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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of the well</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_well-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the well subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_well-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>English Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>18th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotional_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotional_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Devotional practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devotional_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Natural features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_of_the_chapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_of_the_chapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Architecture of the chapel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_of_the_chapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">St Winefride's Well</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuaire_Sainte-Winefride_de_Holywell" title="Sanctuaire Sainte-Winefride de Holywell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanctuaire Sainte-Winefride de Holywell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_di_santa_Winfreda" title="Fonte di santa Winfreda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonte di santa Winfreda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="באר ויניפרד הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באר ויניפרד הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte_de_Santa_Vinifrida" title="Fonte de Santa Vinifrida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonte de Santa Vinifrida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Winefride%27s_Well" title="St Winefride's Well – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="St Winefride's Well" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFCC99">St Winefride's Well</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Holywell,_St_Winefride_(35704689692)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Holywell%2C_St_Winefride_%2835704689692%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Winefride" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Winefride">Saint Winefride</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire" title="Holywell, Flintshire">Holywell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1512–1525</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sandstone</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintwinefrideswell.com">www<wbr />.saintwinefrideswell<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>St Winefride's Well</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Ffynnon Wenffrewi</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">holy well</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_shrine" title="National shrine">national shrine</a> located in the Welsh town of <a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire" title="Holywell, Flintshire">Holywell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>. The patron saint of the well, <a href="/wiki/St_Winefride" class="mw-redirect" title="St Winefride">St Winefride</a>, was a 7th-century Catholic martyr who according to legend was decapitated by a lustful prince and then miraculously restored to life. The well is said to have sprung up at the spot where her head hit the ground. This story is first recorded in the 12th century, and since then St Winefride's Well has been a popular pilgrimage destination, known for its healing waters. The well is unique among Britain's sacred sites in that it retained a continuous pilgrimage tradition throughout the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the well formed part of the estate of nearby <a href="/wiki/Basingwerk_Abbey" title="Basingwerk Abbey">Basingwerk Abbey</a>. It was visited by several English monarchs, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>. Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, attempts were made by the Protestant authorities to prevent Catholic pilgrimage to the well, but these attempts were unsuccessful. From the 18th century onwards, the well increasingly attracted secular tourism, and it was commonly believed that the well-water had natural healing properties by virtue of its mineral content. Two bath-houses were built on the site in 1869. In 1917, the well dried up as a result of mining operations in the Greenfield valley; to get it flowing again, water had to be diverted from a new underground source. </p><p>The chapel above the well was built in the 16th century. It is a grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wales" title="Listed buildings in Wales">listed building</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">scheduled ancient monument</a>. It comprises two parts, the upper chapel and the well crypt. The upper chapel has seen a variety of uses, including service as a <a href="/wiki/Sessions_house" title="Sessions house">sessions house</a> and a secular day school, but is presently used for religious worship. The well crypt contains a star-shaped basin that encloses the well-spring, and an 18th-century statue of St Winefride. Both sections of the chapel are under state guardianship and managed by <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a>. </p><p>The well complex is currently open to visitors, who may bathe in the water at certain times of day or fill water bottles from an outdoor tap. There is a visitors' centre and museum on the site. Organised group pilgrimages take place several times a year, and during the pilgrimage season, St Winefride's relic is venerated daily in the well crypt. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend_of_St_Winefride">Legend of St Winefride</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legend of St Winefride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_St_Winefride,_19th_century_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Statue_of_St_Winefride%2C_19th_century_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>St Winefride's statue in the well chapel</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Winifred" title="Saint Winifred">Saint Winifred</a></div> <p>The story of St Winefride, the 7th-century martyr for whom the well is named, is told in two 12th-century <i>Lives</i>: one written by Robert Pennant, prior of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey" title="Shrewsbury Abbey">Shrewsbury Abbey</a>, and a shorter work of unknown authorship, known as the <i>Vita Prima</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007203_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007203-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both works tell substantially the same story of the origin of the well. </p><p>Winefride is said to have been the daughter of Teuyth, a chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Tegeingl" title="Tegeingl">Tegeingl</a>, who had permitted <a href="/wiki/St_Beuno" class="mw-redirect" title="St Beuno">St Beuno</a> to establish a church within his territory. Beuno became Winefride's religious instructor (later iterations of the story make him Winefride's uncle), and at an early age she took a vow of chastity, intending to devote her life to God. One Sunday morning, while her parents were at Mass, a prince named Caradoc visited their home. Finding Winefride alone, he tried to convince her to sleep with him, threatening to take her by force if she refused. Winefride pretended to consent, only asking that she first be allowed to retire to her room to get changed. By this ruse she managed to escape the house and fled down the valley towards Beuno's church. As she reached it, Caradoc caught up with her and decapitated her with his sword. Her body fell outside the church door, but her head landed inside the threshold, and where it landed, a spring burst forth from the earth. </p><p>Beuno came forward and pronounced a curse on Caradoc, who was instantly struck dead. Then Beuno placed Winefride's head back onto her body and prayed for her revival. The prayer was granted and Winefride returned to life, the only trace of her injury being a thin white line around her neck. The two 12th-century sources give differing accounts of her later life, but both agree that she took command of an abbey in <a href="/wiki/Gwytherin" title="Gwytherin">Gwytherin</a>, where she eventually died and was buried. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_well">History of the well</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the well"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not known how long the well has been associated with St Winefride. A fragment of a wooden reliquary from Gwytherin (known as the Arch Gwenfrewi) provides evidence that Winefride was venerated as a saint in the mid-8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011120–121_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011120–121-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the earliest reference to a church in Holywell (which also marks the first time that the town is referred to by that name) is in a document dated 1093, in which the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester">1st Earl of Chester</a> grants "the churche of Haliwel" to the monks of <a href="/wiki/St_Werburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="St Werburgh">St Werburgh</a>'s Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019245_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1874466_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1874466-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that the cult of St Winefride had at this time not achieved any great notoriety, since the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraldus Cambrensis">Giraldus Cambrensis</a>, who visited the area in 1188, does not mention Winefride or the well, and she is also not included in the 12th-century Calendar of Welsh Saints in <a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_in_the_Cotton_library#Vespasian" title="List of manuscripts in the Cotton library">Cotton Vespasian A.xiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grant of the church to St Werburgh's was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_d%27Avranches,_2nd_Earl_of_Chester" title="Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester">Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester</a>, in 1119, but in 1135, the town and church of Holywell were given into the possession of the newly-established <a href="/wiki/Basingwerk_Abbey" title="Basingwerk Abbey">Basingwerk Abbey</a> in Flintshire. The church was briefly transferred back to St Werbergh's between 1157 and 1196, but then reverted to Basingwerk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019245_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019245-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Middle Ages the fame of St Winefride began to spread, as the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church#Growth_of_Marian_culture" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">growth of Marian culture</a> in Europe caused a surge of interest in female saints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121–122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121–122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One focal point of Winefride's cult was <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey" title="Shrewsbury Abbey">Shrewsbury Abbey</a>, which had taken possession of the saint's remains in 1137,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200480_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200480-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Holywell also received large numbers of pilgrims, who came to offer their devotions and to take advantage of the reputed healing power of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011122_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011122-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_IV_of_England.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Henry_IV_of_England.png/220px-Henry_IV_of_England.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Henry_IV_of_England.png/330px-Henry_IV_of_England.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Henry_IV_of_England.