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<span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Historical medical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_and_legal_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_and_legal_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology and legal definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_legal_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_and_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_and_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Varieties and brands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties_and_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labelling_of_grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labelling_of_grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Labelling of grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labelling_of_grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brandy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandewyn" title="Brandewyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brandewyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbrand" title="Weinbrand – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weinbrand" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="براندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi" title="Brandi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brandi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бренди – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бренди" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Брэндзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брэндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Брэндзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брэндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бренди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бренди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbrand" title="Weinbrand – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weinbrand" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi" title="Brandi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brandi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi" title="Brandi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brandi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbrand" title="Weinbrand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weinbrand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4ndi" title="Brändi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brändi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%85" title="Μπράντυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπράντυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="برندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_(alcool)" title="Brandy (alcool) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brandy (alcool)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branda" title="Branda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Branda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branndaidh" title="Branndaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Branndaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="બ્રાન્ડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રાન્ડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%9C%EB%94%94" title="브랜디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브랜디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Բրենդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրենդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रांडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रांडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinjak" title="Vinjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vinjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandio" title="Brandio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brandio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendi" title="Brendi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brendi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand%C3%AD" title="Brandí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brandí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="ברנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9ndi" title="Bréndi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bréndi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბრენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi" title="Brandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus_vini" title="Spiritus vini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spiritus vini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendijs" title="Brendijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brendijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4ibrand" title="Wäibrand – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäibrand" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendis" title="Brendis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brendis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borp%C3%A1rlat" title="Borpárlat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Borpárlat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendi" title="Brendi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Brendi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ბრენდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრენდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="براندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="براندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi" title="Brandi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brandi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="ဘရန်ဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရန်ဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbrand" title="Weinbrand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weinbrand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC" title="ブランデー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブランデー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendi" title="Brendi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brendi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਰਾਂਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਾਂਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="برانڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برانڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conhaque" title="Conhaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conhaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinars" title="Vinars – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vinars" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бренди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бренди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%8A" title="برانڊي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برانڊي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бренди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бренди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_(spritdryck)" title="Brandy (spritdryck) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brandy (spritdryck)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிராந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="บรั่นดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรั่นดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendi" title="Brendi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brendi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Бренді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бренді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="برینڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برینڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brandy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%85%B0%E5%9C%B0" title="白兰地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白兰地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="ברענדי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברענדי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%B0" title="白蘭地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白蘭地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%85%B0%E5%9C%B0" title="白兰地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白兰地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146470#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brandy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brandy (disambiguation)">Brandy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Brandy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognac_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cognac_glass.jpg/220px-Cognac_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cognac_glass.jpg/330px-Cognac_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cognac_glass.jpg/440px-Cognac_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5584" data-file-height="4723" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac brandy</a> in a typical <a href="/wiki/Snifter" title="Snifter">snifter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Distilled beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">35–60%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70°–120°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">pomace brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_brandy" title="Fruit brandy">fruit brandy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armagnac" title="Armagnac">Armagnac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brandy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. Brandy generally contains 35–60% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (70–120 <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">US proof</a>) and is typically consumed as an <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">after-dinner digestif</a>. Some brandies are aged in <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">wooden casks</a>. Others are coloured with <a href="/wiki/Caramel_colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramel colouring">caramel colouring</a> to imitate the effect of aging, and some are produced using a combination of aging and colouring. Varieties of wine brandy can be found across the winemaking world. Among the most renowned are <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armagnac" title="Armagnac">Armagnac</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">south-western France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a broader sense, the term <i>brandy</i> also denotes liquors obtained from the distillation of <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> (yielding <a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">pomace brandy</a>), or mash or wine of any other fruit (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_brandy" title="Fruit brandy">fruit brandy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-kirk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These products are also called <i><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">eau de vie</a></i> (literally "water of life" in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of brandy are tied to the development of <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distillation</a>. While the process was known in classical times, it was not significantly used for beverage production until the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-bnf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 16th-century French brandy helped kickstart the cross-Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Triangle_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle trade">triangle trade</a> when it took over the central role of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wine</a> due to its higher alcohol content and ease of shipping. Canoemen and guards on the African side of the trade were generally paid in brandy. By the late 17th century, the cheaper <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> had replaced brandy as the exchange alcohol of choice in the triangle trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, wine was distilled as a <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preservation</a> method and to make it easier for merchants to transport. It is also thought that wine was originally distilled to lessen the tax, which was assessed by volume. The intent was to add the water removed by distillation back to the brandy shortly before consumption. It was discovered that after being stored in <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">wooden casks</a>, the resulting product improved over the original distilled spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to removing water, the distillation process led to the formation and decomposition of numerous aromatic compounds, fundamentally altering the distillate composition from its source. Non-volatile substances such as pigments, sugars, and salts remained behind in the still. As a result, the distillate taste was often quite unlike the sources. </p><p>As described in the 1728 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia</a></i>, the following method was used to distill brandy:<sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">cucurbit</a> was filled half full of the liquor from which brandy was to be drawn and then raised with a little fire until about one-sixth part was distilled, or until that which falls into the receiver was entirely flammable. This liquor, distilled only once, was called the <i>spirit of wine</i> or <i>brandy</i>. Purified by another distillation (or several more), this was called <i>spirit of wine rectified</i>. The second distillation was made in [a] <i><a href="/wiki/Bain-marie" title="Bain-marie">balneo mariae</a></i> and in a glass cucurbit, and the liquor was distilled to about one-half the quantity. This was further rectified as long as the operator thought it necessary to produce brandy.</p></blockquote> <p>To shorten these several distillations, which were long and troublesome, a chemical instrument was invented that reduced them to a single distillation. A portion was ignited to test the purity of the rectified spirit of wine. The liquor was good if a fire consumed the entire contents without leaving any impurities behind. Another, better test involved putting a little <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in the bottom of the spirit. The liquor was good if the gunpowder could ignite after the spirit was consumed by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-cyclo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hence the modern "<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof#History" title="Alcohol proof">proof</a>" to describe alcohol content.) </p><p>As most brandies have been distilled from grapes, the regions of the world producing excellent brandies have roughly paralleled those areas producing grapes for viniculture. At the end of the 19th century, the western European markets, including by extension their overseas empires, were dominated by French and Spanish brandies and eastern Europe was dominated by brandies from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea region</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. In 1877,<sup id="cite_ref-LES2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LES2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_(brandy)" title="Ararat (brandy)">Ararat brandy brand</a><sup id="cite_ref-kommersat_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kommersat-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia. It became one of the top brandy brands over time and during the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> was so impressed with the Armenian brandy Dvin given to him by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he asked for several cases of it to be sent to him each year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-multiple_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly 400 bottles of Dvin were shipped to Churchill annually.