CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geoffrey Bruce - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c1079f5d-1ee7-4cef-824b-a5690e54769a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geoffrey_Bruce","wgTitle":"Geoffrey Bruce","wgCurRevisionId":1213982601,"wgRevisionId":1213982601,"wgArticleId":44768532,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from December 2014","Use dmy dates from December 2014","Pages using infobox military person with embed","Articles with hCards","1896 births","1972 deaths","Academics of the Staff College, Quetta","English mountain climbers","People educated at Rugby School","Recipients of the Order of the Star of Nepal","Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain", "Indian Army generals of World War II","Companions of the Order of the Bath","Recipients of the Military Cross","Companions of the Distinguished Service Order","Glamorgan Yeomanry officers","Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta","Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies","Recipients of the MacGregor Medal","British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War","British Army personnel of World War I","British Indian Army generals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Geoffrey_Bruce","wgRelevantArticleId":44768532,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Geoffrey_Bruce_(Indian_Army_officer)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor" :{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17172479","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles": "ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1121"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg/800px-Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="747"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg/640px-Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="598"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geoffrey Bruce - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geoffrey_Bruce rootpage-Geoffrey_Bruce skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geoffrey+Bruce" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geoffrey+Bruce" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geoffrey+Bruce" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geoffrey+Bruce" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1922_Mount_Everest_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1922_Mount_Everest_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1922 Mount Everest expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1922_Mount_Everest_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1924_and_later_Everest_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_and_later_Everest_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1924 and later Everest expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_and_later_Everest_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Bruce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17172479#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geoffrey_Bruce" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bruce"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geoffrey_Bruce" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Geoffrey_Bruce" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&oldid=1213982601" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Geoffrey_Bruce&id=1213982601&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeoffrey_Bruce"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeoffrey_Bruce"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17172479" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce_(Indian_Army_officer)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Bruce (Indian Army officer)">Geoffrey Bruce (Indian Army officer)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Indian Army officer, mountaineer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the alpine ski racer, see <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Bruce" title="Geoff Bruce">Geoff Bruce</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Geoffrey Bruce</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome photo of two men looking like hikers on a cold day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg/220px-Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg/330px-Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg/440px-Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bruce (left) and Finch in 1922.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Geoffrey Bruce</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-12-04</span>)</span>4 December 1896</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1972<span style="display:none">(1972-01-31)</span> (aged 75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Military officer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Mount Everest expeditions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Marjorie Isabel Crump</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel Sir Gerald Bruce</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/23px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/35px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg/46px-Ensign_of_the_Royal_Indian_Army_Service_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">106232</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/17th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="17th Indian Infantry Brigade">17th Indian Infantry Brigade</a><br />2nd Battalion <a href="/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles">6th Gurkha Rifles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal" title="Order of the Star of Nepal">Order of the Star of Nepal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a> <b>John Geoffrey Bruce</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a></span></span> (4 December 1896 – 31 January 1972) was an officer in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, eventually becoming Deputy Chief of General Staff, who participated in the <a href="/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1922 British Mount Everest expedition">1922 British Mount Everest expedition</a>. Bruce, who had never before climbed a mountain, had been appointed as a transport officer, but chance led to him accompanying <a href="/wiki/George_Finch_(chemist)" title="George Finch (chemist)">George Finch</a> on the only summit attempt that used supplemental oxygen. Together they set a new <a href="/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)" title="World altitude record (mountaineering)">mountaineering world record height</a> of 27,300 ft (8,321 m), only 1,731.7 ft (527.82 m) below the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. He also took part in the <a href="/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1924 British Mount Everest expedition">1924 British Mount Everest expedition</a>, and for a time was slated to make the first summit attempt with <a href="/wiki/George_Mallory" title="George Mallory">George Mallory</a>, before the party was forced to retreat and Mallory subsequently went for the top with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_(mountaineer)" title="Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)">Sandy Irvine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_personal_life">Background and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geoffrey Bruce, born on 4 December 1896, was a son of Colonel Sir Gerald Bruce. He attended <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>. Bruce married Marjorie Isabel Crump in 1932 and they had two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-www_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 he was described by his mountaineering colleague <a href="/wiki/George_Finch_(chemist)" title="George Finch (chemist)">George Finch</a> as "tall, of athletic build, strong, endowed with a great fund of mental energy – an invaluable asset on ventures of this kind – and cheerful in any situation".