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<span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eliza_escapes_with_her_son;_Tom_sold_"down_the_river"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliza_escapes_with_her_son;_Tom_sold_"down_the_river""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eliza escapes with her son; Tom sold "down the river"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliza_escapes_with_her_son;_Tom_sold_"down_the_river"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eliza's_family_hunted;_Tom's_life_with_St._Clare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eliza's_family_hunted;_Tom's_life_with_St._Clare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eliza's family hunted; Tom's life with St. Clare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eliza's_family_hunted;_Tom's_life_with_St._Clare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tom_sold_to_Simon_Legree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tom_sold_to_Simon_Legree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tom sold to Simon Legree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tom_sold_to_Simon_Legree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Final section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_themes_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_themes_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literary themes and theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_themes_and_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary themes and theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_themes_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Major themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Literary theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_the_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_the_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reactions to the novel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions_to_the_novel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions to the novel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_the_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_reaction_in_United_States_and_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_reaction_in_United_States_and_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Contemporary reaction in United States and around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_reaction_in_United_States_and_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_modern_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_modern_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>20th century and modern criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_modern_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Literary significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_and_popularization_of_stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_and_popularization_of_stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Creation and popularization of stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_popularization_of_stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Tom_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Tom_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anti-Tom literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Tom_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dramatic adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dramatic_adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dramatic adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays_and_Tom_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays_and_Tom_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Plays and Tom shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays_and_Tom_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uncle Tom's Cabin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوخ العم توم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوخ العم توم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_day%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_daxmas%C4%B1" title="Tom dayının daxması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tom dayının daxması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="আঙ্কল টমস্‌ কেবিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আঙ্কল টমস্‌ কেবিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_a-peh_%C3%AA_Li%C3%A2u-%C3%A1" title="Tom a-peh ê Liâu-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tom a-peh ê Liâu-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Чичо Томовата колиба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чичо Томовата колиба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Da_Tomina_koliba" title="Čiča Tomina koliba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čiča Tomina koliba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cabana_de_l%27oncle_Tom" title="La cabana de l'oncle Tom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La cabana de l'oncle Tom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaloupka_str%C3%BD%C4%8Dka_Toma" title="Chaloupka strýčka Toma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chaloupka strýčka Toma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caban_F%27ewyrth_Twm" title="Caban F'ewyrth Twm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caban F'ewyrth Twm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Toms_Hytte" title="Onkel Toms Hytte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Onkel Toms Hytte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Toms_H%C3%BCtte" title="Onkel Toms Hütte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Onkel Toms Hütte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1-%CE%98%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC" title="Η Καλύβα του Μπαρμπα-Θωμά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Η Καλύβα του Μπαρμπα-Θωμά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_caba%C3%B1a_del_t%C3%ADo_Tom" title="La cabaña del tío Tom – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La cabaña del tío Tom" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Kabano_de_Onklo_Tom" title="La Kabano de Onklo Tom – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Kabano de Onklo Tom" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaba_Tomen_etxola" title="Osaba Tomen etxola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osaba Tomen etxola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کلبه عمو تام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلبه عمو تام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Case_de_l%27oncle_Tom" title="La Case de l'oncle Tom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Case de l'oncle Tom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B0_%EC%95%84%EC%A0%80%EC%94%A8%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%A4%EB%91%90%EB%A7%89" title="톰 아저씨의 오두막 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="톰 아저씨의 오두막" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AB_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D6%80%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A8" title="Քեռի Թոմի խրճիթը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեռի Թոմի խրճիթը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="अंकल टॉम्स केबिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंकल टॉम्स केबिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Da_Tomina_koliba" title="Čiča Tomina koliba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čiča Tomina koliba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_Paman_Tom" title="Pondok Paman Tom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pondok Paman Tom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_cabana_del_oncle_Tom" title="Le cabana del oncle Tom – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Le cabana del oncle Tom" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_capanna_dello_zio_Tom" title="La capanna dello zio Tom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La capanna dello zio Tom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אוהל הדוד תום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוהל הדוד תום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ბიძია ტომის ქოხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიძია ტომის ქოხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Том ағайдың лашығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Том ағайдың лашығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uncle Tom's Cabin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustt%C4%93va_Toma_b%C5%ABda" title="Krusttēva Toma būda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krusttēva Toma būda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97d%C4%97s_Tomo_trobel%C4%97" title="Dėdės Tomo trobelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dėdės Tomo trobelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_b%C3%A1tya_kunyh%C3%B3ja_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Tamás bátya kunyhója (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamás bátya kunyhója (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Колибата на чичо Том – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колибата на чичо Том" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="അങ്കിൾ ടോംസ് ക്യാബിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അങ്കിൾ ടോംസ് ക്യാബിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="ჯიჯი თომაშ ქოხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯიჯი თომაშ ქოხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uncle Tom's Cabin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_hut_van_Oom_Tom" title="De hut van Oom Tom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="De hut van Oom Tom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%8B" title="アンクル・トムの小屋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンクル・トムの小屋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Toms_hytte" title="Onkel Toms hytte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Onkel Toms hytte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uncle Tom's Cabin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chata_wuja_Toma" title="Chata wuja Toma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chata wuja Toma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cabana_do_Pai_Tom%C3%A1s" title="A Cabana do Pai Tomás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Cabana do Pai Tomás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliba_unchiului_Tom" title="Coliba unchiului Tom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coliba unchiului Tom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хижина дяди Тома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хижина дяди Тома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uncle Tom's Cabin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da_strica_Toma" title="Koča strica Toma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koča strica Toma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Чича Томина колиба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чича Томина колиба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%8Da_Tomina_koliba" title="Čiča Tomina koliba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čiča Tomina koliba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%A4_Tuomon_tupa" title="Setä Tuomon tupa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Setä Tuomon tupa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkel_Toms_stuga" title="Onkel Toms stuga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Onkel Toms stuga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="அங்கிள் டாம்ஸ் கேபின் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அங்கிள் டாம்ஸ் கேபின் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అంకుల్ టామ్స్ క్యాబిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంకుల్ టామ్స్ క్యాబిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="กระท่อมน้อยของลุงทอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระท่อมน้อยของลุงทอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Amca%27n%C4%B1n_Kul%C3%BCbesi" title="Tom Amca'nın Kulübesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tom Amca'nın Kulübesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хатина дядька Тома – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хатина дядька Тома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAp_l%E1%BB%81u_b%C3%A1c_Tom" title="Túp lều bác Tom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Túp lều bác Tom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%8F%94%E5%8F%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%8B" title="汤姆叔叔的小屋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汤姆叔叔的小屋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (disambiguation)">Uncle Tom's Cabin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Uncle Tom's Cabin <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.author=%5B%5BHarriet+Beecher+Stowe%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+P.+Jewett%5D%5D+and+Company&rft.place=United+States&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1077982310"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/220px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/330px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/440px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2012" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page for Volume I of the first edition of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> (1852)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hammatt_Billings" title="Hammatt Billings">Hammatt Billings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Novel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">March 20, 1852 (two volumes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Jewett" title="John P. Jewett">John P. Jewett</a> and Company, after serialization in <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i> beginning June 5, 1851</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077982310">1077982310</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">813.3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PS2954 .U5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">anti-slavery</a> novel by American author <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>. Published in two <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">volumes</a> in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the U.S.</a>, and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the [American] Civil War".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscivilwaramerican00kaufpagen32_18]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscivilwaramerican00kaufpagen32_18]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe, a <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>-born teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Female_Seminary" title="Hartford Female Seminary">Hartford Female Seminary</a>, was part of the religious <a href="/wiki/Beecher_family" title="Beecher family">Beecher family</a> and an active <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>. She wrote the <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_novel" title="Sentimental novel">sentimental novel</a> to depict the reality of slavery while also asserting that <a href="/wiki/Christian_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian love">Christian love</a> could overcome slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rosa2003On_p._122,_de_Rosa_quotes_Tompkins_1985,_p._145_that_Stowe's_strategy_was_to_destroy_slavery_through_the_"saving_power_of_Christian_love"._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rosa2003On_p._122,_de_Rosa_quotes_Tompkins_1985,_p._145_that_Stowe's_strategy_was_to_destroy_slavery_through_the_"saving_power_of_Christian_love".-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985On_p._141,_Tompkins_writes_"Stowe_conceived_her_book_as_an_instrument_for_bringing_about_the_day_when_the_world_would_be_ruled_not_by_force,_but_by_Christian_love."_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985On_p._141,_Tompkins_writes_"Stowe_conceived_her_book_as_an_instrument_for_bringing_about_the_day_when_the_world_would_be_ruled_not_by_force,_but_by_Christian_love."-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel focuses on the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> around whom the stories of the other characters revolve. </p><p>In the United States, <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was the best-selling novel and the second best-selling book of the 19th century, following the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2001221_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001221-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldner200182_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldner200182-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence attributed to the book was so great that a likely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apocryphal" class="extiw" title="wikt:apocryphal">apocryphal</a> story arose of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> meeting Stowe at the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and declaring, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1911203_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1911203-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollaro2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollaro2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book and the <a href="/wiki/Tom_show" title="Tom show">plays</a> it inspired helped popularize a number of negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">stereotypes about black people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulser2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulser2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018??_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018??-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including that of the namesake character "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>". The term came to be associated with an excessively subservient person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These later associations with <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> have, to an extent, overshadowed the historical effects of the book as a "vital antislavery tool".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the novel remains a "landmark" in protest literature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008161_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with later books such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> owing a large debt to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein200413_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein200413-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StowePainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/StowePainting.jpg/170px-StowePainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/StowePainting.jpg/255px-StowePainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/StowePainting.jpg/340px-StowePainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> from 1872, based on an oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel" title="Alonzo Chappel">Alonzo Chappel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Stowe, a <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>-born teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Female_Seminary" title="Hartford Female Seminary">Hartford Female Seminary</a> and an active abolitionist, wrote the novel as a response to the passage, in 1850, of the second <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a>. Much of the book was composed at <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe_House_(Brunswick,_Maine)" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)">her house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine" title="Brunswick, Maine">Brunswick, Maine</a>, where her husband, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a>, taught at his <i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999310_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999310-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatta2015500_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatta2015500-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe was partly inspired to create <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself</a></i> (1849).