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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepius_staff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/40px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/60px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/80px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still (founder)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">US Medical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Osteopathic_physicians" title="Category:Osteopathic physicians">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">AOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">AACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Osteopathy" title="American Academy of Osteopathy">AAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">MD & DO Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">AOA BOS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Template:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_US_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medicine in the US sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</b> (<b>DO</b> or <b>D.O.</b>, or in Australia <b>DO USA</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degree</a> conferred by the 38 osteopathic <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">medical schools</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DO and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine (MD)</a> degrees are <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">equivalent</a>: a DO graduate may become licensed as a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a> and thus have full <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> practicing rights in <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards" title="Federation of State Medical Boards">all 50 US states</a>. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 186,871 osteopathic physicians and medical students in DO programs across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine (as defined and regulated in the United States)</a> emerged historically from the quasi-medical practice of <a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">osteopathy</a>, but has become a distinct and proper medical profession. </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 28% of all U.S. medical students were DO students.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curricula at DO-granting medical schools are <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">equivalent to those at MD-granting medical schools</a>, which focus the first two years on the <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical medicine">clinical</a> sciences, then two years on <a href="/wiki/Clerkship_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerkship (medicine)">core clinical training</a> in the clinical specialties.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisons_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable difference between DO and MD training is that DOs spend an additional 300–500 hours to study pseudoscientific hands-on manipulation of the human musculoskeletal system (<a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative technique">osteopathic manipulative technique</a>) alongside conventional <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> and surgery like their MD peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Medline_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steve_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steve-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-understanding_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon completing medical school, a DO graduate can enter an <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a> or <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> training program, which may be followed by <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowship training</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisons_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DO graduates attend the same <a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">graduate medical education</a> programs as their MD counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States#History" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States § History</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a>, the older form of <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic medicine</a>, began in the United States in 1874. The term "<a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">osteopathy</a>" was coined by the physician and surgeon<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a>, who named his new discipline of medicine "osteopathy", reasoning that "the bone, <i>osteon</i>, was the starting point from which [he] was to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the American School of Osteopathy (now <a href="/wiki/A.T._Still_University" title="A.T. Still University">A.T. Still University</a> of the Health Sciences) in <a href="/wiki/Kirksville,_Missouri" title="Kirksville, Missouri">Kirksville</a>, Missouri, for the teaching of osteopathy on May 10, 1892. While the state of Missouri granted the right to award the MD degree,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine and instead chose to retain the distinction of the DO degree.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898 the American Institute of Osteopathy started the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathy" title="Journal of Osteopathy">Journal of Osteopathy</a></i> (presently known as the <i>Journal of Osteopathic Medicine</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and by that time four states recognized the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The osteopathic medical profession has evolved into two branches: non-physician <a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">manual medicine</a> osteopaths, who were educated and trained outside the United States; and US-trained osteopathic physicians, who conduct a full scope of medical and surgical practice. The regulation of non-physician manual medicine osteopaths varies greatly between jurisdictions. In the United States, osteopathic physicians holding the DO degree have the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a> with a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Medline_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osteopathic physicians and non-physician osteopaths are so distinct that in practice they function as separate professions. </p><p>As originally conceived by Andrew Still, the letters "DO" stood for "Diplomate in Osteopathy" and the title conferred by the degree was "Doctor of Osteopathy".<sup id="cite_ref-Booth2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the degree also came to be entitled "Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine".<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiovannaSchiowitz2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiovannaSchiowitz2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 20th century, the AOA has preferred that this title be used exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-brand_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brand-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members resolved at a 1960 conference: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Be it resolved, that the American Osteopathic Association institute a policy, both officially in our publications and individually on a conversational basis, to use the terms osteopathic medicine in place of the word osteopathy and osteopathic physician and surgeon in place of osteopath; the words osteopathy and osteopath being reserved for historical, sentimental, and informal discussions only.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A minority of DOs continue to use the old terms, and the American Academy of Osteopathy retains the old usage in its name.