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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_vlna_(science_fiction)" title="Nová vlna (science fiction) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová vlna (science fiction)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_(Literatur)" title="New Wave (Literatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New Wave (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Ola_(ciencia_ficci%C3%B3n)" title="Nueva Ola (ciencia ficción) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Ola (ciencia ficción)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_(science-fiction)" title="New wave (science-fiction) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="New wave (science-fiction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C_SF" title="뉴웨이브 SF – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴웨이브 SF" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_(fantascienza)" title="New Wave (fantascienza) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="New Wave (fantascienza)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ახალი ფიქცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი ფიქცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96_(SF)" title="ニュー・ウェーブ (SF) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュー・ウェーブ (SF)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_fala_(literatura_fantastycznonaukowa)" title="Nowa fala (literatura fantastycznonaukowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowa fala (literatura fantastycznonaukowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wave_(fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica)" title="New Wave (ficção científica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="New Wave (ficção científica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noul_val_(%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic)" title="Noul val (științifico-fantastic) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noul val (științifico-fantastic)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Новая волна (фантастика) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая волна (фантастика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieteiskirjallisuuden_uusi_aalto" title="Tieteiskirjallisuuden uusi aalto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieteiskirjallisuuden uusi aalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нова хвиля наукової фантастики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нова хвиля наукової фантастики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E6%BD%AE" title="科幻新浪潮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科幻新浪潮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_science_fiction&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave science fiction</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement in science fiction</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>New Wave</b> was a science fiction style of the 1960s and 1970s, characterized by a great degree of experimentation with the form and content of stories, greater imitation of the styles of non-science fiction literature, and an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">psychological and social sciences</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">physical sciences</a>. New Wave authors often considered themselves as part of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> tradition of fiction, and the New Wave was conceived as a deliberate change from the traditions of the science fiction characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazines</a>, which many of the writers involved considered irrelevant or unambitious. </p><p>The most prominent source of New Wave science fiction was the British magazine <i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_(magazine)" title="New Worlds (magazine)">New Worlds</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, who became editor during 1964. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>'s 1967 anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Visions" title="Dangerous Visions">Dangerous Visions</a></i> is often considered as the best early representation of the genre. Worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (a pseudonym of Alice Bradley Sheldon), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Disch" title="Thomas M. Disch">Thomas M. Disch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> were also major writers associated with the style. </p><p>The New Wave was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a>, the politics of the 1960s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">controversy</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and by social trends such as the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s#Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">drug subculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual liberation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmentalism</a>. Although the New Wave was critiqued for the self-absorption of some of its writers, it was influential in the development of subsequent genres, primarily <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slipstream_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream genre">slipstream</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_use_of_the_term">Origins and use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase "New Wave" was used generally for new artistic fashions during the 1960s, imitating the term <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_vague" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle vague">nouvelle vague</a></i> used for certain French cinematic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/P._Schuyler_Miller" title="P. Schuyler Miller">P. Schuyler Miller</a>, the regular book reviewer of <i><a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Analog Science Fiction and Fact</a></i>, first used it in the November 1961 issue to describe a new generation of British authors: "It's a moot question whether <a href="/wiki/John_Carnell" title="John Carnell">Carnell</a> discovered the ‘big names’ of British science fiction—<a href="/wiki/John_Wyndham" title="John Wyndham">Wyndham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Frank_Russell" title="Eric Frank Russell">Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Christopher" title="John Christopher">Christopher</a>—or whether they discovered him. Whatever the answer, there is no question at all about the ‘new wave’: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Charles_Tubb" title="Edwin Charles Tubb">Tubb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Aldiss</a>, and to get to my point, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bulmer" title="Kenneth Bulmer">Kenneth Bulmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SFE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Analog_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_usage">Subsequent usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subsequent usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'New Wave' has been incorporated into the concept of New Wave Fabulism, a form of <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a> "which often blend a realist or postmodern aesthetic with nonrealistic interruptions, in which alternative technologies, ontologies, social structures, or biological forms make their way in to otherwise realistic plots".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:76</sup> New Wave Fabulism itself has been related to the <a href="/wiki/Slipstream_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream genre">slipstream</a> literary genre, an interface between mainstream or <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">postmodern</a> fiction and science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a 'new wave' has been applied to science fiction in other countries, including for some Arabic science fiction, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Khaled_Tawfik" title="Ahmed Khaled Tawfik">Ahmed Khaled Tawfik</a>'s best-selling novel <i>Utopia</i> being considered a prominent example,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese science fiction</a>, where it has been applied to some of the work of Wang Jinkang and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cixin" title="Liu Cixin">Liu Cixin</a>, including Liu's <i><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_of_Earth%27s_Past" title="Remembrance of Earth's Past">Remembrance of Earth's Past</a></i> trilogy (2006–2010),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> works that emphasize China's increase of power, the development myth, and <a href="/wiki/Posthuman" title="Posthuman">posthumanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early proponents of New Wave considered it as a major change from with the genre's past, and it was so experienced by many readers during the late 1960s and early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Wave writers often considered themselves as part of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernist</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernist</a> traditions and sometimes mocked the traditions of older science fiction, which many of them regarded as stodgy, adolescent and badly written.<sup id="cite_ref-galacticjourney.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galacticjourney.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many also rejected the content of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>, emphasizing not on outer space but human psychology, that is, subjectivity, dreams, and the unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, during the New Wave period, traditional types of science fiction continued to appear, and in <a href="/wiki/Rob_Latham" title="Rob Latham">Rob Latham</a>'s opinion, the broader genre had absorbed the New Wave's agenda and mostly neutralized it by the conclusion of the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format">Format</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Wave coincided with a major change in the production and distribution of science fiction, as the pulp magazine era was replaced by the book market;<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was in a sense also a reaction against typical pulp magazine styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Wave interacted with a number of themes during the 1960s and 1970s, including <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">drug culture</a>, especially the work of <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the popularity of environmentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. G. Ballard's themes included <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">class discrimination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">the end of civilization</a>, in settings ranging from a single apartment block (<i><a href="/wiki/High-Rise_(novel)" title="High-Rise (novel)">High Rise</a></i>) to entire worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Latham" title="Rob Latham">Rob Latham</a> noted that several of J. G. Ballard's works of the 1960s (e.g., the quartet begun by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_from_Nowhere" title="The Wind from Nowhere">The Wind from Nowhere</a></i> [1960]), engaged with the concept of eco-catastrophe, as did Disch's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genocides" title="The Genocides">The Genocides</a></i> and Ursula K. Le Guin's short novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Word_for_World_Is_Forest" title="The Word for World Is Forest">The Word for World Is Forest</a></i>. The latter, with its description of the use of napalm on indigenous people, was also influenced by Le Guin's perceptions of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and both emphasized anti-technocratic fatalism instead of imperial hegemony via technology, with the New Wave later interacting with feminism, ecological activism and postcolonial rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A major concern of the New Wave was a fascination with <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>, i.e., that the world (and the universe) must tend to disorder, eventually resulting in "<a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Wave also engaged with <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>, a common theme of science fiction, offering more nuanced interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:74–80</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transformation of style was part of the basis of the New Wave fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:286</sup> Combined with controversial topics, it introduced innovations of form, style, and aesthetics, involving more literary ambitions and experimental use of language, with significantly less emphasis on physical science or technological themes in its content.