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<span>Formatting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formatting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formatting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Online services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Command usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manual_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manual sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Authoring</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authoring-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authoring subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu%C3%A1lov%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Manuálová stránka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manuálová stránka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Man page" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpage" title="Manpage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manpage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Man page" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9zik%C3%B6nyv-lapok" title="Kézikönyv-lapok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kézikönyv-lapok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_manual_(Unix)" title="Laman manual (Unix) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laman manual (Unix)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="Manページ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Manページ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-sivut" title="Man-sivut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Man-sivut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47512572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&oldid=1278377223" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Man_page&id=1278377223&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMan_page"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMan_page"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Man_page&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47512572" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unix software documentation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sed_stream_editor_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sed_stream_editor_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>The man page for the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">sed</span> utility, as seen in various <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>man page</b> (short for <b>manual page</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">software documentation</a> found on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a>. Topics covered include programs, <a href="/wiki/System_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="System libraries">system libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>, and sometimes local system details. The local host administrators can create and install manual pages associated with the specific host. A manual end user may invoke a documentation page by issuing the <code>man</code> <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> followed by the name of the item for which they want the documentation. These manual pages are typically requested by end users, programmers and administrators doing real time work but can also be formatted for printing. </p><p>By default, <code>man</code> typically uses a formatting program such as <code><a href="/wiki/Nroff" title="Nroff">nroff</a></code> with a macro package or <a href="/wiki/Mandoc" title="Mandoc">mandoc</a>, and also a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_pager" title="Terminal pager">terminal pager</a> program such as <code><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></code> or <code><a href="/wiki/Less_(Unix)" title="Less (Unix)">less</a></code> to display its output on the user's screen. </p><p>Man pages are often referred to as an <i><a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a></i> form of software documentation,<sup id="cite_ref-online-man_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-man-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the <code>man</code> command does not require internet access. The environment variable MANPATH often specifies a list of directory paths to search for the various documentation pages. Manual pages date back to the times when printed documentation was the norm. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png/220px-Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png/330px-Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png/440px-Screenshot_of_%22Xman%22_program.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><i>xman</i>, an early <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> application for viewing manual pages</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png/220px-OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png/330px-OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png/440px-OpenBSD_Manpages_Section_8_Intro.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> section 8 intro man page, displaying in a text console</figcaption></figure> <p>Before Unix (e.g., <a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">GCOS</a>), documentation was printed pages, available on the premises to users (staff, students...), organized into steel binders, locked together in one monolithic steel reading rack, bolted to a table or counter, with pages organized for modular information updates, replacement, errata, and addenda. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">history of Unix</a>, no documentation existed.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/">Unix Programmer's Manual</a></i> was first published on November 3, 1971. The first actual man pages were written by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> at the insistence<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of their manager <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Doug McIlroy</a> in 1971. Aside from the man pages, the <i>Programmer's Manual</i> also accumulated a set of short papers, some of them <a href="/wiki/Tutorial" title="Tutorial">tutorials</a> (e.g. for general Unix usage, the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming language, and tools such as <a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">Yacc</a>), and others more detailed descriptions of operating system features. The printed version of the manual initially fit into a single binder, but as of <a href="/wiki/PWB/UNIX" title="PWB/UNIX">PWB/UNIX</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">7th Edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a>, it was split into two volumes with the printed man pages forming Volume 1.<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later versions of the documentation imitated the first man pages' terseness. Ritchie added a "How to get started" section to the <a href="/wiki/Version_3_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Version 3 Unix">Third Edition</a> introduction, and <a href="/wiki/Lorinda_Cherry" title="Lorinda Cherry">Lorinda Cherry</a> provided the "Purple Card" pocket reference for the <a href="/wiki/Version_6_Unix" title="Version 6 Unix">Sixth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Seventh</a> Editions.<sup id="cite_ref-reader_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versions of the software were named after the revision of the manual; the seventh edition of the <i>Unix Programmer's Manual</i>, for example, came with the 7th Edition or Version 7 of Unix.