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Statement","anchor":"specification-the-anonymous-block-statement","htmlText":"Specification: the Anonymous Block Statement"},{"level":2,"text":"Specification: Generator Exit Handling","anchor":"specification-generator-exit-handling","htmlText":"Specification: Generator Exit Handling"},{"level":2,"text":"Alternatives Considered and Rejected","anchor":"alternatives-considered-and-rejected","htmlText":"Alternatives Considered and Rejected"},{"level":2,"text":"Comparison to Thunks","anchor":"comparison-to-thunks","htmlText":"Comparison to Thunks"},{"level":2,"text":"Examples","anchor":"examples","htmlText":"Examples"},{"level":2,"text":"Acknowledgements","anchor":"acknowledgements","htmlText":"Acknowledgements"},{"level":2,"text":"References","anchor":"references","htmlText":"References"},{"level":2,"text":"Copyright","anchor":"copyright","htmlText":"Copyright"}],"lineInfo":{"truncatedLoc":"572","truncatedSloc":"462"},"mode":"file"},"image":false,"isCodeownersFile":null,"isPlain":false,"isValidLegacyIssueTemplate":false,"issueTemplate":null,"discussionTemplate":null,"language":"reStructuredText","languageID":419,"large":false,"planSupportInfo":{"repoIsFork":null,"repoOwnedByCurrentUser":null,"requestFullPath":"/python/peps/blob/main/peps/pep-0340.rst","showFreeOrgGatedFeatureMessage":null,"showPlanSupportBanner":null,"upgradeDataAttributes":null,"upgradePath":null},"publishBannersInfo":{"dismissActionNoticePath":"/settings/dismiss-notice/publish_action_from_dockerfile","releasePath":"/python/peps/releases/new?marketplace=true","showPublishActionBanner":false},"rawBlobUrl":"https://github.com/python/peps/raw/refs/heads/main/peps/pep-0340.rst","renderImageOrRaw":false,"richText":"\u003carticle class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 340\nTitle: Anonymous Block Statements\nAuthor: Guido van Rossum\nStatus: Rejected\nType: Standards Track\nCreated: 27-Apr-2005\nPost-History:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-introduction\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes a new type of compound statement which can be\nused for resource management purposes. The new statement type\nis provisionally called the block-statement because the keyword\nto be used has not yet been chosen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP competes with several other PEPs: \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0288\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 288\u003c/a\u003e (Generators\nAttributes and Exceptions; only the second part), \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0310\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 310\u003c/a\u003e\n(Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs), and \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0325\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 325\u003c/a\u003e\n(Resource-Release Support for Generators).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI should clarify that using a generator to \"drive\" a block\nstatement is really a separable proposal; with just the definition\nof the block statement from the PEP you could implement all the\nexamples using a class (similar to example 6, which is easily\nturned into a template). But the key idea is using a generator to\ndrive a block statement; the rest is elaboration, so I'd like to\nkeep these two parts together.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 342\u003c/a\u003e, Enhanced Iterators, was originally a part of this PEP;\nbut the two proposals are really independent and with Steven\nBethard's help I have moved it to a separate PEP.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rejection-notice\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRejection Notice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rejection-notice\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rejection Notice\" href=\"#rejection-notice\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI am rejecting this PEP in favor of \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 343\u003c/a\u003e. See the motivational\nsection in that PEP for the reasoning behind this rejection. GvR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-motivation-and-summary\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMotivation and Summary\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-motivation-and-summary\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Motivation and Summary\" href=\"#motivation-and-summary\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(Thanks to Shane Hathaway -- Hi Shane!)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGood programmers move commonly used code into reusable functions.\nSometimes, however, patterns arise in the structure of the\nfunctions rather than the actual sequence of statements. For\nexample, many functions acquire a lock, execute some code specific\nto that function, and unconditionally release the lock. Repeating\nthe locking code in every function that uses it is error prone and\nmakes refactoring difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBlock statements provide a mechanism for encapsulating patterns of\nstructure. Code inside the block statement runs under the control\nof an object called a block iterator. Simple block iterators\nexecute code before and after the code inside the block statement.\nBlock iterators also have the opportunity to execute the\ncontrolled code more than once (or not at all), catch exceptions,\nor receive data from the body of the block statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA convenient way to write block iterators is to write a generator\n(\u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 255\u003c/a\u003e). A generator looks a lot like a Python function, but\ninstead of returning a value immediately, generators pause their\nexecution at \"yield\" statements. When a generator is used as a\nblock iterator, the yield statement tells the Python interpreter\nto suspend the block iterator, execute the block statement body,\nand resume the block iterator when the body has executed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Python interpreter behaves as follows when it encounters a\nblock statement based on a generator. First, the interpreter\ninstantiates the generator and begins executing it. The generator\ndoes setup work appropriate to the pattern it encapsulates, such\nas acquiring a lock, opening a file, starting a database\ntransaction, or starting a loop. Then the generator yields\nexecution to the body of the block statement using a yield\nstatement. When the block statement body completes, raises an\nuncaught exception, or sends data back to the generator using a\ncontinue statement, the generator resumes. At this point, the\ngenerator can either clean up and stop or yield again, causing the\nblock statement body to execute again. When the generator\nfinishes, the interpreter leaves the block statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-use-cases\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse Cases\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-cases\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use Cases\" href=\"#use-cases\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the Examples section near the