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Henry IV of England</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the pilgrims were several English monarchs. The first known royal visit to the well was that of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> in 1398.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018185_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018185-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard appointed a chaplain to say regular masses at the well; the office came with an annual pension which was kept up by successive monarchs until the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> took a pilgrimage to the well in 1403, following his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shrewsbury" title="Battle of Shrewsbury">Battle of Shrewsbury</a>, possibly in order to give thanks to Winefride for saving the life of his son, who had sustained an arrow wound during the battle. On the other hand, Henry's visit may have been politically motivated; by moving north he was positioning himself to head off a potential Welsh invasion, and his devotions at the well sent a message to the people of Cheshire (an area hostile to his rule) that the saint endorsed his victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry seems to have established the first chapel over the well, which is described as having had three strong walls and a "great gate" on the fourth side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019247,_250_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019247,_250-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> may have made a pilgrimage from Shrewsbury to Holywell sometime around 1416, though the documentary evidence is ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186,_202_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186,_202-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Welsh poet <a href="/wiki/Tudur_Aled" title="Tudur Aled">Tudur Aled</a> said of St Winefride's Well that "every earl used to go, every courtier, every king", and mentions a pilgrimage to the site by <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>. Though the poem gives no indication of the date of this pilgrimage, Edward was active in the area in 1461, around the time of his crowning; like Henry before him, he may have wished to secure a political advantage by showing that Winefride supported his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186–187_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186–187-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chapel built by Henry IV apparently did not survive for long, possibly because it was not sturdy enough to withstand the force of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019250–251_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019250–251-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapel that stands on the site today is traditionally said to have been built by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, shortly after the 1485 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018125_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018125-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no contemporary evidence to support this claim. A 16th-century poem by <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%B4n_ap_Hywel" title="Siôn ap Hywel">Siôn ap Hywel</a> says that the funding for the chapel was provided by Abbot Thomas Pennant of Basingwerk in 1512, and modern historians consider this a more plausible account.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200980–82_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200980–82-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tree-ring_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree-ring dating">Tree-ring dating</a> of one of the building's principal rafters has shown that the roof timbers were likely put in place around 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Reformation">English Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> officially rejected the authority of the Pope and established the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, an act that dramatically altered the nation's religious landscape. Catholicism was outlawed, and traditional practices such as pilgrimage and the veneration of saints were condemned as heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeguin20032_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeguin20032-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009109_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009109-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, St Winefride's Well continued to attract large numbers of Catholic pilgrims throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. The well's uninterrupted pilgrimage tradition makes it unique among the sacred sites of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basingwerk Abbey was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolved</a> circa 1537. The abbey's possessions reverted to the Crown, and St Winefride's Well was leased out to a member of the royal household, who in turn leased it to one William Holcroft. The terms of the lease entitled Holcroft to receive all donations offered by pilgrims at the shrine, but he soon came into conflict with a group of local Catholics, who brought their own donation boxes to the well and urged the pilgrims not to give their money to a servant of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200994,_97–98_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200994,_97–98-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zeal of the locals helped protect the well chapel from the organized <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> of the following decades, and the income generated by the site gave the authorities good reason not to suppress its operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsham2014183–184_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsham2014183–184-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, anti-Catholic laws were more rigorously enforced during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, after the papal bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a></i></span> commanded English Catholics to rebel against their monarch. Any large gathering of Catholics was henceforth considered a threat to national security; notwithstanding this, the well's popularity as a pilgrimage site was undiminished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009115–116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009115–116-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1579, Elizabeth ordered that the water be tested to determine if it had any natural curative properties. If so, access was to be restricted only to "diseased persons"; if not, then the chapel was to be torn down. It is unknown what resulted from this order, but the chapel remained standing and pilgrimage continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeguin20039_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeguin20039-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1590, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> dispatched John Bennett to minister to Catholics in Holywell, and the Jesuits maintained a presence in the town up until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009135_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009135-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed,_c._1610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg/240px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg/360px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg/480px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_by_John_Speed%2C_c._1610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Earliest known illustration of the well chapel (<a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones195477_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195477-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1605, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Henry_Garnet" title="Henry Garnet">Henry Garnet</a> led a pilgrimage from <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_London" title="Enfield, London">Enfield</a> to St Winefride's Well, stopping along the way at the homes of several people who were later implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a>. Garnet was accused of using the pilgrimage as cover for a "conference of the conspirators", though modern historians consider this unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009145–148_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009145–148-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1996134–135_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1996134–135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backlash against the failed plot resulted in even greater legal intolerance of Catholics and sharper punishments for <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusancy</a> (refusal to attend Anglican services). Catholics were required to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_of_James_I_of_England" title="Oath of Allegiance of James I of England">Oath of Allegiance</a> which denied the authority of the Pope over the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009148_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009148-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1617, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parry_(bishop)" title="Richard Parry (bishop)">Richard Parry</a> made an effort to prevent the "superstitious flocking" of Catholics to St Winefride's Well by requiring "that the oath of supremacie and allegiance be ordered unto all such strangers (before they go to the Well) as shall refuse to come to church, by which reason whereof the great concourse is stopped".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009149_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009149-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Parry did succeed in keeping pilgrims from the well, his victory was short-lived. Just three years later, a Catholic source reported that the Bishop of Bangor, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bayly" title="Lewis Bayly">Lewis Bayly</a>, "went in person to arrest the priests and Catholics" who were visiting the well around the time of Winefride's feast day, whereupon "the people from about the countryside rose up, even though most of them are heretics [Protestants] and seized the bishop and handled him roughly and then threw him into a ditch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009151_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009151-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1626, Chief Justice of Chester <a href="/wiki/John_Bridgeman_(judge)" title="John Bridgeman (judge)">John Bridgeman</a> undertook to solve the problem of St Winefride's. He ordered local innkeepers to pass the names of their guests on to the authorities, and summoned all recusants to take the Oath of Allegiance in court. Before the year was out, he confidently reported that pilgrimage to the well had ceased. Once again, however, this success was only temporary. On 3 November 1629, a crowd of 1,400 "knights, ladies, gentlemen and gentlewomen of divers countries", along with an estimated 150 Catholic priests, gathered at the well to celebrate St Winefride's feast day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009160–161_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009160–161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeguin200310–11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeguin200310–11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bishop of St Asaph, in his annual reports to the Archbishop of Canterbury, repeatedly complained about the number of people visiting the well, until in 1637 John Bridgeman returned to the fray. This time, he instituted more extreme measures to stem the tide of pilgrimage. All but two of the inns at Holywell were closed, the statue of Winefride in the shrine was disfigured, the iron posts around the spring for the support of the bathers were removed, and orders were given to report the names and addresses of every pilgrim. Bridgeman also suggested building a wall to block access to the well-basin; it is unknown whether he actually attempted this, but the columns of the basin exhibit signs of damage that may be consistent with such an attempt. Further damage to the chapel occurred