<sup id="cite_ref-LES_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, <a href="/wiki/David_Sarajishvili" title="David Sarajishvili">David Sarajishvili</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajishvili" title="Sarajishvili">founded a brandy factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia, a crossroads for Turkish, Central Asian, and Persian trade routes and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for a few major producers, brandy production and consumption tend to have a regional character, and thus production methods significantly vary. Wine brandy is produced from a variety of grape cultivars. A special selection of cultivars, providing distinct aroma and character, is used for high-quality brandies, while cheaper ones are made from whichever wine is available.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brandy is made from so-called <a href="/wiki/Base_wine" title="Base wine">base wine</a>, which significantly differs from regular table wines. It is made from early grapes to achieve higher acid concentration and lower sugar levels. Base wine generally contains smaller amounts (up to 20 mg/L) of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> than regular wines, as it creates undesired <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a> in reaction with copper in the <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a>. The yeast sediment produced during the fermentation may or may not be kept in the wine, depending on the brandy style.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brandy is distilled from the base wine in two phases. First, a large part of water and solids is removed from the base, obtaining so-called "low wine", a concentrated wine with 28–30% ABV. In the second stage, low wine is distilled into brandy. The liquid exits the pot still in three phases, referred to as the "heads", "heart", and "tails", respectively. The first part, the "head", has an alcohol concentration of about 83% (166 US proof) and an unpleasant odour. The weak portion on the end, the "tail", is discarded along with the head, and they are generally mixed with another batch of low wine, thereby entering the distillation cycle again. The middle heart fraction, the richest in aromas and flavours, is preserved for later maturation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distillation does not simply enhance the alcohol content of wine. The heat under which the product is distilled and the material of the still (usually copper) cause chemical reactions during distillation. This leads to the formation of numerous new <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile</a> aroma components, changes in relative amounts of aroma components in the wine, and the <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of components such as esters. </p><p>Brandy is usually produced in <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">batch distillation</a>), but the <a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">column still</a> can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">continuous distillation</a>. The distillate obtained in this manner has a higher alcohol concentration (approximately 90% ABV) and is less aromatic. The choice of the apparatus depends on the style of brandy produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African brandy (page does not exist)">South African brandy</a> are examples of brandy produced in batches<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while many American brandies use <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> in column stills.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aging">Aging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After distillation, the unaged brandy is placed into <a href="/wiki/Oak_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak barrel">oak barrels</a> to mature. Usually, brandies with a natural golden or brown colour are aged in <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">casks</a> (single-barrel ageing). Some brandies, particularly those from Spain, are aged using the <a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">solera</a> system, where the producer changes the barrel each year. After a period of ageing, which depends on the style, class and legal requirements, the mature brandy is mixed with distilled water to reduce alcohol concentration and bottled. Some brandies have caramel colour and sugar added to simulate the appearance of barrel ageing.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serving">Serving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Serving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brandy is traditionally served at room temperature (<a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology#Neat" title="Bartending terminology">neat</a>) from a <a href="/wiki/Snifter" title="Snifter">snifter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">wine glass</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Beer_glassware#Tulip_glass" title="Beer glassware">tulip glass</a>. When consumned at room temperature, it is often slightly warmed by holding the glass cupped in the palm or by gentle heating. Excessive heating of brandy may cause the alcohol vapour to become too strong, causing its aroma to become overpowering. Brandy-drinkers who like their brandy warmed may ask for the glass to be heated before the brandy is poured.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brandy may be added to other beverages to make several popular <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>; these include the <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Sour_(Cyprus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandy Sour (Cyprus)">Brandy Sour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Alexander" title="Brandy Alexander">Brandy Alexander</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sidecar_(cocktail)" title="Sidecar (cocktail)">Sidecar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Daisy" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandy Daisy">Brandy Daisy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_fashioned_(cocktail)" title="Old fashioned (cocktail)">Brandy Old Fashioned</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people"> Anglo-Indian</a> usage has "brandy-pawnee" (brandy with water).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Brandy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Brandy"> Brandy</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Brandy is a common <a href="/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)" title="Deglazing (cooking)">deglazing</a> liquid used in making <a href="/wiki/Pan_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan sauce">pan sauces</a> for steak and other meat. It creates a more intense flavour in some soups, notably onion soup. </p><p>In English Christmas cooking, brandy is a common flavouring in traditional foods such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Christmas cake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_sauce" title="Hard sauce">brandy butter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a>. It is also commonly used in drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">mulled wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">eggnog</a>, drunk during the festive season. </p><p>Brandy is used to <a href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">flambé</a> dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_Suzette" class="mw-redirect" title="Crêpe Suzette">crêpe Suzette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherries_jubilee" title="Cherries jubilee">cherries jubilee</a> while serving.