the immune system's complex mechanisms and its role in maintaining health and combating diseases. Immunochemistry, a field at the intersection of immunology and chemistry, plays a crucial role in decoding the intricate interactions between immune molecules, particularly antibodies and antigens. By unraveling the mysteries of immunochemistry, researchers have gained valuable insights into disease diagnosis and treatment. This article explores how immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have revolutionized disease diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and personalized medicine.</p> <p><strong>Immunochemistry and antibodies</strong></p> <p>At the heart of immunochemistry lies the study of antibodies, which are crucial components of the immune system's defense against pathogens and foreign substances. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells in response to the presence of antigens. The unique structure of antibodies enables them to recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction or neutralization. Immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have allowed scientists to study the characteristics and functions of antibodies in great detail. Through immunochemical techniques, researchers can generate and manipulate antibodies with high specificity and affinity, leading to advancements in diagnostics, therapeutics, and research [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>].</p> <p><strong>Disease diagnosis and immunochemistry</strong></p> <p>Immunological insights gained from immunochemistry have revolutionized disease diagnosis by providing highly sensitive and specific detection methods. Immunoassays, such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), rely on the specific binding between antibodies and antigens for the detection of diseases and pathogens. These tests have become essential tools in clinical laboratories, allowing for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of various conditions. Immunoassays have transformed the detection of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, hormonal imbalances, and cancer biomarkers. By utilizing antibodies that recognize disease-specific antigens, immunoassays offer sensitive and specific results, enabling early detection, precise diagnosis, and timely interventions. Furthermore, advancements in immunochemistry have led to the development of point-of-care diagnostic tests, providing rapid and accessible diagnostic options for resource-limited settings [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>].</p> <p><strong>Immunochemistry in therapeutics</strong></p> <p>Immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have also paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) therapies, in particular, have revolutionized the treatment of various diseases. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced antibodies designed to target specific antigens with high precision. Through immunochemical techniques, researchers can engineer monoclonal antibodies to enhance their therapeutic properties. These antibodies can be tailored to block specific cell signaling pathways, modulate immune responses, deliver cytotoxic payloads, or target specific cells for destruction. Monoclonal antibody therapies have been successfully employed in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>].</p> <h4>Description</h4> <p><strong>Personalized medicine and immunochemistry</strong></p> <p>The advent of personalized medicine has further emphasized the importance of immunochemistry in tailoring treatments to individual patients. Immunochemical techniques enable the identification and characterization of specific immune markers, allowing for precise patient stratification and targeted therapies. By analyzing immune molecules and their interactions, immunochemistry can help identify biomarkers that predict disease prognosis, treatment response, and potential adverse effects. This information facilitates the development of personalized treatment plans, maximizing efficacy while minimizing side effects. Additionally, immunochemistry plays a crucial role in immunotherapy, a rapidly evolving field that utilizes the immune system to treat diseases. Immunochemical techniques enable the assessment of immune checkpoints, immune cell profiles, and immunogenicity, aiding in the selection and monitoring of immunotherapy interventions [<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>].</p> <p>Disease diagnosis and treatment are fundamental aspects of healthcare, aimed at identifying and managing various medical conditions to improve patient outcomes. Over the years, significant advancements have been made in the field of immunology, particularly in immunochemistry, which has revolutionized disease diagnosis and treatment approaches. By unraveling the complex interactions between immune molecules, such as antibodies and antigens, immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have provided a deeper understanding of diseases and paved the way for more accurate diagnostics and targeted therapies. This article explores the role of immunochemistry in disease diagnosis and treatment, highlighting its impact on personalized medicine and patient care [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>].</p> <p><strong>The importance of disease diagnosis</strong></p> <p>Accurate disease diagnosis is the foundation for effective treatment and patient management. It involves identifying the underlying cause of a patient's symptoms and establishing the nature and extent of the disease. Timely and precise diagnosis allows for appropriate interventions, improved prognosis, and optimal utilization of healthcare resources. Traditionally, disease diagnosis relied on clinical evaluation, medical imaging, and laboratory tests. However, the emergence of immunochemistry has significantly enhanced diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the power of immune molecules, particularly antibodies. By utilizing immunochemical techniques, healthcare professionals can detect and measure specific antigens, antibodies, or immune markers associated with various diseases, enabling more sensitive and specific diagnostics.