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the story "<a href="/wiki/A_Rose_for_Ecclesiastes" title="A Rose for Ecclesiastes">A Rose for Ecclesiastes</a>" (1963), <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> introduces numerous literary <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a>, complex <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastic</a> patterns, multiple meanings, and innovative themes, and other Zelazny works, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Doors_of_His_Face,_the_Lamps_of_His_Mouth" title="The Doors of His Face, the Lamps of His Mouth">The Doors of His Face, the Lamps of His Mouth</a>" (1965) and <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Master" title="The Dream Master"><i>He Who Shapes</i></a> (1966) involve literary self-reflexivity, playful collocations, and neologisms. In stories like <a href="/wiki/%22Repent,_Harlequin!%22_Said_the_Ticktockman" title=""Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman">"Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> is considered as using <a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">gonzo</a>-style syntax. Many New Wave authors used obscenity and vulgarity intensely or frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1990_611–627_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1990_611–627-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning visual aspects, some scenes of J. G. Ballard's novels reference the surrealist paintings of <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_American_and_British_New_Waves">Differences between American and British New Waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differences between American and British New Waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British and American New Wave trends overlapped but were somewhat different. Judith Merril noted that New Wave SF was being called "the New Thing". In a 1967 article for <i>The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction</i> she contrasted the SF New Wave of England and the United States, writing: </p> <blockquote><p>They call it the New Thing. The people who call it that mostly don't like it, and the only general agreements they seem to have are that Ballard is its Demon and I am its prophetess—and that it is what is wrong with Tom Disch, and with British s-f in general... The American counterpart is less cohesive as a "school" or "movement": it has had no single publication in which to concentrate its development, and was, in fact, till recently, all but excluded from the regular s-f magazines. But for the same reasons, it is more diffuse and perhaps more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:105</sup></p></blockquote> <p>The science fiction academic <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">Edward James</a> also discussed differences between the British and American SF New Wave. He believed that the former was, due to J. G. Ballard and Michael Moorcock, associated mainly with a specific magazine with a set programme that had little subsequent influence. James noted additionally that even the London-based American writers of the time, such as Samuel R. Delany, Thomas M. Disch, and John Sladek, had their own agendas. James asserted the American New Wave did not reach the status of a "movement" but was rather a concordance of talent that introduced new ideas and better standards to the authoring of science fiction, including through the first three seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a></i>. In his opinion, "...the American New Wave ushered in a great expansion of the field and of its readership... it is clear that the rise in literary and imaginative standards associated with the late 1960s contributed a great deal to some of the most original writers of the 1970s, including <a href="/wiki/John_Crowley_(author)" title="John Crowley (author)">John Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree, Jr.">James Tiptree, Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_Edward,_1947–1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_and_predecessors">Influences and predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influences and predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the New Wave began during the 1960s, some of its tenets can be found in <a href="/wiki/H._L._Gold" title="H. L. Gold">H. L. Gold</a>'s editorship of <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy</a></i>, which began publication in 1950. <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (author)">James Gunn</a> described Gold's emphasis as being "not on the adventurer, the inventor, the engineer, or the scientist, but on the average citizen,"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to SF historian David Kyle, Gold's work would result in the New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:119-120</sup> </p><p>The New Wave was partly a rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Algis_Budrys" title="Algis Budrys">Algis Budrys</a> in 1965 wrote of the "recurrent strain in 'Golden Age' science fiction of the 1940s—- the implication that sheer technological accomplishment would solve all the problems, hooray, and that all the problems were what they seemed to be on the surface".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196508_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196508-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Wave was not defined as a development from the science fiction which came before it, but initially reacted against it. New Wave writers did not operate as an organized group, but some of them felt the tropes of the pulp magazine and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a> periods had become over-used, and should be abandoned: <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a> stated in 1962 that "science fiction should turn its back on space, on interstellar travel, extra-terrestrial life forms, (and) galactic wars",<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Brian Aldiss said in <i><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree:_The_History_of_Science_Fiction" title="Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction">Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction</a></i> that "the props of SF are few: rocket ships, telepathy, robots, time travel...like coins, they become debased by over-circulation."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a> summarised the period by saying "old barriers were coming down, pulp taboos were being forgotten, new themes and new manners of writing were being explored".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Wave writers began to use non-science fiction literary themes, such as the example of beat writer <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>—New Wave authors <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrington_J._Bayley" title="Barrington J. Bayley">Barrington J. Bayley</a> wrote pastiches of his work (<i>The Jungle Rot Kid on the Nod</i> and <i>The Four Colour Problem</i>, respectively), while J. G. Ballard published an admiring essay in an issue of <i>New Worlds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burroughs' use of experimentation such as the <a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">cut-up technique</a> and his use of science fiction tropes in new manners proved the extent to which prose fiction could seem revolutionary, and some New Wave writers sought to emulate this style. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>, one of the newer writers to be published during the 1960s, describes the transition to the New Wave era thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without in the least dismissing or belittling earlier writers and work, I think it is fair to say that science fiction changed around 1960, and that the change tended toward an increase in the number of writers and readers, the breadth of subject, the depth of treatment, the sophistication of language and technique, and the political and literary consciousness of the writing. The sixties in science fiction were an exciting period for both established and new writers and readers. All the doors seemed to be opening.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Other writers and works seen as preluding or transitioning to the New Wave include <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Miller_Jr." title="Walter M. Miller Jr.">Walter M. Miller</a>'s 1959 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Canticle_for_Leibowitz" title="A Canticle for Leibowitz">A Canticle for Leibowitz</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril M. Kornbluth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>'s anti-hyper-consumerist <i><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Merchants" title="The Space Merchants">The Space Merchants</a></i> (1952), <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>'s mocking <i><a href="/wiki/Player_Piano_(novel)" title="Player Piano (novel)">Player Piano</a></i> (1952) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_of_Titan" title="The Sirens of Titan">The Sirens of Titan</a></i> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>'s humanist <i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_Human" title="More Than Human">More Than Human</a></i> (1953) and the hermaphrodite society of <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Plus_X" title="Venus Plus X">Venus Plus X</a></i> (1960), and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>'s human-extraterrestrial sexual encounters in <i>The Lovers</i> (1952) and <i>Strange Relations</i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is not any consensus about a precise beginning for the New Wave—British author <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(British_writer)" title="Adam Roberts (British writer)">Adam Roberts</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a> as having single-handedly invented the genre,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the introduction to a collection of <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>'s short fiction, Michael Moorcock referred to her as one of the genre's "true godmothers".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algis Budrys said that in New Wave writers "there are echoes... of <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Miller,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Miller, Jr.">Walter Miller, Jr.</a> and, by all odds, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196710_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196710-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is accepted by many critics that the New Wave began in England with the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_(magazine)" title="New Worlds (magazine)">New Worlds</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>. who was appointed editor in 1964 (first issue number 142, May and June<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup>);<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moorcock was editor until 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the American magazines <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i> had from the start printed unusually literary stories, Moorcock made that into a more definite policy, and he sought to use the magazine to "define a new <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> role" for science fiction<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the use of "new literary techniques and modes of expression".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:251-252</sup> No other science fiction magazine was made to differ as consistently from traditional science fiction as much as <i>New Worlds</i>. By the time it ceased regular publication it had rejected identification with the genre of science fiction itself, styling itself as an <a href="/wiki/Experimental_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental fiction">experimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Literary_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary journal">literary journal</a>. In the United States, the best known representation of the genre is probably the 1967 anthology <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Visions" title="Dangerous Visions">Dangerous Visions</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Brian W. Aldiss, during Moorcock's editorship of <i>New Worlds</i>, "galactic wars went out; drugs came in; there were fewer encounters with aliens, more in the bedroom. Experimentation in prose styles became one of the orders of the day, and the baleful influence of William Burroughs often threatened to gain the upper hand."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a> observed, "...this magazine [''New Worlds''] was the publishing thermometer of the trend that was dubbed "the New Wave". In the United States the trend created an intense, incredible controversy. In Britain people either found it of interest or they didn't, but in the States it was heresy on the one hand and wonderful revolution on the other."<sup id="cite_ref-Loved3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loved3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162–163">: 162–163 </span></sup> </p><p>Brooks Landon, professor of English at the University of Iowa, says of <i>Dangerous Visions</i> that it </p> <blockquote><p>was innovative and influential before it had any readers simply because it was the first big original anthology of SF, offering prices to its writers that were competitive with the magazines. The readers soon followed, however, attracted by 33 stories by SF writers both well-established and relatively unheard of. These writers responded to editor Harlan Ellison's call for stories that could not be published elsewhere or had never been written in the face of almost certain censorship by SF editors... [T]o SF readers, especially in the United States, <i>Dangerous Visions</i> certainly felt like a revolution... <i>Dangerous Visions</i> marks an emblematic turning point for American SF.