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, there were 114,425 osteopathic <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">medical doctors</a> in the United States and 145,343 total DOs and osteopathic medical students. The proportion of females in the profession has steadily increased since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, about 10 percent of DO physicians were female, compared with 41 percent in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP_2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2008 and 2012, 49 percent of new DO graduates were females.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2011–12 academic year, the osteopathic medical student body consisted of: 69 percent white/non-Hispanic, 19 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 3.5 percent Hispanic, 3 percent African-American, and 0.5 percent Native American or Alaskan.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_2012_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder were listed as "other or not entered". The five-year change in osteopathic medical student enrollment by ethnicity has increased by 19 percent for white/non-Hispanic students, 36 percent for Asian-American students, 24 percent for Black/African American students, and 60 percent for Hispanic/Latino students.<sup id="cite_ref-OMP_2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMP_2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_training_and_distinctiveness"><span id="Education.2C_training_and_distinctiveness"></span>Education, training and distinctiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education, training and distinctiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">Comparison of MD and DO in the United States</a></div> <p>Osteopathic medical school curricula are equivalent to those at schools granting the MD degree. Both US-granted MD and US-granted DO programs are listed in the <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a> as medical schools. Furthermore, the accreditation agencies for both degrees, <a href="/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education" title="Liaison Committee on Medical Education">LCME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">COCA</a> for MD and DO, respectively, are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_for_Medical_Education" title="World Federation for Medical Education">World Federation for Medical Education</a> (WFME).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per WFME, "Recognition Status is awarded by WFME to an accrediting agency working to an internationally accepted high standard, and confers the understanding that the quality of accreditation of undergraduate medical schools is to an appropriate and rigorous standard." Once admitted to an osteopathic medical school, students study for four years to graduate. The schooling is divided into the pre-clinical and clinical years. The pre-clinical years, the first and second years, focus on the biomedical and clinical sciences. The clinical years, the third and fourth years, consist of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clerkship_medicine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clerkship medicine) (page does not exist)">core clinical training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-internship" title="Sub-internship">sub-internships</a> in the clinical specialties. </p><p>Osteopathic medical school accreditation standards require training in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">obstetrics/gynecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">family medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-curriculum_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curriculum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine" title="Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</a>, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of physicians with MD qualifications, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and <a href="/wiki/Board_certification" title="Board certification">board certification</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Harrisons_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DO schools provide an additional 300–500 hours in the study of hands-on manual medicine and the body's musculoskeletal system, which is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">osteopathic manipulative medicine</a> (OMM).<sup id="cite_ref-Medline_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medline-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osteopathic manipulation is a pseudoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-steve_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steve-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before entering osteopathic medical school, an applicant must complete a four-year undergraduate degree and take a national standardized exam called the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admissions_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College Admissions Test">Medical College Admissions Test</a> (MCAT). Some combined undergraduate/medical programs exist. Some authors note the differences in the average MCAT scores and <a href="/wiki/Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a> of students who <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculate</a> at DO schools compared to those who matriculate at MD schools within the United States. In 2021, the average MCAT and GPA for students entering US-based MD programs were 511.5 and 3.73,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively, and 504.0 and 3.55 for DO matriculants.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DO medical schools are more likely to accept non-traditional students,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are older and entering medicine as a second career, or coming from non-science majors. </p><p>DO medical students are required to take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (<a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX-USA</a>), which is sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Osteopathic_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners">National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners</a> (NBOME). The COMLEX-USA is a series of three osteopathic medical licensing examinations. The first two Cognitive Evaluations (CEs) of the COMLEX-USA (Level 1 and Level 2) are taken during medical school and are prerequisites for residency programs, consisting of 352 multiple-choice questions (items) each.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, COMLEX Level 3 is usually taken during the first year of residency, and consists of 420 multiple-choice questions and 26 Clinical Decision-Making (CDM) cases.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the COMLEX-USA, DO medical students may choose to sit for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">United States Medical Licensing Examination</a> (USMLE), which is sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Medical Examiners">National Board of Medical Examiners</a> (NBME).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is typically done under specific circumstances, such as when the student desires to enter a residency that may have a historic preference for the USMLE, or if a higher USMLE score would help elevate the student's application to be more competitive. USMLE pass rates for DO and MD students in 2012 are as follows: Step 1: 91% and 94%, Step 2 CK: 96% and 97%, and Step 2 CS: 87% and 97%, respectively (this number may be misleading as only 46 DO students compared to 17,118 MD students were evaluated for Step 2 CS) Step 3: 100% and 95% (this number may be misleading, as only 16 DO students compared to 19,056 MD students, were evaluated for Step 3).