</p> <p><strong>Immunochemistry in disease diagnosis</strong></p> <p>Immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have revolutionized disease diagnosis by providing highly sensitive and specific detection methods. Immunoassays, such as ELISAs, lateral flow assays, and immunohistochemistry, capitalize on the specific binding between antibodies and antigens to detect and quantify disease-specific markers. These tests have become essential tools in clinical laboratories, enabling the rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, hormonal imbalances, and various cancers.</p> <p>Immunochemistry-based diagnostics offer several advantages. They are highly sensitive, capable of detecting even trace amounts of disease markers. They are also highly specific, minimizing false-positive results and ensuring accurate disease identification. Additionally, immunochemical tests are often rapid, enabling timely interventions and reducing the waiting time for patients. With advancements in technology, point-of-care immunoassays have become increasingly accessible, providing diagnostic options in resource-limited settings and facilitating early detection and intervention.</p> <p><strong>Immunochemistry in treatment approaches</strong></p> <p>In addition to disease diagnosis, immunochemistry plays a crucial role in treatment approaches. Immunological insights derived from immunochemistry have paved the way for innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly in the field of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy utilizes the body's immune system to target and eliminate disease, offering new avenues for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions.</p> <p>Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies, a prime example of immunochemistry-based treatments, have revolutionized disease management. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced antibodies designed to target specific antigens with high precision. Through immunochemical techniques, researchers can engineer monoclonal antibodies to enhance their therapeutic properties, such as blocking cell signalling pathways, modulating immune responses, delivering cytotoxic payloads, or targeting specific cells for destruction. These targeted therapies offer improved treatment outcomes, reduced side effects, and increased patient survival rates.</p> <h4>Conclusion</h4> <p>The era of personalized medicine emphasizes tailoring medical treatments to individual patients based on their unique characteristics and disease profiles. Immunochemistry plays a crucial role in personalized medicine by enabling the identification and characterization of immune markers and immune interactions that influence disease progression and treatment response. Through immunochemical techniques, healthcare professionals can identify biomarkers that predict disease prognosis, treatment efficacy, and potential adverse effects. This information allows for the development of personalized treatment plans, optimizing therapeutic interventions and improving patient outcomes.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li><a name="1" id="1"></a>Guo, H. C., V. W. Armstrong, G. Luc and C. Billardon, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2521888/" target="_blank">"Characterization of five mouse monoclonal antibodies to apolipoprotein [a] from human Lp [a]: evidence for weak plasminogen reactivity."</a> <em>J Lipid Res</em> 30 (1989): 23-37.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Characterization%20of%20five%20mouse%20monoclonal%20antibodies%20to%20apolipoprotein%20from%20human%20Lpa:%20evidence%20for%20weak%20plasminogen%20reactivity#d=gs_cit&t=1685610864886&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3Al90XLFJNzOEJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38392-9" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022227520383929" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="2" id="2"></a>Duvic, C. R., G. Smith, W. E. Sledge and L. T. Lee, et al. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022227520343406" target="_blank">"Identification of a mouse monoclonal antibody, LHLP-1, specific for human Lp (a)."</a> <em>J Lipid Res</em> 26 (1985): 540-548.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Identification%20of%20a%20mouse%20monoclonal%20antibody,%20LHLP-1,%20specific%20for%20human%20Lpa#d=gs_cit&t=1685611315053&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AVgxK9fUQ9akJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34340-6" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3160801/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="3" id="3"></a>Mueller, Utz W., Catherine S. Hawes and Warren R. Jones. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022175986905302" target="_blank">"Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma growth in Freund's adjuvant primed mice."</a> <em>J Immunol Methods</em> 87 (1986): 193-196.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Monoclonal%20antibody%20production%20by%20hybridoma%20growth%20in%20Freunds%20adjuvant%20primed%20mice#d=gs_cit&t=1685611667006&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3Ai84-Zf-cuKEJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(86)90530-2" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3950429/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="4" id="4"></a>Oi, Vernon T. and Leonard A. Herzenberg. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0161589079900348" target="_blank">"Localization of murine Ig-1b and Ig-1a (IgG 2a) allotypic determinants detected with monoclonal antibodies."</a> <em>Molecul Immunol</em> 16 (1979): 1005-1017.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Localization%20of%20murine%20Ig-1b%20and%20Ig-1a%20:%20allotypic%20determinants%20defined%20with%20monoclonal%20antibodies#d=gs_cit&t=1685611939908&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AW6C9bv5nSLsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-5890(79)90034-8" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/94425/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="5" id="5"></a>Woodward, M. P., W. W. Young Jr and R. A. Bloodgood. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022175985903370" target="_blank">"Detection of monoclonal antibodies specific for carbohydrate epitopes using periodate oxidation."