<sup id="cite_ref-fiedler198310_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler198310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Version_4_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Version 4 Unix">Fourth</a> Edition the man pages were formatted using the <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a> typesetting package<sup id="cite_ref-reader_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its set of <code>-man</code> macros (which were completely revised between the Sixth and Seventh Editions of the <i>Manual</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have since not drastically changed). At the time, the availability of online documentation through the manual page system was regarded as a great advance. To this day, virtually every Unix command line application comes with a man page, and many Unix users perceive a program's lack of man pages as a sign of low quality or incompleteness. Indeed, some projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. The modern descendants of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">4.4BSD</a> also distribute man pages as one of the primary forms of system documentation (having replaced the old <code>-man</code> macros with the newer <code>-mdoc</code>). </p><p>There was a hidden <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">Easter egg</a> in the man-db version of the man command that would cause the command to return "gimme gimme gimme" when run at 00:30 (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a> song <a href="/wiki/Gimme!_Gimme!_Gimme!_(A_Man_After_Midnight)" title="Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)">Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)</a>. It was introduced in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-git1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-git1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but first restricted<sup id="cite_ref-git2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-git2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then removed in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after finally being found.<sup id="cite_ref-stackexchange1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stackexchange1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formatting">Formatting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png/220px-FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png/330px-FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png/440px-FreeBSD_typeset_man_page.png 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">man(1)</span> manual page, typeset into <a href="/wiki/Portable_document_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable document format">PDF</a> format</figcaption></figure> <p>The default format of man pages is <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a>, with either the <a href="/wiki/Troff_macros" class="mw-redirect" title="Troff macros">macro package</a> man (appearance oriented) or mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page into <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_document_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable document format">PDF</a>, and various other formats for viewing or printing. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems have a package for the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">man2html</span> command, which enables users to browse their man pages using an HTML browser. Systems with groff and man-db should use the higher-quality native HTML output (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">man --html</span>) instead. The <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> program <i>WoMan</i> (from "WithOut man") allows to browse man pages from the editor.<sup id="cite_ref-WoMan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoMan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> deprecated <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a> for formatting man pages in favour of <a href="/wiki/Mandoc" title="Mandoc">mandoc</a>, a specialised compiler/formatter for man pages with native support for output in <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, and the terminal. It is meant to only support a subset of troff used in manual pages, specifically those using mdoc macros. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_services">Online services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Online services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quite a few websites offer online access to manual pages from various Unix-like systems. </p><p>In February 2013, the <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> community saw a new open source <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdoc.su/">mdoc.su</a> service launched, which unified and shortened access to the man.cgi scripts of the major modern BSD projects through a unique <a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a>-based deterministic <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> service for the *BSD man pages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Linux, a man7.org service has been set up to serve manuals specific to the system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ManKier service provides a wider selection, and integrates the TLDR pages too.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_usage">Command usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Command usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To read a manual page for a Unix command, a user can type: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>man<span class="w"> </span><command_name> </pre></div> <p>Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation "name(section)": for example, <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ftp&sektion=1">ftp(1)</a></code></span>. The section refers to different ways the topic might be referenced - for example, as a system call, or a shell (command line) command or package, or a package's configuration file, or as a coding construct / header. </p><p>The same page name may appear in more than one section of the manual, such as when the names of <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>, user <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Troff_macro" class="mw-redirect" title="Troff macro">macro packages</a> coincide. Examples are <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/1/man">man(1)</a></code></span> and <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/7/man">man(7)</a></code></span>, or <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manned.org/exit.2">exit(2)</a></code></span> and <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manned.org/exit.3">exit(3)</a></code></span>. The syntax for accessing the non-default manual section varies between different man implementations. </p><p>On Solaris and illumos, for example, the syntax for reading <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E88353_01/html/E37843/printf-3c.html">printf(3C)</a></code></span> is: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>man<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>3c<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">printf</span> </pre></div> <p>On Linux and BSD derivatives the same invocation would be: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bash mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>man<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">printf</span> </pre></div> <p>which searches for <i><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></i> in section 3 of the man pages. The actual file name likely includes the section. Continuing this example, printf.3.gz would be a compressed manual page file in section 3 for <i><a href="/wiki/Printf" title="Printf">printf</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manual_sections">Manual