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_board_certification">Licensing and board certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Licensing and board certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To obtain a license to practice medicine in the United States, osteopathic medical students must pass the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Osteopathic_Medical_Licensing_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination">Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination</a> (COMLEX),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the licensure exam administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Osteopathic_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners">National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners</a> throughout their medical training. Students are given the option of also taking the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">United States Medical Licensing Examination</a> (USMLE) to apply for certain residency programs that may want USMLE scores in addition to COMLEX scores.<sup id="cite_ref-COMLEX_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COMLEX-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that have received or are in the process of earning an MD or DO degree are both eligible to sit for the USMLE.<sup id="cite_ref-DOMD-difference1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOMD-difference1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their additional training, only DO candidates are eligible to sit for the COMLEX.<sup id="cite_ref-COMLEX_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COMLEX-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2014, the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a> and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education agreed to unify standard and osteopathic <a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">graduate medical education</a> starting in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 2020, DOs had the option to attend ACGME residencies or AOA residencies. From 2020, DOs and MDs attend the same <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">ACGME</a> residencies. Upon completion of internship and residency requirements for their chosen medical specialty, holders of the DO may elect to be board certified by either a specialty board (through the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Medical_Specialties" title="American Board of Medical Specialties">American Board of Medical Specialties</a>) or an osteopathic specialty board (through the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists</a> certifying boards) or both. </p><p>Depending on the state, medical licensure may be issued from a combined board (DO and MD) or a separate board of medical examiners.<sup id="cite_ref-DirectoryBoards_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DirectoryBoards-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the 70 state medical boards are members of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards" title="Federation of State Medical Boards">Federation of State Medical Boards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FSMB_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSMB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both "DOs and MDs require rigorous study in the field of medicine",<sup id="cite_ref-DOMD-difference2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOMD-difference2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with similar entry requirements and curriculum structures that are "largely the same,"<sup id="cite_ref-DOMD-difference1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOMD-difference1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both produce graduates who are licensed and accredited as physicians in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DOMD-difference2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOMD-difference2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retired <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">US Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a> and MD <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the five founding editors of <i><a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has written that US Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine "must be distinguished from 'osteopaths', members of a less regulated or unregulated profession that is practiced in many countries" as "[o]steopaths get inferior training" that is not comparable to that undertaken by DOs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_variations">International variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are no osteopathic medical programs located outside of the United States that would qualify an individual to practice as an osteopathic physician in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign osteopathic degrees are not recognized by any state in the US or any region else as being equivalent to American DO degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_practice_rights">International practice rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International practice rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO), an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, issued a letter affirming that US-trained osteopathic physicians are fully licensed physicians who prescribe medication and perform surgery. The acknowledgment draws a clear separation between American DOs, who are medical doctors, and non-physician osteopaths trained outside of the United States. Within the international standards that classify jobs to promote international comparability across occupations, US-trained DOs are now categorized with all other physicians as medical doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event took place in June 2018 and started a relay of events and opened doors for DOs as more countries started to understand and give full recognition to US-trained medical doctors with the DO degree. The Association of Medical Councils of Africa (AMCOA) approved a resolution in 2019 granting the AOA's request that AMCOA recognize US-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians with practice rights equivalent to MDs, opening its 20 member countries, which include Botswana, Eswatini, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to DOs.<sup id="cite_ref-thedo.osteopathic.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedo.osteopathic.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note: Some of the member African countries of AMCOA had independently licensed DOs before; however, this recognition unifies those who did or did not). </p><p>Similarly, on November 9, 2023, during its 15th biennial Members General Assembly in Bali, Indonesia, the International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities (IAMRA) passed a resolution. This resolution endorses the acknowledgement of U.S.-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians, on par with MDs, across 47 member countries of IAMRA.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IAMRA members include the medical councils of the following countries: Albania, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Eswatini, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Oman, Pakistan, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, The Gambia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, and Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of these countries already recognized the DO as a medical degree prior to the convention, it unified many other countries under the umbrella. </p><p>Furthermore, DOs may work internationally as physicians and surgeons with any humanitarian organization such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Doctors Without Borders</a>. The following is an international licensure summary for US-trained Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, as listed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a>, that shows countries where US DOs have previously applied for licensure (countries not listed are regions with no history of US DOs applying for licensure):<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InternationalLicensing_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InternationalLicensing-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>AOA