during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, possibly by the Parliamentary soldiers who passed through Holywell in November 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009162–165_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009162–165-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all Protestants denied the efficacy of healing wells, though they did not believe the cures to be effected by any supernatural agency. Medicinal <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a> had become popular during the Elizabethan era, and 17th-century physicians sought to prove that certain springs could provide powerful health benefits on account of the mineral content of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsham1999246–250_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsham1999246–250-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many recorded visits to St Winefride's Well by Protestants, with at least one having received permission from his parish priest to make the journey. Contemporary Catholic sources report several miraculous cures and conversions of Protestants at the well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsham1999255_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsham1999255-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeguin20038_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeguin20038-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accession to the throne in 1685 of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> brought a brief period of respite to the persecuted pilgrims. James's wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a>, settled a debate between the Jesuits and the secular clergy at Holywell by giving the well chapel into the sole possession of the Jesuits. James visited the well in August 1687 to pray for a son, and donated £30 for the repair of the upper chapel, which until that time was being used as a <a href="/wiki/Sessions_house" title="Sessions house">sessions house</a>. The following year, however, James was deposed by <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>, and England once again became a Protestant country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009188–197_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009188–197-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_to_present">18th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg/240px-St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg/360px-St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg/480px-St_Winifreds_Well_by_J_Ingleby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century drawing of the well crypt</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th century, St Winefride's Well was increasingly frequented not only by pilgrims but also by tourists and curiosity seekers. Travel was becoming easier, and newspapers and pamphlets were spreading the word about the well and its healing waters. The well became an essential stop on the tourist itinerary; among those who visited were <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009216–217,_219,_223_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009216–217,_219,_223-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secularization of holy wells continued, with cures being attributed to the chemical composition of the water rather than to the intervention of the patron saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones195468_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195468-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1722, the upper chapel was converted into a day school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones195470_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195470-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1795, the antiquary <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> noted that the number of Catholic pilgrims visiting the well had "considerably decreased".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennant1796230_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennant1796230-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was to change in 1805, when a dramatic and heavily-publicized cure sparked a revival of interest. A young woman named Winefrid White, who for years had been paralyzed down the left side and unable to walk without a crutch, bathed in St Winefride's Well and made an immediate recovery. Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Milner_(bishop)" title="John Milner (bishop)">John Milner</a> published an account of the incident, in which he collated the testimonies of multiple witnesses and described the event as an "evident miracle" which defied scientific explanation. This public affirmation of the miraculous power of the well, helped along by the growing <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> fascination with medieval history, reignited Holywell's pilgrimage tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp1982153,_159–164_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp1982153,_159–164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009243–248_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009243–248-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper chapel was once again used for religious services from 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012468_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012468-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/220px-Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/330px-Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/440px-Well_House_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3198" data-file-height="4264" /></a><figcaption>The Well House</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859, it was discovered that the foundations of the chapel had eroded away, and the building was in a dangerous condition. The water was diverted for several days while workmen underpinned the well pool with ashlar stone and flagged the plunge bath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009267–268_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009267–268-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, work began on the construction of two new buildings in the vicinity of the well. The first, called the Well House, was a three-storey bath-house which doubled as the caretaker's residence; the second was a swimming pool called the Westminster Bath. These buildings were completed by April 1871. A turnstile was installed at the entrance to the well complex, and a fee was charged for admittance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009272–276_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009272–276-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, a statue of St Winefride was placed in the niche at the entrance to the well, which had stood empty since the 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009305_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009305-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 January 1917, St Winefride's Well ran dry. The water supply had been tapped by a drainage tunnel that was under construction near <a href="/wiki/Bagillt" title="Bagillt">Bagillt</a>. It had already been observed in 1885 that the drainage schemes connected with the lead mining operations in the Greenfield valley were affecting the output of the well, but the concerns of Holywell residents had been overridden. After the well dried up completely, the search began for an alternative source. A disused mine shaft northwest of Holywell was converted into a pumping plant, which was used to raise an underground water supply and divert it along a drainage tunnel known as the Holway Level. Water was then piped from this tunnel into the well basin. The well began to flow again on 22 September, and there was no indication that the water had lost any of its curative powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009380–395_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009380–395-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the first section of the stream that issues from the plunge bath was covered over, and the former brewery that stood beside the stream was demolished. The site was landscaped into a garden called St Winefride's Park.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009397_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009397-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, the Well House was transformed into a museum and library, and the Westminster Bath into a visitors' centre. In 2010, the guardianship of the well crypt was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Cadw" title="Cadw">Cadw</a> (who had already been responsible for the maintenance of the upper chapel since the mid-20th century). Restoration work was carried out in the crypt which involved strengthening the masonry, replacing missing flooring slabs, and repairing damage caused by humidity, candle-smoke and fires. New gates and railings were also erected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012467–475_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012467–475-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_shrine" title="National shrine">national shrine</a> in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miracles">Miracles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous miracles have been attributed to the well, from the 12th century down to the present day. The two earliest <i>Lives</i> contain lengthy accounts of miraculous cures which came about through Winefride's intercession, and of punishments visited upon those who violated the sanctity of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift188876–83_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift188876–83-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees1853520–529_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees1853520–529-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of supposed miracles occurring in the 17th century was compiled by the Jesuit priest Philip Metcalf, and an account of 18th- and 19th-century miracles was provided by <a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Smedt" title="Charles De Smedt">Charles De Smedt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further update, including 20th-century cures, was written by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Herbert Thurston</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011124_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011124-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1960s, crutches and surgical boots left behind by pilgrims were arranged around the well or hung up on the walls;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBord199499_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBord199499-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009397_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009397-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of these crutches are now on display in the visitors' centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotional_practices">Devotional practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Devotional practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holywell6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holywell6.JPG/220px-Holywell6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holywell6.JPG/330px-Holywell6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Holywell6.JPG/440px-Holywell6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Carved corbel showing a pilgrim carrying a disabled companion</figcaption></figure> <p>St Winefride's Well remains a popular pilgrimage destination, and its long association with healing has earned Holywell the title of "the <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> of Wales". The traditional method of bathing in the well is to pass three times through the small pool adjacent to the spring while reciting one decade of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, and then to move into the outer pool and kneel on a submerged stone, known as St Beuno's stone, for as long as it takes to complete the prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBord199499_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBord199499-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18th-century visitors also reported a tradition of ducking one's head under the water to kiss St Beuno's stone and make a wish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009220_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009220-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennant1796223_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennant1796223-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual of the triple immersion has its origin in Robert of Shrewsbury's <i>Life of Winefride</i>, in which Beuno prophesies to Winefride as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift188832–33_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift188832–33-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whoever shall at any time, in whatsoever sorrow or suffering, implore your aid for deliverance from sickness or misfortune, shall at the first, or the second, or certainly the third petition, obtain his wish, and rejoice in the attainment of what he asked for.