end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specification-the-exit-method\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecification: the __exit__() Method\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specification-the-__exit__-method\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specification: the __exit__() Method\" href=\"#specification-the-__exit__-method\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn optional new method for iterators is proposed, called\n\u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e. It takes up to three arguments which correspond to\nthe three \"arguments\" to the raise-statement: type, value, and\ntraceback. If all three arguments are \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003esys.exc_info()\u003c/code\u003e may be\nconsulted to provide suitable default values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specification-the-anonymous-block-statement\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecification: the Anonymous Block Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specification-the-anonymous-block-statement\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specification: the Anonymous Block Statement\" href=\"#specification-the-anonymous-block-statement\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA new statement is proposed with the syntax:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock EXPR1 as VAR1:\n BLOCK1\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere, 'block' and 'as' are new keywords; \u003ccode\u003eEXPR1\u003c/code\u003e is an arbitrary\nexpression (but not an expression-list) and \u003ccode\u003eVAR1\u003c/code\u003e is an arbitrary\nassignment target (which may be a comma-separated list).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \"as VAR1\" part is optional; if omitted, the assignments to\nVAR1 in the translation below are omitted (but the expressions\nassigned are still evaluated!).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe choice of the 'block' keyword is contentious; many\nalternatives have been proposed, including not to use a keyword at\nall (which I actually like). \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0310\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 310\u003c/a\u003e uses 'with' for similar\nsemantics, but I would like to reserve that for a with-statement\nsimilar to the one found in Pascal and VB. (Though I just found\nthat the C# designers don't like 'with' \u003ca href=\"#id3\" id=\"user-content-id1\"\u003e[2]\u003c/a\u003e, and I have to agree\nwith their reasoning.) To sidestep this issue momentarily I'm\nusing 'block' until we can agree on the right keyword, if any.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that the 'as' keyword is not contentious (it will finally be\nelevated to proper keyword status).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that it is up to the iterator to decide whether a\nblock-statement represents a loop with multiple iterations; in the\nmost common use case \u003ccode\u003eBLOCK1\u003c/code\u003e is executed exactly once. To the\nparser, however, it is always a loop; break and continue return\ntransfer to the block's iterator (see below for details).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe translation is subtly different from a for-loop: \u003ccode\u003eiter()\u003c/code\u003e is\nnot called, so \u003ccode\u003eEXPR1\u003c/code\u003e should already be an iterator (not just an\niterable); and the iterator is guaranteed to be notified when\nthe block-statement is left, regardless if this is due to a\nbreak, return or exception:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eitr = EXPR1 # The iterator\nret = False # True if a return statement is active\nval = None # Return value, if ret == True\nexc = None # sys.exc_info() tuple if an exception is active\nwhile True:\n try:\n if exc:\n ext = getattr(itr, \"__exit__\", None)\n if ext is not None:\n VAR1 = ext(*exc) # May re-raise *exc\n else:\n raise exc[0], exc[1], exc[2]\n else:\n VAR1 = itr.next() # May raise StopIteration\n except StopIteration:\n if ret:\n return val\n break\n try:\n ret = False\n val = exc = None\n BLOCK1\n except:\n exc = sys.exc_info()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(However, the variables 'itr' etc. are not user-visible and the\nbuilt-in names used cannot be overridden by the user.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInside \u003ccode\u003eBLOCK1\u003c/code\u003e, the following special translations apply:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\"break\" is always legal; it is translated into:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eexc = (StopIteration, None, None)\ncontinue\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\"return EXPR3\" is only legal when the block-statement is\ncontained in a function definition; it is translated into:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eexc = (StopIteration, None, None)\nret = True\nval = EXPR3\ncontinue\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe net effect is that break and return behave much the same as\nif the block-statement were a for-loop, except that the iterator\ngets a chance at resource cleanup before the block-statement is\nleft, through the optional \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e method. The iterator also\ngets a chance if the block-statement is left through raising an\nexception. If the iterator doesn't have an \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e method,\nthere is no difference with a for-loop (except that a for-loop\ncalls \u003ccode\u003eiter()\u003c/code\u003e on \u003ccode\u003eEXPR1\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that a yield-statement in a block-statement is not treated\ndifferently. It suspends the function containing the block\n\u003cstrong\u003ewithout\u003c/strong\u003e notifying the block's iterator. The block's iterator is\nentirely unaware of this yield, since the local control flow\ndoesn't actually leave the block. In other words, it is \u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e\nlike a break or return statement. When the loop that was resumed\nby the yield calls \u003ccode\u003enext()\u003c/code\u003e, the block is resumed right after the\nyield. (See example 7 below.) The generator finalization\nsemantics described below guarantee (within the limitations of all\nfinalization semantics) that the block will be resumed eventually.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnlike the for-loop, the block-statement does not have an\nelse-clause. I think it would be confusing, and emphasize the\n\"loopiness\" of the block-statement, while I want to emphasize its\n\u003cstrong\u003edifference\u003c/strong\u003e from a for-loop. In addition, there are several\npossible semantics for an else-clause, and only a very weak use\ncase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-specification-generator-exit-handling\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecification: Generator Exit Handling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-specification-generator-exit-handling\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Specification: Generator Exit Handling\" href=\"#specification-generator-exit-handling\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGenerators will implement the new \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e method API.