<sup id="cite_ref-landon_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As an anthologist and speaker Merril with other authors advocated a reestablishment of science fiction within the literary mainstream and better literary standards. Her "incredible controversy" is characterized by David Hartwell in the opening sentence of a book chapter entitled "New Wave: The Great War of the 1960s": "Conflict and argument are an enduring presence in the SF world, but literary politics has yielded to open warfare on the largest scale only once."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> The changes were more than the experimental and explicitly provocative as inspired by Burroughs; in coherence with the literary <i>nouvelle vague</i>, although not in close association to it, and addressing a less restricted pool of readers, the New Wave was reversing the standard hero's attitude toward action and science. It illustrated egotism—often by depriving the plot of motivation toward a rational explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:87</sup> </p><p>In 1962 Ballard wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I've often wondered why s-f shows so little of the experimental enthusiasm which has characterized painting, music and the cinema during the last four or five decades, particularly as these have become wholeheartedly speculative, more and more concerned with the creation of new states of mind, constructing fresh symbols and languages where the old cease to be valid... The biggest developments of the immediate future will take place, not on the Moon or Mars, but on Earth, and it is <i><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">inner space</a></i>, not outer, that need to be explored. The only truly alien planet is Earth. In the past the scientific bias of s-f has been towards the physical sciences—rocketry, electronics, cybernetics—and the emphasis should switch to the biological sciences. Accuracy, that last refuge of the unimaginative, doesn't matter a hoot... It is that <i>inner</i> space-suit which is still needed, and it is up to science fiction to build it!<sup id="cite_ref-ballard12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 197">: 197 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 1963 Moorcock wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>"Let's have a quick look at what a lot of science fiction lacks. Briefly, these are some of the qualities I miss on the whole—passion, subtlety, irony, original characterization, original and good style, a sense of involvement in human affairs, colour, density, depth, and, on the whole, real feeling from the writer..."<sup id="cite_ref-galacticjourney.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galacticjourney.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roger Luckhurst pointed out that J. G. Ballard's 1962 essay, <i>Which Way to Inner Space?</i><sup id="cite_ref-ballard12_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "showed the influence of media theorist <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> and the 'anti-psychiatry' of <a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> Luckhurst traces the influence of both these thinkers in Ballard's fiction, in particular <i>The Atrocity Exhibition</i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152">: 152 </span></sup> </p><p>After Ellison's <i>Dangerous Visions</i>, Judith Merril contributed to this fiction in the United States by editing the anthology <i>England Swings SF: Stories of Speculative Fiction</i> (Doubleday 1968). </p><p>The New Wave also had political associations: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Most of the 'classic' writers had begun writing before the Second World War, and were reaching middle age by the early 1960s; the writers of the so-called New Wave were mostly born during or after the war, and were not only reacting against the sf writers of the past, but playing their part in the general youth revolution of the 1960s which had such profound effects upon Western culture. It is no accident that the New Wave began in Britain at the time of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, and took off in the United States at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a>—both, therefore at a time of cultural innovation and generational shake-up...<sup id="cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_Edward,_1947–1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> observed: </p> <blockquote><p>The New Wave's inventors (notably Michael Moorcock, J. G. Ballard and Brian Aldiss) were British socialists and Marxists who rejected individualism, linear exposition, happy endings, scientific rigor and the U.S.'s <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> over the SF field in one fell swoop. The New Wave's later American exponents were strongly associated with the New Left and opposition to the Vietnam War, leading to some rancorous public disputes in which politics was tangled together with definitional questions about the nature of SF and the direction of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></blockquote> <p>For example, Judith Merril, "one of the most visible—and voluble—apostles of the New Wave in 1960s sf"<sup id="cite_ref-Latham_2006_251–274_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham_2006_251–274-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:251</sup> remembers her return from England to the United States: "So I went home ardently looking for a revolution. I kept searching until the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic Convention">Chicago Democratic Convention in 1968</a>. I went to Chicago partly to seek out a revolution, if there was one happening, and partly because my seventeen-year-old daughter... wanted to go."<sup id="cite_ref-Loved3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loved3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> Merril said later, "At the end of the Convention week, the taste of America was sour in all our mouths";<sup id="cite_ref-Loved3_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loved3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 169">: 169 </span></sup> she soon became a political refugee living in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup> </p><p>Roger Luckhurst disagreed with critics who perceived the New Wave mainly in terms of difference (he gives the example of Thomas Clareson), suggesting that such a model "doesn't quite seem to map onto the American scene, even though the wider conflicts of the 1960s liberalization in universities, the civil rights movement and the cultural contradictions inherent in consumer society were starker and certainly more violent than in Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vietnamads_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vietnamads-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he noted: </p> <blockquote><p>The young turks within SF also had an ossified 'ancient regime' to topple: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John Campbell</a>'s intolerant right-wing editorials for <a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact"><i>Astounding Science Fiction</i></a> (which he renamed <i>Analog</i> in 1960) teetered on the self parody. In 1970, when the campus revolt against American involvement in Vietnam reached its height and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">National Guard shooting four students dead in Kent State University</a>, Campbell editorialized that the 'punishment was due', and rioters should expect to be met with lethal force. Vietnam famously divided the SF community to the extent that, in 1968, 'Galaxy' magazine carried two adverts, one signed by writers in favour and one by those against the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vietnamads_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vietnamads-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caution is needed when assessing any literary movement, particularly regarding transitions. Science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>, reacting to his association with another SF movement in the 1980s, remarked, "When did the New Wave SF end? Who was the last New Wave SF writer? You can't be a New Wave SF writer today. You can recite the numbers of them: Ballard, Ellison, Spinrad, Delaney, blah, blah, blah. What about a transitional figure like Zelazny? A literary movement isn't an army. You don't wear a uniform and swear allegiance. It's just a group of people trying to develop a sensibility."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similarly, Rob Latham observed: </p> <blockquote><p>...indeed, one of the central ways the New Wave was experienced, in the US and Britain, was as a "liberated" outburst of erotic expression, often counterpoised, by advocates of the "New Thing" (as Merril called it), with the priggish Puritanism of the Golden Age. Yet this stark contrast, while not unreasonable, tends ultimately, as do most of the historical distinctions drawn between the New Wave and its predecessors, to overemphasize rupture at the expense of continuity, effectively "disappearing" some of the pioneering trends in 1950s sf that paved the way for the New Wave's innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-Latham_2006_251–274_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham_2006_251–274-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, Darren Harris-Fain of <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_State_University" title="Shawnee State University">Shawnee State University</a> emphasized New Wave in terms of difference: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The split between the New Wave and everyone else in American SF during the late 1960s was nearly as dramatic as the division at the same time between young protesters and what they called "the establishment," and in fact, the political views of the younger writers, often prominent in their work, reflect many contemporary concerns. New Wave accused what became de facto the old wave of being old-fashioned, patriarchal, imperialistic, and obsessed with technology; many of the more established writers thought the New Wave shallow, said that its literary innovations were not innovations at all (which in fact, outside of SF, they were not), and accused it of betraying SF's grand view of humanity's role in the universe. Both assertions were largely exaggerations, of course, and in the next decade both trends would merge into a synthesis of styles and concerns. However, in 1970 the issue was far from settled and would remain a source of contention for the next few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–14">: 13–14 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the August 1970 issue of the <i>SFWA Forum</i>, a publication for <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Writers of America">Science Fiction Writers of America</a> members, Harlan Ellison stated that the New Wave furore, which had flourished during the late 1960s, appeared to have been "blissfully laid to rest". He also claimed that there was no real conflict between writers: </p> <blockquote><p>It was all a manufactured controversy, staged by fans to hype their own participation in the genre. Their total misunderstanding of what was happening (not unusual for fans, as history... shows us) managed to stir up a great deal of pointless animosity and if it had any real effect I suspect it was in the unfortunate area of causing certain writers to feel they were unable to keep up and consequently they slowed their writing output.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellison,_Harlan_1970_pp.296_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellison,_Harlan_1970_pp.296-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Latham however remarks that Ellison's analysis "obscures Ellison's own prominent role—and that of other professional authors and editors such as Judith Merril, Michael Moorcock, Lester Del Rey, Frederik Pohl, and Donald A. Wollheim—in fomenting the conflict..."<sup id="cite_ref-latham3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latham3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> </p><p>For Roger Luckhurst, the closing of <i>New Worlds</i> magazine in 1970 (one of many years it closed) "marked the containment of New Wave experiment with the rest of the counter-culture. The various limping manifestations of New World across the 1970s... demonstrated the posthumous nature of its avant-gardism."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> </p><p>By the early 1970s, a number of writers and readers were commenting about the differences between the winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Awards</a>, which had been created in 1965 by the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">SFWA</a> and were awarded by professional writers, and winners of the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a>, awarded by fans at the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Convention">World Science Fiction Convention</a>, with some arguing that this indicated that many authors were alienated from the sentiments of their readers: "While some writers and fans continued to argue about the New Wave until the end of the 1970s—in <i>The World of Science Fiction, 1926–1976: The History of a Subculture</i>, for instance, Lester Del Ray devotes several pages to castigating the movement—for the most part the controversy died down as the decade wore on."