</p></blockquote> <p>A 1670 drawing of the chapel shows a small structure to one side of the main spring, labelled "The Little Spring for the cure of sore eyes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009220_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009220-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Pennant, writing in 1796, described the ritual connected with this spring: "The patient made an offering to the nymph of the spring, of a crooked pin, and sent up at the same time a certain ejaculation, by way of charm: but the charm is forgotten, and the efficacy of the waters lost."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennant1796223–224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennant1796223–224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of the Little Spring is now buried beneath the Well House. </p><p>Today, the well is open to the public, but bathing is permitted only at certain times. Filtered well-water is available from a tap; historically, the water has been thought to retain its potency even when removed from the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum within the complex exhibits a piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> along with the relics of various saints, including the surviving fragment of the Arch Gwenfrewi and a piece of bone believed to be Winefride's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organised group pilgrimages take place several times a year. The most popular of these is the June pilgrimage, which involves a procession from the nearby St Winefride's Church to the well, a Mass in the well garden given by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Wrexham" title="Bishop of Wrexham">Bishop of Wrexham</a>, and the veneration of Winefride's relic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967–68_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967–68-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBord199499_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBord199499-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the pilgrimage season (from <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> to the last Sunday in September), there is a daily service in the well crypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An annual <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> pilgrimage has also taken place each October since 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_features">Natural features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winefride%27s_Well_(27960813412).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg/250px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg/375px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg/500px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827960813412%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The well basin</figcaption></figure> <p>The spring feeding St Winefride's Well was once much stronger than it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Medieval period, it was said that anything dropped into the well would be carried away downstream before it had time to sink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200930_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200930-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(poet)" title="John Taylor (poet)">John Taylor</a> wrote in 1652 that the well "doth continually work and bubble with extreme violence, like a boiling cauldron or furnace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009174_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009174-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1731, a group of Anglican visitors measured the time it took for the well basin to fill, and concluded that the spring "raises more than one hundred tons of water in a minute".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009222–223_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009222–223-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This estimate matches that recorded by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> in his diary when he passed through the area in 1774:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAdamHydeHyde1958185–186_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdamHydeHyde1958185–186-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The spring called Winifred's Well is very clear, and so copious that it yields one hundred tuns of water in a minute. It is all at once a very great stream which within perhaps thirty yards of its eruption turns a mill and in a course of two miles eighteen more.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1859, the draining of the well basin for repair work gave another opportunity of measuring the power of the spring. On this occasion, the reported output was 22½ tons per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009267–268_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009267–268-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern day, the spring is still said to yield an unusually large quantity of water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007202_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007202-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pile of stones has been placed over its point of emergence to prevent it from becoming a fountain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBord199499_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBord199499-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In former times the bed of the stream was littered with red stones, which according to legend were permanently stained with Winefride's blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007204_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007204-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual cause of the stones' colour may have been natural iron deposits in the water,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones195439_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195439-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the presence of a red-coloured algae, <i><a href="/wiki/Trentepohlia_jolithus" title="Trentepohlia jolithus">Trentepohlia jolithus</a></i>, which can still be seen growing on the north wall today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012475_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012475-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well was also known for its moss, which reportedly had a sweet smell and was referred to as "St Winefride's hair".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200933_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200933-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stones and the moss were commonly taken from the site by pilgrims, who treated them as charms or relics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200969-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One sceptical visitor, <a href="/wiki/Celia_Fiennes" title="Celia Fiennes">Celia Fiennes</a>, claimed in 1698 that the well's custodians replenished the moss daily from a nearby hill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1947180–181_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1947180–181-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_of_the_chapel">Architecture of the chapel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture of the chapel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_chapel_exterior,_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/250px-Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/375px-Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/500px-Upper_chapel_exterior%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>The upper chapel</figcaption></figure> <p>The well chapel is a grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wales" title="Listed buildings in Wales">listed building</a> (designated 1951)<sup id="cite_ref-listing_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listing-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">scheduled ancient monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comprises two parts: the upper chapel, where church services are held, and the well crypt beneath it, which encloses the spring. The hillside has been cut away so that the crypt can be entered from the north, while the upper chapel is entered from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building is in the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular</a> style. Its exterior walls are of coursed sandstone, which was imported from the Wirral towns of <a href="/wiki/Storeton" title="Storeton">Storeton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bebington" title="Bebington">Bebington</a>. It has a low-pitched roof with a crenellated parapet. The upper chapel comprises a four-bay nave, a three-bay north aisle, and a semi-octagonal chancel, with window tracery featuring a mix of basket arches and ogee arches. There is a narrow stone bench around the chancel interior, and sockets in the stonework which suggest that a <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a> was once installed in the chancel arch. The roof is arch-braced and decorated with foliage bosses. The corbels supporting the braces and the arches of the north arcade are carved into a variety of figures, including animals, <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">grotesques</a>, and family emblems.<sup id="cite_ref-listing_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listing-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252,_275_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252,_275-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An external staircase at the west end of the chapel (now blocked) leads down into a gallery that overlooks the well crypt, and then down into the crypt itself through a spandrelled doorway that was once the principal entrance. There are two more doorways in the north wall of the crypt, surmounted by large unglazed windows. Another unglazed window, stretching nearly the entire height of the crypt, sits between them, looking out onto the plunge pool. A band of carved animals runs along the outer wall. The crypt's interior is centred around the star-shaped well basin, which supports a ring of stone columns. The columns were once linked by traceried screens, with basket-arched openings providing a view of the spring. Above the spring is a tierceron vault, with a pendant boss that displays six scenes from the life of St Winefride. The vaulted ceiling of the crypt contains many other carved bosses representing various subjects. In the northeast corner is a niche with a crocketed canopy, which holds a statue of St Winefride.<sup id="cite_ref-listing_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listing-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monument_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019258–262_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019258–262-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 323.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 321.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winefride%27s_Chapel,_Holywell_(John_Warwick_Smith).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watercolour painting by John Warwick Smith, c. 1790"><img alt="Watercolour painting by John Warwick Smith, c. 