international licensure summary<sup id="cite_ref-InternationalRights_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InternationalRights-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:85pt;" colspan="2">Country </th> <th style="width:85pt;">Year of latest policy </th> <th style="width:85pt;">Medical practice rights </th> <th>Requirements for licensure </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Argentina </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Foreign physicians must submit credentials to various agencies and then appear before any of the National Universities to have their diploma recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Australia </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>According to documents published online, the Medical Board of Australia has "agreed to accept the DO USA as a primary medical qualification for medical registration provided that the DO USA was awarded by a medical school which has been accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Austria </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Hospital must have position unable to be filled by Austrian physician. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bahamas </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bahrain </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bangladesh </td> <td>2000s </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Barbados </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Limited </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Osteopathic manipulative medicine</a> (OMM) only. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Belize </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Must complete a Belizean residency for permanent license eligibility. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Bermuda </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Required at least 2 years of GME and examination or interview by the council's Examination Committee. Non-Bermudans must have approval from the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs to work on the island. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Botswana </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Brazil </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Completion of Brazilian board exam, establishing residency and some training in a Brazilian hospital is required. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12">Canada </td> <td>Alberta </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires at least 2 years of GME accredited by the <a href="/wiki/ACGME" class="mw-redirect" title="ACGME">ACGME</a> or AOA and must have passed the Universities Coordinating Council Exam, a basic sciences exam, and have passed all three parts of the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Medical_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada">Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Columbia </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires at least 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME, completed at least 1 year of GME in Canada, passed all three parts of the LMCC. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manitoba </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Brunswick </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires at least 2 years of GME approved by the AOA or the ACGME and has passed all 3 parts of the LMCC. Reciprocity pathway for DO physicians with a Maine license. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newfoundland </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>The Medical Act 2011 allows full licensure of osteopathic physicians, both for the country's full registry and its educational registry. </td></tr> <tr> <td>NW Territories </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nova Scotia </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ontario </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires a Canadian or ACGME residency. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince Edward Island </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quebec </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Requires 1 year of GME approved by the AOA or ACGME, 1 year of GME in Quebec passed the written, oral and clinical board examination of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Family_Physicians_of_Canada" title="College of Family Physicians of Canada">College of Family Physicians of Canada</a>, and must speak French fluently. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saskatchewan </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yukon </td> <td> </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Cayman Islands (UK) </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Central African Republic </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US licensure and annual attendance at the National Congress for Physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Chile </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>A written exam in Spanish is required, besides a series of practical tests involving common procedures (CPR, intubation, lumbar puncture, etc.). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">China </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for short-term medical practice licensure. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Colombia </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Costa Rica </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Dominican Republic </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license & board certification recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ecuador </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Reciprocity exists in most Latin American countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Eswatini </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ethiopia </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Must renew the license every 5 years. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Finland </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">France </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>OMM only. The French government does not recognize the full scope of practice of osteopathic medicine. </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Gambia, The" colspan="2">The Gambia </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Germany </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Depends on the need. Decisions are made on an individual basis. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Ghana </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Greece </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Greek citizenship is required, unless, in rare instances, there exists a crucial need for certain types of specialist physicians. Further, a work permit must be obtained, a difficult task, and speaking Greek is an unwritten requirement. These are the same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Grenada </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Guyana </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Case-by-case basis. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Honduras </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Honduras" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras</a> must accredit all foreign titles. After accreditation is completed, the applicant must seek registration with the Medical College of Honduras (MCH). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Hong Kong </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Written examination. Personal interview. Training approval. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">India </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>The DO degree is recognized for full medical and surgical practice. As of 2019, a DO may practice medicine only if he/she did ACGME residencies, which are already recognized by the National Medical Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Indian Medical Act of 1956, "Provided further that a person seeking provisional or permanent registration shall not have to qualify the Screening Test if he/she holds an Under Graduate medical qualification from Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and the holder thereof also been awarded a Post Graduate medical qualification in Australia/Canada/New Zealand/United Kingdom/United States of America and has been recognized for enrolment as medical practitioner in that country." A US-granted MD and DO satiate the undergraduate aspect of the law. ACGME residencies fulfill the postgraduate clause of the law. The Commission is still deciding on recognizing AOA residencies (applicable to those DO graduates who graduated from AOA residencies before the 2020 AOA-ACGME merger). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Indonesia </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>Unlimited and restricted </td> <td>Foreign physicians affiliated with a university project or a mission have unlimited practice rights. No private practice is allowed. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Iran </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Iranian citizens who have received both the DO degree from a US osteopathic school and are board-certified in a clinical specialty. Osteopathic degrees from other countries are not accepted. The process of evaluation of the medical education and clinical training is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Israel </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Hebrew required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Italy </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Physicians are discouraged from seeking employment in Italy without firm contracts and work permits. If there is a US state law outlining reciprocity with Italy, a statement to this effect from the Italian Consulate will warrant better chances. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jamaica </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Limited and restricted </td> <td>DO physicians were permitted to supply some services while participating in a specific mission project. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jordan </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Kenya </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lebanon </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>AOA letter required. Examination required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Lesotho </td> <td>1990s </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Applicants must appear before the Medical, Dental, and Pharmacy Council to answer some medical questions and present their credentials. The council will also make a recommendation about where the applicant's skills would be most helpful in the country. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Liberia </td> <td>1990s </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Luxembourg </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>The practice of medicine in Luxembourg by a doctor who is not an EU national is very rare. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Malta </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Accepted on a case-by-case basis if the training meets the minimum educational requirements for physicians in the EU (Article 24 of <a href="/wiki/Directive_2005/36/EC" title="Directive 2005/36/EC">Directive 2005/36/EC</a>). Examination required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Malawi </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Mauritius </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Mexico </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited & Restricted </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>'s Health Secretary Alvaro Quijano of the signed a proclamation recognizing US-trained osteopathic physicians in the state of Yucatán; DO physicians may now obtain short-term and long-term licensure through the Health Secretary's office. All other Mexican states require work permits, which are only available in conjunction with the association of a short-term medical mission project. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Micronesia </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Statutes specifically include DOs </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Namibia </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Nepal </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Approval by the Nepal Medical Council and a visa from the Immigration Department. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Netherlands </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">New Zealand </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Hearing required. Case-by-case basis. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Nigeria </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US licensure and completion of specialty training required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Norway </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>OMM only, but DOs may apply for recognition as medical doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Pakistan </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US osteopathic medical schools meet the Medical and Dental Council's statutory regulations for international medical graduates. The scope is unlimited, but practice setting may be restricted </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Panama </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Panamanian citizenship required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Papua New Guinea </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Work permit required. Short-term or a long-term volunteer service license is also available. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Peru </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Process for licensure is the same as for other IMGs. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Poland </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Examination & Polish required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Qatar </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Must possess a valid work visa, and pass written and oral examinations. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Rwanda </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Russia </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Foreign physicians make arrangements to practice through Russian sponsors, such as hospitals or businesses. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Saint Lucia </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US credentials recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Saudi Arabia </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Foreign physicians must be recruited by a government agency, a corporation, or a private health care entity, such as a hospital. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Seychelles </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sierra Leone </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Notarized US credentials recognized. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">South Africa </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US degree recognized. The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">South Sudan </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Sweden </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Same requirements as other foreign physicians. Applicants must have their educations evaluated in order to determine if it is equivalent to the Swedish standards. After this, applicants must complete a two-part proficiency exam consisting of theoretical and practical portions. As this test is given in Swedish, applicants must speak Swedish at Level C1 in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Proficiency in Norwegian or Danish also satisfy the language requirements. A course in Swedish laws and additional clinical training is required upon a passing exam score. Some temporary allowances are made.