sections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manual sections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manual is generally split into eight numbered sections. Most systems today (e.g. <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FBSD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBSD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> 11.4) inherit the numbering scheme used by <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-v8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-svr4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svr4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a> uses a different order:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common </th> <th>System V </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System calls</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Library</a> functions, covering in particular the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Special file">Special files</a> (usually devices, those found in /dev) and <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">File formats</a> and conventions </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screensaver" title="Screensaver">screensavers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>Miscellaneous </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>1M </td> <td>System administration <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> APIs are present in both sections 2 and 3, where section 2 contains APIs that are implemented as system calls and section 3 contains APIs that are implemented as library routines. </p><p>On some systems, additional sections may be included such as: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Section </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_library" class="mw-redirect" title="C library">C library</a> <a href="/wiki/Header_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a> (Unix v6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> routines (FreeBSD, SVR4, Linux)<sup id="cite_ref-svr4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svr4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBSD_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBSD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LAPACK" title="LAPACK">LAPACK</a> library functions<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tk_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tk (computing)">Tk</a> commands </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some sections are further subdivided by means of a suffix; for example, in some systems, section 3C is for C library calls, 3M is for the math library, and so on. A consequence of this is that section 8 (system administration commands) is sometimes relegated to the 1M subsection of the main commands section. Some subsection suffixes have a general meaning across sections: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Subsection </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> specifications </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td><a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> documentation </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(Section 3 tends to be the exception with the many suffixes for different languages.) </p><p>Some versions of <code>man</code> cache the formatted versions of the last several pages viewed. One form is the <i>cat page</i>, simply piped to the pager for display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:<sup id="cite_ref-mdoc-7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdoc-7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: MANUAL STRUCTURE">: MANUAL STRUCTURE </span></sup> </p> <dl><dt>NAME</dt> <dd>The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.</dd> <dt>SYNOPSIS</dt> <dd>In the case of a command, a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its declaration.</dd> <dt>DESCRIPTION</dt> <dd>A textual description of the functioning of the command or function. For programs, this section often includes explanations of available command line options.</dd> <dt>EXAMPLES</dt> <dd>Some examples of common usage.</dd> <dt>SEE ALSO</dt> <dd>A list of related commands or functions.</dd></dl> <p>Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ENVIRONMENT, BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authoring">Authoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Authoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manual pages can be written either in the old <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">man</code> macros, the new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">doc</code> macros, or a combination of both (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mandoc</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">man</code> macro set provides minimal <a href="/wiki/Rich_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich text">rich text</a> functions, with directives for the title line, section headers, (bold, small or italic) fonts, paragraphs and adding/reducing indentation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newer <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mdoc</code> language is more semantic in nature, and contains specialized macros for most standard sections such as program name, synopsis, function names, and the name of the authors. This information can be used to implement a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">semantic search</a> for manuals by programs such as <a href="/wiki/Mandoc" title="Mandoc">mandoc</a>. Although it also includes directives to directly control the styling, it is expected that the specialized macros will cover most of the use-cases.<sup id="cite_ref-mdoc-7_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdoc-7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the mandoc and the groff projects consider <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mdoc</code> the preferred format for new documents.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although man pages are, to troff, text laid out using 10-point <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a>, this distinction is usually moot because man pages are viewed in the terminal (TTY) instead of laid out on paper. As a result, the "small font" macro is seldom used.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, bold and italic text is supported by the terminal via <a href="/wiki/ECMA-48" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-48">ECMA-48</a>, and groff's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">grotty</code> does emit them as requested when it detects a supporting terminal. The BSD mandoc however only supports bold and underlined (as a replacement for italics) text via the typewriter backspace-then-overstrike sequence, which needs to be translated into ECMA-48 by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">less</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some tools have been used to convert documents in a less contrived format to manual pages. Examples include GNU's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">help2man</code>, which takes a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">--help</code> output and some additional content to generate a manual page.