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Todhri alphabet - Wikipedia

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class="mw-page-title-main">Todhri alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todhri_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Todhri ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Todhri ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_Todhri" title="Escrita Todhri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita Todhri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Эльбасанское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльбасанское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_i_Todhrit" title="Alfabeti i Todhrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti i Todhrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10274731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Todhri<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><span title="Albanian-language text"><span lang="sq-Todr">𐗢𐗚𐗈𐗝𐗒</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> alphabet </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left to right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Albanian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Todr</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(229)</span>,&#x20;&#x200b;Todhri</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Todhri</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U105C0.pdf">U+105C0&#8211;U+105FF</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Todhri-alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Todhri-alphabet.jpg/260px-Todhri-alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Todhri-alphabet.jpg/390px-Todhri-alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Todhri-alphabet.jpg/520px-Todhri-alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>The alphabet of Theodhor Haxhifilipi as shown in Albanesische Studien by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a> in 1854. The alphabet was cut into type by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Punchcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Punchcutter">punchcutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Alois_Auer" title="Alois Auer">Alois Auer</a> as early as 1851.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Todhri alphabet</b> is an 18th-century Albanian <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetical</a> writing system invented for writing the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodhor_Haxhifilipi" title="Theodhor Haxhifilipi">Theodhor Haxhifilipi</a>, also known as Dhaskal Todhri.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollo1983_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollo1983-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todhri_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> from the late eighteenth century on. The earliest dated text in Todhri's alphabet is <i>Radhua Hesapesh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping#Daybooks" title="Bookkeeping">daybook</a>) of a local merchant partnership known as Jakov Popa i Vogël dhe Shokët (Jakov Popa Junior and Friends). The entries in Todhri's alphabet start on 10 August 1795 and continue until 1797. An even older text written in the Todhri alphabet was discovered recently in a family notebook in Elbasan, dated 1 January 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other older texts possibly written by Todhri himself cannot be dated or confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuteriqi1976_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuteriqi1976-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Todhri alphabet was rediscovered in Elbasan by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a> (1811–1869) who published it in 1854 his work Albanesische Studien in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hahn2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hahn2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He thought it was 'the original' Albanian alphabet and a derivative of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Geitler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Geitler (page does not exist)">Leopold Geitler</a> (1847–1885) and <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenian</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Rajko_Nahtigal" title="Rajko Nahtigal">Rajko Nahtigal</a> (1877–1958) subsequently studied the alphabet, concluding that it was derived primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todhri_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Todhri_(Unicode_block)" title="Todhri (Unicode block)">Todhri (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Todhri alphabet was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in September, 2024 with the release of version 16.0.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Unicode block for Todhri is U+105C0–U+105FF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Todhri_(Unicode_block)" title="Todhri (Unicode block)">Todhri</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U105C0_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U105C0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U105C0_grey"><a href="#endnote_U105C0_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U105C0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt">&#160;</td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+105Cx </td> <td title="U+105C0: TODHRI LETTER A">&#x105c0; </td> <td title="U+105C1: TODHRI LETTER AS">&#x105c1; </td> <td title="U+105C2: TODHRI LETTER BA">&#x105c2; </td> <td title="U+105C3: TODHRI LETTER MBA">&#x105c3; </td> <td title="U+105C4: TODHRI LETTER CA">&#x105c4; </td> <td title="U+105C5: TODHRI LETTER CHA">&#x105c5; </td> <td title="U+105C6: TODHRI LETTER DA">&#x105c6; </td> <td title="U+105C7: TODHRI LETTER NDA">&#x105c7; </td> <td title="U+105C8: TODHRI LETTER DHA">&#x105c8; </td> <td title="U+105C9: TODHRI LETTER EI">&#x105c9; </td> <td title="U+105CA: TODHRI LETTER E">&#x105ca; </td> <td title="U+105CB: TODHRI LETTER FA">&#x105cb; </td> <td title="U+105CC: TODHRI LETTER GA">&#x105cc; </td> <td title="U+105CD: TODHRI LETTER NGA">&#x105cd; </td> <td title="U+105CE: TODHRI LETTER GJA">&#x105ce; </td> <td title="U+105CF: TODHRI LETTER NGJA">&#x105cf; </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+105Dx </td> <td title="U+105D0: TODHRI LETTER HA">&#x105d0; </td> <td title="U+105D1: TODHRI LETTER HJA">&#x105d1; </td> <td title="U+105D2: TODHRI LETTER I">&#x105d2; </td> <td title="U+105D3: TODHRI LETTER JA">&#x105d3; </td> <td title="U+105D4: TODHRI LETTER KA">&#x105d4; </td> <td title="U+105D5: TODHRI LETTER LA">&#x105d5; </td> <td title="U+105D6: TODHRI LETTER LLA">&#x105d6; </td> <td title="U+105D7: TODHRI LETTER MA">&#x105d7; </td> <td title="U+105D8: TODHRI LETTER NA">&#x105d8; </td> <td title="U+105D9: TODHRI LETTER NJAN">&#x105d9; </td> <td title="U+105DA: TODHRI LETTER O">&#x105da; </td> <td title="U+105DB: TODHRI LETTER PA">&#x105db; </td> <td title="U+105DC: TODHRI LETTER QA">&#x105dc; </td> <td title="U+105DD: TODHRI LETTER RA">&#x105dd; </td> <td title="U+105DE: TODHRI LETTER