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGenerators will be allowed to have a \u003ccode\u003eyield\u003c/code\u003e statement inside a\ntry-finally statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe expression argument to the yield-statement will become\noptional (defaulting to None).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e is called, the generator is resumed but at the\npoint of the yield-statement the exception represented by the\n\u003ccode\u003e__exit__\u003c/code\u003e argument(s) is raised. The generator may re-raise this\nexception, raise another exception, or yield another value,\nexcept that if the exception passed in to \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e was\nStopIteration, it ought to raise StopIteration (otherwise the\neffect would be that a break is turned into continue, which is\nunexpected at least). When the \u003cstrong\u003einitial\u003c/strong\u003e call resuming the\ngenerator is an \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e call instead of a \u003ccode\u003enext()\u003c/code\u003e call, the\ngenerator's execution is aborted and the exception is re-raised\nwithout passing control to the generator's body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a generator that has not yet terminated is garbage-collected\n(either through reference counting or by the cyclical garbage\ncollector), its \u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e method is called once with\nStopIteration as its first argument. Together with the\nrequirement that a generator ought to raise StopIteration when\n\u003ccode\u003e__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e is called with StopIteration, this guarantees the\neventual activation of any finally-clauses that were active when\nthe generator was last suspended. Of course, under certain\ncircumstances the generator may never be garbage-collected. This\nis no different than the guarantees that are made about finalizers\n(\u003ccode\u003e__del__()\u003c/code\u003e methods) of other objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-alternatives-considered-and-rejected\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlternatives Considered and Rejected\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-alternatives-considered-and-rejected\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Alternatives Considered and Rejected\" href=\"#alternatives-considered-and-rejected\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMany alternatives have been proposed for 'block'. I haven't\nseen a proposal for another keyword that I like better than\n'block' yet. Alas, 'block' is also not a good choice; it is a\nrather popular name for variables, arguments and methods.\nPerhaps 'with' is the best choice after all?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstead of trying to pick the ideal keyword, the block-statement\ncould simply have the form:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eEXPR1 as VAR1:\n BLOCK1\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is at first attractive because, together with a good choice\nof function names (like those in the Examples section below)\nused in \u003ccode\u003eEXPR1\u003c/code\u003e, it reads well, and feels like a \"user-defined\nstatement\". And yet, it makes me (and many others)\nuncomfortable; without a keyword the syntax is very \"bland\",\ndifficult to look up in a manual (remember that 'as' is\noptional), and it makes the meaning of break and continue in the\nblock-statement even more confusing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePhillip Eby has proposed to have the block-statement use\nan entirely different API than the for-loop, to differentiate\nbetween the two. A generator would have to be wrapped in a\ndecorator to make it support the block API. IMO this adds more\ncomplexity with very little benefit; and we can't really deny\nthat the block-statement is conceptually a loop -- it supports\nbreak and continue, after all.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis keeps getting proposed: \"block VAR1 = EXPR1\" instead of\n\"block EXPR1 as VAR1\". That would be very misleading, since\nVAR1 does \u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e get assigned the value of EXPR1; EXPR1 results\nin a generator which is assigned to an internal variable, and\nVAR1 is the value returned by successive calls to the \u003ccode\u003e__next__()\u003c/code\u003e\nmethod of that iterator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy not change the translation to apply \u003ccode\u003eiter(EXPR1)\u003c/code\u003e? All the\nexamples would continue to work. But this makes the\nblock-statement \u003cstrong\u003emore\u003c/strong\u003e like a for-loop, while the emphasis ought\nto be on the \u003cstrong\u003edifference\u003c/strong\u003e between the two. Not calling \u003ccode\u003eiter()\u003c/code\u003e\ncatches a bunch of misunderstandings, like using a sequence as\n\u003ccode\u003eEXPR1\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-comparison-to-thunks\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eComparison to Thunks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-comparison-to-thunks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Comparison to Thunks\" href=\"#comparison-to-thunks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlternative semantics proposed for the block-statement turn the\nblock into a thunk (an anonymous function that blends into the\ncontaining scope).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe main advantage of thunks that I can see is that you can save\nthe thunk for later, like a callback for a button widget (the\nthunk then becomes a closure). You can't use a yield-based block\nfor that (except in Ruby, which uses yield syntax with a\nthunk-based implementation). But I have to say that I almost see\nthis as an advantage: I think I'd be slightly uncomfortable seeing\na block and not knowing whether it will be executed in the normal\ncontrol flow or later. Defining an explicit nested function for\nthat purpose doesn't have this problem for me, because I already\nknow that the 'def' keyword means its body is executed later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe other problem with thunks is that once we think of them as the\nanonymous functions they are, we're pretty much forced to say that\na return statement in a thunk returns from the thunk rather than\nfrom the containing function. Doing it any other way would cause\nmajor weirdness when the thunk were to survive its containing\nfunction as a closure (perhaps continuations would help, but I'm\nnot about to go there :-).