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg/482px-St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg/723px-St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg/964px-St_Winefride%27s_Chapel%2C_Holywell_%28John_Warwick_Smith%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2411" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Watercolour painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Warwick_Smith" title="John Warwick Smith">John Warwick Smith</a>, c. 1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winifred%27s_Well,_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sketch by Robert Chambers, 1832"><img alt="Sketch by Robert Chambers, 1832" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg/226px-St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg/339px-St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg/452px-St_Winifred%27s_Well%2C_FlintShire_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sketch by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(publisher,_born_1802)" title="Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)">Robert Chambers</a>, 1832</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holywell4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand-pump by the bathing pool"><img alt="Hand-pump by the bathing pool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell4.JPG/225px-Holywell4.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell4.JPG/337px-Holywell4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell4.JPG/450px-Holywell4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand-pump by the bathing pool</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of St Winefride near the chapel"><img alt="Sculpture of St Winefride near the chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg/225px-Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg/337px-Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg/450px-Outdoor_sculpture_of_St_Winefride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="4624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of St Winefride near the chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visitors' centre, formerly the Westminster Bath"><img alt="Visitors' centre, formerly the Westminster Bath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/400px-Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/600px-Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/800px-Visitors%27_centre_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visitors' centre, formerly the Westminster Bath</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_chapel_apse,_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apse of the upper chapel"><img alt="Apse of the upper chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/225px-Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/337px-Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/450px-Upper_chapel_apse%2C_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="4624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apse of the upper chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West door of the well crypt"><img alt="West door of the well crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg/225px-Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg/337px-Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg/450px-Steps_and_doorway_below_St_Winefride%27s_Chapel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2268261.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West door of the well crypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holywell5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscription left by a cured pilgrim"><img alt="Inscription left by a cured pilgrim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell5.JPG/400px-Holywell5.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell5.JPG/600px-Holywell5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Holywell5.JPG/800px-Holywell5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscription left by a cured pilgrim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Winefride%27s_Well_(27782829750).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaulted ceiling above the well basin"><img alt="Vaulted ceiling above the well basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg/400px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg/600px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg/800px-St_Winefride%27s_Well_%2827782829750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vaulted ceiling above the well basin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendant boss above the well basin"><img alt="Pendant boss above the well basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/225px-Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/337px-Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg/450px-Boss_above_well-spring_at_St_Winefride%27s_Well.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="4624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendant boss above the well basin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Seven Wonders of Wales">Seven Wonders of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Winefride%27s_Church,_Holywell" title="St Winefride's Church, Holywell">St Winefride's Church, Holywell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a modern English translation of these Latin texts, see <a href="#CITEREFPepinFeiss2011">Pepin & Feiss 2011</a>. Older translations, accessible online, can be found in <a href="#CITEREFSwift1888">Swift 1888</a>, pp. 30–66 (Robert's <i>Life</i>), and <a href="#CITEREFRees1853">Rees 1853</a> (<i>Vita Prima</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 makes no mention of Holywell, but it does record a "Weltune", which may be a translation of the town's Welsh name <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Treffynnon</i></span></i> (Well-town).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> is often said to have visited the well in 1189, but this claim is based on a misreading of an 18th-century source. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a>, writing in 1778, describes a pilgrimage made in 1119 by Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester. He introduces this account by saying that "Richard ... began his reign with an act of piety".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennant188331_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennant188331-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later authors confused the two Richards, which gave rise to the idea that Richard I made a pilgrimage to the well in the first year of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018201_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018201-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pennant, Richard d'Avranches was attacked by the Welsh and took shelter in Basingwerk Abbey; this is the same story that later authors tell of Richard I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Existing documents show that Edward IV, Richard III, Henry VII and Henry VIII each confirmed the appointment of a chaplain at the well. The evidence that the office dates back to Richard II comes from letters patent issued by Edward IV in 1465, in which he says that the celebration of mass over the well "was done from the time of our noble progenitor Richard II until a short time since". If there was no chapel at the actual site of the well during Richard II's reign, then the priest may have originally served at a side-chapel in the parish church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007203-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007203_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScully2007">Scully 2007</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011120–121-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011120–121_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamaker2011">Hamaker 2011</a>, p. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019245-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019245_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019245_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1874466-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1874466_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1874">Thomas 1874</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaring-GouldFisher1911187–188_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaring-GouldFisher1911">Baring-Gould & Fisher 1911</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamaker2011">Hamaker 2011</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121–122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011121–122_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamaker2011">Hamaker 2011</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett200480-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett200480_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2004">Bartlett 2004</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011122-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011122_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamaker2011">Hamaker 2011</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018185-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018185_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennant188331-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennant188331_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennant1883">Pennant 1883</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018201-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018201_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200963–64_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019247,_250-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019247,_250_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 247, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186,_202-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186,_202_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, pp. 186, 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186–187-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018186–187_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019250–251-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019250–251_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018125-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurlock2018125_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurlock2018">Hurlock 2018</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200980–82-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200980–82_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019262–264_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 262–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeguin20032-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeguin20032_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeguin2003">Seguin 2003</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009109-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009109_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStumpe2009">Stumpe 2009</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200994,_97–98-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200994,_97–98_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, pp. 94, 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsham2014183–184-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsham2014183–184_30-0">^</a></b></span> 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2023" class="citation news cs1">Caldwell, Simon (18 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/bishops-elevate-st-winefrides-well-to-status-of-national-shrine/">"Bishops elevate St Winefride's Well to status of national shrine"</a>. <i>Catholic Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Bishops+elevate+St+Winefride%27s+Well+to+status+of+national+shrine&rft.date=2023-11-18&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fbishops-elevate-st-winefrides-well-to-status-of-national-shrine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift188876–83-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift188876–83_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwift1888">Swift 1888</a>, pp. 76–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees1853520–529-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees1853520–529_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees1853">Rees 1853</a>, pp. 520–529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both works are reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFSwift1888">Swift 