</a> <em>J Immunol Methods</em> 78 (1985): 143-153.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Detection%20of%20monoclonal%20antibodies%20specific%20for%20carbohydrate%20epitopes%20using%20periodate%20oxidation&publication_year=1985&author=M.P.%20Woodward&author=W.W.%20Young%20Jr.&author=R.A.%20Bloodgood#d=gs_cit&t=1685612153715&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AIdhuhbdYZKkJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(85)90337-0" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20576241_Detection_of_monoclonal_antibodies_specific_for_carbohydrate_epitopes_using_periodate_oxidation" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> </ol> </div> <div class="col-sm-3">    <div class="mb-3"> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4">Awards & Nominations</a></h4> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology-online-visitors-readers-133.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 50+ Million Readerbase</a></h4> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fimmunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0">             <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fimmunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fimmunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fimmunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fimmunological-insights-decoding-immunochemistry-for-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment-98507.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div> <h4>Journal Highlights</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:50vh;"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/antibody-purification-journals-articles-ppts-list-646.html" class="nav-link" title="Antibody Purification"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Antibody Purification</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/antigenantibody-reactions-journals-articles-ppts-list-642.html" class="nav-link" title="Antigen-Antibody Reactions"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Antigen-Antibody Reactions</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/autoimmune-serology-journals-articles-ppts-list-635.html" class="nav-link" title="Autoimmune Serology"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Autoimmune Serology</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biosynthesis-of-antibodies-journals-articles-ppts-list-645.html" class="nav-link" title="Biosynthesis of Antibodies"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biosynthesis of Antibodies</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/diagnosis-of-aids-journals-articles-ppts-list-633.html" class="nav-link" title="Diagnosis of AIDS"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Diagnosis of AIDS</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/heavy-chain-diseases-journals-articles-ppts-list-638.html" class="nav-link" title="Heavy Chain Diseases"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Heavy Chain Diseases</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/immuno-oncology-journals-articles-ppts-list-2860.html" class="nav-link" title="Immuno oncology"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Immuno oncology</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/immunoassay-journals-articles-ppts-list-632.html" class="nav-link" title="Immunoassay"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Immunoassay</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/immunodeficiency-journals-articles-ppts-list-631.html" class="nav-link" title="Immunodeficiency"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Immunodeficiency</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/immunohormones-journals-articles-ppts-list-643.html" class="nav-link" title="Immunohormones"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Immunohormones</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/isotype-switching-journals-articles-ppts-list-640.html" class="nav-link" title="Isotype Switching"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Isotype Switching</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/kinetics-of-antigenantibody-journals-articles-ppts-list-644.html" class="nav-link" title="Kinetics of Antigen-Antibody"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Kinetics of Antigen-Antibody</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/pointofcare-testing--journals-articles-ppts-list-636.html" class="nav-link" title="Point-of-Care Testing"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Point-of-Care Testing</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/production-of-monoclonal-antibodies-journals-articles-ppts-list-637.html" class="nav-link" title="Production of monoclonal antibodies"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Production of monoclonal antibodies</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/severe-combined-immunodeficiency-journals-articles-ppts-list-639.html" class="nav-link" title="Severe Combined Immunodeficiency"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Severe Combined Immunodeficiency</a> </nav> </div>  <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tRkF6WUAAAAJ&hl=en" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations: 174</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tRkF6WUAAAAJ&hl=en" title="Click here">Immunochemistry & Immunopathology received 174 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/citations.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/citation-images/immunochemistry--immunopathology-citation.JPG" alt="Citation image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div>  <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/38461/immunochemistry-immunopathology-open-access/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Immunochemistry & Immunopathology peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://publons.com/journal/38461/immunochemistry-immunopathology-open-access/" target="_blank" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/publon-images/immunochemistry--immunopathology-publoan.png" alt="Publon image" height="200px" width="100%" class="p_rel" /></a> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <h4>Indexed In</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:40vh;"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Index Copernicus<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Google Scholar<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Hamdard University<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> EBSCO A-Z<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> OCLC- WorldCat<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Euro Pub<br> </nav> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Related Links</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">COVID-19 Special Issues</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/indexing.