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOertel2020465_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOertel2020465-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Henson</a>, a formerly enslaved black man, had lived and worked on a 3,700-acre (15 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Bethesda,_Maryland" title="North Bethesda, Maryland">North Bethesda, Maryland</a>, owned by Isaac Riley.<sup id="cite_ref-HensonBio_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HensonBio-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Province of Upper Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), where he helped other fugitive slaves settle and become self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-HensonBio_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HensonBio-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe was also inspired by the posthumous biography of <a href="/wiki/Phebe_Ann_Jacobs" title="Phebe Ann Jacobs">Phebe Ann Jacobs</a>, a devout <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine" title="Brunswick, Maine">Brunswick, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovet1979270_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovet1979270-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born on a slave plantation in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hiawatha,_New_Jersey" title="Lake Hiawatha, New Jersey">Lake Hiawatha, New Jersey</a>, Jacobs was enslaved for most of her life, including by the president of Bowdoin College.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovet1979267–68_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovet1979267–68-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowdoin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowdoin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her final years, Jacobs lived as a free woman, laundering clothes for Bowdoin students. She achieved respect from her community due to her devout religious beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowdoin_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowdoin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her funeral was widely attended.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source Stowe used as research for <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was <i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is:_Testimony_of_a_Thousand_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses">American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses</a></i>, a volume co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Theodore Dwight Weld</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Grimké sisters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshland2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshland2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe also conducted interviews with people who escaped slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2015256_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2015256-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe mentioned a number of these inspirations and sources in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshland2020_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshland2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This non-fiction book was intended to not only verify Stowe's claims about slavery but also point readers to the many "publicly available documents"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshland2020_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshland2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> detailing the horrors of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1854-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReactionKey_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReactionKey-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication,_National_Era,_5_Jun_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg/220px-Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg/330px-Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg/440px-Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_1st_Publication%2C_National_Era%2C_5_Jun_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4155" data-file-height="5776" /></a><figcaption>First appearance of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> as serialized in <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i> (June 5, 1851)</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> first appeared as a 40-week serial in <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i>, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851, issue. It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks. Stowe expanded the story significantly, however, and it was instantly popular, such that protests were sent to the <i>Era</i> office when she missed an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final installment was released in the April 1, 1852, issue of <i>Era</i>. Stowe arranged for the story's copyright to be registered with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maine" title="United States District Court for the District of Maine">United States District Court for the District of Maine</a>. She renewed her copyright in 1879 and the work entered the public domain on May 12, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201086–87_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201086–87-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the story was still being serialized, the publisher <a href="/wiki/John_P._Jewett" title="John P. Jewett">John P. Jewett</a> contracted with Stowe to turn <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> into a book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999313_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999313-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced the book would be popular, Jewett made the unusual decision (for the time) to have six full-page illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Hammatt_Billings" title="Hammatt Billings">Hammatt Billings</a> engraved for the first printing.<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrations_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrations-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published in book form on March 20, 1852, the novel sold 3,000 copies on that day alone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon sold out its complete print run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999314_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999314-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight printing presses, running incessantly, could barely keep up with the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENudelman200419_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENudelman200419-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-1853, sales of the book dramatically decreased<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201086_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201086-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jewett went out of business during the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999323_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999323-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1860, the right to publish <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> passed to the Boston firm <a href="/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields" title="Ticknor and Fields">Ticknor and Fields</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999324_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999324-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which put the book back in print in November 1862. After that demand began to yet again increase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999324–325_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999324–325-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PublicationHistory_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PublicationHistory-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a> acquired the rights from Ticknor in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201085_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201085-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, a new edition of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was released, repackaging the novel as an "American classic".<sup id="cite_ref-PublicationHistory_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PublicationHistory-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 1880s until its copyright expired, the book served as a mainstay and reliable source of income for Houghton Mifflin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201086_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201086-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the nineteenth century, the novel was widely available in a large number of editions<sup id="cite_ref-PublicationHistory_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PublicationHistory-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States it became the second best-selling book of that century after the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> sold equally well in Britain; the first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few years, over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain, although most of these were <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringing</a> copies (a similar situation occurred in the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolohan201127–28_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolohan201127–28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1857, the novel had been translated into 20 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translator <a href="/wiki/Lin_Shu" title="Lin Shu">Lin Shu</a> published the first Chinese translation in 1901, making it the first American novel translated into that language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJie1993522_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJie1993522-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliza_escapes_with_her_son;_Tom_sold_"down_the_river""><span id="Eliza_escapes_with_her_son.3B_Tom_sold_.22down_the_river.22"></span>Eliza escapes with her son; Tom sold "down the river"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElizaEngraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElizaEngraving.jpg/260px-ElizaEngraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElizaEngraving.jpg/390px-ElizaEngraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ElizaEngraving.jpg/520px-ElizaEngraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>A full-page illustration by <a href="/wiki/Hammatt_Billings" title="Hammatt Billings">Hammatt Billings</a> for the first edition of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, 1852. Eliza tells Uncle Tom that he has been sold and she is running away to save her child.</figcaption></figure> <p>The book opens with a <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them—Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby's maid Eliza—to Mr. Haley, a coarse slave trader. Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, George Shelby, hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor. </p><p>When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry, Eliza determines to run away with her son. The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child (she had already <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarried</a> two children). Eliza departs that night, leaving a note of apology to her mistress. She later makes a dangerous crossing over the ice of the Ohio River to escape her pursuers. </p><p>As Tom is sold, Mr. Haley takes him to a <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and from there Tom is to be transported to a slave market. While on board, Tom meets Eva, an angelic little white girl. They quickly become friends. Eva falls into the river and Tom dives into the river to save her life. Being grateful to Tom, Eva's father Augustine St. Clare buys him from Haley and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eliza's_family_hunted;_Tom's_life_with_St._Clare"><span id="Eliza.27s_family_hunted.3B_Tom.27s_life_with_St._Clare"></span>Eliza's family hunted; Tom's life with St. Clare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TomEva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TomEva.jpg/220px-TomEva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TomEva.jpg/330px-TomEva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/TomEva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i></figcaption></figure> <p>During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada but are tracked by Tom Loker, a slave hunter hired by Mr. Haley. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot him in the side. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> settlement for medical treatment. </p><p>Back in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, believes he is not biased, even though he is a slave owner. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her prejudiced views against black people are wrong, St. Clare purchases Topsy, a young black slave, and asks Ophelia to educate her. </p><p>After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Tom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tom_sold_to_Simon_Legree">Tom sold to Simon Legree</h3></div> <p>Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, he dies after being stabbed outside a tavern. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree. Tom is taken to rural <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> with other new slaves including Emmeline, whom Simon Legree has purchased to use as a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slave</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CassyTom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CassyTom.jpg/260px-CassyTom.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CassyTom.jpg/390px-CassyTom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CassyTom.jpg/520px-CassyTom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A full-page illustration by Hammatt Billings for the first edition of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, 1852. Cassy, another of Legree's slaves, ministers to Uncle Tom after his whipping.</figcaption></figure> <p>Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave's faith in <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>. Despite Legree's cruelty, Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another slave whom Legree used as a sex slave. Cassy tells her story to Tom. She was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold. She became pregnant again but killed the child because she could not tolerate having another child separated from her. </p><p>Tom Loker, changed after being healed by the Quakers, returns to the story. He has helped George, Eliza, and Harry enter Canada from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and become free. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation. He has two visions, one of Jesus and one of Eva, which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian, even unto death. </p><p>He encourages Cassy to escape, which she does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men become Christians. George Shelby, Arthur Shelby's son, arrives to buy Tom's freedom, but Tom dies shortly after they meet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_section">Final section</h3></div> <p>On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris' sister Madame de Thoux and accompany her to Canada. Madame de Thoux and George Harris were separated in their childhood. Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is together again, they travel to France and eventually <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, the African nation created for former American slaves. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm, where after his father's death, he frees all his slaves. George Shelby urges them to remember Tom's sacrifice every time they look at his cabin. He decides to lead a pious Christian life just as Uncle Tom did. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_characters">Major characters</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Legree.png/220px-Legree.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Legree.png/330px-Legree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Legree.png/440px-Legree.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Simon Legree assaults Uncle Tom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/220px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/330px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG/440px-Edwin_Longsden_Long_-_Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom_and_Little_Eva_(painting)" title="Uncle Tom and Little Eva (painting)">Uncle Tom and Little Eva</a></i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Longsden_Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Longsden Long">Edwin Longsden Long</a>, 1866</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>, the title character, was initially seen as a noble, long-suffering Christian slave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent years, his name has become an epithet directed towards African-Americans who are accused of <a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">selling out</a> to whites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and a praiseworthy person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the book, far from allowing himself to be exploited, Tom stands up for his beliefs and refuses to betray friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20191465–1467-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eliza is a slave who serves as a personal maid to Mrs. Shelby. She escapes to the North with her five-year-old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley. Her husband, George, eventually finds Eliza and Harry in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and emigrates with them to Canada, then France, and finally Liberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastronovo2014147_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastronovo2014147-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at <a href="/wiki/Lane_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Theological Seminary">Lane Theological Seminary</a> in Cincinnati by <a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a> to Stowe's husband Calvin, a professor at the school. According to Rankin, in February 1838, a young slave woman, Eliza Harris, had escaped across the frozen <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> to the town of <a href="/wiki/Ripley,_Ohio" title="Ripley, Ohio">Ripley</a> with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2002135–139_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagedorn2002135–139-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Evangeline "Eva" St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare. Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> to New Orleans to be sold, and he rescues the five- or six-year-old girl from drowning. Eva begs her father to buy Tom, and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house. He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva. Eva often talks about love and forgiveness, convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love. She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzczesiul199666–68_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzczesiul199666–68-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually Eva falls <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminally ill</a>. Before dying, she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves, telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven. On her deathbed, she convinces her father to free Tom, but because of circumstances the promise never materializes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2021387_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2021387-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner—a Northerner by birth—whose name has become synonymous with greed and cruelty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouisDeSimone2014102_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouisDeSimone2014102-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is arguably the novel's main <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a>. His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave's unbreakable belief in God. The novel reveals that, as a young man, he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed. He sexually exploits Cassy, who despises him, and later sets his designs on Emmeline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerman2000332–335_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2000332–335-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals. Reports surfaced in the late 1800s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Calhoun" title="Meredith Calhoun">Meredith Calhoun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith200927–29_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith200927–29-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who settled on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith200926–27_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith200926–27-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rev. <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a>, inspiration for the character of Uncle Tom, said that Legree was modeled after Bryce Lytton,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandt199023_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandt199023-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "who broke my arm and maimed me for life."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaynes2005834_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaynes2005834-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_themes_and_theories">Literary themes and theories</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_themes">Major themes</h3></div> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2004p._24_states_that_"Stowe_held_specific_beliefs_about_the_'evils'_of_slavery_and_the_role_of_Americans_in_resisting_it."_The_book_then_quotes_[[Ann_Douglas_(historian)|Ann_Douglas]]_describing_how_Stowe_saw_slavery_as_a_sin_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2004p._24_states_that_"Stowe_held_specific_beliefs_about_the_'evils'_of_slavery_and_the_role_of_Americans_in_resisting_it."_The_book_then_quotes_[[Ann_Douglas_(historian)|Ann_Douglas]]_describing_how_Stowe_saw_slavery_as_a_sin-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> of motherhood and the power of Christian love,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. Stowe sometimes changed the story's voice so she could give a "<a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a>" on the destructive nature of slavery<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199730_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199730-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states, "The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affections—the separating of families, for example.").<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199729_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199729-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FugitivesSafe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FugitivesSafe.jpg/260px-FugitivesSafe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FugitivesSafe.jpg/390px-FugitivesSafe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/FugitivesSafe.jpg/520px-FugitivesSafe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>"The fugitives are safe in a free land." Illustration by Hammatt Billings for <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, first edition. The image shows George Harris, Eliza, Harry, and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the subthemes presented in the novel is <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell20084_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell20084-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she wove it into events that would also support the dominant theme. One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed, he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed. Another example is the death of Prue, who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis; however, her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby. In the opening of the novel, the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine. Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme, this scene could foreshadow future events that put alcohol in a bad light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell20088–9_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell20088–9-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Stowe saw motherhood as the "ethical and structural model for all of American life"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmons1986159_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmons1986159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also believed that only women had the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> to save<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan-Lake200561_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan-Lake200561-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States from the demon of slavery, another major theme of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> is the moral power and sanctity of women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995615_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995615-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through characters like Eliza, who escapes from slavery to save her young son (and eventually reunites her entire family), or Eva, who is seen as the "ideal Christian",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVrettos1995101_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVrettos1995101-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. Though later critics have noted that Stowe's female characters are often <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic</a> <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a> instead of realistic women,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowanceWestbrookDe_Prospo1994132_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowanceWestbrookDe_Prospo1994132-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe's novel "reaffirmed the importance of women's influence" and helped pave the way for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights movement">women's rights movement</a> in the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenmann19983_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenmann19983-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe's <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">puritanical</a> religious beliefs show up in the novel's final, overarching theme—the exploration of the nature of Christian love<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorett2016125_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorett2016125-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how she feels <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> is <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">fundamentally incompatible</a> with slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2000386–387_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen2000386–387-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's beloved daughter Eva. After Tom dies, George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying, "What a thing it is to be a Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen2000387_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen2000387-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Christian themes play such a large role in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>—and because of Stowe's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith—the novel often takes the "form of a sermon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBercovitchPatell1994119_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBercovitchPatell1994119-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_theories">Literary theories</h3></div> <p>Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel (aside from the major theme of condemning slavery). For example, as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist, Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmylie1995165–167_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmylie1995165–167-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil. Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellin1993277_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellin1993277-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which of Stowe's characters should be emulated, the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellin1993275_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellin1993275-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe's solution was similar to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>'s: God's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellin1993290_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellin1993290-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soil">Free Will Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1998430–431_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1998430–431-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor, and the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery. In contrast to Ophelia is Dinah, who operates on passion. During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed, just as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Republican Party">Republican Party</a> (three years later) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1998433–436_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1998433–436-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a> can also be seen at play in Stowe's book, with the novel as a critique of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> nature of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiss1994525_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiss1994525-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently, she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2021107–108_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2021107–108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995599–600_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995599–600-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered. To change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit. Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional, aggressive masculine action. All the men in Stowe's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995610_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995610-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg/260px-Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg/390px-Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg/520px-Eliza-Crossing-the-Ice-Morgan-1881.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Eliza crossing the icy river, in an 1881 theatre poster</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> is written in the sentimental<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoble200358_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble200358-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and melodramatic style common to 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Sentimental_novel" title="Sentimental novel">sentimental novels</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2001221_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001221-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe's time and were "written by, for, and about women"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124–125_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124–125-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with featuring a writing style that evoked a reader's sympathy and emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> has been called a "representative" example of a sentimental novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985125_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985125-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers. Georgiana May, a friend of Stowe's, wrote a letter to the author, saying: "I was up last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200567_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200567-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200566_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200566-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time, because in 1852, 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200566_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadiaPhegley200566-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this positive reaction from readers, for decades <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critics</a> dismissed the style found in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured what one critic called "women's sloppy emotions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal200342_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal200342-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGossett1978123–124_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossett1978123–124-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another described the book as "primarily a derivative piece of hack work".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1958328_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1958328-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Literary History of the United States</i>, George F. Whicher called <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> "<a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday-school</a> fiction", full of "broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985126_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985126-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 <a href="/wiki/Jane_Tompkins" title="Jane Tompkins">Jane Tompkins</a> expressed a different view with her famous defense of the book in "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal200342_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal200342-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern201156_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern201156-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed, writing that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions had the power to change the world for the better. She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century, including <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, were remarkable for their "intellectual complexity, ambition, and resourcefulness"; and that <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> offers a "critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better-known critics such as <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_to_the_novel">Reactions to the novel</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:4px double #000000;;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 285px; background: #FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Events leading to the American Civil War</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 85%;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#End_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">End of Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a> (1832–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Abolition of slavery in the British Empire</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> (1835–36)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall" title="Trial of Reuben Crandall">United States v. Crandall</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule</a> (1836–44)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Aves" title="Commonwealth v. Aves">Commonwealth v. Aves</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Murder of Elijah Lovejoy</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Burning of Pennsylvania Hall</a> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prigg_v._Pennsylvania" title="Prigg v. Pennsylvania">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Recapture of Anthony Burns</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> (1854–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession of Southern states</a> (1860–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> (1861)</li></ol></div></div> </div></div> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hollis_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollis-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon publication, <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery (who created a number of books in response to the novel) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists. The novel is considered an influential<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2017269_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2017269-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "landmark" of protest literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008161_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_reaction_in_United_States_and_around_the_world">Contemporary reaction in United States and around the world</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_cover.jpg/170px-Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Stowe responded to criticism by writing <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853), documenting the veracity of her novel's depiction of slavery.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> had an "incalculable"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> impact on the 19th-century world and captured the imagination of many Americans. In a likely <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apocryphal" class="extiw" title="wikt:apocryphal">apocryphal</a> story that alludes to the novel's impact, when <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> met Stowe in 1862 he supposedly commented, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1911203_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1911203-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVollaro2009_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVollaro2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245–246_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245–246-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line, and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaybaugh2003xvii_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaybaugh2003xvii-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many writers have also credited the novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaybaugh2003xvii_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaybaugh2003xvii-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldner200182_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldner200182-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> and politician <a href="/wiki/James_Baird_Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baird Weaver">James Baird Weaver</a> said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnett1920154–157_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnett1920154–157-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> was "convinced both of the social uses of the novel and of Stowe's humanitarianism" and heavily promoted the novel in his newspaper during the book's initial release.