1888</a>, pp. 85–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011124-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamaker2011124_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamaker2011">Hamaker 2011</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBord199499-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamp1982156–157_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamp1982">Champ 1982</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967–68-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStumpe200967–68_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStumpe2009">Stumpe 2009</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, P. (1 October 2017) 'The Thirty-first Pan-Orthodox Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Saint Winifride', <i>The Tower</i>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://shrewsburyorthodox.com/announcements/annual-pilgrimage-to-st-winefrides-well/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200930-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200930_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009174-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009174_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009222–223-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard2009222–223_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdamHydeHyde1958185–186-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAdamHydeHyde1958185–186_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAdamHydeHyde1958">McAdam, Hyde & Hyde 1958</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007202-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007202_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScully2007">Scully 2007</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScully2007204-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScully2007204_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScully2007">Scully 2007</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones195439-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones195439_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1954">Jones 1954</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012475-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012475_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees2012">Rees 2012</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchard200933-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritchard200933_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritchard2009">Pritchard 2009</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1947180–181-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1947180–181_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1947">Morris 1947</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-listing-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-listing_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-listing_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-listing_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=426">"St. Winifrides's Chapel & Well"</a>. <i>Full Report for Listed Buildings</i>. Cadw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Full+Report+for+Listed+Buildings&rft.atitle=St.+Winifrides%27s+Chapel+%26+Well&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Flistedbuilding%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monument-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monument_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/sam/FullReport?lang=en&id=3436">"St Winefride's Chapel and Well"</a>. <i>Scheduled Monuments – Full Report</i>. Cadw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scheduled+Monuments+%E2%80%93+Full+Report&rft.atitle=St+Winefride%27s+Chapel+and+Well&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net%2Freports%2Fsam%2FFullReport%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D3436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252,_275-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019251–252,_275_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 251–252, 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2019258–262-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2019258–262_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2019">Turner 2019</a>, pp. 258–262.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdamHydeHyde1958" class="citation book cs1">McAdam, E. L.; Hyde, D.; Hyde, M., eds. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalejohnson.com/frontend/sda_viewer?n=106841"><i>Samuel Johnson: Diaries, Prayers, and Annals</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-00733-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-00733-7"><bdi>0-300-00733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Johnson%3A+Diaries%2C+Prayers%2C+and+Annals&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-300-00733-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalejohnson.com%2Ffrontend%2Fsda_viewer%3Fn%3D106841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1947" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Christopher, ed. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeysofceliaf0000fien/page/180"><i>The Journeys of Celia Fiennes</i></a>. The Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journeys+of+Celia+Fiennes&rft.pub=The+Cresset+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneysofceliaf0000fien%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepinFeiss2011" class="citation book cs1">Pepin, R.; Feiss, H., eds. (2011). <i>Two Mediaeval Lives of Saint Winefride</i>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-492-9"><bdi>978-1-61097-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Mediaeval+Lives+of+Saint+Winefride&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-492-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1853" class="citation book cs1">Rees, W. J., ed. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofcambrobri00reesrich/page/515">"Life of St. Winefred"</a>. <i>Lives of the Cambro-British Saints</i>. Longman & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+St.+Winefred&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Cambro-British+Saints&rft.pub=Longman+%26+Co.&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofcambrobri00reesrich%2Fpage%2F515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift1888" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Thomas, ed. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofsaintwinef00swifuoft/page/n4"><i>The Life of Saint Winefride, Virgin and Martyr</i></a>. Burns and Oates Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Winefride%2C+Virgin+and+Martyr&rft.pub=Burns+and+Oates+Ltd&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofsaintwinef00swifuoft%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Secondary sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaring-GouldFisher1911" class="citation book cs1">Baring-Gould, S.; Fisher, John (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofbritishsa03bariuoft/page/207">"Gwenfrewi, or Winefred, Virgin, Martyr"</a>. <i>The Lives of the British Saints</i>. Vol. 3. Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gwenfrewi%2C+or+Winefred%2C+Virgin%2C+Martyr&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+British+Saints&rft.pub=Honourable+Society+of+Cymmrodorion&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Baring-Gould&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofbritishsa03bariuoft%2Fpage%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2004" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3-DNd4b9UUC&pg=PA80">"Cults of Irish, Scottish and Welsh saints in twelfth-century England"</a>. In Smith, Brendan (ed.). <i>Britain and Ireland 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57319-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57319-X"><bdi>0-521-57319-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cults+of+Irish%2C+Scottish+and+Welsh+saints+in+twelfth-century+England&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Ireland+900%E2%80%931300%3A+Insular+Responses+to+Medieval+European+Change&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-57319-X&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3-DNd4b9UUC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBord1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bord, Janet (1994). "St Winefride's Well, Holywell, Clwyd". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>105</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1994.9715879">10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=St+Winefride%27s+Well%2C+Holywell%2C+Clwyd&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1994.9715879&rft.aulast=Bord&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamp1982" class="citation journal cs1">Champ, Judith F. (1982). "Bishop Milner, Holywell, and the cure tradition". <i>Studies in Church History</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0424208400009359">10.1017/S0424208400009359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History&rft.atitle=Bishop+Milner%2C+Holywell%2C+and+the+cure+tradition&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0424208400009359&rft.aulast=Champ&rft.aufirst=Judith+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1996" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (1996). <i>Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot</i>. Nan A. Talese. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47189-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47189-0"><bdi>0-385-47189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Treason%3A+The+Story+of+the+Gunpowder+Plot&rft.pub=Nan+A.+Talese&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-385-47189-0&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamaker, Catherine (2011). "Winefride's Well-Cult". In Pepin, R.; Feiss, H. (eds.). <i>Two Mediaeval Lives of Saint Winefride</i>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-492-9"><bdi>978-1-61097-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winefride%27s+Well-Cult&rft.btitle=Two+Mediaeval+Lives+of+Saint+Winefride&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-492-9&rft.aulast=Hamaker&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurlock2018" class="citation book cs1">Hurlock, Kathryn (2018). <i>Medieval Welsh Pilgrimage, c. 1100–1500</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43098-4"><bdi>978-1-137-43098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Welsh+Pilgrimage%2C+c.+1100%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43098-4&rft.aulast=Hurlock&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1954" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Francis (1954). <i>Holy Wells of Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1145-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1145-8"><bdi>0-7083-1145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Wells+of+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-7083-1145-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennant1796" class="citation book cs1">Pennant, Thomas (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/b28767366_0002/page/n4"><i>The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell</i></a>. B. and J. White.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Parishes+of+Whiteford+and+Holywell&rft.pub=B.+and+J.+White&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Pennant&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28767366_0002%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennant1883" class="citation book cs1">Pennant, Thomas (1883) [1778]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toursinwales01penn/page/n6"><i>Tours in Wales</i></a>. Vol. 1. H. Humphreys.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tours+in+Wales&rft.pub=H.