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut then an IMO important use case for the resource cleanup\ntemplate pattern is lost. I routinely write code like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef findSomething(self, key, default=None):\n self.lock.acquire()\n try:\n for item in self.elements:\n if item.matches(key):\n return item\n return default\n finally:\n self.lock.release()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eand I'd be bummed if I couldn't write this as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef findSomething(self, key, default=None):\n block locking(self.lock):\n for item in self.elements:\n if item.matches(key):\n return item\n return default\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis particular example can be rewritten using a break:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef findSomething(self, key, default=None):\n block locking(self.lock):\n for item in self.elements:\n if item.matches(key):\n break\n else:\n item = default\n return item\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ebut it looks forced and the transformation isn't always that easy;\nyou'd be forced to rewrite your code in a single-return style\nwhich feels too restrictive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso note the semantic conundrum of a yield in a thunk -- the only\nreasonable interpretation is that this turns the thunk into a\ngenerator!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGreg Ewing believes that thunks \"would be a lot simpler, doing\njust what is required without any jiggery pokery with exceptions\nand break/continue/return statements. It would be easy to explain\nwhat it does and why it's useful.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut in order to obtain the required local variable sharing between\nthe thunk and the containing function, every local variable used\nor set in the thunk would have to become a 'cell' (our mechanism\nfor sharing variables between nested scopes). Cells slow down\naccess compared to regular local variables: access involves an\nextra C function call (\u003ccode\u003ePyCell_Get()\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003ePyCell_Set()\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePerhaps not entirely coincidentally, the last example above\n(\u003ccode\u003efindSomething()\u003c/code\u003e rewritten to avoid a return inside the block)\nshows that, unlike for regular nested functions, we'll want\nvariables \u003cstrong\u003eassigned to\u003c/strong\u003e by the thunk also to be shared with the\ncontaining function, even if they are not assigned to outside the\nthunk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGreg Ewing again: \"generators have turned out to be more powerful,\nbecause you can have more than one of them on the go at once. Is\nthere a use for that capability here?\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI believe there are definitely uses for this; several people have\nalready shown how to do asynchronous light-weight threads using\ngenerators (e.g. David Mertz quoted in \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0288\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 288\u003c/a\u003e, and Fredrik\nLundh \u003ca href=\"#id4\" id=\"user-content-id2\"\u003e[3]\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnd finally, Greg says: \"a thunk implementation has the potential\nto easily handle multiple block arguments, if a suitable syntax\ncould ever be devised. It's hard to see how that could be done in\na general way with the generator implementation.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, the use cases for multiple blocks seem elusive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(Proposals have since been made to change the implementation of\nthunks to remove most of these objections, but the resulting\nsemantics are fairly complex to explain and to implement, so IMO\nthat defeats the purpose of using thunks in the first place.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-examples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eExamples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Examples\" href=\"#examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(Several of these examples contain \"yield None\". If \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 342\u003c/a\u003e is\naccepted, these can be changed to just \"yield\" of course.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA template for ensuring that a lock, acquired at the start of a\nblock, is released when the block is left:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef locking(lock):\n lock.acquire()\n try:\n yield None\n finally:\n lock.release()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock locking(myLock):\n # Code here executes with myLock held. The lock is\n # guaranteed to be released when the block is left (even\n # if via return or by an uncaught exception).\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA template for opening a file that ensures the file is closed\nwhen the block is left:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef opening(filename, mode=\"r\"):\n f = open(filename, mode)\n try:\n yield f\n finally:\n f.close()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock opening(\"/etc/passwd\") as f:\n for line in f:\n print line.rstrip()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA template for committing or rolling back a database\ntransaction:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef transactional(db):\n try:\n yield None\n except:\n db.rollback()\n raise\n else:\n db.commit()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA template that tries something up to n times:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef auto_retry(n=3, exc=Exception):\n for i in range(n):\n try:\n yield None\n return\n except exc, err:\n # perhaps log exception here\n continue\n raise # re-raise the exception we caught earlier\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock auto_retry(3, IOError):\n f = urllib.urlopen(\"https://www.example.com/\")\n print f.read()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is possible to nest blocks and combine templates:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef locking_opening(lock, filename, mode=\"r\"):\n block locking(lock):\n block opening(filename) as f:\n yield f\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock locking_opening(myLock, \"/etc/passwd\") as f:\n for line in f:\n print line.rstrip()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(If this example confuses you, consider that it is equivalent\nto using a for-loop with a yield in its body in a regular\ngenerator which is invoking another iterator or generator\nrecursively; see for example the source code for \u003ccode\u003eos.walk()\u003c/code\u003e.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is possible to write a regular iterator with the\nsemantics of example 1:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eclass locking:\n def __init__(self, lock):\n self.lock = lock\n self.state = 0\n def __next__(self, arg=None):\n # ignores arg\n if self.state:\n assert self.state == 1\n self.lock.release()\n self.state += 1\n raise StopIteration\n else:\n self.lock.acquire()\n self.state += 1\n return None\n def __exit__(self, type, value=None, traceback=None):\n assert self.state in (0, 1, 2)\n if self.state == 1:\n self.lock.release()\n raise type, value, traceback\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(This example is easily modified to implement the other\nexamples; it shows how much simpler generators are for the same\npurpose.