<sup id="cite_ref-FrederickDouglass_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrederickDouglass-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Douglass said <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was "a work of marvelous depth and power," he also published criticism of the novel, most prominently by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>. In a series of letters in the paper, Delany accused Stowe of "borrowing (and thus profiting) from the work of black writers to compose her novel" and chastised Stowe for her "apparent support of black colonization to Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-FrederickDouglass_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrederickDouglass-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin was "one of the most out-spoken black critics" of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> at the time and later wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Blake;_or_the_Huts_of_America" title="Blake; or the Huts of America">Blake; or the Huts of America</a>,</i> a novel where an African American "chooses violent rebellion over Tom's resignation."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White people in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> were outraged at the novel's release,<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the book also roundly criticized by slavery supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-ReactionKey_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReactionKey-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Gilmore_Simms" title="William Gilmore Simms">William Gilmore Simms</a> declared the work utterly false<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1976365–368_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1976365–368-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also calling it slanderous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrophy1995–1996496_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrophy1995–1996496-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reactions ranged from a bookseller in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>, being forced to leave town for selling the novel<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to threatening letters sent to Stowe (including a package containing a slave's severed ear).<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Southern writers, like Simms, soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe's novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidgely1960_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidgely1960-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics highlighted Stowe's paucity of life-experience relating to Southern life, saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region. For instance, she had never been to a Southern plantation. Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati. It is reported that "She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write [the] famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the emerging plot."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these criticisms, in 1853 Stowe published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i>, an attempt to document the veracity of the novel's depiction of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshland2020_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshland2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Stowe discusses each of the major characters in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and cites "real life equivalents" to them while also mounting a more "aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1854-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the novel, <i>A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was a best-seller, but although Stowe claimed <i>A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> documented her previously consulted sources, she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1854-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibruz24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wikibruz24.jpg/220px-Wikibruz24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wikibruz24.jpg/330px-Wikibruz24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wikibruz24.jpg/440px-Wikibruz24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture after an 1869 design by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Samain" title="Louis Samain">Louis Samain</a> was installed in 1895 on <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Louise" title="Avenue Louise">Avenue Louise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. The scene—a runaway black slave and child attacked by dogs—was inspired by <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> also created great interest in the United Kingdom. The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this interest was due to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a> in Britain. As English lawyer <a href="/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior" title="Nassau William Senior">Nassau William Senior</a> argued, "The evil passions which <i>Uncle Tom</i> gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance, but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America—we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system—our <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> hate her democrats—our <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> hate her <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">parvenus</a>—our <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition. All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy... She taught us how to prove that democrats may be tyrants, that an aristocracy of caste is more oppressive than an aristocracy of station... Our pity for the victim is swallowed up by our hatred of the tyrant."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1958quoting_[[Nassau_William_Senior|Nassau_Senior]]_on_p._33_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1958quoting_[[Nassau_William_Senior|Nassau_Senior]]_on_p._33-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe sent a copy of the book to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, who wrote her in response: "I have read your book with the deepest interest and sympathy, and admire, more than I can express to you, both the generous feeling which inspired it, and the admirable power with which it is executed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone1957188_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1957188-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian and politician <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a> wrote in 1852 that "it is the most valuable addition that America has made to English literature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein2011140_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein2011140-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a>, the American ambassador to Britain during the Civil War, argued later that "<i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>; or <i>Life among the Lowly</i>, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams191379_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams191379-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> claimed that <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was a greater work than any play written by <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> because it flowed from the love of God and man.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_modern_criticism">20th century and modern criticism</h3></div> <p>In the 20th century, a number of writers attacked <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> not only for the stereotypes the novel had created about African-Americans but also because of "the utter disdain of the Tom character by the black community".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These writers included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a> with his collection <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Children" title="Uncle Tom's Children">Uncle Tom's Children</a></i> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Chester_Himes" title="Chester Himes">Chester Himes</a> with his 1943 short story "Heaven Has Changed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> also critiqued the book with his 1952 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a>,</i> with Ellison figuratively killing Uncle Tom in the opening chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinerstein200983-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Tom_and_Eva,_Staffordshire,_England,_1855-1860,_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord,_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG/220px-Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG/330px-Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG/440px-Uncle_Tom_and_Eva%2C_Staffordshire%2C_England%2C_1855-1860%2C_glazed_and_painted_ceramic_-_Concord_Museum_-_Concord%2C_MA_-_DSC05597.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="5025" /></a><figcaption><i>Uncle Tom and Eva</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_figure" title="Staffordshire figure">Staffordshire figure</a> produced between 1855 and 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945 <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> published his influential and infamous critical essay "Everybody's Protest Novel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelby2012515_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelby2012515-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay, Baldwin described <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> as "a bad novel, having, in its self-righteousness, virtuous sentimentality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20171_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20171-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the novel lacked psychological depth, and that Stowe, "was not so much a novelist as an impassioned pamphleteer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20172_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin20172-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rothstein" title="Edward Rothstein">Edward Rothstein</a> has claimed that Baldwin missed the point and that the purpose of the novel was "to treat slavery not as a political issue but as an individually human one – and ultimately a challenge to Christianity itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>", first published in <i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i> in November 1945, claims that "perhaps the supreme example of the 'good bad' book is <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. It is an unintentionally ludicrous book, full of preposterous melodramatic incidents; it is also deeply moving and essentially true; it is hard to say which quality outweighs the other." But he concludes "I would back <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> to outlive the complete works of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> or <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Moore_(author)" title="George Henry Moore (author)">George Moore</a>, though I know of no strictly literary test which would show where the superiority lies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell196821_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell196821-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negative associations related to <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, in particular how the novel and associated plays <a href="#Creation_and_popularization_of_stereotypes">created and popularized racial stereotypes</a>, have to some extent obscured the book's historical impact as a "vital antislavery tool".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the turn of the millennium, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hollis_Robbins" title="Hollis Robbins">Hollis Robbins</a> have re-examined <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> in what has been called a "serious attempt to resurrect it as both a central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations."<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> experienced a revival of interest in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gao_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gao-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> In the Chinese communist view of the book, Uncle Tom was interpreted as having been betrayed by his "Christian consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-:Gao_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gao-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Weishi" title="Sun Weishi">Sun Weishi</a> directed a stage play adaptation of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gao_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gao-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 55">: 55 </span></sup> The revival of interest in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> intersected with the translation and popularization of works by <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, who was viewed as having developed a new spirit of Black resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:Gao_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Gao-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_significance">Literary significance</h3></div> <p>Generally recognized as the first best-selling novel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008161_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> greatly influenced development of not only <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a> but also protest literature in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2008161_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2017269_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2017269-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later books that owe a large debt to <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein200413_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein200413-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this undisputed significance, <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> has been called "a blend of children's <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> and propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel has also been dismissed by several <a href="/wiki/Literary_critics" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critics">literary critics</a> as "merely a sentimental novel";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGossett1978123–124_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossett1978123–124-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critic George Whicher stated in his <i>Literary History of the United States</i> that "Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous vogue; its author's resources as a purveyor of Sunday-school fiction were not remarkable. She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos, and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985126_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985126-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other critics, though, have praised the novel. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> stated that "To expose oneself in maturity to <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> may therefore prove a startling experience. It is a much more impressive work than one has ever been allowed to suspect."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1962134_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1962134-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Tompkins stated that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics dismiss the book because it was simply too popular during its day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124–125_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985124–125-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_and_popularization_of_stereotypes">Creation and popularization of stereotypes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam1888Edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sam1888Edition.jpg/220px-Sam1888Edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sam1888Edition.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Sam from the 1888 "New Edition" of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky".</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for condescending racist descriptions of the black characters' appearances, speech, and behavior, as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198853_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198853-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel's creation and use of common <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a> about African Americans<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulser2003_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulser2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is significant because <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was the best-selling novel in the world during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the book (along with illustrations from the book<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrations_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrations-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and associated stage productions) played a major role in perpetuating and solidifying such stereotypes into the American psyche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018331_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018331-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith198853_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith198853-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movements</a> attacked the novel, claiming that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in "race betrayal", and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/African-American_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American stereotypes">stereotypes of blacks</a> in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018??_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamieson2018??-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the "happy darky" (in the lazy, carefree character of Sam); the light-skinned <a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">tragic mulatto</a> as a sex object (in the characters of Eliza, Cassy, and Emmeline); the affectionate, dark-skinned female <a href="/wiki/Mammy_archetype" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammy archetype">mammy</a> (through several characters, including Mammy, a cook at the St. Clare plantation); the <a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">pickaninny</a> stereotype of black children (in the character of Topsy); the Uncle Tom, an African American who is too eager to please white people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and a Christ-like figure who, like Jesus at his crucifixion, forgives the people responsible for his death. The false stereotype of Tom as a "subservient fool who bows down to the white man", and the resulting derogatory term "Uncle Tom", resulted from staged "<a href="/wiki/Tom_Shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Shows">Tom Shows</a>", which sometimes replaced Tom's grim death with an upbeat ending where Tom causes his oppressors to see the error of their ways, and they all reconcile happily. Stowe had no control over these shows and their alteration of her story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal200331-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Tom_literature">Anti-Tom literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_literature" title="Anti-Tom literature">Anti-Tom literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auntphillis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Auntphillis.