<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1979 essay, Professor <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Parrinder" title="Patrick Parrinder">Patrick Parrinder</a>, commenting on the nature of science fiction, noted that "any meaningful act of defamiliarization can only be relative, since it is not possible for man to imagine what is utterly alien to him; the utterly alien would also be meaningless."<sup id="cite_ref-parrinder_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrinder-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> He also states, "Within SF, however, it is not necessary to break with the wider conventions of prose narrative in order to produce work that is validly experimental. The 'New Wave' writing of the 1960s, with its fragmented and surrealistic forms, has not made a lasting impact, because it cast its net too wide. To reform SF one must challenge the conventions of the genre on their own terms."<sup id="cite_ref-parrinder_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrinder-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–56">: 55–56 </span></sup> </p><p>Others ascribe a more important, though still limited, effect. Veteran science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> (1908–2006) when asked in 1991: "Did the [New] Wave's emphasis on experimentalism and its conscious efforts to make SF more 'literary' have any kind of permanent effects on the field?" replied: </p> <blockquote><p>After it subsided—it's old hat now—it probably left us with a sharpened awareness of language and a keener interest in literary experiment. It did wash up occasional bits of beauty and power. For example, it helped launch the careers of such writers as [Samuel R.] Chip Delany, Brian Aldiss, and Harlan Ellison, all of whom seem to have gone on their own highly individualistic directions. But the key point here is that New Wave SF failed to move people. I'm not sure if this failure was due to its pessimistic themes or to people feeling the stuff was too pretentious. But it never really <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">grabbed hold of people's imaginations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hartwell observed that "there is something efficacious in sf's marginality and always tenuous self-identity—its ambiguous generic distinction from other literary categories—and, perhaps more importantly, in its distinction from what has variously been called realist, mainstream, or mundane fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">: 289 </span></sup> Hartwell maintained that after the New Wave, science fiction had still managed to retain this "marginality and tenuous self-identity": </p><p>The British and American New Wave in common would have denied the genre status of SF entirely and ended the continual development of new specialized words and phrases common to the body of SF, without which SF would be indistinguishable from mundane fiction in its entirety (rather than only out on the borders of experimental SF, which is properly indistinguishable from any other experimental literature). The denial of special or genre status is ultimately the cause of the failure of the New Wave to achieve popularity, which, if it had become truly dominant, would have destroyed SF as a separate field.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup> </p><p>Scientific and technological themes were more important than literary trends to Campbell, and some major <i>Astounding</i> contributors <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> had scientific or engineering educations.<sup id="cite_ref-latham2009_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latham2009-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asimov said in 1967 "I hope that when the New Wave has deposited its froth and receded, the vast and solid shore of <i>science</i> fiction will appear once more".<sup id="cite_ref-asimov196708_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asimov196708-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 388">: 388 </span></sup> Yet, Asimov himself was to illustrate just how that "SF shore" did indeed re-emerge—- but changed. A biographer noted that during the 1960s: </p> <blockquote><p>...stories and novels that Asimov must not have liked and must have felt were not part of the science fiction he had helped to shape were winning acclaim and awards. He also must have felt that science fiction no longer needed him. His science fiction writing... became even more desultory and casual.</p></blockquote> <p>Asimov's return to serious writing in 1972 with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_Themselves" title="The Gods Themselves">The Gods Themselves</a></i> (when much of the debate about the New Wave had dissipated) was an act of courage...<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> </p><p>Darren Harris-Fain observed on this resumption of writing SF by Asimov that </p> <blockquote><p>...the novel [<i>The Gods Themselves</i>] is noteworthy for how it both shows that Asimov was indeed the same writer in the 1970s that he had been in the 1950s and that he nonetheless had been affected by the New Wave even if he was never part of it. His depiction of an alien ménage a trois, complete with homoerotic scenes between the two males, marks an interesting departure from his earlier fiction, in which sex of any sort is conspicuously absent. Also there is some minor experimentation with structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other themes dealt with in the novel are concerns for the environment and "human stupidity and the delusional belief in human superiority", both frequent topics in New Wave SF.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>Still other commentators ascribe a much greater effect to the New Wave. Commenting in 2002 on the publication of the 35th Anniversary edition of Ellison's <i>Dangerous Visions</i> anthology, the critic Greg L. Johnson remarked that </p> <blockquote><p>...if the New Wave did not entirely revolutionize the way SF was written, (the exploration of an invented world through the use of an adventure plot remains the prototypical SF story outline), they did succeed in pushing the boundaries of what could be considered SF, and their use of stylistic innovations from outside SF helped raise standards. It became less easy for writers to get away with stock characters spouting wooden dialogue laced with technical jargon. Such stories still exist, and are still published, but are no longer typical of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Asimov agreed that "on the whole, the New Wave was a good thing".<sup id="cite_ref-Asimovon_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asimovon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> He described several "interesting side effects" of the New Wave. Non-American SF became more prominent and the genre became an international phenomenon. Other changes noted were that "the New Wave encouraged more and more women to begin reading and writing science fiction... The broadening of science fiction meant that it was approaching the 'mainstream'... in style and content. It also meant that increasing numbers of mainstream novelists were recognizing the importance of changing technology and the popularity of science fiction, and were incorporating science fiction motifs into their own novels."<sup id="cite_ref-Asimovon_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asimovon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138–139">: 138–139 </span></sup> </p><p>Critic <a href="/wiki/Rob_Latham" title="Rob Latham">Rob Latham</a> identifies three trends that associated New Wave with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> during the 1980s. He said that changes of technology as well as an economic <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1958" title="Recession of 1958">recession</a> constricted the market for science fiction, generating a "widespread" malaise among fans, while established writers were forced to reduce their output (or, like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, shifted their emphasis to other subjects); finally, editors encouraged new methods that earlier ones tended to discourage.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moorcock, Ballard, and others engendered some animosity to their writings. When reviewing <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_del_Rey" title="Lester del Rey">Lester del Rey</a> described it as "the first of the New Wave-Thing movies, with the usual empty symbolism".<sup id="cite_ref-delrey196807_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delrey196807-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When reviewing <i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Best_Science_Fiction:_1966" title="World's Best Science Fiction: 1966">World's Best Science Fiction: 1966</a></i>, Algis Budrys mocked Ellison's <a href="/wiki/%22Repent,_Harlequin!%22_Said_the_Ticktockman" title=""Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman">" 'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman"</a> and two other stories as "rudimentary social consciousness... deep stuff" and insufficient for "an outstanding science-fiction story".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196610_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196610-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hartwell noted Budrys's "ringing scorn and righteous indignation" that year in "one of the classic diatribes against Ballard and the new mode of SF then emergent":<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A story by J. G. Ballard, as you know, calls for people who don't think. One begins with characters who regard the physical universe as a mysterious and arbitrary place, and who would not dream of trying to understand its actual laws. Furthermore, to be the protagonist of a J. G. Ballard novel, or anything more than a very minor character therein, you must have cut yourself off from the entire body of scientific education. In this way, when the world disaster—be it wind or water—comes upon you, you are under absolutely no obligation to do anything about it but sit and worship it. Even more further, some force has acted to remove from the face of the world all people who might impose good sense or rational behavior on you...<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196612_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196612-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Budrys in <i>Galaxy</i>, when reviewing a collection of recent stories from the magazine, said in 1965 that "There is this sense in this book... that modern science fiction reflects a dissatisfaction with things as they are, sometimes to the verge of indignation, but also retains optimism about the eventual outcome".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196508_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196508-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his criticism of Ballard and Aldiss ("the least talented" of the four), Budrys called them, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> "an earthshaking new kind" of writers.<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196710_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196710-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asimov said in 1967 of the New Wave, "I want science fiction. I think science fiction isn't really science fiction if it lacks science. And I think the better and truer the science, the better and truer the science fiction",<sup id="cite_ref-asimov196708_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asimov196708-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Budrys that year warned that the four would soon leave those "still reading everything from the viewpoint of the 1944 <i><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Astounding Science Fiction">Astounding</a></i>... nothing but a complete collection of yellowed, crumble-edged bewilderment".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196710_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196710-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While acknowledging the New Wave's "energy, high talent and dedication", and stating that it "may in fact be the shape of tomorrow's science fiction generally — hell, it may be the shape of today's science fiction", as examples of the fashion Budrys much preferred Zelazny's <i><a href="/wiki/This_Immortal" title="This Immortal">This Immortal</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Disch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Disch">Thomas Disch</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genocides" title="The Genocides">The Genocides</a></i>. Predicting that Zelazny's career would be more important and lasting than Disch's, he described the latter's book as "unflaggingly derivative of" the New Wave and filled with "dumb, resigned victims" who "run, hide, slither, grope and die", like Ballard's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drowned_World" title="The Drowned World">The Drowned World</a></i> but unlike <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i> ("about people who do something about their troubles").