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRedirect stdout temporarily:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef redirecting_stdout(new_stdout):\n save_stdout = sys.stdout\n try:\n sys.stdout = new_stdout\n yield None\n finally:\n sys.stdout = save_stdout\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock opening(filename, \"w\") as f:\n block redirecting_stdout(f):\n print \"Hello world\"\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA variant on \u003ccode\u003eopening()\u003c/code\u003e that also returns an error condition:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003edef opening_w_error(filename, mode=\"r\"):\n try:\n f = open(filename, mode)\n except IOError, err:\n yield None, err\n else:\n try:\n yield f, None\n finally:\n f.close()\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eblock opening_w_error(\"/etc/passwd\", \"a\") as f, err:\n if err:\n print \"IOError:\", err\n else:\n f.write(\"guido::0:0::/:/bin/sh\\n\")\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-acknowledgements\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-acknowledgements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Acknowledgements\" href=\"#acknowledgements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn no useful order: Alex Martelli, Barry Warsaw, Bob Ippolito,\nBrett Cannon, Brian Sabbey, Chris Ryland, Doug Landauer, Duncan\nBooth, Fredrik Lundh, Greg Ewing, Holger Krekel, Jason Diamond,\nJim Jewett, Josiah Carlson, Ka-Ping Yee, Michael Chermside,\nMichael Hudson, Neil Schemenauer, Alyssa Coghlan, Paul Moore,\nPhillip Eby, Raymond Hettinger, Georg Brandl, Samuele\nPedroni, Shannon Behrens, Skip Montanaro, Steven Bethard, Terry\nReedy, Tim Delaney, Aahz, and others. Thanks all for the valuable\ncontributions!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-references\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReferences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-references\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: References\" href=\"#references\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[1] \u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-April/052821.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-April/052821.html\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id3\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id1\"\u003e[2]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060719195933/http://msdn.microsoft.com/vcsharp/programming/language/ask/withstatement/\" 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class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><p dir="auto">PEP: 340 Title: Anonymous Block Statements Author: Guido van Rossum Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 27-Apr-2005 Post-History:</p> <a name="user-content-introduction"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Introduction</h2><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Introduction" href="#introduction"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes a new type of compound statement which can be used for resource management purposes. The new statement type is provisionally called the block-statement because the keyword to be used has not yet been chosen.</p> <p dir="auto">This PEP competes with several other PEPs: <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0288" rel="nofollow">PEP 288</a> (Generators Attributes and Exceptions; only the second part), <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0310" rel="nofollow">PEP 310</a> (Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs), and <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0325" rel="nofollow">PEP 325</a> (Resource-Release Support for Generators).</p> <p dir="auto">I should clarify that using a generator to "drive" a block statement is really a separable proposal; with just the definition of the block statement from the PEP you could implement all the examples using a class (similar to example 6, which is easily turned into a template). But the key idea is using a generator to drive a block statement; the rest is elaboration, so I'd like to keep these two parts together.</p> <p dir="auto">(<a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342" rel="nofollow">PEP 342</a>, Enhanced Iterators, was originally a part of this PEP; but the two proposals are really independent and with Steven Bethard's help I have moved it to a separate PEP.)</p> <a name="user-content-rejection-notice"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rejection Notice</h2><a id="user-content-rejection-notice" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rejection Notice" href="#rejection-notice"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">I am rejecting this PEP in favor of <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343" rel="nofollow">PEP 343</a>. See the motivational section in that PEP for the reasoning behind this rejection. GvR.</p> <a name="user-content-motivation-and-summary"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Motivation and Summary</h2><a id="user-content-motivation-and-summary" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Motivation and Summary" href="#motivation-and-summary"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">(Thanks to Shane Hathaway -- Hi Shane!)</p> <p dir="auto">Good programmers move commonly used code into reusable functions. Sometimes, however, patterns arise in the structure of the functions rather than the actual sequence of statements. For example, many functions acquire a lock, execute some code specific to that function, and unconditionally release the lock. Repeating the locking code in every function that uses it is error prone and makes refactoring difficult.</p> <p dir="auto">Block statements provide a mechanism for encapsulating patterns of structure. Code inside the block statement runs under the control of an object called a block iterator. Simple block iterators execute code before and after the code inside the block statement. Block iterators also have the opportunity to execute the controlled code more than once (or not at all), catch exceptions, or receive data from the body of the block statement.</p> <p dir="auto">A convenient way to write block iterators is to write a generator (<a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255" rel="nofollow">PEP 255</a>). A generator looks a lot like a Python function, but instead of returning a value immediately, generators pause their execution at "yield" statements. When a generator is used as a block iterator, the yield statement tells the Python interpreter to suspend the block iterator, execute the block statement body, and resume the block iterator when the body has executed.</p> <p dir="auto">The Python interpreter behaves as follows when it encounters a block statement based on a generator. First, the interpreter instantiates the generator and begins executing it. The generator does setup work appropriate to the pattern it encapsulates, such as acquiring a lock, opening a file, starting a database transaction, or starting a loop. Then the generator yields execution to the body of the block statement using a yield statement. When the block statement body completes, raises an uncaught exception, or sends data back to the generator using a continue statement, the generator resumes. At this point, the generator can either clean up and stop or yield again, causing the block statement body to execute again. When the generator finishes, the interpreter leaves the block statement.