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manual would be barely more useful than the said output, but for GNU programs this is not an issue as texinfo is the main documentation system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of tools, including <a href="/wiki/Pandoc" title="Pandoc">pandoc</a>, ronn, and md2man support conversion from <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a> to manual pages. All these tools emit the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">man</code> format, as Markdown is not expressive enough to match the semantic content of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mdoc</code>. <a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a> has an inbuilt man(7) converter – of appalling quality, according to mandoc's author<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wrote a separate mdoc(7) converter. </p><p>Man pages are usually written in English, but translations into other languages may be available on the system. The GNU <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">man-db</code> and the mandoc <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">man</code> is known to search for localized manual pages under subdirectories.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mk_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Overview">: Overview </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBSD_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBSD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few alternatives to <code>man</code> have enjoyed much popularity, with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project's</a> "<code><a href="/wiki/Texinfo" title="Texinfo">info</a></code>" system, an early and simple <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system. There is also a third-party effort known as <a href="/wiki/TLDR_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="TLDR pages">TLDR pages</a> (<code>tldr</code>) that provides simple examples for common use cases, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Cheatsheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheatsheet">cheatsheet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, some Unix <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> applications (particularly those built using the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> and <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> development environments) now provide end-user documentation in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and include embedded HTML viewers such as <code>yelp</code> for reading the help within the application. An HTML system in <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> is also slated to replace texinfo.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">List of Unix commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Plan_9_applications" title="List of Plan 9 applications">List of Plan 9 applications</a></li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/Info_(Unix)" title="Info (Unix)">info</a></code></li> <li><code><a href="/wiki/Apropos_(Unix)" title="Apropos (Unix)">apropos</a></code></li> <li><a href="/wiki/README" title="README">README</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTFM" title="RTFM">RTFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManOpen" title="ManOpen">ManOpen</a> – <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>/<a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> graphical man utility</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-online-man-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-online-man_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=man&sektion=1">"man(1)"</a>. <i>FreeBSD General Commands Manual</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130060434/https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=man&sektion=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeBSD+General+Commands+Manual&rft.atitle=man%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Dman%26sektion%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reader-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reader_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reader_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reader_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIlroy1987" class="citation techreport cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug McIlroy">McIlroy, M. D.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf"><i>A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151817/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Research+Unix+reader%3A+annotated+excerpts+from+the+Programmer%27s+Manual%2C+1971%E2%80%931986&rft.series=CSTR&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=McIlroy&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.dartmouth.edu%2F~doug%2Freader.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolution-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evolution_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evolution_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarwinCollyer" class="citation web cs1">Darwin, Ian; Collyer, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collyer.net/who/geoff/history.html">"UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984 Part I - Diversity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717002523/http://www.collyer.net/who/geoff/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNIX+Evolution%3A+1975-1984+Part+I+-+Diversity&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Collyer%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collyer.net%2Fwho%2Fgeoff%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in <i>Microsystems</i> <b>5</b>(11), November 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiedler198310-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiedler198310_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiedler,_Ryan1983" class="citation news cs1">Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up">"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 132<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+Unix+Tutorial+%2F+Part+3%3A+Unix+in+the+Microcomputer+Marketplace&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1983-10&rft.au=Fiedler%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-10%2F1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX%23page%2Fn133%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-git1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-git1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.nongnu.org/cgit/man-db.git/commit/src/man.c?id=002a6339b1fe8f83f4808022a17e1aa379756d99">"GIT commit 002a6339b1fe8f83f4808022a17e1aa379756d99"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204003014/http://git.savannah.nongnu.org/cgit/man-db.git/commit/src/man.c?id=002a6339b1fe8f83f4808022a17e1aa379756d99">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GIT+commit+84bde8d8a9a357bd372793d25746ac6b49480525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.savannah.gnu.org%2Fcgit%2Fman-db.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D84bde8d8a9a357bd372793d25746ac6b49480525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/man-db.git/commit/?id=b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e">"GIT commit b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034103/https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/man-db.git/commit/?id=b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GIT+commit+b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.savannah.gnu.org%2Fcgit%2Fman-db.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3Db225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stackexchange1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stackexchange1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/405783/why-does-man-print-gimme-gimme-gimme-at-0030">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Why does man print "gimme gimme gimme" at 00:30?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230223/https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/405783/why-does-man-print-gimme-gimme-gimme-at-0030">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Why+does+man+print+%22gimme+gimme+gimme%22+at+00%3A30%3F%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funix.