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Taiwan </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>As per licensure, a qualifying candidate graduated from the department of medicine in a foreign university or independent college recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All US issued DO medical degree programs are recognized by the R.O.C. Ministry of Education, since United States DO physicians are permitted to apply for medical practice licensure in R.O.C. since 2009. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Tanzania </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US license and GME recognized. Temporary work permits are available. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Uganda </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">United Arab Emirates </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Examination required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">United Kingdom </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US-trained DO physicians are eligible for full medical practice rights. Applicants must pass the <a href="/wiki/Professional_and_Linguistic_Assessment_Board_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board test">PLAB</a> examination and work for one year in the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>. Following that year, the applicants will be able to apply for a license to practice privately. For GMC registration as a specialist, postgraduate training will need to be separately recognized by the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board (PMETB). GOsC registration is also required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Venezuela </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Recognized status under the law of the practice of medicine. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Vietnam </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>Foreign physicians can fill vacancies in hospitals that need certain specialists. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Zambia </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>US licensure required. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Zimbabwe </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Unlimited </td> <td>The AMCOA recognition of American trained DOs gave full medical and surgical practicing rights to the professionals. Same requirements as foreign physicians. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><b>OMM: <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_Manipulative_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine">Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine</a></b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">List of medical schools in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbome.org/news/osteopathic-medicine-advances-down-under/">"Osteopathic Medicine Advances Down Under — NBOME"</a>. 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Contact information listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InternationalLicensing-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InternationalLicensing_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osteopathic.org/wp-content/uploads/USDO-licensure-map.png">"USDO Licensure"</a>. American Osteopathic Association. September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031215/https://osteopathic.org/wp-content/uploads/USDO-licensure-map.png">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norway%3A+Osteopathic+Medicine&rft.pub=Osteopathic+International+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwp.oialliance.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2Fnorway_om.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+of+Osteopathic+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legitimation.socialstyrelsen.se/en/licence-application/outside-eu-eea/doctor-of-medicine-educated-outside-eu-eea/">"Obtaining a licence if you are educated outside EU and EEA"</a>. <i>Legitimation</i>. 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Examinations for Medical Doctors, Dentists, TCM Practitioners, and Pharmacists—Eligibility Requirements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Republic of China Ministry of Education</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121003920/https://wwwc.moex.gov.tw/english/controls/wHandEditorExtend_File.ashx?Fun=Menu&menu_id=3331&item_id=3331&file_id=7849">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+I+Staged+Senior+Professional+and+Technical+Examinations+for+Medical+Doctors%2C+Dentists%2C+TCM+Practitioners%2C+and+Pharmacists%E2%80%94Eligibility+Requirements&rft.pub=Republic+of+China+Ministry+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwc.moex.gov.tw%2Fenglish%2Fcontrols%2FwHandEditorExtend_File.ashx%3FFun%3DMenu%26menu_id%3D3331%26item_id%3D3331%26file_id%3D7849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoctor+of+Osteopathic+Medicine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medicine_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medicine navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osteopathic_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Osteopathic medicine</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_Canada" title="Osteopathic medicine in Canada">Osteopathic medicine in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_manipulative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic manipulative medicine">Treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_technique" title="Articulatory technique">Articulatory technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_ligamentous_tension" title="Balanced ligamentous tension">Balanced ligamentous tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_reflex_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman reflex points">Chapman reflex points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterstrain" title="Counterstrain">Counterstrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniosacral_therapy" title="Craniosacral therapy">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_pump" title="Lymphatic pump">Lymphatic pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_energy_technique" title="Muscle energy technique">Muscle energy technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraspinal_inhibition" title="Paraspinal inhibition">Paraspinal inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissue technique">Soft tissue technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools">List of osteopathic medical schools</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Accrediting Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Osteopathic_Medical_Examiners" title="National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners">NBOME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">AOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Osteopathic_Association" title="Canadian Osteopathic Association">COA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">AACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Osteopathic_Student_Government_Presidents" title="Council of Osteopathic Student Government Presidents">Student Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association_Bureau_of_Osteopathic_Specialists" title="American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists">Specialty Boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Osteopathic_Directors_and_Medical_Educators" title="Association of Osteopathic Directors and Medical Educators">Directors and Medical Educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Osteopathy" title="American Academy of Osteopathy">American Academy of Osteopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Still" title="S. S. Still">S. S. Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garner_Sutherland" title="William Garner Sutherland">William Garner Sutherland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_DO" title="The DO">The DO</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Journal of Osteopathic Medicine">Journal of Osteopathic Medicine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Osteopathy" title="Journal of Osteopathy">Journal of Osteopathy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States#History" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_Physicians_%26_Surgeons_v._California_Medical_Ass%27n" title="Osteopathic Physicians & Surgeons v. California Medical Ass'n">California merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Osteopathic_medicine" title="Category:Osteopathic medicine">Osteopathic medicine</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Osteopathic_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template:Osteopathic medical schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Template talk:Osteopathic medical schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic_medical_schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osteopathic medical schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Osteopathic_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medical schools in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine">Lake Erie Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine">New York Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan-Virtua_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine">Touro NYC</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG/180px-Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG/270px-Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG/360px-Osteopathic_distribution_US2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_University_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Via_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine">Edward Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Incarnate_Word_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine">Incarnate Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine">Lake Erie Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_University" title="Lincoln Memorial University">Lincoln Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine">North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Southeastern_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Nova Southeastern College of Osteopathic Medicine">Nova Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine">NYIT Jonesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University_Center_for_Health_Sciences" title="Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences">Oklahoma State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine">Philadelphia Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Orlando College of Osteopathic Medicine">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pikeville_Kentucky_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine">Pikeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Sam Houston State University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Sam Houston State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_University" title="William Carey University">William Carey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.T._Still_University" title="A.T. Still University">A.T. Still Kirksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_University" title="Des Moines University">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_University" title="Kansas City University">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine">Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A.T._Still_University_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_in_Arizona" title="A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona">A.T. Still Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrell_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine">Burrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Health_Sciences_University" title="California Health Sciences University">California Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Midwestern Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorda_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine">Noorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Vista_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Rocky Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro_University_California" title="Touro University California">Touro California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro_University_Nevada" title="Touro University Nevada">Touro Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_of_the_Pacific" title="College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific">WesternU California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine_of_the_Pacific,_Northwest" title="College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest">WesternU Oregon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_education_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical education in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_education_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">Pre-medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkship" title="Clinical clerkship">Clerkship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-internship" title="Sub-internship">Sub-internship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">Graduate medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_certification" title="Board certification">Board certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education" title="Continuing medical education">Continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Medicine (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic Medicine (DO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">MBBS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MD_and_DO_in_the_United_States" title="Comparison of MD and DO in the United States">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">MCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">USMLE</a> <ul><li>Step: <a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_1" title="USMLE Step 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Knowledge" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge">2CK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_2_Clinical_Skills" title="USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills">2CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USMLE_Step_3" title="USMLE Step 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">COMLEX</a> <ul><li>Level: <a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">2PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMLEX-USA" title="COMLEX-USA">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Resident_Matching_Program" title="National Resident Matching Program">National Resident Matching Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_Committee_on_Medical_Education" title="Liaison Committee on Medical Education">Liaison Committee on Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Osteopathic_College_Accreditation" title="Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation">Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Continuing_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education">Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Commission_for_Foreign_Medical_Graduates" title="Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates">Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_specialty_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical specialty colleges in the United States">Specialty colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Flexner" title="Abraham Flexner">Abraham Flexner</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Stewart Halsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Taylor_Still" title="Andrew Taylor Still">Andrew Taylor Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Issues in higher education inside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage inside the U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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