</p> <a name="user-content-use-cases"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use Cases</h2><a id="user-content-use-cases" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use Cases" href="#use-cases"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See the Examples section near the end.</p> <a name="user-content-specification-the-exit-method"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specification: the __exit__() Method</h2><a id="user-content-specification-the-__exit__-method" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specification: the __exit__() Method" href="#specification-the-__exit__-method"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">An optional new method for iterators is proposed, called <code>__exit__()</code>. It takes up to three arguments which correspond to the three "arguments" to the raise-statement: type, value, and traceback. If all three arguments are <code>None</code>, <code>sys.exc_info()</code> may be consulted to provide suitable default values.</p> <a name="user-content-specification-the-anonymous-block-statement"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specification: the Anonymous Block Statement</h2><a id="user-content-specification-the-anonymous-block-statement" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specification: the Anonymous Block Statement" href="#specification-the-anonymous-block-statement"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A new statement is proposed with the syntax:</p> <pre>block EXPR1 as VAR1: BLOCK1 </pre> <p dir="auto">Here, 'block' and 'as' are new keywords; <code>EXPR1</code> is an arbitrary expression (but not an expression-list) and <code>VAR1</code> is an arbitrary assignment target (which may be a comma-separated list).</p> <p dir="auto">The "as VAR1" part is optional; if omitted, the assignments to VAR1 in the translation below are omitted (but the expressions assigned are still evaluated!).</p> <p dir="auto">The choice of the 'block' keyword is contentious; many alternatives have been proposed, including not to use a keyword at all (which I actually like). <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0310" rel="nofollow">PEP 310</a> uses 'with' for similar semantics, but I would like to reserve that for a with-statement similar to the one found in Pascal and VB. (Though I just found that the C# designers don't like 'with' <a href="#id3" id="user-content-id1">[2]</a>, and I have to agree with their reasoning.) To sidestep this issue momentarily I'm using 'block' until we can agree on the right keyword, if any.</p> <p dir="auto">Note that the 'as' keyword is not contentious (it will finally be elevated to proper keyword status).</p> <p dir="auto">Note that it is up to the iterator to decide whether a block-statement represents a loop with multiple iterations; in the most common use case <code>BLOCK1</code> is executed exactly once. To the parser, however, it is always a loop; break and continue return transfer to the block's iterator (see below for details).</p> <p dir="auto">The translation is subtly different from a for-loop: <code>iter()</code> is not called, so <code>EXPR1</code> should already be an iterator (not just an iterable); and the iterator is guaranteed to be notified when the block-statement is left, regardless if this is due to a break, return or exception:</p> <pre>itr = EXPR1 # The iterator ret = False # True if a return statement is active val = None # Return value, if ret == True exc = None # sys.exc_info() tuple if an exception is active while True: try: if exc: ext = getattr(itr, "__exit__", None) if ext is not None: VAR1 = ext(*exc) # May re-raise *exc else: raise exc[0], exc[1], exc[2] else: VAR1 = itr.next() # May raise StopIteration except StopIteration: if ret: return val break try: ret = False val = exc = None BLOCK1 except: exc = sys.exc_info() </pre> <p dir="auto">(However, the variables 'itr' etc. are not user-visible and the built-in names used cannot be overridden by the user.)</p> <p dir="auto">Inside <code>BLOCK1</code>, the following special translations apply:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto">"break" is always legal; it is translated into:</p> <pre>exc = (StopIteration, None, None) continue </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">"return EXPR3" is only legal when the block-statement is contained in a function definition; it is translated into:</p> <pre>exc = (StopIteration, None, None) ret = True val = EXPR3 continue </pre> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The net effect is that break and return behave much the same as if the block-statement were a for-loop, except that the iterator gets a chance at resource cleanup before the block-statement is left, through the optional <code>__exit__()</code> method. The iterator also gets a chance if the block-statement is left through raising an exception. If the iterator doesn't have an <code>__exit__()</code> method, there is no difference with a for-loop (except that a for-loop calls <code>iter()</code> on <code>EXPR1</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">Note that a yield-statement in a block-statement is not treated differently. It suspends the function containing the block <strong>without</strong> notifying the block's iterator. The block's iterator is entirely unaware of this yield, since the local control flow doesn't actually leave the block. In other words, it is <strong>not</strong> like a break or return statement. When the loop that was resumed by the yield calls <code>next()</code>, the block is resumed right after the yield. (See example 7 below.) The generator finalization semantics described below guarantee (within the limitations of all finalization semantics) that the block will be resumed eventually.</p> <p dir="auto">Unlike the for-loop, the block-statement does not have an else-clause. I think it would be confusing, and emphasize the "loopiness" of the block-statement, while I want to emphasize its <strong>difference</strong> from a for-loop. In addition, there are several possible semantics for an else-clause, and only a very weak use case.</p> <a name="user-content-specification-generator-exit-handling"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Specification: Generator Exit Handling</h2><a id="user-content-specification-generator-exit-handling" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Specification: Generator Exit Handling" href="#specification-generator-exit-handling"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Generators will implement the new <code>__exit__()</code> method API.</p> <p dir="auto">Generators will be allowed to have a <code>yield</code> statement inside a try-finally statement.</p> <p dir="auto">The expression argument to the yield-statement will become optional (defaulting to None).</p> <p dir="auto">When <code>__exit__()</code> is called, the generator is resumed but at the point of the yield-statement the exception represented by the <code>__exit__</code> argument(s) is raised. The generator may re-raise this exception, raise another exception, or yield another value, except that if the exception passed in to <code>__exit__()</code> was StopIteration, it ought to raise StopIteration (otherwise the effect would be that a break is turned into continue, which is unexpected at least). When the <strong>initial</strong> call resuming the generator is an <code>__exit__()</code> call instead of a <code>next()</code> call, the generator's execution is aborted and the exception is re-raised without passing control to the generator's body.