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandy is traditionally poured over a Christmas pudding and set alight before serving. The use of flambé can retain as much as 75% of the alcohol in the brandy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_medical_uses">Historical medical uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, brandy was often used as medical treatment due to its alleged "stimulating" qualities. It was also used by many European explorers of tropical Africa, who suggested that regular, moderate doses of brandy might help a traveller to cope with fever, depression, and stress. These views fell out of favour in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with suggestions that people were using brandy's "medical" qualities as an excuse for social drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_legal_definitions">Terminology and legal definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terminology and legal definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>brandy</i> is a shortening of the archaic English <i>brandewine</i> or <i>brandywine</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i>brandewijn</i>, itself derived from <i>gebrande wijn</i>, which literally means "burned wine"<sup id="cite_ref-oed_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> include <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin" title="Brännvin">brännvin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">brennivín</a></i>. In Germany, the term <i>Branntwein</i> refers to any distilled spirits, while <i>Weinbrand</i> refers specifically to distilled wine from grapes. </p><p>In the general colloquial usage of the term, brandy may also be made from <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> and from fermented fruit other than grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a beverage comes from a particular fruit (or multiple fruits) other than exclusively grapes, or from the <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> of such fruit, it may be referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Fruit_brandy" title="Fruit brandy">fruit brandy</a>" or "fruit spirit" or named using the specific fruit, such as "peach brandy", rather than just generically as "brandy". If pomace is the raw material, the beverage may be called "<a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">pomace brandy</a>", "marc brandy", "grape marc", "fruit marc spirit", or "grape marc spirit", "marc" being the pulp residue after the juice has been pressed from the fruit. </p><p>Grape pomace brandy may be designated as "<a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">grappa</a>" or "grappa brandy".<sup id="cite_ref-USFCR5.22_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFCR5.22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple brandy may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">"applejack"</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USFCR5.22_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFCR5.22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the process of <i><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)#Production" title="Applejack (drink)">jacking</a></i> which was originally used in its production involved no distillation. There is also a product called "grain brandy" that is made from grain spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within particular jurisdictions, specific regulatory requirements regarding the labelling of products identified as brandy exist. For example: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, there are regulations<sup id="cite_ref-EUOnTheDefinition_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUOnTheDefinition-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that require products labelled as brandy, except "grain brandy", to be produced exclusively from the distillation or redistillation of grape-based wine or grape-based "wine fortified for distillation" and aged a minimum of six months in oak.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the US, a brandy that has been produced from other than grape wine must be labelled with a clarifying description of the type of brandy production, such as "peach brandy", "fruit brandy", "dried fruit brandy", or "pomace brandy", and brandy that has not been aged in oak for at least two years must be labelled as "immature".<sup id="cite_ref-USFCR5.22_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFCR5.22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Canada, the regulations regarding naming conventions for brandy are similar to those of the US (provisions B.02.050–061). According to Canadian food and drug regulations, Brandy shall be a potable alcoholic distillate, or a mixture of potable alcoholic distillates, obtained by the distillation of wine. The minimum specified ageing period is six months in wood, although not necessarily oak (provision B.02.061.2). Caramel, fruit, other botanical substances, flavourings, and flavouring preparations may also be included in a product called brandy (provisions B.02.050–059).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Branch_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branch-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Within the European Union, the German term <i>Weinbrand</i> is legally equivalent to the English term "brandy", but outside the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking countries">German-speaking countries</a>, it is particularly used to designate brandy from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_and_brands">Varieties and brands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Varieties and brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg/220px-Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg/330px-Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg/440px-Bodega-TioPepe-Jerez-Dsc02980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brandy_de_Jerez" title="Brandy de Jerez">Brandy de Jerez</a> in barrels aging</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Most American grape brandy production is situated in California.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular brands include <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers_Brandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Brothers Brandy">Christian Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%26J_Gallo" class="mw-redirect" title="E&J Gallo">E&J Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korbel_Champagne_Cellars" title="Korbel Champagne Cellars">Korbel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Brands" title="Constellation Brands">Paul Masson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_(brandy)" title="Ararat (brandy)">Ararat</a> has been produced since 1877 and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararat plain">Ararat plain</a> in the southern part of Armenia. Bottles on the market are aged anywhere from 3 to 20 years.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac" title="Armagnac">Armagnac</a> is made from grapes of the <a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (province)">Armagnac region</a> in the southwest of France, Gers, Landes and Lot-et-Garonne. It is single-continuous distilled in a copper still and aged in oak casks from <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limousin_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limousin (region)">Limousin</a> or from the renowned <a href="/wiki/Tron%C3%A7ais_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tronçais Forest">Tronçais Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a>. Armagnac was the first distilled spirit in France. Its usage was first mentioned in 1310 by Vital Du Four in a book of medicine recipes. Armagnacs have a specificity: they offer <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a> qualities. Popular brands are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darroze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darroze (page does not exist)">Darroze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron_de_Sigognac" title="Baron de Sigognac">Baron de