<sup id="cite_ref-enews_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enews-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Wade Davis</a> said Bruce was, in 1922, "one of the finest athletes in the Indian Army".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012377–378_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012377–378-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the First World War, Bruce was <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_Yeomanry" title="Glamorgan Yeomanry">Glamorgan Yeomanry</a> serving in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an officer of the British Indian Army, Bruce took part in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> of 1919, and in 1921 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blakeney_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012378_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012378-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_North-West_Frontier" title="Military history of the North-West Frontier">North-West Frontier Province operations</a> between 1920 and 1923, and again between 1937 and 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-blakeney_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <a href="/wiki/Staff_College,_Quetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff College, Quetta">Staff College, Quetta</a> from 1927 to 1928, and his fellow students included <a href="/wiki/Frederick_E._Morgan" title="Frederick E. Morgan">Frederick Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rawdon_Briggs" title="Harold Rawdon Briggs">Harold Briggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Alan_Vasey" title="George Alan Vasey">George Vasey</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._L._M._Burns" title="E. L. M. Burns">E. L. M. Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant_Cowan" title="David Tennant Cowan">David Cowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Birks" title="Horace Birks">Horace Birks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200548-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Staff_College,_Andover" title="RAF Staff College, Andover">RAF Staff College, Andover</a> in 1932, before returning to the Staff College, Quetta, this time as an instructor, from 1933 to 1936. Bruce was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding Officer</a> (CO) of the 2nd Battalion <a href="/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles" title="6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles">6th Gurkha Rifles</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-blakeney_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200548-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had a distinguished career during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, at the beginning of which he was attending the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Defence_Studies" title="Royal College of Defence Studies">Imperial Defence College</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200548-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving in Norway and France in 1940, before returning to India to command the <a href="/wiki/17th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="17th Indian Infantry Brigade">17th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> at the time of its formation. From 1944 to 1946 he was Deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">Chief of the General Staff, India</a> of the British Indian Army, and was then <a href="/wiki/General_officer_commanding" title="General officer commanding">General Officer Commanding</a> (GOC) of the <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> District until his retirement in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-www_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blakeney_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rgs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was Commandant of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Defence_Staff_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Defence Staff College (page does not exist)">Civil Defence Staff College</a> from 1952 to 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-www_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1922_Mount_Everest_expedition">1922 Mount Everest expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1922 Mount Everest expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of four gas cylinders strapped on someone's back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg/170px-Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg/255px-Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg/340px-Oxygen_equipment_on_1922_Everest_expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Oxygen equipment used on the expedition</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1922 British Mount Everest expedition">1922 British Mount Everest expedition</a></div> <p>In 1922, at the age of 25, Bruce had no mountaineering experience except for hill scrambling in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)">North-West Frontier</a>, but he was invited by his cousin General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce" title="Charles Granville Bruce">Charles Bruce</a>, the leader of that year's Everest expedition, to take part as third transport officer and interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-blakeney_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rgs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first expedition with the specific aim of reaching the summit of the world's highest mountain. </p><p>While the expedition was ascending the <a href="/wiki/East_Rongbuk_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rongbuk Glacier">East Rongbuk Glacier</a> at an elevation of about 21,000 ft (6,401 m), many of the climbers and porters were suffering from dysentery and the effects of altitude, but Bruce maintained his full fitness. It had been intended that one of the assaults on the summit would be led by George Finch, using oxygen equipment. Bruce was willing to cooperate, although this sort of artificial aid was regarded with scepticism or even disdain by many members of the party. Finch was taken ill and, by the time he recovered, all the other lead climbers had set off higher up the mountain, so Finch had to assemble a team of untrained climbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012413–414,_418–419_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012413–414,_418–419-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Noel_with_filming_equipment,_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg/220px-John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg/330px-John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/45/John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg/440px-John_Noel_with_filming_equipment%2C_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Noel filming from the North Col</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 May Finch and Bruce, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Tejbir_Bura" title="Tejbir Bura">Tejbir Bura</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha Army">Gurkha Army</a> colleague of Bruce's, set off with a group of porters to reach the <a href="/wiki/North_Col" title="North Col">North Col</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Lucius_Noel" title="John