+Humphreys&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Pennant&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoursinwales01penn%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2009" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, T. W. (2009). <i>St Winefride, Her Holy Well and the Jesuit Mission, c.650–1930</i>. Bridge Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84494-060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84494-060-8"><bdi>978-1-84494-060-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Winefride%2C+Her+Holy+Well+and+the+Jesuit+Mission%2C+c.650%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Bridge+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84494-060-8&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2012" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Sian E. (2012). "The conservation of tranquility: St Winefride's Well and Llanfihangel Ysceifiog old parish church". In Britnell, W. J.; Silvester, R. J. (eds.). <i>Reflections on the Past: Essays in Honour of Francis Lynch</i>. Cambrian Archaeological Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947846-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947846-08-4"><bdi>978-0-947846-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+conservation+of+tranquility%3A+St+Winefride%27s+Well+and+Llanfihangel+Ysceifiog+old+parish+church&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Past%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Francis+Lynch&rft.pub=Cambrian+Archaeological+Association&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-947846-08-4&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Sian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2007" class="citation book cs1">Scully, Robert E. (2007). "St. Winefride's Well". In Cormack, Margaret (ed.). <i>Saints and Their Cults in the Atlantic World</i>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-630-9"><bdi>978-1-57003-630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Winefride%27s+Well&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Their+Cults+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-630-9&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeguin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Seguin, Colleen M. (Summer 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230130534/http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~ellisjs/Seguin.pdf">"Cures and controversy in early modern Wales: the struggle to control St. Winifred's Well"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>North American Journal of Welsh Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~ellisjs/Seguin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Journal+of+Welsh+Studies&rft.atitle=Cures+and+controversy+in+early+modern+Wales%3A+the+struggle+to+control+St.+Winifred%27s+Well&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Seguin&rft.aufirst=Colleen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspruce.flint.umich.edu%2F~ellisjs%2FSeguin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStumpe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stumpe, Lynne H. (December 2009). "Display and veneration of holy relics at St Winefride's Well and Stonyhurst". <i>Journal of Museum Ethnography</i> (22): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41417138">41417138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Museum+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Display+and+veneration+of+holy+relics+at+St+Winefride%27s+Well+and+Stonyhurst&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41417138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stumpe&rft.aufirst=Lynne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1874" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, D. R. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdiocese00thom/page/466">"Holywell"</a>. <i>A History of the Diocese of St. Asaph</i>. James Parker & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holywell&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Diocese+of+St.+Asaph&rft.pub=James+Parker+%26+Co&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofdiocese00thom%2Fpage%2F466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Rick (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3246763&recordType=Journal">"The architecture, patronage and date of St Winefride's Well, Holywell"</a>. <i>Archaeologia Cambrensis</i>. <b>168</b>: <span class="nowrap">245–</span>275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cambrensis&rft.atitle=The+architecture%2C+patronage+and+date+of+St+Winefride%27s+Well%2C+Holywell&rft.volume=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fbrowse%2Fdetails.xhtml%3FrecordId%3D3246763%26recordType%3DJournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Walsham, Alexandra (1999). "Reforming the waters: holy wells and healing springs in Protestant England". <i>Studies in Church History Subsidia</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">227–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0143045900002520">10.1017/S0143045900002520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History+Subsidia&rft.atitle=Reforming+the+waters%3A+holy+wells+and+healing+springs+in+Protestant+England&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0143045900002520&rft.aulast=Walsham&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsham2014" class="citation book cs1">Walsham, Alexandra (2014). "Holywell and the Welsh Catholic Revival". <i>Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-754-65723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-754-65723-1"><bdi>978-0-754-65723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holywell+and+the+Welsh+Catholic+Revival&rft.btitle=Catholic+Reformation+in+Protestant+Britain&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-754-65723-1&rft.aulast=Walsham&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASt+Winefride%27s+Well" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Winefride%27s_Well&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Winefride%27s_Well&params=53.2771_N_3.2236_W_region:GB_scale:2000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°16′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′25″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.2771°N 3.2236°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.2771; -3.2236</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Wonders_of_Wales165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Template:Seven Wonders of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Seven Wonders of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Wonders of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Wonders_of_Wales165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Wales" title="Seven Wonders of Wales">Seven Wonders of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pistyll_Rhaeadr" title="Pistyll Rhaeadr">Pistyll Rhaeadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham" title="St Giles' Church, Wrexham">Steeple of St Giles' Church, Wrexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton-on-Dee#St_Mary_the_Virgin_Church_and_its_yew_trees" title="Overton-on-Dee">Yew trees at St Mary the Virgin, Overton-on-Dee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Winefride's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Bridge" title="Llangollen Bridge">Llangollen Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Gresford" title="All Saints' Church, Gresford">Bells of All Saints' Church, Gresford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flintshire361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flintshire" title="Template:Flintshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flintshire" title="Template talk:Flintshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flintshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flintshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flintshire361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagillt" title="Bagillt">Bagillt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley,_Flintshire" title="Buckley, Flintshire">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerwys" title="Caerwys">Caerwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside" title="Deeside">Deeside</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay" title="Connah's Quay">Connah's Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltney" title="Saltney">Saltney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotton,_Flintshire" title="Shotton, Flintshire">Shotton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire" title="Flint, Flintshire">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire" title="Holywell, Flintshire">Holywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg/150px-Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg/225px-Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg/300px-Wales_Flintshire_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abermorddu" title="Abermorddu">Abermorddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonwen" title="Afonwen">Afonwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alltami" title="Alltami">Alltami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Park,_Flintshire" title="Aston Park, Flintshire">Aston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton,_Flintshire" title="Bretton, Flintshire">Bretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire" title="Broughton, Flintshire">Broughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mynydd_Isa" title="Mynydd Isa">Bryn-y-Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynford" title="Brynford">Brynford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadole" title="Cadole">Cadole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caergwrle" title="Caergwrle">Caergwrle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcoed" title="Calcoed">Calcoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel,_Flintshire" title="Carmel, Flintshire">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cefn-y-bedd" title="Cefn-y-bedd">Cefn-y-Bedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilcain" title="Cilcain">Cilcain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coed_Talon" title="Coed Talon">Coed Talon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymau" title="Cymau">Cymau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drury,_Flintshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Drury, Flintshire">Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewloe" title="Ewloe">Ewloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ffrith" title="Ffrith">Ffrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Mountain" title="Flint Mountain">Flint Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ffynnongroew" title="Ffynnongroew">Ffynnongroew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Flintshire" title="Greenfield, Flintshire">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronant" title="Gronant">Gronant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyncorrwg,_Flintshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyncorrwg, Flintshire (page does not exist)">Glyncorrwg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaenysgor" title="Gwaenysgor">Gwaenysgor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwernaffield" title="Gwernaffield">Gwernaffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwernymynydd" title="Gwernymynydd">Gwernymynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkyn" title="Halkyn">Halkyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holway,_Flintshire" title="Holway, Flintshire">Holway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Kinnerton" title="Higher Kinnerton">Higher Kinnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope,_Flintshire" title="Hope, Flintshire">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeswood" title="Leeswood">Leeswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanfynydd,_Flintshire" title="Llanfynydd, Flintshire">Llanfynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanasa" title="Llanasa">Llanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leadmill,_Flintshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leadmill, Flintshire (page does not exist)">Leadmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mancot" title="Mancot">Mancot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostyn" title="Mostyn">Mostyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mynydd_Isa" title="Mynydd Isa">Mynydd Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerch" title="Nannerch">Nannerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nercwys" title="Nercwys">Nercwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northop" title="Northop">Northop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northop_Hall" title="Northop Hall">Northop Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakenholt" title="Oakenholt">Oakenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantasaph" title="Pantasaph">Pantasaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantymwyn" title="Pantymwyn">Pantymwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentre_Halkyn" title="Pentre