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F405783%2Fwhy-does-man-print-gimme-gimme-gimme-at-0030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoMan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoMan_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Francis J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/woman.html">"WoMan: Browse Unix Manual Pages "W.O. (without) Man"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. GNU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204938/https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/woman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WoMan%3A+Browse+Unix+Manual+Pages+%22W.O.+%28without%29+Man%22&rft.pub=GNU&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Femacs%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_mono%2Fwoman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPali2013" class="citation web cs1">Pali, Gabor, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FreeBSD+Quarterly+Status+Report%2C+January-March+2013&rft.pub=FreeBSD&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fnews%2Fstatus%2Freport-2013-01-2013-03.html%23mdoc.su-%25E2%2580%2594-Short-Manual-Page-URLs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurenin2013" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Murenin, Constantine A. (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-doc/2013-February/021465.html">"announcing mdoc.su, short manual page URLs"</a>. <i>freebsd-doc@freebsd.org</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807051219/http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-doc/2013-February/021465.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=announcing+mdoc.su%2C+short+manual+page+URLs&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=Murenin&rft.aufirst=Constantine+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.freebsd.org%2Fpipermail%2Ffreebsd-doc%2F2013-February%2F021465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurenin2013" class="citation web cs1">Murenin, Constantine A. (23 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdoc.su/">"mdoc.su — Short manual page URLs for FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217170726/http://mdoc.su/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mdoc.su+%E2%80%94+Short+manual+page+URLs+for+FreeBSD%2C+OpenBSD%2C+NetBSD+and+DragonFly+BSD&rft.date=2013-02-23&rft.aulast=Murenin&rft.aufirst=Constantine+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdoc.su%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/index.html">"Linux man pages online"</a>. <i>man7.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507122101/http://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=Linux+man+pages+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/about">"About"</a>. <i>ManKier</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425112006/https://www.mankier.com/about">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ManKier&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mankier.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBSD-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBSD_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBSD_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBSD_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=man&sektion=1">man(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> General Commands <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mk_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mk_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/1/man">man(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> General Commands <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-v8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v8_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/">"Manual Pages for Research Unix Eighth Edition"</a>. <i>man.cat-v.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630215702/http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man.cat-v.org&rft.atitle=Manual+Pages+for+Research+Unix+Eighth+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman.cat-v.org%2Funix_8th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svr4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svr4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-svr4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/manintro.html">"Unix Programmer's Manual - Introduction"</a>. <i>www.bell-labs.com</i>. November 3, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601064923/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/manintro.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bell-labs.com&rft.atitle=Unix+Programmer%27s+Manual+-+Introduction&rft.date=1971-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fmanintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/att/unix/System_V_Release_4/">"System V release 4 manuals"</a>. <i>bitsavers.trailing-edge.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803205815/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/att/unix/System_V_Release_4/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bitsavers.trailing-edge.com&rft.atitle=System+V+release+4+manuals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fatt%2Funix%2FSystem_V_Release_4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/l-lapack/">"lapack (l) - Linux Man Pages"</a>. <i>www.systutorials.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311130845/https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/l-lapack/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.systutorials.com&rft.atitle=lapack+%28l%29+-+Linux+Man+Pages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.systutorials.com%2Fdocs%2Flinux%2Fman%2Fl-lapack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdoc-7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mdoc-7_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdoc-7_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mdoc&sektion=7">mdoc(7)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> Miscellaneous Information <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/5/groff_tmac">groff_tmac(5)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> File Formats <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankier.com/7/man">man(7)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Miscellanea <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/groff-mission-statement.html">"Groff Mission Statement - 2014"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203121306/https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/groff-mission-statement.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-02</span></span>. <q>Concurrent with work on man(7), mdoc(7) will be actively supported and its use promoted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=Groff+Mission+Statement+-+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgroff%2Fgroff-mission-statement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/manual/html_node/man.html">"man"</a>. <i>The GNU Troff Manual</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224124039/https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/manual/html_node/man.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+GNU+Troff+Manual&rft.atitle=man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgroff%2Fmanual%2Fhtml_node%2Fman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jdebp.uk/Softwares/nosh/italics-in-manuals.html">"Italics and colour in manual pages on a nosh user-space virtual terminal"</a>. <i>jdebp.