Baptist Lucius Noel">John Noel</a> accompanied them as far as the Col to photograph and film progress. The next day, Finch, Bruce, and Tejbir climbed higher up towards the North Shoulder and camped the following night in hurricane conditions. After being forced to stay in camp the next day, they at last set off again, but Tejbir, at the point of collapse, had to return to the tent. To keep slightly sheltered from the strengthening wind, they started to traverse the North Face, without using ropes so as to save time. Suddenly the glass T-piece of Bruce's oxygen set broke, but Finch was able to replace it while they shared Finch's oxygen. After that, Bruce was unable to go higher and so, within a half-mile (0.8 km) of the summit, they turned back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012428–430_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012428–430-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three days earlier, the team of <a href="/wiki/George_Mallory" title="George Mallory">George Mallory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felix_Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Felix Norton">Teddy Norton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Somervell" title="Howard Somervell">Howard Somervell</a>, not using supplemental oxygen, had turned back at 26,985 ft (8,225 m) and now, on 27 May 1922, Finch and Bruce had set another world record height of 27,300 ft (8,321 m), only 1,731.7 ft (527.82 m) below the summit; it was Bruce's first mountain climb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012433–434_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012433–434-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Mount_Everest_expedition,_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of two men trudging out of a snowy, mountainous background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg/170px-1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg/255px-1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg/340px-1922_Mount_Everest_expedition%2C_second_climbing_party_descending.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption>Finch and Bruce descending from their record climb</figcaption></figure> <p>In violent wind, they eventually got back to the North Col where Noel, fearing that no one could survive for so long in such conditions, had been burning unexposed film to act as flares to guide them. Bruce's feet were completely numb and Finch feared they might be lost to frostbite, although Bruce staged a full recovery and was able to return to his regiment later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437,_457–458_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437,_457–458-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a> later described the climb as "one of the bravest mountaineering feats on record".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce wrote to Finch, "I can never thank you enough for electing to take me with you on that climb, or for the perfectly astonishing way you pulled me through it all. It was wonderful".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012463_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012463-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics" title="1924 Winter Olympics">1924 Winter Olympics</a>, Bruce was one of the thirteen members of the expedition awarded an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic gold medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc1924_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1924-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1924_and_later_Everest_expeditions">1924 and later Everest expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1924 and later Everest expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1924 British Mount Everest expedition">1924 British Mount Everest expedition</a></div> <p>The next Everest expedition, which took place in 1924, was also led by General Charles Bruce, and this time Captain Geoffrey Bruce was one of the main climbers as well as being transport officer. General Bruce was taken ill with malaria on the march in and had to be evacuated to India, with Teddy Norton taking over as leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981108_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981108-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the march in, it had been decided to pair Bruce with <a href="/wiki/Noel_Odell" title="Noel Odell">Noel Odell</a> to make the expedition's desired third attempt on the summit (with oxygen).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012495–496_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012495–496-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, on the East Rongbuk glacier, after bad weather had driven everyone back to base camp and a second approach was being made, the plan was for Mallory and Bruce to establish Camp V at about 7,800 metres (25,500 ft) and then make the first summit bid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981117–118_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981117–118-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camp V went according to plan on 1 June, but the porters could not be persuaded to climb farther and everyone retreated back to the North Col.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012529_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012529-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norton and Somervell made a summit attempt on 4 June and managed to climb higher than Bruce and Finch had done in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981122_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981122-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallory launched a third attempt on 8 June but this time he chose <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_(mountaineer)" title="Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)">Sandy Irvine</a> as climbing partner. When Mallory and Irvine failed to return, the expedition was called off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012538,_549–550_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012538,_549–550-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruce was later invited to be the leader of the <a href="/wiki/1933_British_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1933 British Mount Everest expedition">Everest expedition of 1933</a> and <a href="/wiki/1935_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition" title="1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition">of 1935</a>, but was unable to accept due to his army commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981160,_188_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981160,_188-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marjorie also had two older daughters by a previous marriage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finch gives a highly-readable account of the summit attempt (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/assaultonmountev00bruc#page/234/mode/2up">available online</a>) in <i>The Assault on Mount Everest, 1922</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1923234–250_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1923234–250-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2012) wrote, "Their elevation was 27,300 feet – the highest that man had ever climbed", and, "Geoffrey Bruce ... had set a world height record on his very first mountain climb".