<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196612_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196612-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_Our_Stuff_Is_Made_Of" title="The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of">The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of</a></i>, Disch observed that "Literary movements tend to be compounded, in various proportions, of the genius of two or three genuinely original talents, some few other capable or established writers who have been co-opted or gone along for the ride, the apprentice work of epigones and wannabes, and a great deal of hype. My sense of the New Wave, with twenty-five years of hindsight, is that its irreducible nucleus was the dyad of J. G. Ballard and Michael Moorcock..."<sup id="cite_ref-disch1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disch1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_and_works">Authors and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Authors and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Wave was not a formal organization with a fixed membership. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Disch" title="Thomas M. Disch">Thomas M. Disch</a>, for instance, rejected his association with some other New Wave authors.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:425</sup> Nonetheless, it is possible to associate specific authors and works, especially anthologies, with the fashion. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> are considered principal writers of the New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a>'s annual anthologies (1957–1968<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) "were the first heralds of the coming of the [New Wave] cult,"<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:105</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anthology_series)" title="Orbit (anthology series)">Orbit</a></i> series and <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Visions" title="Dangerous Visions">Dangerous Visions</a></i> featured American writers inspired by British writers as well as British authors.<sup id="cite_ref-landon_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the stories Ellison printed in <i>Dangerous Visions</i> were <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Wage" title="Riders of the Purple Wage">Riders of the Purple Wage</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Spinrad" title="Norman Spinrad">Norman Spinrad</a>'s "Carcinoma Angels", <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Aye,_and_Gomorrah" title="Aye, and Gomorrah">Aye, and Gomorrah</a>" and stories by Brian Aldiss, J. G. Ballard, <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Bunch" title="David R. Bunch">David R. Bunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonya_Dorman" title="Sonya Dorman">Sonya Dorman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Emshwiller" title="Carol Emshwiller">Carol Emshwiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sladek" title="John Sladek">John Sladek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-landon_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a> was championed by New Wave writers and is seen as a major influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas M. Disch's work is associated with the New Wave, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genocides" title="The Genocides">The Genocides</a></i> has been seen as emblematic of the genre, as has the 1971 Disch anthology of eco-catastrophe stories <i>The Ruins of Earth</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic John Clute wrote of <a href="/wiki/M._John_Harrison" title="M. John Harrison">M. John Harrison</a>'s early writing that it "...reveals its New-Wave provenance in narrative discontinuities and subheads after the fashion of J. G. Ballard".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Aldiss's <i>Barefoot in the Head</i> (1969) and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Spinrad" title="Norman Spinrad">Norman Spinrad</a>'s <i>No Direction Home</i> (1971) are seen as illustrative of the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s#Marijuana,_LSD,_and_other_recreational_drugs" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">drug culture</a>, especially psychedelics, on New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the topic of entropy, Ballard provided "an explicitly cosmological vision of entropic decline of the universe" in <a href="/wiki/The_Voices_of_Time_(short_story)" title="The Voices of Time (short story)">"The Voices of Time"</a>, which provided a typology of ideas that subsequent New Wave writers developed in different contexts, with one of the best instances being <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Zoline" title="Pamela Zoline">Pamela Zoline</a>'s "The Heat Death of the Universe".<sup id="cite_ref-ballard12_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup> Like other writers for <i>New Worlds</i>, Zoline used "science-fictional and scientific language and imagery to describe perfectly 'ordinary' scenes of life", and by doing so produced "altered perceptions of reality in the reader".<sup id="cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James,_Edward,_1947–1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Wave works engaging with utopia, gender, and sexuality include Ursula K. Le Guin's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i> (1969), Joanna Russ's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a></i> (1975), and <a href="/wiki/Marge_Piercy" title="Marge Piercy">Marge Piercy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_on_the_Edge_of_Time" title="Woman on the Edge of Time">Woman on the Edge of Time</a></i> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:82–85</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>'s story <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Maze_(novel)" title="The Man in the Maze (novel)"><i>The Man in the Maze</i></a>, in a reversal typical of the New Wave, Silverberg portrays a disabled man using an alien labyrinthine city to reject abled society.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel R. Delany's <i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i> (1966) provides an example of a New Wave work engaging with Sapir-Whorfian <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">linguistic relativity</a>, as does <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watson_(author)" title="Ian Watson (author)">Ian Watson</a>'s <i>The Embedding</i> (1973).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:86–87</sup> </p><p>Two examples of New Wave writers using utopia as a theme are Ursula K. Le Guin's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia</a></i> (1974) and Samuel R. Delany's <i><a href="/wiki/Triton_(novel)" title="Triton (novel)">Trouble on Triton: An Ambiguous Heterotopia</a></i> (1976),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:74–80</sup> while <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a> is a primary exponent of <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> New Wave science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a> in New Wave include Philip José Farmer's <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joycean</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Wage" title="Riders of the Purple Wage">Riders of the Purple Wage</a></i> (1967), John Brunner's <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_on_Zanzibar" title="Stand on Zanzibar">Stand on Zanzibar</a></i> (1968), which is written in the style of <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Don Passos</a>'s <a href="/wiki/U.S.A._(trilogy)" title="U.S.A. (trilogy)"><i>U.S.A.</i> trilogy</a> (1930–1936), and Thomas Disch's <i><a href="/wiki/Camp_Concentration" title="Camp Concentration">Camp Concentration</a></i>, which includes a stream of literary references, including to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:61–62</sup> The influence of postmodernism in New Wave can be seen in Brian Aldiss's <i><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Probability_A" title="Report on Probability A">Report on Probability A</a></i>, Philip K. Dick's <i><a href="/wiki/Ubik" title="Ubik">Ubik</a></i>, J. G. Ballard's collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atrocity_Exhibition" title="The Atrocity Exhibition">The Atrocity Exhibition</a></i>, and Samuel R. Delany's <i><a href="/wiki/Dhalgren" title="Dhalgren">Dhalgren</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Triton_(novel)" title="Triton (novel)">Triton</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:66–67</sup> </p><p>The majority of stories in <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Ben Bova</a>'s <i>The Best of the Nebulas</i>, such as Roger Zelazny's "<a href="/wiki/A_Rose_for_Ecclesiastes" title="A Rose for Ecclesiastes">A Rose for Ecclesiastes</a>", are considered as being by New Wave writers or as involving New Wave techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1990_611–627_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1990_611–627-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Martian Time-Slip</i> (1964) and other works by Philip K. Dick are viewed as New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Aldiss, Harlan Ellison, Robert Silverberg, Norman Spinrad, and Roger Zelazny are writers whose work, though not necessarily considered New Wave at the time of publication, later became associated with the term.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_new-wave_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc_new-wave-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Of later authors, some of the work of Joanna Russ is considered to bear stylistic resemblance to New Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-Pop:_Fiction_for_a_Daydream_Nation" title="Avant-Pop: Fiction for a Daydream Nation">Avant-Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">The Golden Age of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial Fiction">Interstitial Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipstream_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Slipstream genre">Slipstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrealism_(literature)" title="Transrealism (literature)">Transrealism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: 1) Luckhurst, Roger. <i>Science Fiction</i> (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005) "What became known as the New Wave in SF was centred in England on the Magazine <i>New Worlds</i>, edited with missionary zeal by Michael Moorcock between 1964 and 1970..."<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> 2) James, Edward. <i>Science Fiction in the 20th century</i> (Oxford University Press, 1994) "In April 1963 Michael Moorcock contributes a guest editorial to John Carnell's <i>New Worlds</i>, Britain's leading SF magazine, which effectively announced the onset of the New Wave."<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> 3) Roberts, Adam. <i>The History of Science Fiction</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) "It [the New Wave] was initially associated with the London magazine <i>New Worlds</i>...which was reconfigured as a venue for experimental and unconventional fiction in the 1960s, particularly under the editorship of Michael Moorcock from 1964"<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlenn" class="citation web cs1">Glenn, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hilobrow.com/new-wave-sci-fi/">"New Wave Sci-Fi: 75 Best Novels of 1964–1983"</a>. <i>hilobrow.com</i>. Hilobrow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hilobrow.com&rft.atitle=New+Wave+Sci-Fi%3A+75+Best+Novels+of+1964%E2%80%931983&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilobrow.com%2Fnew-wave-sci-fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/126652">"New Wave"</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, September 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=New+Wave&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F126652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SFE_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/new_wave">"New Wave"</a>, <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>, April 2, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Wave&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fnew_wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Analog-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Analog_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"The Reference Library", <i>Analog Science Fact & Fiction</i> (167/1), November 1961</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analog+Science+Fact+%26+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Reference+Library&rft.issue=167%2F1&rft.date=1961-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2017" class="citation cs2">Marshall, Kate (2017), "New Wave Fabulism and Hybrid Science Fictions", <i>American Literature in Transition, 2000–2010</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>87, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316569290.006">10.1017/9781316569290.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-56929-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-56929-0"><bdi>978-1-316-56929-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature+in+Transition%2C+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=New+Wave+Fabulism+and+Hybrid+Science+Fictions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316569290.006&rft.isbn=978-1-316-56929-0&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Frelik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Paweł Frelik (2011). "Of Slipstream and Others: SF and Genre Boundary Discourses". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.38.1.0020">10.5621/sciefictstud.38.1.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Of+Slipstream+and+Others%3A+SF+and+Genre+Boundary+Discourses&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.38.1.0020&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Frelik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhayrutdinov1975" class="citation book cs1">Khayrutdinov, D. (1975). <i>Ahmad Khaled Tawfik's novel Utopia as an important example of the new wave of science fiction in Arabic literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1077166716">1077166716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Khaled+Tawfik%27s+novel+Utopia+as+an+important+example+of+the+new+wave+of+science+fiction+in+Arabic+literature&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1077166716&rft.aulast=Khayrutdinov&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Mingwei (March 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.6618">"After 1989: The New Wave of Chinese Science Fiction"</a>. <i>China Perspectives</i>. <b>2015</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.6618">10.4000/chinaperspectives.6618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-3449">2070-3449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Perspectives&rft.atitle=After+1989%3A+The+New+Wave+of+Chinese+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fchinaperspectives.6618&rft.issn=2070-3449&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Mingwei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fchinaperspectives.6618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMingwei_Song2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mingwei Song (2013). "Variations on Utopia in Contemporary Chinese Science Fiction". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.40.1.0086">10.5621/sciefictstud.40.1.0086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Variations+on+Utopia+in+Contemporary+Chinese+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.40.1.0086&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.au=Mingwei+Song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRob_Latham2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rob Latham (2012). "From Outer to Inner Space: New Wave Science Fiction and the Singularity". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.39.1.0028">10.5621/sciefictstud.39.1.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Outer+to+Inner+Space%3A+New+Wave+Science+Fiction+and+the+Singularity&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5621%2Fsciefictstud.39.1.0028&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.au=Rob+Latham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galacticjourney.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galacticjourney.org_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galacticjourney.org_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moorcock, Michael. "Play with Feeling." <i>New Worlds</i> 129 (April 1963), pp. 123–27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://galacticjourney.org/stories/NW_1963_04.pdf">http://galacticjourney.org/stories/NW_1963_04.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteble2014" class="citation book cs1">Steble, Janez (2014). <i>Novi val v znanstveni fantastiki ali eksplozija žanra New wave in science fiction or the explosion of the genre: doktorska disertacija</i>. 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Steble. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898669235">898669235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novi+val+v+znanstveni+fantastiki+ali+eksplozija+%C5%BEanra+New+wave+in+science+fiction+or+the+explosion+of+the+genre%3A+doktorska+disertacija&rft.pub=J.+Steble&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898669235&rft.aulast=Steble&rft.aufirst=Janez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenland1983" class="citation book cs1">Greenland, Colin (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Entropy_Exhibition:_Michael_Moorcock_and_the_British_%27New_Wave%27_in_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="The Entropy Exhibition: Michael Moorcock and the British 'New Wave' in Science Fiction">The Entropy Exhibition: Michael Moorcock and the British 'New Wave' in Science Fiction</a></i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9310-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-9310-1"><bdi>0-7100-9310-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8728389">8728389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entropy+Exhibition%3A+Michael+Moorcock+and+the+British+%27New+Wave%27+in+Science+Fiction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8728389&rft.isbn=0-7100-9310-1&rft.aulast=Greenland&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span> At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entropyexhibitio0000gree">Internet Archive</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatham2011" class="citation cs2">Latham, Rob (2011), Pearson, Wendy Gay; Hollinger, Veronica; Gordon, Joan (eds.), "Sextrapolation in New Wave Science Fiction", <i>Queer Universes</i>, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>71, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fupo9781846313882.004">10.5949/upo9781846313882.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-388-2"><bdi>978-1-84631-388-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queer+Universes&rft.atitle=Sextrapolation+in+New+Wave+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5949%2Fupo9781846313882.004&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-388-2&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatham2007" class="citation journal cs1">Latham, Rob (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20479304">"Biotic Invasions: Ecological Imperialism in New Wave Science Fiction"</a>. <i>The Yearbook of English Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20479304">10.2307/20479304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-2473">0306-2473</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20479304">20479304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yearbook+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Biotic+Invasions%3A+Ecological+Imperialism+in+New+Wave+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0306-2473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20479304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20479304&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F20479304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuna_UltavSever2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tuna Ultav, Zeynep; Sever, Müge (March 14, 2020). "Interdisciplinary Nature of Architectural Discourse within the Triangle of Architecture, Sociology and Literary Fiction". <i>Space and Culture</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1206331220905260">10.1177/1206331220905260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1206-3312">1206-3312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216192486">216192486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Interdisciplinary+Nature+of+Architectural+Discourse+within+the+Triangle+of+Architecture%2C+Sociology+and+Literary+Fiction&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216192486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1206-3312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1206331220905260&rft.aulast=Tuna+Ultav&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rft.au=Sever%2C+M%C3%BCge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Adam_(Adam_Charles)2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Adam (Adam Charles) (2006). <i>The history of science fiction</i>. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-97022-5"><bdi>978-0-333-97022-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61756719">61756719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+science+fiction&rft.place=Basingstoke+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61756719&rft.isbn=978-0-333-97022-5&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Adam+%28Adam+Charles%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldiss2004" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian W. (2004). <i>Trillion year spree : the history of science fiction</i>. Royal National Institute of the Blind. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939659718">939659718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trillion+year+spree+%3A+the+history+of+science+fiction&rft.pub=Royal+National+Institute+of+the+Blind&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939659718&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Adam (2006), "The Impact of New Wave Science Fiction 1960s–1970s", <i>The History of Science Fiction</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. <span class="nowrap">230–</span>263, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230554658_11">10.1057/9780230554658_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54691-2"><bdi>978-0-230-54691-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+New+Wave+Science+Fiction+1960s%E2%80%931970s&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230554658_11&rft.isbn=978-0-230-54691-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1990_611–627-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1990_611–627_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1990_611–627_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1990" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, John W. (1990). "From Pulpstyle to Innerspace: The Stylistics of American New-Wave SF". <i>Style</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">611–</span>627. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-4238">0039-4238</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42946165">42946165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Style&rft.atitle=From+Pulpstyle+to+Innerspace%3A+The+Stylistics+of+American+New-Wave+SF&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E627&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42946165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-4238&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWollheim1972" class="citation book cs1">Wollheim, Donald A. (1972). <i>The universe makers: science fiction today</i>. London: Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-01338-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-01338-9"><bdi>0-575-01338-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16202154">16202154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+universe+makers%3A+science+fiction+today&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16202154&rft.isbn=0-575-01338-9&rft.aulast=Wollheim&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James,_Edward,_1947–1994-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James,_Edward,_1947–1994_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames1994" class="citation book cs1">James, Edward (1994). <i>Science fiction in the Twentieth Century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-219263-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-219263-9"><bdi>0-19-219263-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29668769">29668769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+fiction+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29668769&rft.isbn=0-19-219263-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunn1975" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, James E. (1975). "Alternate Worlds: 1949–1965". <i>Alternate worlds : the illustrated history of science fiction</i>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7353-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7353-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-7353-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045641028">1045641028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternate+Worlds%3A+1949%E2%80%931965&rft.btitle=Alternate+worlds+%3A+the+illustrated+history+of+science+fiction&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045641028&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-7353-0&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKyle1986" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, David A. 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Tiger Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-50294-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-50294-5"><bdi>0-600-50294-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15522165">15522165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pictorial+history+of+science+fiction&rft.pub=Tiger+Books+International&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15522165&rft.isbn=0-600-50294-5&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196508-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196508_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196508_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (August 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n06_1965-08#page/n185/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">186–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=1965-08&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v23n06_1965-08%23page%2Fn185%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallard1996" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, J. G. (1996) [1962]. "Which way to inner space?". <i>A user's guide to the millennium: essays and reviews</i>. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-748420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-748420-1"><bdi>978-0-00-748420-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/604713425">604713425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Which+way+to+inner+space%3F&rft.btitle=A+user%27s+guide+to+the+millennium%3A+essays+and+reviews&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F604713425&rft.isbn=978-0-00-748420-1&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldissWingrove1986" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian; Wingrove, David (1986). <i>Trillion year spree: The history of science fiction</i>. Little, Brown Book Group Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722133019" title="Special:BookSources/9780722133019"><bdi>9780722133019</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812942029">812942029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trillion+year+spree%3A+The+history+of+science+fiction&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group+Limited&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812942029&rft.isbn=9780722133019&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Wingrove%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldissHarrison1980" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian W.; Harrison, Harry (1980). <i>Decade the 1950s</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18987-7"><bdi>978-0-312-18987-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5564828">5564828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decade+the+1950s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5564828&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18987-7&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1645085">"Title: Mythmaker of the 20th Century"</a>. <i>isfdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isfdb.org&rft.atitle=Title%3A+Mythmaker+of+the+20th+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftitle.cgi%3F1645085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Guin, Ursula K. "Introduction". In Ursula K. Le Guin and Brian Attebery (eds.), <i>The Norton Book of Science Fiction</i> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackett2002" class="citation book cs1">Brackett, Leigh (2002). "Martian quest". <i>Martian quest: the early Brackett</i>. Moorcock, Michael, 1939– (1st ed.). Royal Oak, Mich.: Haffner Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893887-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-893887-11-1"><bdi>1-893887-11-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54378410">54378410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martian+quest&rft.btitle=Martian+quest%3A+the+early+Brackett&rft.place=Royal+Oak%2C+Mich.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Haffner+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54378410&rft.isbn=1-893887-11-1&rft.aulast=Brackett&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196710-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196710_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196710_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196710_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v26n01_1967-10_modified#page/n175/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v26n01_1967-10_modified%23page%2Fn175%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunnCandelaria2005" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, James E; Candelaria, Matthew (2005). "The 'Field' and the 'Wave': The History of New Worlds". <i>Speculations on speculation: theories of science fiction</i>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4902-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-4902-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318276608">318276608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Field%27+and+the+%27Wave%27%3A+The+History+of+New+Worlds&rft.btitle=Speculations+on+speculation%3A+theories+of+science+fiction&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318276608&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4902-0&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=James+E&rft.au=Candelaria%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStableford1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stableford, Brian (1996). "The Third Generation of Genre Science Fiction". <i>Sciefictstud Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722133019" title="Special:BookSources/9780722133019"><bdi>9780722133019</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5544150298">5544150298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciefictstud+Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Third+Generation+of+Genre+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5544150298&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.isbn=9780722133019&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshley,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Michael (2005). <i>Transformations : the story of the science-fiction magazines from 1950 to 1970</i>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-427-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-427-8"><bdi>978-1-84631-427-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276235554">276235554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+%3A+the+story+of+the+science-fiction+magazines+from+1950+to+1970&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276235554&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-427-8&rft.au=Ashley%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfsite.com/03b/dv148.htm">"The SF Site Featured Review: Dangerous Visions, 35th Anniversary Edition"</a>. <i>sfsite.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfsite.com&rft.atitle=The+SF+Site+Featured+Review%3A+Dangerous+Visions%2C+35th+Anniversary+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F03b%2Fdv148.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sffworld.com/brevoff/816.html">Dangerous visions by Harlan Ellison: Official SFWorld.com review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185727/http://www.sffworld.com/brevoff/816.html">Archived</a> September 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved May 10, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldiss1995" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian W. (1995). <i>The detached retina : aspects of SF and fantasy</i> (1st ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2681-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2681-9"><bdi>0-8156-2681-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32167428">32167428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+detached+retina+%3A+aspects+of+SF+and+fantasy&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32167428&rft.isbn=0-8156-2681-9&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loved3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loved3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loved3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loved3_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerril2009" class="citation book cs1">Merril, Judith (2009) [2002]. <i>Better to have loved the life of Judith Merril</i>. Between the Lines. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757036408">757036408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+to+have+loved+the+life+of+Judith+Merril&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757036408&rft.aulast=Merril&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landon-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landon_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landon_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landon_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Landon, Brooks. <i>Science Fiction after 1900. From the Steam Man to the Stars</i> (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartwell1984" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, David G (1984). <i>Age of wonders: exploring the world of science fiction</i>. New York: Walker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-0808-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-0808-0"><bdi>0-8027-0808-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11029522">11029522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+wonders%3A+exploring+the+world+of+science+fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11029522&rft.isbn=0-8027-0808-0&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=David+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunnCandelaria2005" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, James E; Candelaria, Matthew (2005). "The Readers of Hard Science Fiction". <i>Speculations on speculation: theories of science fiction</i>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4902-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-4902-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/318276608">318276608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Readers+of+Hard+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Speculations+on+speculation%3A+theories+of+science+fiction&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F318276608&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4902-0&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=James+E&rft.au=Candelaria%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ballard12-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ballard12_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballard12_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ballard12_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ballard, J. G. "Which Way to Inner Space?", <i>New Worlds</i>, 118 (May 1962), 117. Reprinted in: Ballard, J. G. <i>A User's Guide to the Millennium</i> (London: Harper-Collins, page 197, 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuckhurst2005" class="citation book cs1">Luckhurst, Roger (2005). <i>Science fiction</i>. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2892-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2892-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-2892-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58843750">58843750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+fiction&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58843750&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2892-9&rft.aulast=Luckhurst&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/sf-history.html">"A Political History of SF"</a>. <i>catb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catb.org&rft.atitle=A+Political+History+of+SF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2F~esr%2Fwritings%2Fsf-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham_2006_251–274-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latham_2006_251–274_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latham_2006_251–274_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatham2006" class="citation journal cs1">Latham, R (2006). "Sextrapolation in New Wave Science Fiction". <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">251–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/109022231">109022231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Sextrapolation+in+New+Wave+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F109022231&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vietnamads-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vietnamads_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vietnamads_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Paid Advertisement". <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. June 1968. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Paid+Advertisement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1968-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfsite.com/09a/bru16.htm">"The SF Site Convention Report: A chat with Bruce Sterling"</a>. <i>sfsite.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfsite.com&rft.atitle=The+SF+Site+Convention+Report%3A+A+chat+with+Bruce+Sterling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F09a%2Fbru16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris-Fain2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris-Fain, Darren. (2005). <i>Understanding contemporary american science fiction: the age of maturity, 1970–2000</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-585-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-585-7"><bdi>1-57003-585-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803950614">803950614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+contemporary+american+science+fiction%3A+the+age+of+maturity%2C+1970%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803950614&rft.isbn=1-57003-585-7&rft.aulast=Harris-Fain&rft.aufirst=Darren.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellison,_Harlan_1970_pp.296-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellison,_Harlan_1970_pp.296_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellison, Harlan. 'Letter to the Editor' <i>SFWA Forum 15</i> (August 1970): 27–28. Quoted in Latham, Rob. 'New Worlds and the New Wave in Fandom: Fan Culture and the Reshaping of Science Fiction in the Sixties' in <i>Extrapolation</i>. (Kent State Univ., Kent, OH) (47:2) [Summer 2006], pp.296–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latham3-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latham3_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latham, Rob. 'New Worlds and the New Wave in Fandom: Fan Culture and the Reshaping of Science Fiction in the Sixties' in 'Extrapolation'. (Kent State Univ., Kent, OH) (47:2) [Summer 2006], pp. 296–315: page 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parrinder-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parrinder_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parrinder_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParrinder1979" class="citation journal cs1">Parrinder, Patrick (1979). "The Alien Encounter: Or, Ms Brown and Mrs Le Guin (la Rencontre de l'extraterrestre)". <i>Sciefictstud Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729">0091-7729</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5544072660">5544072660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciefictstud+Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Alien+Encounter%3A+Or%2C+Ms+Brown+and+Mrs+Le+Guin+%28la+Rencontre+de+l%27extraterrestre%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5544072660&rft.issn=0091-7729&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry McCaffery and Jack Williamson. 'An Interview with Jack Williamson' in <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jul., 1991), pp. 230–252: page 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewitt, Elizabeth. 'Generic Exhaustion and the "Heat Death" of Science Fiction' in <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Nov. 1994), pp. 289–301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartwell1985" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, David G (1985). <i>Age of wonders: exploring the world of science fiction</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-026963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-026963-7"><bdi>978-0-07-026963-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12216587">12216587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+wonders%3A+exploring+the+world+of+science+fiction&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12216587&rft.isbn=978-0-07-026963-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=David+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latham2009-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latham2009_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatham2009" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Rob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7CNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"Fiction, 1950-1963"</a>. In Bould, Mark; Butler, Andrew M.; Roberts, Adam; Vint, Sherryl (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135228361" title="Special:BookSources/9781135228361"><bdi>9781135228361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiction%2C+1950-1963&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135228361&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7CNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asimov196708-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asimov196708_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asimov196708_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Asimov, Isaac (August 1967). "S. F. as a Stepping Stone". Editorial. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. 4, 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=S.+F.+as+a+Stepping+Stone&rft.pages=4%2C+6&rft.date=1967-08&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in Aldiss, Brian and Wingrove David. <i>Trillion Year Spree. The History of Science Fiction</i> (London: Paladin Grafton, 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunn, James. <i>Isaac Asimov. The Foundation of Science Fiction</i> (Oxford University Press, 1982></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asimovon-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asimovon_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asimovon_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1983" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1983). <i>Asimov on science fiction</i>. London u.a.: Granada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-246-12044-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-246-12044-1"><bdi>978-0-246-12044-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/239974687">239974687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asimov+on+science+fiction&rft.place=London+u.a.&rft.pub=Granada&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F239974687&rft.isbn=978-0-246-12044-1&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1721408">"Title: Cyberpunk and the New Wave: Ruptures and Continuities"</a>. <i>isfdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isfdb.org&rft.atitle=Title%3A+Cyberpunk+and+the+New+Wave%3A+Ruptures+and+Continuities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftitle.cgi%3F1721408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delrey196807-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delrey196807_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdel_Rey1968" class="citation magazine cs1">del Rey, Lester (July 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v26n06_1968-07#page/n193/mode/2up">"2001: A Space Odyssey"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=2001%3A+A+Space+Odyssey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=1968-07&rft.aulast=del+Rey&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v26n06_1968-07%23page%2Fn193%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196610-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-budrys196610_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (October 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n01_1966-10#page/n151/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=1966-10&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v25n01_1966-10%23page%2Fn151%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196612-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196612_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budrys196612_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (December 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n02_1966-12_modified#page/n91/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=1966-12&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v25n02_1966-12_modified%23page%2Fn91%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disch1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-disch1_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disch, Thomas M. <i>The Dreams our Stuff is Made of</i> (New York: The Free Press, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1979" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Peter (1979). <i>The science fiction encyclopedia</i>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-13000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-13000-4"><bdi>978-0-385-13000-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1069138048">1069138048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+fiction+encyclopedia&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1069138048&rft.isbn=978-0-385-13000-4&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsf.net/category/reviews/years-best/merril/">"Merril | Best SF"</a>. February 28, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merril+%26%23124%3B+Best+SF&rft.date=2004-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsf.net%2Fcategory%2Freviews%2Fyears-best%2Fmerril%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jad (November 15, 2016). <i>Alfred Bester</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252040634.001.0001">10.5406/illinois/9780252040634.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04063-4"><bdi>978-0-252-04063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Bester&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252040634.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-04063-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of the early work, "... reveals its New-Wave provenance in narrative discontinuities and subheads after the fashion of J. G. Ballard": entry on Harrison by John Clute in <a href="#CITEREFCluteNicholls1999">Clute & Nicholls 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCape2013" class="citation cs2">Cape, Robert W. (2013), "Disabled Hero, Sick Society", <i>Disability in Science Fiction</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>151, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137343437_11">10.1057/9781137343437_11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46568-2"><bdi>978-1-349-46568-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disability+in+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Disabled+Hero%2C+Sick+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137343437_11&rft.isbn=978-1-349-46568-2&rft.aulast=Cape&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The element of dystopia in New-Wave writing was particularly dramatic in the case of John Brunner": entry on New Wave by Peter Nicholls in <a href="#CITEREFCluteNicholls1999">Clute & Nicholls 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc_new-wave-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyc_new-wave_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"whose work was later subsumed under the New Wave label" (chapter: "New Wave) in <a href="#CITEREFCluteNicholls1999">Clute & Nicholls 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... wrote in a style that would have been called New Wave only a year or so earlier": entry on New Wave by Peter Nicholls in <a href="#CITEREFCluteNicholls1999">Clute & Nicholls 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewellTallentire2009" class="citation book cs1">Newell, D.; Tallentire, J. (2009). "Learning the 'prophet business': The Merril-Russ intersection". In Mendlesohn, Farah (ed.). <i>On Joanna Russ</i>. Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6968-4"><bdi>978-0-8195-6968-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/662452558">662452558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Learning+the+%27prophet+business%27%3A+The+Merril-Russ+intersection&rft.btitle=On+Joanna+Russ&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F662452558&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6968-4&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Tallentire%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCluteNicholls1999" class="citation book cs1">Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i> (2nd ed.). Orbit. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85723-897-4"><bdi>1-85723-897-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Orbit&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85723-897-4&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Wave_(science_fiction)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Broderick, D. (2003). "New wave and backwash: 1960–1980". In <i>The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction</i>, pp. 48–63, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521816262.004">10.1017/CCOL0521816262.004</a>.</li> <li>Butler, Andrew M. (2013). <i>Solar Flares: Science Fiction in the 1970s</i>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>, Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846317798" title="Special:BookSources/9781846317798">9781846317798</a>.</li> <li>Clute, John, David Langford, Peter Nicholls and Graham Sleight. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> (3rd ed.). <i>SFE: SF Encyclopedia</i> Home Page. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/new_wave">"New Wave"</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Harris-Fain, D. "Dangerous Visions". In G. Canavan & E. Link (eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to American Science Fiction</i> (pp. 31–43), Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCO9781107280601.005">10.1017/CCO9781107280601.005</a>.</li> <li>Lockwood, Stephen P. (1985). <i>The New Wave in Science Fiction: A Primer</i>, Indiana University.</li> <li>Steble, Janez (2014). <i>New Wave in Science Fiction or the Explosion of the Genre</i>. Doctoral dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ljubljana" title="University of Ljubljana">University of Ljubljana</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1990" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, John W. (Winter 1990). "From Pulpstyle to Innerspace: The Stylistics of American New-Wave SF". <i>Style</i>. <b>24</b> (4: Bibliography/SF/Stylistics): <span class="nowrap">611–</span>627. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42946165">42946165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Style&rft.atitle=From+Pulpstyle+to+Innerspace%3A+The+Stylistics+of+American+New-Wave+SF&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4%3A+Bibliography%2FSF%2FStylistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E611-%3C%2Fspan%3E627&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42946165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Wave+%28science+fiction%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topopolis" title="Topopolis">Topopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> 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