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Title page for <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Phillis%27s_Cabin" title="Aunt Phillis's Cabin">Aunt Phillis's Cabin</a></i> by Mary Eastman, one of many examples of anti-Tom literature</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe's novel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlowacki201514_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlowacki201514-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This so-called <a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_literature" title="Anti-Tom literature">Anti-Tom literature</a> generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint, arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordell20089_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordell20089-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation. The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001113_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001113-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan-Lake2005120_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan-Lake2005120-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most famous anti-Tom books are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_and_the_Distaff" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sword and the Distaff">The Sword and the Distaff</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gilmore_Simms" title="William Gilmore Simms">William Gilmore Simms</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Phillis%27s_Cabin" title="Aunt Phillis's Cabin">Aunt Phillis's Cabin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Henderson_Eastman" title="Mary Henderson Eastman">Mary Henderson Eastman</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Planter%27s_Northern_Bride" title="The Planter's Northern Bride">The Planter's Northern Bride</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lee_Hentz" title="Caroline Lee Hentz">Caroline Lee Hentz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeidler200529_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeidler200529-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati. Simms' book was published a few months after Stowe's novel, and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe's book and her view of slavery. Hentz's 1854 novel, widely read at the time but now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a Northern woman—the daughter of an abolitionist, no less—who marries a Southern slave owner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuenca1997–199890_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuenca1997–199890-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decade between the publication of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published (although others continued to be published after the war, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> in 1902 by "professional racist" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenbow2010510_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenbow2010510-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of these anti-Tom books were written by white women, Simms commenting at one point about the "Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman (Stowe) answered by a Southern woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates1987134_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates1987134-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatic_adaptations">Dramatic adaptations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays_and_Tom_shows">Plays and Tom shows</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tom_show" title="Tom show">Tom show</a></div> <style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22,_1901)-_group_of_men,_two_holding_whips,_pointing_at_two_men_and_a_woman_on_snow-covered_bridge_LCCN2004681922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_group_of_men%2C_two_holding_whips%2C_pointing_at_two_men_and_a_woman_on_snow-covered_bridge_LCCN2004681922.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_group_of_men%2C_two_holding_whips%2C_pointing_at_two_men_and_a_woman_on_snow-covered_bridge_LCCN2004681922.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_group_of_men%2C_two_holding_whips%2C_pointing_at_two_men_and_a_woman_on_snow-covered_bridge_LCCN2004681922.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scene in <a href="/wiki/William_A._Brady" title="William A. Brady">William A. Brady</a>'s 1901 revival of the play at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(New_York_City)" title="Academy of Music (New York City)">Academy of Music</a>, New York City</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22,_1901)-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg/220px-Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg/330px-Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg/440px-Scene_from_stage_production_of_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22%2C_1901%29-_Little_Eva%27s_death_scene_LCCN2004681923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Little Eva's death scene in Brady's 1901 revival at the Academy of Music</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Even though <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book.<sup id="cite_ref-By_storm_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-By_storm-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lott" title="Eric Lott">Eric Lott</a> estimated that "for every one of the three hundred thousand who bought the novel in its first year, many more eventually saw the play."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELott2013218_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2013218-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, it was reported that by a quarter million of these presentations had already been performed in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xiv_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xiv-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the lax copyright laws of the time, stage plays based on <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>—"Tom shows"—began to appear while the novel was still being serialized. Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama, although she eventually saw <a href="/wiki/George_Aiken_(playwright)" title="George Aiken (playwright)">George L. Aiken</a>'s version and, according to Francis Underwood, was "delighted" by Caroline Howard's portrayal of Topsy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELott2013228_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2013228-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aiken's stage production was the most popular play in the U.S. and Britain for 75 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollis_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollis-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stowe's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations, some launched for (various) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths201676_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths201676-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuinicki200677_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuinicki200677-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/International_copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="International copyright">international copyright</a> laws existed at the time. The book and plays were translated into several languages. Stowe received no money, which could have meant as much as "three-fourths of her just and legitimate wages".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReese2007143_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReese2007143-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrelsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowe's sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELott2013219_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2013219-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of black people;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005544-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some productions also featured songs by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a>, including "<a href="/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home" title="My Old Kentucky Home">My Old Kentucky Home</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Old_Folks_at_Home" title="Old Folks at Home">Old Folks at Home</a>", and "Massa's in the Cold Ground".<sup id="cite_ref-By_storm_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-By_storm-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known Tom shows were those of George Aiken and H. J. Conway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELott2013220_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2013220-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The many stage variants of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> "dominated northern popular culture... for several years" during the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELott2013222_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2013222-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptations_of_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Film adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin">Film adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1903UncleTomFilm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1903UncleTomFilm.jpg/220px-1903UncleTomFilm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/1903UncleTomFilm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A still from <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>'s 1903 version of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, which was one of the first full-length movies. The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and that she is running away to save her child.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> has been adapted several times as a film. Most of these movies were created during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era (<i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was the most-filmed book of that time period).<sup id="cite_ref-UTCFilm_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTCFilm-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and "Tom" shows, audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot, making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words.<sup id="cite_ref-UTCFilm_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTCFilm-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first film version of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> was one of the earliest full-length movies, although full-length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This 1903 film, directed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>, used white actors in <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a> in the major roles and black performers only as <a href="/wiki/Extra_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra (actor)">extras</a>. This version was evidently similar to many of the "Tom Shows" of earlier decades and featured several stereotypes about blacks, such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, a three-reel <a href="/wiki/Vitagraph_Studios" title="Vitagraph Studios">Vitagraph Company of America</a> production was directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Stuart_Blackton" title="J. Stuart Blackton">J. Stuart Blackton</a> and adapted by Eugene Mullin. According to <i>The Dramatic Mirror</i>, this film was "a decided innovation" in motion pictures and "the first time an American company" released a dramatic film in three reels. Until then, full-length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred <a href="/wiki/Florence_Turner" title="Florence Turner">Florence Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fuller" title="Mary Fuller">Mary Fuller</a>, Edwin R. Phillips, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Finch" title="Flora Finch">Flora Finch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Tobin" title="Genevieve Tobin">Genevieve Tobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlyle_Blackwell" title="Carlyle Blackwell">Carlyle Blackwell</a>, Sr.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades. The last silent film version was released in 1927. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Pollard" title="Harry A. Pollard">Harry A. Pollard</a>, who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>, this two-hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era, at a cost of $1.8 million. The black actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Gilpin</a> was originally cast in the title role, but he was fired after the studio decided his "portrayal was too aggressive".<sup id="cite_ref-SuperJewel_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuperJewel-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several decades after the end of the silent film era, the subject matter of Stowe's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollywood_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollywood-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film versions were created overseas in the following decades, including a 1965 German-language version and a TV soap opera in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/A_Cabana_do_Pai_Tom%C3%A1s" title="A Cabana do Pai Tomás">A Cabana do Pai Tomás</a>,</i> which ran for 205 episodes from July 1969 to March 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2017106_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2017106-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final film version<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xviii_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xviii-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1987_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1987 film)">television broadcast in 1987</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lathan" title="Stan Lathan">Stan Lathan</a> and adapted by John Gay. It starred <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brooks" title="Avery Brooks">Avery Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phylicia_Rashad" title="Phylicia Rashad">Phylicia Rashad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodward" title="Edward Woodward">Edward Woodward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lewis" title="Jenny Lewis">Jenny Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> and Endyia Kinney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200225_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200225-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to film adaptations, versions of <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> have been produced in other formats, including a number of <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoons</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> also influenced movies, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i>. This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom, where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy (Yankee soldiers) to defend, according to the film's caption, their "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> birthright". According to scholars, this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with, and been understood by, audiences of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001115_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001115-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">History of slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramona" title="Ramona">Ramona</a></i>, an 1884 novel that attempted to do for Native Americans in California what <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> had done for African Americans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">Timeline of the civil rights movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscivilwaramerican00kaufpagen32_18]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscivilwaramerican00kaufpagen32_18]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufman2006">Kaufman 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwaramerican00kauf/page/n32">18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2000245_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPainter2000">Painter 2000</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLombard2012_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLombard2012">DeLombard 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurian2010580_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurian2010">Kurian 2010</a>, p. 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rosa2003On_p._122,_de_Rosa_quotes_Tompkins_1985,_p._145_that_Stowe's_strategy_was_to_destroy_slavery_through_the_"saving_power_of_Christian_love".-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rosa2003On_p._122,_de_Rosa_quotes_Tompkins_1985,_p._145_that_Stowe's_strategy_was_to_destroy_slavery_through_the_"saving_power_of_Christian_love"._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rosa2003">de Rosa 2003</a>, On p. 122, de Rosa quotes Tompkins 1985, p. 145 that Stowe's strategy was to destroy slavery through the "saving power of Christian love"..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompkins1985On_p._141,_Tompkins_writes_"Stowe_conceived_her_book_as_an_instrument_for_bringing_about_the_day_when_the_world_would_be_ruled_not_by_force,_but_by_Christian_love."-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompkins1985On_p._141,_Tompkins_writes_"Stowe_conceived_her_book_as_an_instrument_for_bringing_about_the_day_when_the_world_would_be_ruled_not_by_force,_but_by_Christian_love."_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompkins1985">Tompkins 1985</a>, On p. 141, Tompkins writes "Stowe conceived her book as an instrument for bringing about the day when the world would be ruled not by force, but by Christian love.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiMaggio201415_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiMaggio2014">DiMaggio 2014</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001221-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/me1.htm">"Harriet Beecher Stowe House"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weld%2C+Theodore+Dwight&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2001%2F2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fwe%2FWeld-The.