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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Savannas languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_sab%C3%A1nicas" title="Lenguas sabánicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas sabánicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های ساوانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ساوانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Savannas" title="Harsunan Savannas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Savannas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Savannas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Gur–Adamawa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">West Africa, around <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a> in the east</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Savannas</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">most ex-<a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>, most ex-<a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>:<br /> <hr /> <ul><li>(Central) <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Waja</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Kam</a> (close to Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leko%E2%80%93Nimbari_languages" title="Leko–Nimbari languages">Leko–Nimbari</a> (close to Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a> (Win)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum%E2%80%93Day_languages" title="Mbum–Day languages">Mbum–Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambukic_languages" title="Bambukic languages">Bambukic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Baa</a> (Kwa)</i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3149">nort3149</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Savannas languages</b>, also known as <b>Gur–Adamawa</b> or <b>Adamawa–Gur</b>, is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Greenberg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa%E2%80%93Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa–Ubangi languages">Adamawa–Ubangui</a> families. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gur–Adamawa link was demonstrated in Kleinewillinghöfer (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been accepted as established by later researchers, who have gone further in noting that the Adamawa and Gur languages themselves do not form coherent groups and are not necessarily more closely related internally than they are to each other. </p><p>Bennett (1983) had also mentioned a <i>North Central Niger-Congo</i> branch consisting of Gurunsi, "Ubangian", and Trans-Benue groups, with the <i>Trans-Benue</i> group consisting of the Burak-Jen (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bikwin-Jen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikwin-Jen languages">Bikwin-Jen</a>), Yungur (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bena-Mboi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bena-Mboi languages">Bena-Mboi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula</a>-<a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a> subgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several clusters of Adamawa languages; among the Gur languages, only the core of that proposal (Central Gur) has been retained, though it is possible that some of the 'peripheral' languages may turn out to be related to each other. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that a reconstruction of proto-Central Gur noun classes needs to include several Adamawa families.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a> (ex-Gur) and <a href="/wiki/Fali_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fali languages">Fali</a> (ex-Adamawa) are excluded from Savannas, as they appear to be some of the more divergent branches of Niger–Congo. </p><p>Dimmendaal (2008) excludes the <a href="/wiki/Ubangi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubangi languages">Ubangian</a> family from Niger–Congo altogether, stating that it "probably constitutes an independent language family that cannot or can no longer be shown to be related to Niger–Congo (or any other family)," though the Ubangian languages are themselves not a valid group, and the Gbaya branch may turn out to be related to Gur. </p><p>Apart from such exceptions, Dimmendaal notes that the Savanna languages "can be shown to be genetically related beyond any reasonable doubt. The evidence is not only lexical in nature, it is based primarily on a range of cognate grammatical morphemes."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers Gur-Adamawa to be a <a href="/wiki/Language_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Language continuum">language continuum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkage</a>) rather than an actual coherent branch. </p><p>Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) notes that many "Adamawa" languages in fact share more similarities with various (Central) <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur languages</a> than with other Adamawa languages, and proposes that early Gur-Adamawa speakers had cultivated <a href="/wiki/Guinea_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea corn">guinea corn</a> and millet in a wooded savanna environment.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Savannas languages, with an agnostic approach to internal classification, are as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Savannas  <ul><li>(Central) <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a> (a.k.a. "Kulango–Lorhon": ex-Gur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></i> (a.k.a. "Baatonũ": ex-Gur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></i> (ex-Gur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></i> (ex-Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a> (ex-Gur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a></i> (a.k.a. "Win": ex-Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba%E2%80%93Mumuye_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamba–Mumuye languages">Chamba–Mumuye</a> a.k.a. Leko–Nimbari (ex-Adamawa: <a href="/wiki/Leko_languages" title="Leko languages">G2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">G4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumuye%E2%80%93Yendang_languages" title="Mumuye–Yendang languages">G5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimbari_language" title="Nimbari language">G12</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum%E2%80%93Day_languages" title="Mbum–Day languages">Mbum–Day</a> (ex-Adamawa: <a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">G6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">G13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">G14</a>, & <i><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambukic_languages" title="Bambukic languages">Bambukic</a> (ex-Adamawa: <a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">G7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">G9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">G10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waja languages">Waja</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam language (Nigeria)">Kam</a> (ex-Adamawa: <a href="/wiki/Waja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waja languages">G1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam language (Nigeria)">G8</a>)</li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></i> (a.k.a. "Kwa")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a> (ex-Ubangian)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a> (ex-Ubangian)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The moribund <a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo language</a> was left unclassified within Adamawa, and has not been addressed in Savannas. </p><p>Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that the reconstruction of the noun-class system indicates that Waja ('Tula–Waja') and Leko–Nimbari ('Sama–Duru') (and possibly other Adamawa groups) belong with Central Gur, and that the noun-class system they reconstruct for these languages is akin to those of Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, and "Samu". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Güldemann_(2018)"><span id="G.C3.BCldemann_.282018.29"></span>Güldemann (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Güldemann (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Güldemann (2018) recognises the following coherent "genealogical units" (8 Gur, 14 Adamawa, and 7 Ubangi) but is agnostic about their positions within Niger-Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-Guldemann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guldemann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> area</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Gur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Gur languages">(Central) Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulangoic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miyobe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyobe language">Miyobe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></li></ol> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a> area</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula-Waja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bena-Mboi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bena-Mboi languages">Bena-Mboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikwin-Jen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikwin-Jen languages">Bikwin-Jen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba-Duru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Maya</a> (Yendangic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Kebi-Benue</a> (Mbumic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kimic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Buaic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></i> = <i>Kwa</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></i> = <i>Kam</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></i></li></ol> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangi</a> area</dt></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbayaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mbaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Mundu-Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngbandi languages">Ngbandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Bandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Ndogoic</a></li></ol> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_and_locations_(Nigeria)"><span id="Branches_and_locations_.28Nigeria.29"></span>Branches and locations (Nigeria)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Branches and locations (Nigeria)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of major Savannas (Adamawa) branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) within Nigeria based on Blench (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Distributions of Adamawa branches in Nigeria</b><sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Branch</th> <th>Primary locations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Duru languages">Duru</a> (Vere)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fufore" title="Fufore">Fufore</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leko_languages#Names_and_locations_(Nigeria)" title="Leko languages">Leko</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a> States; <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Yendang languages">Yendang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Belwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo Belwa">Mayo Belwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numan,_Nigeria" title="Numan, Nigeria">Numan</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Tula–Waja languages">Waja</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltungo" title="Kaltungo">Kaltungo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balanga,_Nigeria" title="Balanga, Nigeria">Balanga</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam language (Nigeria)">Kam</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bali,_Nigeria" title="Bali, Nigeria">Bali</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Baa</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Numan,_Nigeria" title="Numan, Nigeria">Numan</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karim_Lamido" title="Karim Lamido">Karim Lamido</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yola,_Adamawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola, Adamawa">Yola</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Jen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karim_Lamido" title="Karim Lamido">Karim Lamido</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karim_Lamido" title="Karim Lamido">Karim Lamido</a> LGA, <a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages#Names_and_locations" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Yungur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song,_Nigeria" title="Song, Nigeria">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyuk,_Nigeria" title="Guyuk, Nigeria">Guyuk</a> LGAs, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa State</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' <i>Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques</i> 1.25–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: problems and prospects. - in: Dihoff, I. R. (ed.) Current Approaches to African Linguistics. Vol. 1: 23-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/nigercongo/abstracts/Kleinewillinghoefer_miehe_von_winkelmann.pdf">Overview of noun classes in Gur (II)</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i> 2/5:841.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">Niger-Congo: an alternative view</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2018/06/ADAMAWA-Kleinewillinghoefer_04_02_2014.pdf">Adamawa</a>. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guldemann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guldemann_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGüldemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Africa</i>. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110421668-002">10.1515/9783110421668-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9"><bdi>978-3-11-042606-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics+and+genealogical+language+classification+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics+series&rft.pages=58-444&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110421668-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042606-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASavannas+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2019" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2019). <i>An Atlas of Nigerian Languages</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASavannas+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blench (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf">List of Adamawa languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-048">Rapid appraisal and lexicostatistical analysis surveys of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo (PDF)</a> by Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-048.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050107014910/http://www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/19379.pdf">Vocabulaires comparés des instruments aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun</a>, Tourneaux</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/afrika/adamawa-gur/">Adamawa-Gur languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Niger–Congo_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template talk:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger–Congo_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Savannas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Bena–Mboi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin–Jen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Bua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Kwah (Baa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum (Kebi–Benue)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom (Kam)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba–Duru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula–Waja</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Yendang (Maya)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Central Gur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Miyobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Sere (Ndogo)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_River_languages" title="Lower Cross River languages">Lower Cross River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere–Ahan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bak_languages" title="Bak languages">Bak</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijago_language" title="Bijago language">Bijago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangree_language" title="Mangree language">Mangree</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mande_languages" title="Eastern Mande languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shanga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Tyenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mande_languages" title="Southern Mande languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gban_language" title="Gban language">Gban</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_language" title="Mano language">Mano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central West<br />(Manding–Kpelle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jogo_languages" title="Jogo languages">Jogo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokole_languages" title="Mokole languages">Mokole</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soso%E2%80%93Jalonke_languages" title="Soso–Jalonke languages">Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mande_languages" title="Southwestern Mande languages">Southwestern Mande</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vai%E2%80%93Kono_languages" title="Vai–Kono languages">Vai–Kono</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />(Samogo–Soninke)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu (Jɔ)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soninke%E2%80%93Bozo_languages" title="Soninke–Bozo languages">Soninke–Bozo</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degere" title="Degere">Degere</a> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dima-Bottego_language" title="Dima-Bottego language">Dima-Bottego</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> ?</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo</a></i>" ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawu_language" title="Wawu language">Wawu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language" title="Proto-Niger–Congo language">Proto-Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&oldid=1120508356">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&oldid=1120508356</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo languages</a></li><li><a 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