</p> <p dir="auto">When a generator that has not yet terminated is garbage-collected (either through reference counting or by the cyclical garbage collector), its <code>__exit__()</code> method is called once with StopIteration as its first argument. Together with the requirement that a generator ought to raise StopIteration when <code>__exit__()</code> is called with StopIteration, this guarantees the eventual activation of any finally-clauses that were active when the generator was last suspended. Of course, under certain circumstances the generator may never be garbage-collected. This is no different than the guarantees that are made about finalizers (<code>__del__()</code> methods) of other objects.</p> <a name="user-content-alternatives-considered-and-rejected"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Alternatives Considered and Rejected</h2><a id="user-content-alternatives-considered-and-rejected" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Alternatives Considered and Rejected" href="#alternatives-considered-and-rejected"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto">Many alternatives have been proposed for 'block'. I haven't seen a proposal for another keyword that I like better than 'block' yet. Alas, 'block' is also not a good choice; it is a rather popular name for variables, arguments and methods. Perhaps 'with' is the best choice after all?</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Instead of trying to pick the ideal keyword, the block-statement could simply have the form:</p> <pre>EXPR1 as VAR1: BLOCK1 </pre> <p dir="auto">This is at first attractive because, together with a good choice of function names (like those in the Examples section below) used in <code>EXPR1</code>, it reads well, and feels like a "user-defined statement". And yet, it makes me (and many others) uncomfortable; without a keyword the syntax is very "bland", difficult to look up in a manual (remember that 'as' is optional), and it makes the meaning of break and continue in the block-statement even more confusing.</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Phillip Eby has proposed to have the block-statement use an entirely different API than the for-loop, to differentiate between the two. A generator would have to be wrapped in a decorator to make it support the block API. IMO this adds more complexity with very little benefit; and we can't really deny that the block-statement is conceptually a loop -- it supports break and continue, after all.</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">This keeps getting proposed: "block VAR1 = EXPR1" instead of "block EXPR1 as VAR1". That would be very misleading, since VAR1 does <strong>not</strong> get assigned the value of EXPR1; EXPR1 results in a generator which is assigned to an internal variable, and VAR1 is the value returned by successive calls to the <code>__next__()</code> method of that iterator.</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Why not change the translation to apply <code>iter(EXPR1)</code>? All the examples would continue to work. But this makes the block-statement <strong>more</strong> like a for-loop, while the emphasis ought to be on the <strong>difference</strong> between the two. Not calling <code>iter()</code> catches a bunch of misunderstandings, like using a sequence as <code>EXPR1</code>.</p> </li> </ul> <a name="user-content-comparison-to-thunks"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Comparison to Thunks</h2><a id="user-content-comparison-to-thunks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Comparison to Thunks" href="#comparison-to-thunks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Alternative semantics proposed for the block-statement turn the block into a thunk (an anonymous function that blends into the containing scope).</p> <p dir="auto">The main advantage of thunks that I can see is that you can save the thunk for later, like a callback for a button widget (the thunk then becomes a closure). You can't use a yield-based block for that (except in Ruby, which uses yield syntax with a thunk-based implementation). But I have to say that I almost see this as an advantage: I think I'd be slightly uncomfortable seeing a block and not knowing whether it will be executed in the normal control flow or later. Defining an explicit nested function for that purpose doesn't have this problem for me, because I already know that the 'def' keyword means its body is executed later.</p> <p dir="auto">The other problem with thunks is that once we think of them as the anonymous functions they are, we're pretty much forced to say that a return statement in a thunk returns from the thunk rather than from the containing function. Doing it any other way would cause major weirdness when the thunk were to survive its containing function as a closure (perhaps continuations would help, but I'm not about to go there :-).</p> <p dir="auto">But then an IMO important use case for the resource cleanup template pattern is lost. I routinely write code like this:</p> <pre>def findSomething(self, key, default=None): self.lock.acquire() try: for item in self.elements: if item.matches(key): return item return default finally: self.lock.release() </pre> <p dir="auto">and I'd be bummed if I couldn't write this as:</p> <pre>def findSomething(self, key, default=None): block locking(self.lock): for item in self.elements: if item.matches(key): return item return default </pre> <p dir="auto">This particular example can be rewritten using a break:</p> <pre>def findSomething(self, key, default=None): block locking(self.lock): for item in self.elements: if item.matches(key): break else: item = default return item </pre> <p dir="auto">but it looks forced and the transformation isn't always that easy; you'd be forced to rewrite your code in a single-return style which feels too restrictive.</p> <p dir="auto">Also note the semantic conundrum of a yield in a thunk -- the only reasonable interpretation is that this turns the thunk into a generator!</p> <p dir="auto">Greg Ewing believes that thunks "would be a lot simpler, doing just what is required without any jiggery pokery with exceptions and break/continue/return statements. It would be easy to explain what it does and why it's useful."</p> <p dir="auto">But in order to obtain the required local variable sharing between the thunk and the containing function, every local variable used or set in the thunk would have to become a 'cell' (our mechanism for sharing variables between nested scopes). Cells slow down access compared to regular local variables: access involves an extra C function call (<code>PyCell_Get()</code> or <code>PyCell_Set()</code>).</p> <p dir="auto">Perhaps not entirely coincidentally, the last example above (<code>findSomething()</code> rewritten to avoid a return inside the block) shows that, unlike for regular nested functions, we'll want variables <strong>assigned to</strong> by the thunk also to be shared with the containing function, even if they are not assigned to outside the thunk.