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2015256-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2015256_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass2015">Snodgrass 2015</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowe1854-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStowe1854_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStowe1854">Stowe 1854</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReactionKey-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReactionKey_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReactionKey_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEschner2017" class="citation web cs1">Eschner, Kat (March 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/white-southerners-said-uncle-toms-cabin-was-fake-news-180962518/">"White Southerners Said 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' Was Fake News: So its author published a 'key' to what's true in the novel"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=White+Southerners+Said+%27Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin%27+Was+Fake+News%3A+So+its+author+published+a+%27key%27+to+what%27s+true+in+the+novel&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Eschner&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fwhite-southerners-said-uncle-toms-cabin-was-fake-news-180962518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApplegate2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmostfamousmanina00debbpage261_261]_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApplegate2006">Applegate 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostfamousmanina00debb/page/261">261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201086–87-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201086–87_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship2010">Winship 2010</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship1999313-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship1999313_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship1999">Winship 1999</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illustrations-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Illustrations_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illustrations_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/uncletom/illustra/52illf.html">"First Edition Illustrations"</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive</i>. 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Department of English, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin%3A+History+of+the+Book+in+the+19th-Century+United+States&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Winship&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futc.iath.virginia.edu%2Finterpret%2Fexhibits%2Fwinship%2Fwinship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span> Derived from a presentation at the June 2007 Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Web of Culture conference, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and presented by the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center (Hartford, CT) and the Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture Project at the University of Virginia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship201085-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship201085_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship2010">Winship 2010</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-4p2958-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs-4p2958_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2958.html">"Slave narratives and <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>"</a>. <i>Africans in America</i>. 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The book then quotes <a href="/wiki/Ann_Douglas_(historian)" title="Ann Douglas (historian)">Ann Douglas</a> describing how Stowe saw slavery as a sin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199730-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199730_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1997">McPherson 1997</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowe1991" class="citation book cs1">Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1991). <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> (Modern Library ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679602002" 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Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv03hp.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=The+First+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+Film%3A+Edison-Porter%27s+%27Slavery+Days%27+%281903%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fonstage%2Ffilms%2Fmv03hp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013221156/http://iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv10hp1.html">"The 3-Reel Vitagraph Production (1910)"</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive</i>. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv10hp1.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=The+3-Reel+Vitagraph+Production+%281910%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fonstage%2Ffilms%2Fmv10hp1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuperJewel-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuperJewel_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193822/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv27hp.html">"Universal Super Jewel Production (1927)"</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive</i>. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv27hp.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=Universal+Super+Jewel+Production+%281927%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fonstage%2Ffilms%2Fmv27hp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollywood-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollywood_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193731/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/cameos/hollywood.html">"Uncle Tom's Cabin in Hollywood: 1929–1956"</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive</i>. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/cameos/hollywood.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+in+Hollywood%3A+1929%E2%80%931956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fonstage%2Ffilms%2Fcameos%2Fhollywood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2017106-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2017106_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2017">Jackson 2017</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xviii-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick2016xviii_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrick2016">Frick 2016</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton200225-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton200225_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2002">Hamilton 2002</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001115-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001115_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193726/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/cameos/griffithhp.html">"H. B. Stowe's Cabin in D. W. Griffith's Movie"</a>. <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive</i>. Department of English, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/cameos/griffithhp.html">the original</a> on April 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Culture%2C+a+Multi-Media+Archive&rft.atitle=H.+B.+Stowe%27s+Cabin+in+D.+W.+Griffith%27s+Movie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iath.virginia.edu%2Futc%2Fonstage%2Ffilms%2Fcameos%2Fgriffithhp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1913" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Charles Francis (1913). <i>Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity: Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms</i>. The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1331302445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1331302445"><bdi>978-1331302445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans-Atlantic+Historical+Solidarity%3A+Lectures+Delivered+before+the+University+of+Oxford+in+Easter+and+Trinity+Terms&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1331302445&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Douglass_Adams" title="Ephraim Douglass Adams">Adams, Ephraim Douglass</a> (1958). <i>Great Britain and the American Civil War</i>. Russell & Russell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0846201021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0846201021"><bdi>978-0846201021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+and+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0846201021&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ephraim+Douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2004" class="citation book cs1">Allen, John (2004). <i>Homelessness in American Literature: Romanticism, Realism, and Testimony</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415945899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415945899"><bdi>978-0415945899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homelessness+in+American+Literature%3A+Romanticism%2C+Realism%2C+and+Testimony&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415945899&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmons1986" class="citation book cs1">Ammons, Elizabeth (1986). "Stowe's Dream of the Mother-Savior: Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s". In Sundquist, Eric J. (ed.). <i>New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521302036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521302036"><bdi>978-0521302036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stowe%27s+Dream+of+the+Mother-Savior%3A+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+American+Women+Writers+Before+the+1920s&rft.btitle=New+Essays+on+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0521302036&rft.aulast=Ammons&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegate2006" class="citation book cs1">Applegate, Debby (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostfamousmanina00debb"><i>The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher</i></a></span>. Three Leaves Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385513975" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385513975"><bdi>978-0385513975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Famous+Man+in+America%3A+The+Biography+of+Henry+Ward+Beecher&rft.pub=Three+Leaves+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0385513975&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Debby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmostfamousmanina00debb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Appiah, Kwame Anthony</a>; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). <i>Africana: Arts and Letters: an A-to-Z reference of writers, musicians, and artists of the African American Experience</i>. Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1422392232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1422392232"><bdi>978-1422392232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+Arts+and+Letters%3A+an+A-to-Z+reference+of+writers%2C+musicians%2C+and+artists+of+the+African+American+Experience&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1422392232&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Kwame+Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadiaPhegley2005" class="citation book cs1">Badia, Janet Badia; Phegley, Jennifer (2005). <i>Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802094872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802094872"><bdi>978-0802094872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Women%3A+Literary+Figures+and+Cultural+Icons+from+the+Victorian+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0802094872&rft.aulast=Badia&rft.aufirst=Janet+Badia&rft.au=Phegley%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">Baldwin, James</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGkwDwAAQBAJ"><i>Notes of a Native Son</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141987279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141987279"><bdi>978-0141987279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+a+Native+Son&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0141987279&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGkwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercovitchPatell1994" class="citation book cs1">Bercovitch, Sacvan; Patell, Cyrus R. K. (1994). <i>The Cambridge History of American Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521301053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521301053"><bdi>978-0521301053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+American+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0521301053&rft.aulast=Bercovitch&rft.aufirst=Sacvan&rft.au=Patell%2C+Cyrus+R.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandt1990" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Nat (1990). <i>The town that started the Civil War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815602439" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815602439"><bdi>978-0815602439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+town+that+started+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0815602439&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuinicki2006" class="citation book cs1">Buinicki, Martin T. (2006). <i>Negotiating Copyright: Authorship and the Discourse of Literary Property Rights in Nineteenth-Century America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415976251" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415976251"><bdi>978-0415976251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Copyright%3A+Authorship+and+the+Discourse+of+Literary+Property+Rights+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415976251&rft.aulast=Buinicki&rft.aufirst=Martin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastronovo2014" class="citation book cs1">Castronovo, Russ (2014). "Transatlantic vs. Hemispheric: Toni Morrison's Long Nineteenth Century by Amy Brickhouse". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Nineteenth-Century American Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199355891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199355891"><bdi>978-0199355891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+vs.+Hemispheric%3A+Toni+Morrison%27s+Long+Nineteenth+Century+by+Amy+Brickhouse&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Nineteenth-Century+American+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199355891&rft.aulast=Castronovo&rft.aufirst=Russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaybaugh2003" class="citation book cs1">Claybaugh, Amanda (2003). <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. Barnes and Noble Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593081218" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593081218"><bdi>978-1593081218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble+Classics&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1593081218&rft.aulast=Claybaugh&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rosa2003" class="citation book cs1">de Rosa, Deborah C. (2003). <i>Domestic Abolitionism and Juvenile Literature, 1830–1865</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791458259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791458259"><bdi>978-0791458259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Abolitionism+and+Juvenile+Literature%2C+1830%E2%80%931865&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0791458259&rft.aulast=de+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Deborah+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Eisenmann, Linda (1998). <i>Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313293238" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313293238"><bdi>978-0313293238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Women%27s+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0313293238&rft.aulast=Eisenmann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Frick, John W. (2016). <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin on the American Stage and Screen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan US</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230114074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230114074"><bdi>978-0230114074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+on+the+American+Stage+and+Screen&rft.pub=Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0230114074&rft.aulast=Frick&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1987" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis (1987). <i>Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the 'Racial' Self</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195035643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195035643"><bdi>978-0195035643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Figures+in+Black%3A+Words%2C+Signs%2C+and+the+%27Racial%27+Self&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0195035643&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2016" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Katie (2016). <i>Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author and Abolitionist</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Cavendish Square Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1502619303" title="Special:BookSources/978-1502619303"><bdi>978-1502619303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harriet+Beecher+Stowe%3A+Author+and+Abolitionist&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1502619303&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagedorn2002" class="citation book cs1">Hagedorn, Ann (2002). <i>Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684870656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684870656"><bdi>978-0684870656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+The+River%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Heroes+of+the+Underground+Railroad&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0684870656&rft.aulast=Hagedorn&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2017" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (2017). <i>Fade In, Crossroads A History of the Southern Cinema</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190660185" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190660185"><bdi>978-0190660185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fade+In%2C+Crossroads+A+History+of+the+Southern+Cinema&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190660185&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaynes2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African American Society</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761927648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761927648"><bdi>978-0761927648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Society&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0761927648&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan-Lake2005" class="citation book cs1">Jordan-Lake, Joy (2005). <i>Whitewashing Uncle Tom's Cabin: Nineteenth-Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press" title="Vanderbilt University Press">Vanderbilt University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826514769" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826514769"><bdi>978-0826514769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitewashing+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Women+Novelists+Respond+to+Stowe&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0826514769&rft.aulast=Jordan-Lake&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabatchnik2017" class="citation book cs1">Kabatchnik, Ammon (2017). <i>Blood on the Stage, 1800 to 1900: Milestone Plays of Murder, Mystery, and Mayhem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538106174" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538106174"><bdi>978-1538106174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+Stage%2C+1800+to+1900%3A+Milestone+Plays+of+Murder%2C+Mystery%2C+and+Mayhem&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1538106174&rft.aulast=Kabatchnik&rft.aufirst=Ammon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Will (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwaramerican00kauf"><i>The Civil War in American Culture</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748619351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748619351"><bdi>978-0748619351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+American+Culture&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0748619351&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilwaramerican00kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2009" class="citation book cs1">Keith, LeeAnna (2009). <i>The Colfax Massacre The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195310269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195310269"><bdi>978-0195310269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colfax+Massacre+The+Untold+Story+of+Black+Power%2C+White+Terror%2C+and+the+Death+of+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0195310269&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=LeeAnna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2010" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas (2010). <i>The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810869875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810869875"><bdi>978-0810869875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Literature&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0810869875&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, David L. (2000). <i>The Company of the Creative: A Christian Reader's Guide to Great Literature and Its Themes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kregel_Publications" title="Kregel Publications">Kregel Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0825430978" title="Special:BookSources/978-0825430978"><bdi>978-0825430978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+of+the+Creative%3A+A+Christian+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Great+Literature+and+Its+Themes&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0825430978&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLott2013" class="citation book cs1">Lott, Eric (2013). <i>Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class</i> (20th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195320558" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195320558"><bdi>978-0195320558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Theft%3A+Blackface+Minstrelsy+and+the+American+Working+Class&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0195320558&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisDeSimone2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Fidel; DeSimone, Erika, eds. (2014). <i>Voices Beyond Bondage An Anthology of Verse by African Americans of the 19th Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/NewSouth_Books" title="NewSouth Books">NewSouth Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588382986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588382986"><bdi>978-1588382986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+Beyond+Bondage+An+Anthology+of+Verse+by+African+Americans+of+the+19th+Century&rft.pub=NewSouth+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1588382986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowanceWestbrookDe_Prospo1994" class="citation book cs1">Lowance, Mason I. (Jr.); Westbrook, Ellen E.; De Prospo, R. (1994). <i>The Stowe Debate: Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870239519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870239519"><bdi>978-0870239519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stowe+Debate%3A+Rhetorical+Strategies+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0870239519&rft.aulast=Lowance&rft.aufirst=Mason+I.