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Bruce (1923) wrote, "First, although Geoffrey Bruce is thoroughly accustomed to work on the hillside, he had never before this big attempt, and before the few practice walks that he had with Finch, attempted a snow mountain in his life; the nearest thing he had been to it was following game in Kashmir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce192361_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce192361-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medals were awarded to a further eight members of the team at the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton and Somervell reached 8,573 metres (28,126 ft), setting a record that was to last until the <a href="/wiki/1952_Swiss_Mount_Everest_expedition" title="1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition">Swiss expedition of 1952</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-www-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U152742">"Bruce, Major-General (retired) John Geoffrey"</a></span>. <i>Who Was Who</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.atitle=Bruce%2C+Major-General+%28retired%29+John+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhowaswho%2FU152742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enews-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enews_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/stories2004/bruce.htm">"Mallory and Irvine The Final Chapter: Capt. C. Geoffrey Bruce"</a>. <i>EverestNews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170942/http://www.everestnews2004.com/malloryandirvine2004/stories2004/bruce.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EverestNews.com&rft.atitle=Mallory+and+Irvine+The+Final+Chapter%3A+Capt.+C.+Geoffrey+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everestnews2004.com%2Fmalloryandirvine2004%2Fstories2004%2Fbruce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012377–378-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012377–378_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 377–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blakeney-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blakeney_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakeney_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakeney_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakeney_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blakeney_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeney1973" class="citation journal cs1">Blakeney, T. S. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1973_files/AJ%201973%20280-295%20In%20Memoriam.pdf">"In Memoriam: John Geoffrey Bruce 1896–1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Alpine Journal</i>: <span class="nowrap">280–</span>295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052453/http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1973_files/AJ%201973%20280-295%20In%20Memoriam.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alpine+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+John+Geoffrey+Bruce+1896%E2%80%931972&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Blakeney&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpinejournal.org.uk%2FContents%2FContents_1973_files%2FAJ%25201973%2520280-295%2520In%2520Memoriam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012378-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012378_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmart200548-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmart200548_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmart2005">Smart 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rgs_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rgs_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124022935/http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Units/25.html">"Major-General John Geoffrey Bruce"</a>. <i>Imaging Everest</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imagingeverest.rgs.org/Units/25.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imaging+Everest&rft.atitle=Major-General+John+Geoffrey+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagingeverest.rgs.org%2FUnits%2F25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012413–414,_418–419-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012413–414,_418–419_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 413–414, 418–419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1923234–250-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1923234–250_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1923">Bruce (1923)</a>, pp. 234–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012428–430-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012428–430_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 428–430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012433–434-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012433–434_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 433–434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce192361-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce192361_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1923">Bruce (1923)</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437,_457–458-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437,_457–458_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 434–437, 457–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012434–437_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 434–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012463-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012463_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc1924-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc1924_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou2012" class="citation news cs1">Georgiou, George (26 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17493939">"Everest Olympic medal pledge set to be honoured"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922145422/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17493939">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Everest+Olympic+medal+pledge+set+to+be+honoured&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-17493939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981108-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981108_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnsworth1981">Unsworth (1981)</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012495–496-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012495–496_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981117–118-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981117–118_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnsworth1981">Unsworth (1981)</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012529-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012529_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981122-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981122_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnsworth1981">Unsworth (1981)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2012538,_549–550-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2012538,_549–550_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2012">Davis (2012)</a>, pp. 538, 549–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981160,_188-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnsworth1981160,_188_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnsworth1981">Unsworth (1981)</a>, pp. 160, 188.