</p> <p dir="auto">Greg Ewing again: "generators have turned out to be more powerful, because you can have more than one of them on the go at once. Is there a use for that capability here?"</p> <p dir="auto">I believe there are definitely uses for this; several people have already shown how to do asynchronous light-weight threads using generators (e.g. David Mertz quoted in <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0288" rel="nofollow">PEP 288</a>, and Fredrik Lundh <a href="#id4" id="user-content-id2">[3]</a>).</p> <p dir="auto">And finally, Greg says: "a thunk implementation has the potential to easily handle multiple block arguments, if a suitable syntax could ever be devised. It's hard to see how that could be done in a general way with the generator implementation."</p> <p dir="auto">However, the use cases for multiple blocks seem elusive.</p> <p dir="auto">(Proposals have since been made to change the implementation of thunks to remove most of these objections, but the resulting semantics are fairly complex to explain and to implement, so IMO that defeats the purpose of using thunks in the first place.)</p> <a name="user-content-examples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Examples</h2><a id="user-content-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Examples" href="#examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">(Several of these examples contain "yield None". If <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342" rel="nofollow">PEP 342</a> is accepted, these can be changed to just "yield" of course.)</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto">A template for ensuring that a lock, acquired at the start of a block, is released when the block is left:</p> <pre>def locking(lock): lock.acquire() try: yield None finally: lock.release() </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block locking(myLock): # Code here executes with myLock held. The lock is # guaranteed to be released when the block is left (even # if via return or by an uncaught exception). </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">A template for opening a file that ensures the file is closed when the block is left:</p> <pre>def opening(filename, mode="r"): f = open(filename, mode) try: yield f finally: f.close() </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block opening("/etc/passwd") as f: for line in f: print line.rstrip() </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">A template for committing or rolling back a database transaction:</p> <pre>def transactional(db): try: yield None except: db.rollback() raise else: db.commit() </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">A template that tries something up to n times:</p> <pre>def auto_retry(n=3, exc=Exception): for i in range(n): try: yield None return except exc, err: # perhaps log exception here continue raise # re-raise the exception we caught earlier </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block auto_retry(3, IOError): f = urllib.urlopen("https://www.example.com/") print f.read() </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">It is possible to nest blocks and combine templates:</p> <pre>def locking_opening(lock, filename, mode="r"): block locking(lock): block opening(filename) as f: yield f </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block locking_opening(myLock, "/etc/passwd") as f: for line in f: print line.rstrip() </pre> <p dir="auto">(If this example confuses you, consider that it is equivalent to using a for-loop with a yield in its body in a regular generator which is invoking another iterator or generator recursively; see for example the source code for <code>os.walk()</code>.)</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">It is possible to write a regular iterator with the semantics of example 1:</p> <pre>class locking: def __init__(self, lock): self.lock = lock self.state = 0 def __next__(self, arg=None): # ignores arg if self.state: assert self.state == 1 self.lock.release() self.state += 1 raise StopIteration else: self.lock.acquire() self.state += 1 return None def __exit__(self, type, value=None, traceback=None): assert self.state in (0, 1, 2) if self.state == 1: self.lock.release() raise type, value, traceback </pre> <p dir="auto">(This example is easily modified to implement the other examples; it shows how much simpler generators are for the same purpose.)</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Redirect stdout temporarily:</p> <pre>def redirecting_stdout(new_stdout): save_stdout = sys.stdout try: sys.stdout = new_stdout yield None finally: sys.stdout = save_stdout </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block opening(filename, "w") as f: block redirecting_stdout(f): print "Hello world" </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto">A variant on <code>opening()</code> that also returns an error condition:</p> <pre>def opening_w_error(filename, mode="r"): try: f = open(filename, mode) except IOError, err: yield None, err else: try: yield f, None finally: f.close() </pre> <p dir="auto">Used as follows:</p> <pre>block opening_w_error("/etc/passwd", "a") as f, err: if err: print "IOError:", err else: f.write("guido::0:0::/:/bin/sh\n") </pre> </li> </ol> <a name="user-content-acknowledgements"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Acknowledgements</h2><a id="user-content-acknowledgements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Acknowledgements" href="#acknowledgements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In no useful order: Alex Martelli, Barry Warsaw, Bob Ippolito, Brett Cannon, Brian Sabbey, Chris Ryland, Doug Landauer, Duncan Booth, Fredrik Lundh, Greg Ewing, Holger Krekel, Jason Diamond, Jim Jewett, Josiah Carlson, Ka-Ping Yee, Michael Chermside, Michael Hudson, Neil Schemenauer, Alyssa Coghlan, Paul Moore, Phillip Eby, Raymond Hettinger, Georg Brandl, Samuele Pedroni, Shannon Behrens, Skip Montanaro, Steven Bethard, Terry Reedy, Tim Delaney, Aahz, and others. Thanks all for the valuable contributions!</p> <a name="user-content-references"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">References</h2><a id="user-content-references" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: References" href="#references"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">[1] <a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-April/052821.html" rel="nofollow">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-April/052821.html</a></p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id3" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id1">[2]</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719195933/http://msdn.microsoft.com/vcsharp/programming/language/ask/withstatement/" rel="nofollow">https://web.archive.org/web/20060719195933/http://msdn.microsoft.com/vcsharp/programming/language/ask/withstatement/</a></td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id4" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id2">[3]</a></td><td><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204062901/http://effbot.org/zone/asyncore-generators.htm" rel="nofollow">https://web.archive.org/web/20050204062901/http://effbot.org/zone/asyncore-generators.htm</a></td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This document has been 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