Sigognac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larressingle" title="Larressingle">Larressingle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delord" title="Delord">Delord</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laubade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laubade (page does not exist)">Laubade</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9las&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gélas (page does not exist)">Gélas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janneau (page does not exist)">Janneau</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Cognac,_France" title="Cognac, France">Cognac region</a> of France,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is double distilled using pot stills. Popular brands include <a href="/wiki/Hine_Cognac" class="mw-redirect" title="Hine Cognac">Hine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martell_(cognac)" title="Martell (cognac)">Martell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camus_Cognac" title="Camus Cognac">Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otard" title="Otard">Otard</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Martin" title="Rémy Martin">Rémy Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hennessy" title="Hennessy">Hennessy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapin" title="Frapin">Frapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delamain_(Cognac_producer)" title="Delamain (Cognac producer)">Delamain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courvoisier" title="Courvoisier">Courvoisier</a>. The European Union and some other countries legally enforce "Cognac" as the exclusive name for brandy produced and distilled in the Cognac area of France and the name "Armagnac" for brandy from the Gascony area of France. Both must also be made using traditional techniques. Since these are considered "protected designations of origin", a brandy made elsewhere may not be called Cognac in these jurisdictions, even if it was made in an identical manner.</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fine_(brandy)" title="Fine (brandy)">Fine</a></i></span> is any high-quality brandy, including Cognac and Armagnac but also Fine de <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine_regions" title="Bordeaux wine regions">Bordeaux</a>, Fine de <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Bourgogne</a>, and Fine de la <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_la_Marne" title="Vallée de la Marne">Marne</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_brandy" title="Cyprus brandy">Cyprus brandy</a> differs from other varieties in that its alcohol concentration is only 32% ABV (64 US proof).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek brandy (page does not exist)">Greek brandy</a> is distilled from <a href="/wiki/Muscat_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat wine">Muscat wine</a>. Mature distillates are made from sun-dried <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Corinth">Black Corinth</a> grape varieties blended with an aged Muscat wine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy_de_Jerez" title="Brandy de Jerez">Brandy de Jerez</a> originates from vineyards around <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a> in Andalusia, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in some <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherries</a> and is also available as a separate product. It has a <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">protected designation of origin</a> (PDO).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kanyak (or konyak) is a variety from Turkey, whose name is both a variation of "cognac" and means "burn blood" in Turkish, a reference to its use in cold weather.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3" title="Lourinhã">Lourinhã</a> region, just north of Lisbon, is one of the few European <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">PDO</a> that produce only brandy (<i><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente#Portugal" title="Aguardiente">aguardente vínica</a></i>), together with Cognac, Armagnac and Jerez.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayson_2020_p._133_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayson_2020_p._133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Moldova and Romania, grape brandy is colloquially called <i>coniac</i>, but is officially named <i>Divin</i> in Moldova and <i>Vinars</i> in Romania. After a double distillation, the beverage is usually aged in oak barrels and labelled according to its age (VS is a minimum of 3 years old, VSOP is a minimum of 5 years old, XO is a minimum of 7 years old, and XXO is a minimum of 20 years old).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Russia, brandy was first produced in 1885 at the <a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_Brandy_Factory" title="Kizlyar Brandy Factory">Kizlyar Brandy Factory</a> according to a recipe brought from France.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kizlyar brandy is produced according to the classic cognac technology and is one of the most popular beverages in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2008, the factory restored the status of the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> Suppliers Guild.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African brandy (page does not exist)">South African brandies</a> are, by law, made almost exactly as Cognac, using a double distillation process in copper pot stills followed by ageing in oak barrels for a minimum of three years. Because of this, South African brandies are considered very high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian brandy (page does not exist)">Italian brandy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_italiano" class="extiw" title="it:Brandy italiano">it</a>]</span> has been produced since the 1700s in the North of Italy, especially in <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, using grapes that are popular in winemaking such as <a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grignolino" title="Grignolino">Grignolino</a>. Colour, texture and finish resemble those of their French and Spanish counterparts. The most popular brands are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vecchia_Romagna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vecchia Romagna (page does not exist)">Vecchia Romagna</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecchia_Romagna" class="extiw" title="it:Vecchia Romagna">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Branca#Brands" title="Fratelli Branca">Stravecchio Branca</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stock_84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stock 84 (page does not exist)">Stock 84</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(azienda)#Brandy" class="extiw" title="it:Stock (azienda)">it</a>]</span>. Northern Italy has also been noted since the Middle Ages for its pomace brandy, <a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">grappa</a>, which is generally colourless but has some top-shelf varieties called <i>barrique</i> which are aged in oak casks and achieve the same caramel colour as regular brandies. There is a vast production of brandies and grappas in Italy, with more than 600 large, medium or small distilleries. <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, in Italian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, is also allowed to produce pomace brandy designated as grappa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labelling_of_grades">Labelling of grades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Labelling of grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armagnac" title="Armagnac">Armagnac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name: </p> <ul><li><b>V.S.</b> ("very special") or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been stored for at least two years in a cask.