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Abstracting and Indexing</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Funded Work</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/citations.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Citations Report</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunochemistry-immunopathology/archive.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Table of Contents</span></a> </nav> </div> </div>       <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/ImmunochemPatho" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by ImmunochemPatho</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Open Access Journals</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Business & Management</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Chemistry</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Clinical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Engineering</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Genetics & Molecular Biology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Immunology & Microbiology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Medical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Neuroscience & Psychology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Pharmaceutical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Science & Technology</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).scroll(function() { var scroll = $(window).scrollTop(); if (scroll >= 1000) { $(".Information").addClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } else{ $(".Information").removeClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } }); </script> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="container-fluid bg-grey-300 border-top-1"> <div class="row py-3"> <div class="col-sm"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Categories</h5> <nav class="nav row a-py-2"> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/chemistry-journals.html" title="Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div>">Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div></a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Genetics & Molecular Biology">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Immunology & Microbiology">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Medical Sciences">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Neuroscience & Psychology">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Pharmaceutical Sciences">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Guidelines</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editor-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Editor Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewer-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Reviewer Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">About Hilaris</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/about-us.html" title="Click here">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access.html" title="Click here">Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/faq.html" title="Click here">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here">Site Map</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Follow Us</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hilarispublisher/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/hilarispublish2" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter-square"></i> Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/31133357/admin/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i> LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/hilaris_publisher/?hl=en" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> Youtube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="border-top-1 pt-2 text-right">Copyright © 2024 All rights reserved by <strong><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Hilaris">Hilaris</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </footer>  <a class="cd-top js-cd-top animate-icon" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Scroll to Top"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-vertical"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> </span> </a>   <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/grids.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { var i; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { //alert(i); $('.equal-height-'+i).responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); } }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('.subject-carousel').owlCarousel({ margin: 20, rewind: true, dots: false, nav: true, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 6 } } }) }); </script> <script> $('.eb-carousel').owlCarousel({ loop: true, margin: 20, dots: false, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 4 } } }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>      <script type="text/javascript"> var Tawk_API=Tawk_API||{}, Tawk_LoadStart=new Date(); (function(){ var s1=document.createElement("script"),s0=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s1.async=true; s1.src='https://embed.tawk.to/616556d686aee40a57362522/1fhptmdvo'; s1.charset='UTF-8'; s1.setAttribute('crossorigin','*'); s0.parentNode.insertBefore(s1,s0); })(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> $('#changeicon').click(function(){ $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-minus'); $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-plus'); }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Immunological Insights: Decoding Immunochemistry for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment