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Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مهندس معماري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهندس معماري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectu" title="Arhitectu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arhitectu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memar" title="Memar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Memar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="স্থপতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থপতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk-su" title="Kiàn-tio̍k-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàn-tio̍k-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архітэктар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Архітэктар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Дойлід – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дойлід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekto" title="Arkitekto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arkitekto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Архитект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Архитект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt" title="Arhitekt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arhitekt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitecte" title="Arquitecte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitecte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Архитектор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Архитектор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt" title="Architekt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Architekt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaer" title="Pensaer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekt" title="Arkitekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkitekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt" title="Architekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Architekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt" title="Arhitekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhitekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect" title="Architect – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Architect" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitecto" title="Arquitecto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitecto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekto" title="Arkitekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkitekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معمار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecte" title="Architecte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsjitekt" title="Arsjitekt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arsjitekt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtire" title="Ailtire – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ailtire" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EA%B0%80" title="건축가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건축가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanin_gine-gine_da_zane" title="Masanin gine-gine da zane – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masanin gine-gine da zane" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="वास्तुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वास्तुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekto" title="Arkitekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arkitekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitek" title="Arsitek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecto" title="Architecto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Architecto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekt" title="Arkitekt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arkitekt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetto" title="Architetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="אדריכל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsit%C3%A8k" title="Arsitèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arsitèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="არქიტექტორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქიტექტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%88%D1%96" title="Сәулетші – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәулетші" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achit%C3%A8k" title="Achitèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Achitèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEmar" title="Mîmar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîmar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectus" title="Architectus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Architectus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekts" title="Arhitekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arhitekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect" title="Architect – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Architect" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architet" title="Architet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Architet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szm%C3%A9rn%C3%B6k" title="Építészmérnök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építészmérnök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="वास्तुक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वास्तुक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Архитект – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Архитект" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="വാസ്തുശിൽപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാസ്തുശിൽപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitett" title="Arkitett – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arkitett" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6" title="वास्तुविशारद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वास्तुविशारद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مهندس معمارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مهندس معمارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معماری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="معماری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitek" title="Arkitek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arkitek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Архитектор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Архитектор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect" title="Architect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Architect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AE%B6" title="建築家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建築家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekt" title="Arkitekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkitekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekt" title="Arkitekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkitekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquit%C3%A8cte" title="Arquitècte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arquitècte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BCmor" title="Meʼmor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meʼmor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕੀਟੈਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A" title="ស្ថាបត្យករ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្ថាបត្យករ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt" title="Architekt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architekt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteto" title="Arquiteto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquiteto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitect" title="Arhitect – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitect" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Архитектор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetu" title="Architetu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Architetu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airchitect" title="Airchitect – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airchitect" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekti" title="Arkitekti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitekti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettu" title="Architettu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Architettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt" title="Architekt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Architekt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt" title="Arhitekt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arhitekt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نژیاروان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نژیاروان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Архитекта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Архитекта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt" title="Arhitekt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arhitekt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitek" title="Arsitek – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arsitek" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkkitehti" title="Arkkitehti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkkitehti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekt" title="Arkitekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkitekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekto" title="Arkitekto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டடக் கலைஞர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டடக் கலைஞர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สถาปนิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Меъмор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меъмор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar" title="Mimar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mimar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Архітектор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معمار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معمار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_s%C6%B0" title="Kiến trúc sư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc sư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%88" title="建筑师 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="建筑师" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98" title="ארכיטעקט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארכיטעקט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E5%89%87%E5%B8%AB" title="畫則師 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="畫則師" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar" title="Mimar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mimar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%88" title="建筑师 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="建筑师" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Architect.png/270px-Architect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Architect.png/360px-Architect.png 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="2710" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> by an architect made in <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>architect</b> is a person who designs <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and prepares plans to give to a <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">builder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What they design is called <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. Sometimes they make drawings with <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, and this is also called drafting. Sometimes he first makes small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done. Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=O.S_Moamogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O.S Moamogo (not yet started)">O.S Moamogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg/180px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg/270px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg/360px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> one of the great architects</figcaption></figure> <p>Architects decide the size, shape, and what the building will be made from. Architects need to be good at <a href="/wiki/Math" class="mw-redirect" title="Math">math</a> and drawing. They need <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>. They must go to <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> and learn how to make a building's structure safe so that it will not collapse. They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it. </p><p>Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there have not always been architects. The great European <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> built in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were designed by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_Builder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Master Builder (not yet started)">Master Builder</a>, who scratched his designs on flat beds of <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>. Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes. </p><p>Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed. Some cathedrals were never finished, like <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. </p><p>An architect has a very important job because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time. If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years. This is rarely the case. </p><p>Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, need or <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> can also affect things. As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station. Architects are employed again and so the city changes. Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change. </p><p>Famous architects include: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Khan" title="Fazlur Khan">Fazlur Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Graham" title="Bruce Graham">Bruce Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone" title="Edward Durell Stone">Edward Durell Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(architect)" title="Adrian Smith (architect)">Adrian Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architect&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurray1969" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Peter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQYeHMGp2gwC"><i>The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance</i></a>. Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1082-8"><bdi>978-0-8052-1082-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1082-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQYeHMGp2gwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AArchitect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425135327/http://www.smweng.com/civil-engineering-definitions-and-history/civil-engineering-defined">"Civil Engineering Defined - Civil Engineering Definitions and History"</a>. <i>smweng.com</i>. 2013. 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