<sup id="cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNIC_etiquette-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>V.S.O.P.</b> ("very superior old pale"), <b>Reserve</b> or ✯✯✯✯✯ (five stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least four years in a cask.<sup id="cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNIC_etiquette-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>XO</b> ("extra old") or <b>Napoléon</b> designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least six years.<sup id="cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNIC_etiquette-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Hors d'âge</span></span></b> ('beyond age') is a designation formally equal to XO for Cognac, but for Armagnac it designates brandy that is at least ten years old. In practice, the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Brandy_de_Jerez" title="Brandy de Jerez">Brandy de Jerez</a>, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Consejo Regulador de la Denominacion Brandy de Jerez</i></span> classifies it according to:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Brandy de Jerez Solera: 6 months old.</li> <li>Brandy de Jerez Solera Reserva: one year old.</li> <li>Brandy de Jerez Solera Gran Reserva: three years old.</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_brandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian brandy (page does not exist)">Russian brandy</a> (traditionally called "Cognac" within the country), as well as brandies from many other post-Soviet states, uses the traditional Russian grading system that is similar to the French one, but extends it significantly:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Three stars" or ✯✯✯ designates the brandy with the youngest component cask-aged for at least two years, analogous to the French V.S.</li> <li>"Four stars" or ✯✯✯✯ is for the blends where the youngest brandy is aged for at least three years.</li> <li>"Five stars" means that the youngest brandy in the blend was aged four years, similar to the French V.S.O.P.</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">КВ</span></span>/KV ("Aged Cognac") is a designation corresponding to "XO" or "Napoléon", meaning that the youngest spirit in the blend is at least six years old.</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">КВВК</span></span>/KVVK ("Aged Cognac, Superior Quality") designates the eight-year-old blends and tends to be used only for the highest quality vintages.</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">КС</span></span>/KS ("Old Cognac"): At least ten years of age for the youngest spirit in the blend (similar to the Armagnac's "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Hors d'âge</span></span>").</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ОС</span></span>/OS ("Very Old"): Beyond the French system, designating blends older than 20 years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span><span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a> – Wine with an added distilled beverage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77749">Brandy</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/brandy">"Brandy"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Brandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Fbrandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f--1V1ftgtsC&pg=PA151"><i>Kirk-Othmer Food and Feed Technology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. 14 December 2007. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470174487" title="Special:BookSources/9780470174487"><bdi>9780470174487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Food+and+Feed+Technology&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.isbn=9780470174487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df--1V1ftgtsC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bnf-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bnf_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Nutrition_Foundation's_Task_Force2008" class="citation book cs1">British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force (2008). Gail Goldberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYKT8ApFnj0C&pg=PA174"><i>Plants: Diet and Health</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405147729" title="Special:BookSources/9781405147729"><bdi>9781405147729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants%3A+Diet+and+Health&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405147729&rft.au=British+Nutrition+Foundation%27s+Task+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYKT8ApFnj0C%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faith-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faith_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Faith2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Faith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNUVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Cognac: The story of the world's greatest brandy</i></a>. Infinite Ideas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906821791" title="Special:BookSources/9781906821791"><bdi>9781906821791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognac%3A+The+story+of+the+world%27s+greatest+brandy&rft.pub=Infinite+Ideas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781906821791&rft.au=Nicholas+Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNUVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._M._Cullen2002" class="citation book cs1">L. M. Cullen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj6xh-lUJEQC&pg=PA2"><i>The Brandy Trade Under the Ancien Régime</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521890984" title="Special:BookSources/9780521890984"><bdi>9780521890984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brandy+Trade+Under+the+Ancien+R%C3%A9gime&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521890984&rft.au=L.+M.+Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFj6xh-lUJEQC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standage_2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standage_2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage2006" class="citation book cs1">Standage, Tom (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780802715524"><i>A History of the World in 6 Glasses</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Walker Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802715524" title="Special:BookSources/9780802715524"><bdi>9780802715524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+6+Glasses&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780802715524&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780802715524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyclo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyclo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyclo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). "Brandy". <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brandy&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LES2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LES2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrynn2012" class="citation news cs1">Prynn, Jonathan (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/uk/first-chance-to-buy-brandy-that-stalin-served-churchill-7582925.html">"First chance to buy brandy that Stalin served Churchill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>Sir Winston Churchill's favourite Armenian brandy... The brandy, which was also a favourite of Agatha Christie and Frank Sinatra, has been made in the Ararat Valley since 1877.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=First+chance+to+buy+brandy+that+Stalin+served+Churchill&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Prynn&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Ffirst-chance-to-buy-brandy-that-stalin-served-churchill-7582925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kommersat-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kommersat_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Gendlin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vladimir Gendlin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184435/http://www.kommersant.com/t373890/r_2/n_10/Armenia">"Armenia. The cognac republic"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/t373890/r_2/n_10/Armenia">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=Armenia.+The+cognac+republic&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Vladimir+Gendlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.com%2Ft373890%2Fr_2%2Fn_10%2FArmenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockter2015" class="citation news cs1">Dockter, Warren (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/winston-churchill/11374144/How-to-drink-like-Winston-Churchill.html">"How to drink like Winston Churchill"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+to+drink+like+Winston+Churchill&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Dockter&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwinston-churchill%2F11374144%2FHow-to-drink-like-Winston-Churchill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenton2011" class="citation news cs1">Renton, Alex (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9532092.stm">"Armenian brandy's Churchill boast"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Armenian+brandy%27s+Churchill+boast&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F9532092.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiple_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3777007.stm">"Spirited return for Armenian brandy"</a>. 8 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spirited+return+for+Armenian+brandy&rft.date=2004-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3777007.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LES-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LES_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrynn2012" class="citation news cs1">Prynn, Jonathan (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/uk/first-chance-to-buy-brandy-that-stalin-served-churchill-7582925.html">"First chance to buy brandy that Stalin served Churchill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>Sir Winston Churchill's favourite Armenian brandy... The brandy, which was also a favourite of Agatha Christie and Frank Sinatra, has been made in the Ararat Valley since 1877.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=First+chance+to+buy+brandy+that+Stalin+served+Churchill&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Prynn&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Ffirst-chance-to-buy-brandy-that-stalin-served-churchill-7582925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwinetc.com/news/sarajishvili-brandy-made-georgia/">"Sarajishvili Brandy Made in Georgia"</a>. International Wine Tourism Conference. 5 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarajishvili+Brandy+Made+in+Georgia&rft.pub=International+Wine+Tourism+Conference&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwinetc.com%2Fnews%2Fsarajishvili-brandy-made-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._Bamforth,_Robert_E._Ward2014" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Bamforth, Robert E. Ward, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKDNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250">"5.2. Brandy"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Food Fermentations</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 249–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199742707" title="Special:BookSources/9780199742707"><bdi>9780199742707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.2.+Brandy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Food+Fermentations&rft.pages=249-252&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199742707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKDNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Dubow1998" class="citation web cs1">Charles Dubow (14 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/1998/03/14/feat_side1.html">"Cognac Q&A"</a>. <i>Forbes magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes+magazine&rft.atitle=Cognac+Q%26A&rft.date=1998-03-14&rft.au=Charles+Dubow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F1998%2F03%2F14%2Ffeat_side1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_brandy-pawnee" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=brandy-pawnee">"brandy-pawnee"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=brandy-pawnee&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dbrandy-pawnee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrèreLeland1889" class="citation book cs1">Barrère, Albert; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" title="Charles Godfrey Leland">Leland, Charles Godfrey</a>, eds. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QkE5uJaN1QC"><i>A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant: Embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian Slang, Pidgin English, Tinkers' Jargon and Other Irregular Phraseology</i></a>. Vol. 1. Ballantyne Press. p. 176<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Brandy pawnee (Anglo-Indian and English gypsy), brandy and water. From <i>pāni</i>, Hindu and Romany, for water. In England: "parny" is a common slang word for water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Slang%2C+Jargon+%26+Cant%3A+Embracing+English%2C+American%2C+and+Anglo-Indian+Slang%2C+Pidgin+English%2C+Tinkers%27+Jargon+and+Other+Irregular+Phraseology&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Ballantyne+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QkE5uJaN1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (23 November 2004). <i>On Food and Cooking</i>. 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Scientific understandings of climate, stimulants and bodies in Victorian and Edwardian tropical travel"</a>. <i>The British Journal for the History of Science</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 465–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087421000649">10.1017/S0007087421000649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0874">0007-0874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34558394">34558394</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237617567">237617567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Is+alcohol+a+tropical+medicine%3F+Scientific+understandings+of+climate%2C+stimulants+and+bodies+in+Victorian+and+Edwardian+tropical+travel&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-484&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.issn=0007-0874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237617567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34558394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087421000649&rft.aulast=Armston-Sheret&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Walker%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0007087421000649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchidrowitz1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schidrowitz, Philip (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brandy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brandy">"Brandy" </a></span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/pdf/27cfr5.22.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+of+Identity+for+Distilled+Spirits%2C+Title+27+Code+of+Federal+Regulations%2C+Pt.+5.22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedocket.access.gpo.gov%2Fcfr_2008%2Faprqtr%2Fpdf%2F27cfr5.22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EC regulation No. 110/2008, Annex II, nn 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUOnTheDefinition-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUOnTheDefinition_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:039:0016:0054:EN:PDF">"Regulation (EC) No. 