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1923" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Charles Granville (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/assaultonmountev00bruc#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Assault on Mount Everest, 1922</i></a>. New York: Longmans, Green & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assault+on+Mount+Everest%2C+1922&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Charles+Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fassaultonmountev00bruc%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Davis, Wade</a> (2012). <i>Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099563839" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099563839"><bdi>978-0099563839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Silence%3A+The+Great+War%2C+Mallory%2C+and+the+Conquest+of+Everest&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099563839&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnsworth1981" class="citation book cs1">Unsworth, Walt (1981). <i>Everest</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713911085" title="Special:BookSources/0713911085"><bdi>0713911085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0713911085&rft.aulast=Unsworth&rft.aufirst=Walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart2005" class="citation book cs1">Smart, Nick (2005). <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War</i>. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844150496" title="Special:BookSources/1844150496"><bdi>1844150496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+British+Generals+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Barnesley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1844150496&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Ammentorp, Steen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generals.dk/general/Bruce/John_Geoffrey/Great_Britain.html">"Biography of Major-General John Geoffrey Bruce (1896–1972), Great Britain"</a>. <i>The Generals of WWII: Generals from Great Britain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Generals+of+WWII%3A+Generals+from+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Major-General+John+Geoffrey+Bruce+%281896%E2%80%931972%29%2C+Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Ammentorp&rft.aufirst=Steen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generals.dk%2Fgeneral%2FBruce%2FJohn_Geoffrey%2FGreat_Britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Bruce, Sally (10 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/07/a6084407.shtml">"Memories of a Wartime Childhood"</a>. <i>WW2 People's War: Child in Wartime</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2+People%27s+War%3A+Child+in+Wartime&rft.atitle=Memories+of+a+Wartime+Childhood&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F07%2Fa6084407.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeoffrey+Bruce" class="Z3988"></span> – memoir by one of Bruce's daughters</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&oldid=1213982601">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&oldid=1213982601</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_births" title="Category:1896 births">1896 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1972_deaths" title="Category:1972 deaths">1972 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_Staff_College,_Quetta" title="Category:Academics of the Staff College, Quetta">Academics of the Staff College, Quetta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_mountain_climbers" title="Category:English mountain climbers">English mountain climbers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Rugby_School" title="Category:People educated at Rugby School">People educated at Rugby School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Nepal" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of Nepal">Recipients of the Order of the Star of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medallists_for_Great_Britain" title="Category:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain">Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Army_generals_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Indian Army generals of World War II">Indian Army generals of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath">Companions of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Military_Cross" title="Category:Recipients of the Military Cross">Recipients of the Military Cross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order">Companions of the Distinguished Service Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glamorgan_Yeomanry_officers" title="Category:Glamorgan Yeomanry officers">Glamorgan Yeomanry officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graduates_of_the_Staff_College,_Quetta" title="Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta">Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graduates_of_the_Royal_College_of_Defence_Studies" title="Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies">Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_MacGregor_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the MacGregor Medal">Recipients of the MacGregor Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War">British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:British Army personnel of World War I">British Army personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Indian_Army_generals" title="Category:British Indian Army generals">British Indian Army generals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use British English from December 2014">Use British English from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2014">Use dmy dates from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_military_person_with_embed" title="Category:Pages using infobox military person with embed">Pages using infobox military person with embed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2024, at 08:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bruce&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffrey Bruce</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-l8qdj","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.593","walltime":"0.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5501,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":44954,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7783,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51020,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 682.877 1 -total"," 28.57% 195.093 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 18.52% 126.435 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.21% 97.019 18 Template:Sfnp"," 13.77% 94.020 5 Template:Cite_web"," 11.37% 77.657 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.31% 77.258 1 Template:Infobox_military_person"," 10.19% 69.610 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.32% 49.976 8 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.65% 45.430 9 Template:Convert"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.341","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8836407,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBlakeney1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiou2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnsworth1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, Geoffrey\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-57bccb6b4d-zztl6","timestamp":"20250221210316","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geoffrey Bruce","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geoffrey_Bruce","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17172479","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17172479","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-12-18T21:18:53Z","dateModified":"2024-03-16T08:28:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/0f\/Geoffrey_Bruce_%26_George_Finch%2C_1922.jpg","headline":"Wikimedia disambiguation page"}</script> </body> </html>