+%28Jr.%29&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Ellen+E.&rft.au=De+Prospo%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1997" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James Munro (1997). <i>Drawn With the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195096798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195096798"><bdi>978-0195096798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawn+With+the+Sword%3A+Reflections+on+the+American+Civil+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195096798&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+Munro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble2003" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Marianne (2003). "The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding in Uncle Tom's Cabin". In Rosenthal, Debra J. (ed.). <i>A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415234733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415234733"><bdi>978-0415234733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ecstasies+of+Sentimental+Wounding+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.btitle=A+Routledge+Literary+Sourcebook+on+Harriet+Beecher+Stowe%27s+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415234733&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNudelman2004" class="citation book cs1">Nudelman, Franny (2004). <i>John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807828830" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807828830"><bdi>978-0807828830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%27s+Body%3A+Slavery%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Culture+of+War&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0807828830&rft.aulast=Nudelman&rft.aufirst=Franny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1968" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1968). 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl90oCk0cncC&dq=Gail+K.+Smith+selling&pg=PA221">"The Sentimental Novel: The Example of Harriet Beecher Stowe"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harriet+Beecher+Stowe%3A+The+Story+of+Her+Life&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stowe&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowe1854" class="citation book cs1">Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/uncletom/key/kyhp.html"><i>A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_P._Jewett" title="John P. Jewett">John P. Jewett</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Key+to+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=John+P.+Jewett&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Stowe&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Beecher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futc.iath.virginia.edu%2Funcletom%2Fkey%2Fkyhp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompkins1985" class="citation book cs1">Tompkins, Jane (1985). "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History". <i>Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195035650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195035650"><bdi>978-0195035650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sentimental+Power%3A+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+the+Politics+of+Literary+History&rft.btitle=Sensational+Designs%3A+The+Cultural+Work+of+American+Fiction%2C+1790%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0195035650&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrettos1995" class="citation book cs1">Vrettos, Athena (1995). <i>Somatic Fictions: Imagining Illness in Victorian Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804724241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804724241"><bdi>978-0804724241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somatic+Fictions%3A+Imagining+Illness+in+Victorian+Culture&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0804724241&rft.aulast=Vrettos&rft.aufirst=Athena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Cindy (2004). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521825924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521825924"><bdi>978-0521825924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Harriet+Beecher+Stowe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521825924&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1962" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edmund (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xO23DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>Patriotic Gore</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466899636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466899636"><bdi>978-1466899636</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1128081969">1128081969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotic+Gore&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1128081969&rft.isbn=978-1466899636&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxO23DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Linda (2001). <i>Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691058009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691058009"><bdi>978-0691058009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+the+Race+Card%3A+Melodramas+of+Black+and+White+from+Uncle+Tom+to+O.+J.+Simpson&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0691058009&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnett1920" class="citation journal cs1">Arnett, A. M. (March 1920). "Review of James Baird Weaver by Fred Emory Haynes". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2141508">10.2307/2141508</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2141508">2141508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+James+Baird+Weaver+by+Fred+Emory+Haynes&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=1920-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2141508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2141508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arnett&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span> Profile of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102214125/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAweaverJ.htm">James Baird Weaver</a> from archive. org, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshland2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ashland, Alexander J. (Fall 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA635785935&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=0277335X&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E17031d34">"Documenting Novel Sources in Antebellum U.S. Literature"</a>. <i>South Atlantic Review</i>. <b>85</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Atlantic+Review&rft.atitle=Documenting+Novel+Sources+in+Antebellum+U.S.+Literature&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ashland&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA635785935%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26linkaccess%3Dabs%26issn%3D0277335X%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26userGroupName%3Danon%257E17031d34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bellin, Joshua D (1993). "Up to Heaven's Gate, Down in Earth's Dust: the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>American Literature</i>. <b>65</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2927342">10.2307/2927342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2927342">2927342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Up+to+Heaven%27s+Gate%2C+Down+in+Earth%27s+Dust%3A+the+Politics+of+Judgment+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2927342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2927342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bellin&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeidler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Beidler, Philip D. (Winter 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/ebb04cac6d9b452b26f8e2df069bf991/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=46572">"Caroline Lee Hentz's Long Journey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Alabama Heritage</i> (75): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Heritage&rft.atitle=Caroline+Lee+Hentz%27s+Long+Journey&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Beidler&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Febb04cac6d9b452b26f8e2df069bf991%2F1.pdf%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D46572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Benbow, Mark E. (October 2010). "Birth of a Quotation: Woodrow Wilson and 'Like Writing History with Lightning'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Gilded_Age_and_Progressive_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era">Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</a></i>. <b>9</b> (4): 510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781400004242">10.1017/S1537781400004242</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799409">20799409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162913069">162913069</a>. <q>Dixon might be best described as a professional racist who made his living writing books and plays attacking the presence of African Americans in the United States. A firm believer not only in white supremacy, but also in the 'degeneration' of blacks after slavery ended, Dixon thought the ideal solution to America's racial problems was to deport all blacks to Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+Quotation%3A+Woodrow+Wilson+and+%27Like+Writing+History+with+Lightning%27&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=510&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162913069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20799409%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781400004242&rft.aulast=Benbow&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Carolyn Vellenga (Summer 2000). "Creole Family Politics in Uncle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl". <i>Novel: A Forum on Fiction</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">328–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1346168">10.2307/1346168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1346168">1346168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novel%3A+A+Forum+on+Fiction&rft.atitle=Creole+Family+Politics+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+Incidents+in+the+Life+of+a+Slave+Girl&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1346168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1346168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Vellenga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy1995–1996" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, Alfred L. (1995–1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/stowe.pdf">"Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow – The Shadow of Law: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom's Cabin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Law and Religion</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1051590">10.2307/1051590</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051590">1051590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159994075">159994075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Over+and+above+...+There+Broods+a+Portentous+Shadow+%E2%80%93+The+Shadow+of+Law%3A+Harriet+Beecher+Stowe%27s+Critique+of+Slave+Law+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=1995%2F1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159994075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1051590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1051590&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblurblawg.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fstowe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cordell, Ryan C. (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mla.hcommons.org/deposits/objects/mla:572/datastreams/CONTENT/content">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Enslaving you, body and soul': the uses of temperance in Uncle Tom's Cabin and 'anti-Tom' fiction"</a>. <i>Studies in American Fiction</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsaf.2008.0005">10.1353/saf.2008.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153482599">153482599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Fiction&rft.atitle=%27Enslaving+you%2C+body+and+soul%27%3A+the+uses+of+temperance+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+%27anti-Tom%27+fiction&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsaf.2008.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153482599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Ryan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmla.hcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fobjects%2Fmla%3A572%2Fdatastreams%2FCONTENT%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuenca1997–1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cuenca, Carme Manuel (Winter 1997–1998). 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"Woodcraft: Simms's First Answer to Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>American Literature</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2922435">10.2307/2922435</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2922435">2922435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Woodcraft%3A+Simms%27s+First+Answer+to+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E433&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2922435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2922435%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ridgely&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiss1994" class="citation journal cs1">Riss, Arthur (1994). "Racial Essentialism and Family Values in <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">513–</span>544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713382">10.2307/2713382</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713382">2713382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Racial+Essentialism+and+Family+Values+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Riss&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelby2012" class="citation journal cs1">Shelby, Tommie (Spring 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11899739/54641594.pdf?sequence=1">"The Ethics of Uncle Tom's Children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">513–</span>532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F664549">10.1086/664549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153830399">153830399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Uncle+Tom%27s+Children&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F664549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153830399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shelby&rft.aufirst=Tommie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F11899739%2F54641594.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmylie1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Smylie" title="James H. 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"<i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> Revisited: the Bible, the Romantic Imagination, and the Sympathies of Christ". <i>American Presbyterians</i>. <b>73</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002096437302700105">10.1177/002096437302700105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170344119">170344119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Presbyterians&rft.atitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+Revisited%3A+the+Bible%2C+the+Romantic+Imagination%2C+and+the+Sympathies+of+Christ&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002096437302700105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170344119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smylie&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1957" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Harry (1957). "Charles Dickens and Harriet Beecher Stowe". <i>Nineteenth-Century Fiction</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">188–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3044086">10.2307/3044086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3044086">3044086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth-Century+Fiction&rft.atitle=Charles+Dickens+and+Harriet+Beecher+Stowe&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3044086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3044086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczesiul1996" class="citation journal cs1">Szczesiul, Anthony E. (March 1996). "The Canonization of Tom and Eva: Catholic Hagiography and Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>American Transcendental Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Transcendental+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Canonization+of+Tom+and+Eva%3A+Catholic+Hagiography+and+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1996-03&rft.aulast=Szczesiul&rft.aufirst=Anthony+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVollaro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vollaro, Daniel R. (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015043157/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/30.1/vollaro.html">"Lincoln, Stowe, and the 'Little Woman/Great War' Story: The Making, and Breaking, of a Great American Anecdote"</a>. <i>Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/30.1/vollaro.