RRA">&#x105de; </td> <td title="U+105DF: TODHRI LETTER SA">&#x105df; </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+105Ex </td> <td title="U+105E0: TODHRI LETTER SHA">&#x105e0; </td> <td title="U+105E1: TODHRI LETTER SHTA">&#x105e1; </td> <td title="U+105E2: TODHRI LETTER TA">&#x105e2; </td> <td title="U+105E3: TODHRI LETTER THA">&#x105e3; </td> <td title="U+105E4: TODHRI LETTER U">&#x105e4; </td> <td title="U+105E5: TODHRI LETTER VA">&#x105e5; </td> <td title="U+105E6: TODHRI LETTER XA">&#x105e6; </td> <td title="U+105E7: TODHRI LETTER NXA">&#x105e7; </td> <td title="U+105E8: TODHRI LETTER XHA">&#x105e8; </td> <td title="U+105E9: TODHRI LETTER NXHA">&#x105e9; </td> <td title="U+105EA: TODHRI LETTER Y">&#x105ea; </td> <td title="U+105EB: TODHRI LETTER JY">&#x105eb; </td> <td title="U+105EC: TODHRI LETTER ZA">&#x105ec; </td> <td title="U+105ED: TODHRI LETTER ZHA">&#x105ed; </td> <td title="U+105EE: TODHRI LETTER GHA">&#x105ee; </td> <td title="U+105EF: TODHRI LETTER STA">&#x105ef; </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+105Fx </td> <td title="U+105F0: TODHRI LETTER SKAN">&#x105f0; </td> <td title="U+105F1: TODHRI LETTER KHA">&#x105f1; </td> <td title="U+105F2: TODHRI LETTER PSA">&#x105f2; </td> <td title="U+105F3: TODHRI LETTER OO">&#x105f3; </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U105C0_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U105C0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U105C0_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U105C0_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todhri_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_alphabet" title="Elbasan alphabet">Elbasan alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todhri_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pollo1983-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollo1983_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStefanaq_Pollo1983" class="citation book cs1">Stefanaq Pollo (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4i4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912</i></a>. Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. p.&#160;169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Historia+e+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB%3A+Vitet+30+t%C3%AB+shek.+XIX-1912&amp;rft.pages=169&amp;rft.pub=Akademia+e+Shkencave+e+RPS+t%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB%2C+Instituti+i+Historis%C3%AB&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.au=Stefanaq+Pollo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4i4AAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yll Rugova (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/82490245/Malte_Bruni_dhe_shkrimi_i_pare_per_alfabetin">Malte Bruni dhe fillimi i studimeve mbi alfabetet origjinale të gjuhës shqipe</a>. In Studimet për Shqiptarët në Francë, ASHAK Prishtina, pp. 571–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuteriqi1976-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shuteriqi1976_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhimiter_Shuteriqi1976" class="citation cs2">Dhimiter Shuteriqi (1976), <i>Shkrimet Shqipe ne Vitet 1332-1850</i>, Tirana: Academy of Sciences of PR of Albania, p.&#160;140, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252881121">252881121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Shkrimet+Shqipe+ne+Vitet+1332-1850&amp;rft.place=Tirana&amp;rft.pages=140&amp;rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+PR+of+Albania&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252881121&amp;rft.au=Dhimiter+Shuteriqi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahn2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hahn2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Georg_Hahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Johann Georg Hahn (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2U7WCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA8"><i>The Discovery of Albania: Travel Writing and Anthropology in the Nineteenth Century Balkans</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784532925" title="Special:BookSources/9781784532925"><bdi>9781784532925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Albania%3A+Travel+Writing+and+Anthropology+in+the+Nineteenth+Century+Balkans&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&amp;rft.date=2015-05-30&amp;rft.isbn=9781784532925&amp;rft.au=Johann+Georg+Hahn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2U7WCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1">Elsie, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1995ElbasanMs_Fig.pdf">"The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>elsie.de</i>. p.&#160;4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=elsie.de&amp;rft.atitle=The+Elbasan+Gospel+Manuscript+%28Anonimi+i+Elbasanit%29%2C+1761%2C+and+the+struggle+for+an+original+Albanian+alphabet&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.aulast=Elsie&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsie.de%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2FA1995ElbasanMs_Fig.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/">"Unicode 16.0.0"</a>. 2024-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Unicode+16.0.0&amp;rft.date=2024-09-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2024" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Andrew (2024-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/09/face-with-bags-under-eyes-sets-the-tone-for-new-unicode-16-0-emoji-update/">"Unicode 16.0 release with new emoji brings character count to 154,998"</a>. <i>arstechnica.com</i>. Ars Technica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=arstechnica.com&amp;rft.atitle=Unicode+16.0+release+with+new+emoji+brings+character+count+to+154%2C998&amp;rft.date=2024-09-12&amp;rft.aulast=Cunningham&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2024%2F09%2Fface-with-bags-under-eyes-sets-the-tone-for-new-unicode-16-0-emoji-update%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATodhri+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84749c7844‐fcpxs Cached time: 20250207213136 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.351 seconds Real time usage: 0.541 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4018/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26241/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1787/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24791/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.222/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16222332/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 444.312 1 -total 45.66% 202.858 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system 44.29% 196.788 1 Template:Infobox 28.91% 128.461 1 Template:Reflist 25.45% 113.059 1 Template:Lang 21.56% 95.774 2 Template:Cite_book 16.03% 71.223 1 Template:Short_description 9.29% 41.282 2 Template:Pagetype 5.47% 24.282 1 Template:Main 3.98% 17.705 5 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:54428296:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250207213136 and revision id 1273518052. 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