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 "on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of spirit drinks"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Page 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113165423/http://www.prehn.com/bulk_brandy.html">"Bulk Brandy Producer, Rudolf Prehn GmbH"</a>. Prehn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prehn.com/bulk_brandy.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wines+of+Portugal&rft.series=The+Classic+Wine+Library&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Infinite+Ideas+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-910902-87-5&rft.aulast=Mayson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEQIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finewine.md/vs-vsop-sau-xo-notiuni-elementare-despre-divin">"VS, VSOP sau XO: noțiuni elementare despre divin"</a>. 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VS%2C+VSOP+sau+XO%3A+no%C8%9Biuni+elementare+despre+divin&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinewine.md%2Fvs-vsop-sau-xo-notiuni-elementare-despre-divin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201616/https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/3789199">"KIZLAR • Big Russian Encyclopedia – electronic version"</a>. <i>bigenc.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/geography/text/3789199">the original</a> on 8 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bigenc.ru&rft.atitle=KIZLAR+%E2%80%A2+Big+Russian+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+electronic+version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fgeography%2Ftext%2F3789199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kkz1885.com/en/o-zavode/">"About factory"</a>. <i>www.kkz1885.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kkz1885.com&rft.atitle=About+factory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkz1885.com%2Fen%2Fo-zavode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtgtv.ru/en/films/kizlyar-cognac-distillery">"Science and the Enterprises"</a>. <i>RTG CORP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTG+CORP&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+Enterprises&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frtgtv.ru%2Fen%2Ffilms%2Fkizlyar-cognac-distillery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trud.ru/article/15-11-2001/32800_on_byl_bezumno_oxvachen_idejami_svoego_dela_.html">"HE WAS MADLY CONCERNED WITH IDEAS OF THEIR CASE ..."</a> <i>www.trud.ru</i>. 15 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trud.ru&rft.atitle=HE+WAS+MADLY+CONCERNED+WITH+IDEAS+OF+THEIR+CASE+...&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trud.ru%2Farticle%2F15-11-2001%2F32800_on_byl_bezumno_oxvachen_idejami_svoego_dela_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expert.ru/south/2009/30/konyak/">"Коньяк не терпит суеты"</a>. <i>expert.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=expert.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpert.ru%2Fsouth%2F2009%2F30%2Fkonyak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFправды"2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">правды", Комсомольская правда | Сайт "Комсомольской (21 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nnov.kp.ru/daily/24346/535832/">"Кизлярский коньяк: традиционный вкус и верность качеству"</a>. <i>Nnov.kp.ru -</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nnov.kp.ru+-&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA%3A+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft.aulast=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B%22&rft.aufirst=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0+%7C+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnov.kp.ru%2Fdaily%2F24346%2F535832%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018160010/http://www.kremlin-guild.ru/suppliers/supplier.php">"Supplier of the Moscow Kremlin"</a>. <i>www.kremlin-guild.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kremlin-guild.ru/suppliers/supplier.php">the original</a> on 18 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kremlin-guild.ru&rft.atitle=Supplier+of+the+Moscow+Kremlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kremlin-guild.ru%2Fsuppliers%2Fsupplier.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001912/http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=115453&sn=Detail&pid=121">"South Africa wins Best Brandy in the World"</a>. Southafrica.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/us/full-article?oid=115453&sn=Detail&pid=121">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+wins+Best+Brandy+in+the+World&rft.pub=Southafrica.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.net%2Fsat%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Fus%2Ffull-article%3Foid%3D115453%26sn%3DDetail%26pid%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thethreegreyhoundsinn.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Updated-Brandy-Bible-01.19.pdf">"Brandy Bible"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brandy+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthethreegreyhoundsinn.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2FUpdated-Brandy-Bible-01.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNIC_etiquette-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNIC_etiquette_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223223212/http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette">"All about Cognac – Reading a label"</a>. <i>Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette">the original</a> on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+National+Interprofessionnel+du+Cognac&rft.atitle=All+about+Cognac+%E2%80%93+Reading+a+label&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnic.fr%2Fcognac%2F_en%2F2_cognac%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3Detiquette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandydejerez.es/sites/default/files/reglamento_de_brandy_de_jerez.pdf">Reglamento de Brandy de Jerez</a> brandydejerez.es</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xn3u6Xa7u3QC&pg=PA137"><i>Товароведение и экспертиза вкусовых товаров: Учебник для вузов</i></a>. Издательский дом "Питер". p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-94723-971-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-94723-971-3"><bdi>978-5-94723-971-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%22&rft.isbn=978-5-94723-971-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxn3u6Xa7u3QC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cognacmuseum.ru/o-konyake/sroki-vyderzhki-vs-vsop-xo-kv-kvvk-ks-os/">"Сроки выдержки VS, VSOP, XO, КВ, КВВК, КС, ОС"</a>. Cognac Museum Moscow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8+VS%2C+VSOP%2C+XO%2C+%D0%9A%D0%92%2C+%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%92%D0%9A%2C+%D0%9A%D0%A1%2C+%D0%9E%D0%A1&rft.pub=Cognac+Museum+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognacmuseum.ru%2Fo-konyake%2Fsroki-vyderzhki-vs-vsop-xo-kv-kvvk-ks-os%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brandy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brandy">Brandy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Brandy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Brandy">"Brandy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brandy&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Brandy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Brandy">"Brandy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brandy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrandy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146470#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4189458-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brandy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016414">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561059">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="brandy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph316205&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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