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Lincoln%2C+Stowe%2C+and+the+%27Little+Woman%2FGreat+War%27+Story%3A+The+Making%2C+and+Breaking%2C+of+a+Great+American+Anecdote&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vollaro&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fjournals%2Fjala%2F30.1%2Fvollaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Charles S. (November 1976). "Simms's Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>American Literature</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2924870">10.2307/2924870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2924870">2924870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Simms%27s+Review+of+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=1976-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2924870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2924870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinship1999" class="citation journal cs1">Winship, Michael (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525181.pdf">"The Greatest Book of Its Kind: A Publishing History of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society</i>. <b>109</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Book+of+Its+Kind%3A+A+Publishing+History+of+%27Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin%27&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1999-10&rft.aulast=Winship&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinship2010" class="citation journal cs1">Winship, Michael (2010). "The Library of Congress in 1892: Ainsworth Spofford, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, and Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.0.0114">10.1353/lac.0.0114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720641">20720641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153517304">153517304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+the+Cultural+Record&rft.atitle=The+Library+of+Congress+in+1892%3A+Ainsworth+Spofford%2C+Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company%2C+and+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153517304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20720641%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.0.0114&rft.aulast=Winship&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1995). "Masculinity in Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">595–</span>618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713368">10.2307/2713368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713368">2713368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Masculinity+in+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E595-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Griffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Robert E. (Winter 2021). "Liberty Befits All: Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin". <i>Independent Review</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Liberty+Befits+All%3A+Stowe+and+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiken1993" class="citation book cs1">Aiken, George L. (1993). <i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. Garland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Aiken&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerould1983" class="citation book cs1">Gerould, Daniel C., ed. (1983). <i>American Melodrama</i>. Performing Arts Journal Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Melodrama&rft.pub=Performing+Arts+Journal+Publications&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfait2007" class="citation book cs1">Parfait, Claire (2007). <i>The Publishing History of Uncle's Tom's Cabin, 1852–2002</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Publishing+History+of+Uncle%27s+Tom%27s+Cabin%2C+1852%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Aldershot%3A+Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Parfait&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Reynolds" title="David S. Reynolds">Reynolds, David S.</a> (2011). <i>Mightier Than the Sword: </i>Uncle Tom's Cabin<i> and the Battle for America</i>. W. W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mightier+Than+the+Sword%3A+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+and+the+Battle+for+America&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoweGatesRobbins2007" class="citation book cs1">Stowe, Harriet Beecher; Gates, Henry Louis; Robbins, Hollis (2007). <i>The Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin</i>. W. W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stowe&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Beecher&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Hollis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUncle+Tom%27s+Cabin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?300230-1/mightier-sword">Presentation by Reynolds on <i>Mightier Than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America</i> at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, May 19, 2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/harriet-beecher-stowe/uncle-toms-cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/">University of Virginia Web site "<i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i> and American Culture: A Multi-Media Archive"</a> – edited by Stephen Railton, covers 1830 to 1930, offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background, various editions, and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel. The site also provides the full text of the book, audio and video clips, and examples of related merchandising.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/203">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Uncle%20Tom%27s%20Cabin"><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i></a>, available at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Scanned, illustrated original editions.</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Uncle+Tom's+Cabin&author=Stowe&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Uncle Tom's Cabin</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Stowe</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptations_of_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Film adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin">Film adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1903_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1903 film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1910_Thanhouser_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1910 Thanhouser film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (Thanhouser, 1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1910_Vitagraph_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1910 Vitagraph film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (Vitagraph, 1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1914_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1914 film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1918_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1918 film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_and_Eva" title="Topsy and Eva">Topsy and Eva</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1927_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927 film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1965_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965 film)">Onkel Toms Hütte</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_(1987_film)" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin (1987 film)">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_show" title="Tom show">Tom show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittin%27_the_Trail_for_Hallelujah_Land" title="Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land">Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Mellerdrammer" title="Mickey's Mellerdrammer">Mickey's Mellerdrammer</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Bungalow" title="Uncle Tom's Bungalow">Uncle Tom's Bungalow</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Caba%C3%B1a" title="Uncle Tom's Cabaña">Uncle Tom's Cabaña</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Fried_Rabbit" title="Southern Fried Rabbit">Southern Fried Rabbit</a></i> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_literature" title="Anti-Tom literature">Anti-Tom literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aunt_Phillis%27s_Cabin" title="Aunt Phillis's Cabin">Aunt Phillis's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Planter%27s_Northern_Bride" title="The Planter's Northern Bride">The Planter's Northern Bride</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Eva:_The_Flower_of_the_South" title="Little Eva: The Flower of the South">Little Eva: The Flower of the South</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_at_the_South;_or,_%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22_as_It_Is" title="Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" as It Is">Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Robin,_in_His_Cabin_in_Virginia,_and_Tom_Without_One_in_Boston" title="Uncle Robin, in His Cabin in Virginia, and Tom Without One in Boston">Uncle Robin's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin%22_Contrasted_with_Buckingham_Hall,_the_Planter%27s_Home" title=""Uncle Tom's Cabin" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home">"Uncle Tom's Cabin" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellen;_or,_The_Fanatic%27s_Daughter" title="Ellen; or, The Fanatic's Daughter">Ellen; or, The Fanatic's Daughter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ebony_Idol" title="The Ebony Idol">The Ebony Idol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Freeman%27s_Barber_Shop" title="Frank Freeman's Barber Shop">Frank Freeman's Barber Shop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_and_the_South;_or,_Slavery_and_Its_Contrasts" title="The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts">The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Frank,_the_Underground_Mail-Agent" title="Mr. Frank, the Underground Mail-Agent">Mr. Frank, the Underground Mail-Agent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabin_and_Parlor;_or,_Slaves_and_Masters" title="The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters">The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Gauntlet" title="The Black Gauntlet">The Black Gauntlet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Acre_vs._Black_Acre" title="White Acre vs. Black Acre">White Acre vs. Black Acre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antifanaticism" title="Antifanaticism">Antifanaticism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lofty_and_the_Lowly" title="The Lofty and the Lowly">The Lofty and the Lowly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">1849 autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site">Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dimples_(1936_film)" title="Dimples (1936 film)">Dimples</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Uncle_Tom" title="Goodbye Uncle Tom">Goodbye Uncle Tom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tit_for_Tat_(novel)" title="Tit for Tat (novel)">Tit for Tat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom_syndrome" title="Uncle Tom syndrome">Uncle Tom syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkel_Toms_H%C3%BCtte_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="Onkel Toms Hütte (Berlin U-Bahn)">Onkel Toms Hütte (Berlin U-Bahn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe_House_(Brunswick,_Maine)" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)">Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harriet_Beecher_Stowe52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Template:Harriet Beecher Stowe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Template talk:Harriet Beecher Stowe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harriet Beecher Stowe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harriet_Beecher_Stowe52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_Every_Man_Mind_His_Own_Business" title="Let Every Man Mind His Own Business">Let Every Man Mind His Own Business</a>" (1839)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred,_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minister%27s_Wooing" title="The Minister's Wooing">The Minister's Wooing</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oldtown_Folks" title="Oldtown Folks">Oldtown Folks</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Leaves" title="Palmetto Leaves">Palmetto Leaves</a></i> (1873)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beecher" title="Charles Beecher">Charles Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Beecher" title="Edward Beecher">Edward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beecher_Hooker" title="Isabella Beecher Hooker">Isabella Beecher Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_K._Beecher" title="Thomas K. Beecher">Thomas K. Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaplin_Beecher" title="James Chaplin Beecher">James Chaplin Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Beecher" title="William Henry Beecher">William Henry Beecher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe_House_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe_House_(Brunswick,_Maine)" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)">Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Maine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe_House_(Hartford,_Connecticut)" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Hartford, Connecticut)">Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Connecticut)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley (former slave)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin (abolitionist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(writer)" title="Marcus Berg (writer)">Marcus Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuncuzade_Mustafa_Efendi" title="Macuncuzade Mustafa Efendi">Macuncuzade Mustafa Efendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav_z_Mitrovic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav z Mitrovic (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav z Mitrovic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav_z_Mitrovic" class="extiw" title="cs:Václav Vratislav z Mitrovic">cs</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_A._Delaney" title="Lucy A. Delaney">Lucy A. Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(former_slave)" title="William Grimes (former slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(abolitionist)" title="Paul Jennings (abolitionist)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2222#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1294" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4305373-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1811-1896. Uncle Tom's cabin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96072966">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120080111">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120080111">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35311646">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3111514">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007595162705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028195744">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin&oldid=1274922998">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin&oldid=1274922998</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Category:Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandt1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrophy1995–1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuinicki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastronovo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaybaugh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuenca1997–1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLombard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiMaggio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinerstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenmann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEschner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerould1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlowacki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGossett1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagedorn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolohan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovet1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaynes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJie1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan-Lake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabatchnik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouisDeSimone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowanceWestbrookDe_Prospo1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquhar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNudelman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOertel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOld2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParfait2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReese2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgely1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiss1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelby2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShreve2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmylie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociety1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowe1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowe1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStowe1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoweGatesRobbins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczesiul1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkins1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpham1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVicary,_Elizabeth_Zoe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVollaro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrettos1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellington2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinship1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinship2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinship2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Rosa2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Events leading to the American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Harriet Beecher Stowe\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 169,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slave narrative\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\"] = 1,\n [\"Underground Railroad\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","22.5"],["?","280","17.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","12.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.0"],["type","80","5.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","40","2.5"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","2.5"],["[others]","340","21.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-nn4bp","timestamp":"20250216192819","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2222","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2222","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-15T06:55:23Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T01:05:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg","headline":"1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe"}</script> </body> </html>