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128033617/https://jdebp.uk/Softwares/nosh/italics-in-manuals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jdebp.eu&rft.atitle=Italics+and+colour+in+manual+pages+on+a+nosh+user-space+virtual+terminal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjdebp.uk%2FSoftwares%2Fnosh%2Fitalics-in-manuals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mandoc&sektion=1">mandoc(1)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> General Commands <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual</a>. "Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/help2man">"help2man Reference Manual"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306093151/https://www.gnu.org/software/help2man/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=help2man+Reference+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fhelp2man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Man-Pages.html">"Man Pages (GNU Coding Standards)"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305170922/https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Man-Pages.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=Man+Pages+%28GNU+Coding+Standards%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fprep%2Fstandards%2Fhtml_node%2FMan-Pages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngo_Schwarze" class="citation web cs1">Ingo Schwarze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20170304230520">"New mandoc -mdoc -T markdown converter"</a>. <i>undeadly.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305170920/https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20170304230520">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undeadly.org&rft.atitle=New+mandoc+-mdoc+-T+markdown+converter&rft.au=Ingo+Schwarze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundeadly.org%2Fcgi%3Faction%3Darticle%26sid%3D20170304230520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span> – for specific complaints by the author, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngo_Schwarze2014" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Ingo Schwarze (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2014-02/msg00109.html">"Re: Groff man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"</a>. <i>Groff</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305171936/https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2014-02/msg00109.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Groff+man+pages+%28tangential+to+Future+Redux%29&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.au=Ingo+Schwarze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fgroff%2F2014-02%2Fmsg00109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://askubuntu.com/a/1113662">"command line - Linux man pages in different languages"</a>. <i>Ask Ubuntu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311130846/https://askubuntu.com/questions/1113648/linux-man-pages-in-different-languages/1113662">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+Ubuntu&rft.atitle=command+line+-+Linux+man+pages+in+different+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faskubuntu.com%2Fa%2F1113662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tldr.sh/">"TLDR pages"</a>. <i>tldr.sh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427081953/https://tldr.sh/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tldr.sh&rft.atitle=TLDR+pages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftldr.sh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Raymond, Eric S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2014-02/msg00104.html">"Re: [Groff] man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"</a>. <i>groff</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305171106/https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2014-02/msg00104.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span> – via lists.gnu.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+%5BGroff%5D+man+pages+%28tangential+to+Future+Redux%29&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fgroff%2F2014-02%2Fmsg00104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMan+page" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_page&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix">Guide to Unix</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Unix/Commands" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Guide to Unix/Commands">Commands</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manpages.bsd.lv/history.html">History of UNIX Manpages</a> for a primary-source history of UNIX man pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unix.com/man-page-repository.php">UNIX and Linux Man Page Repository</a> with nearly 300,000 well formatted man pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3586/what-do-the-numbers-in-a-man-page-mean">What do the numbers in a man page mean?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi">FreeBSD Manual Pages</a>, freebsd.org – has also man pages for Darwin, Debian, HP-UX, IRIS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, NextSTEP, SunOS and more</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">bg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_control_(Unix)#Commands" title="Job control (Unix)">fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_(Unix)" title="Nice (Unix)">nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_(Unix)" title="Time (Unix)">time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Env" title="Env">env</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesg" title="Mesg">mesg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tput" title="Tput">tput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(Unix)" title="Who (Unix)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comm" title="Comm">comm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(Unix)" title="Cut (Unix)">cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff">diff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_(text_editor)" title="Ex (text editor)">ex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(Unix)" title="Fold (Unix)">fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(Unix)" title="Head (Unix)">head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Join_(Unix)" title="Join (Unix)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_(computer_language)" title="M4 (computer language)">m4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nl_(Unix)" title="Nl (Unix)">nl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_(Unix)" title="Read (Unix)">read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(Unix)" title="Sort (Unix)">sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_(Unix)" title="Tail (Unix)">tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr_(Unix)" title="Tr (Unix)">tr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniq" title="Uniq">uniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">vi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wc_(Unix)" title="Wc (Unix)">wc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_(Unix)" title="Test (Unix)">test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wait_(command)" title="Wait (command)">wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Unix)" title="Find (Unix)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nm_(Unix)" title="Nm (Unix)">nm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bc_(programming_language)" title="Bc (programming language)">bc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_(command)" title="Cal (command)">cal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expr" title="Expr">expr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_V_printing_system" title="System V printing system">lp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_(Unix)" title="Od (Unix)">od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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