Halkyn">Pentre Halkyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyffordd" title="Penyffordd">Penyffordd (Buckley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-y-ffordd" title="Pen-y-ffordd">Pen-y-Ffordd (Holywell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penymynydd" title="Penymynydd">Penymynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontblyddyn" title="Pontblyddyn">Pontblyddyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhosesmor" title="Rhosesmor">Rhosesmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhes-y-cae" title="Rhes-y-cae">Rhes-y-Cae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydymwyn" title="Rhydymwyn">Rhydymwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandycroft" title="Sandycroft">Sandycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealand,_Flintshire" title="Sealand, Flintshire">Sealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sychdyn" title="Sychdyn">Soughton/Sychdyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltney_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltney Ferry">Saltney Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talacre" title="Talacre">Talacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trelawnyd" title="Trelawnyd">Trelawnyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trelogan" title="Trelogan">Trelogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuddyn" title="Treuddyn">Treuddyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitford,_Flintshire" title="Whitford, Flintshire">Whitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysceifiog" title="Ysceifiog">Ysceifiog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alyn_Gorge" title="Alyn Gorge">Alyn Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Bridge" title="Bretton Bridge">Bretton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerwys_Rectory" title="Caerwys Rectory">Caerwys Rectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range" title="Clwydian Range">Clwydian Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley" title="Clwydian Range and Dee Valley">Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire_Bridge" title="Flintshire Bridge">Flintshire Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gop" title="The Gop">The Gop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Valley_Heritage_Park" title="Greenfield Valley Heritage Park">Greenfield Valley Heritage Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_Famau" title="Moel Famau">Moel Famau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_y_Gaer,_Rhosesmor" title="Moel y Gaer, Rhosesmor">Moel y Gaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_y_Parc" title="Moel y Parc">Moel y Parc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostyn_Colliery" title="Mostyn Colliery">Mostyn Colliery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nant-y-Ffrith" title="Nant-y-Ffrith">Nant-y-Ffrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogof_Nadolig" title="Ogof Nadolig">Ogof Nadolig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Ayr" title="Point of Ayr">Point of Ayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Ayr_Gas_Terminal" title="Point of Ayr Gas Terminal">Point of Ayr Gas Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Alyn" title="River Alyn">River Alyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cegidog" title="River Cegidog">River Cegidog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (United Kingdom)">River Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Terrig" title="River Terrig">River Terrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talacre" title="Talacre">Talacre Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepre_Park" title="Wepre Park">Wepre Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary <br /> representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Clwyd" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd">List of parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Flintshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Flintshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Flintshire (UK Parliament constituency)">East Flintshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flintshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Flintshire (UK Parliament constituency)">West Flintshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argoed,_Flintshire" title="Argoed, Flintshire">Argoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagillt" title="Bagillt">Bagillt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton_and_Bretton" title="Broughton and Bretton">Broughton and Bretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynford" title="Brynford">Brynford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley,_Flintshire" title="Buckley, Flintshire">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerwys" title="Caerwys">Caerwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilcain" title="Cilcain">Cilcain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connah%27s_Quay" title="Connah's Quay">Connah's Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Flintshire" title="Flint, Flintshire">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwernaffield_with_Pantymwyn" title="Gwernaffield with Pantymwyn">Gwernaffield with Pantymwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwernymynydd" title="Gwernymynydd">Gwernymynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkyn" title="Halkyn">Halkyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Kinnerton" title="Higher Kinnerton">Higher Kinnerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire" title="Holywell, Flintshire">Holywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope,_Flintshire" title="Hope, Flintshire">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeswood_and_Pontblyddyn" title="Leeswood and Pontblyddyn">Leeswood and Pontblyddyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanasa" title="Llanasa">Llanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanfynydd,_Flintshire" title="Llanfynydd, Flintshire">Llanfynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostyn" title="Mostyn">Mostyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerch" title="Nannerch">Nannerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nercwys" title="Nercwys">Nercwys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northop" title="Northop">Northop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northop_Hall" title="Northop Hall">Northop Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyffordd" title="Penyffordd">Penyffordd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltney" title="Saltney">Saltney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealand,_Flintshire" title="Sealand, Flintshire">Sealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotton,_Flintshire" title="Shotton, Flintshire">Shotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trelawnyd_and_Gwaenysgor" title="Trelawnyd and Gwaenysgor">Trelawnyd and Gwaenysgor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treuddyn" title="Treuddyn">Treuddyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitford,_Flintshire" title="Whitford, Flintshire">Whitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysceifiog" title="Ysceifiog">Ysceifiog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)" title="Flintshire (historic)">The historic county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyn and Deeside (district)">Alyn and Deeside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton_Shopping_Park" title="Broughton Shopping Park">Broughton Shopping Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delyn_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delyn (district)">Delyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire_County_Council" title="Flintshire County Council">Flintshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holywell_Rural_District" title="Holywell Rural District">Holywell Rural District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelor_Saesneg" title="Maelor Saesneg">Flintshire Detached</a> (historically)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelor_Rural_District" title="Maelor Rural District">Maelor Rural District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold cape">Mold cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Ayr_Colliery_Company" title="Point of Ayr Colliery Company">Point of Ayr Colliery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestatyn_Coal_Company" title="Prestatyn Coal Company">Prestatyn Coal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Sealand">RAF Sealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhuddlan (district)">Borough of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mostyn_Colliery_Company" title="Western Mostyn Colliery Company">Western Mostyn Colliery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Flintshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Flintshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Flintshire" title="Category:Houses in Flintshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clwyd" title="Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Clwyd" title="High Sheriff of Clwyd">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Flintshire" title="List of schools in Flintshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Flintshire" title="Category:History of Flintshire">History</a></li> <li>Listed buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Flintshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Flintshire">Grade I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Flintshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Flintshire">Grade II*</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_historic_parks_and_gardens_in_Flintshire" title="Registered historic parks and gardens in Flintshire">Listed parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Flintshire" title="Category:People from Flintshire">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Flintshire" title="Category:Sport in Flintshire">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Flintshire" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Flintshire">Visitor attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Flintshire" title="List of public art in Flintshire">Public art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/16px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/32px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diocese_of_Wrexham369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diocese_of_Wrexham" title="Template:Diocese of Wrexham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diocese_of_Wrexham" title="Template talk:Diocese of Wrexham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diocese_of_Wrexham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diocese of Wrexham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diocese_of_Wrexham369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wrexham" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham">Diocese of Wrexham</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Wrexham" title="Bishop of Wrexham">Bishops of Wrexham</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>I: <a href="/wiki/James_Hannigan_(bishop)" title="James Hannigan (bishop)">James Hannigan</a></li> <li>II: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Regan" title="Edwin Regan">Edwin Regan</a></li> <li>III: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brignall" title="Peter Brignall">Peter Brignall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the bishop"><img alt="Coat of arms of the bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Peter_Malcolm_Brignall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1226" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Churches</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Cathedral" title="Wrexham Cathedral">Wrexham Cathedral</a> – Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Star_of_the_Sea_and_St_Winefride,_Amlwch" title="Our Lady Star of the Sea and St Winefride, Amlwch">Our Lady Star of the Sea and St Winefride, Amlwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_and_St_James_Church,_Bangor" title="Our Lady and St James Church, Bangor">Our Lady and St James, Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Tudwal%27s_Church,_Barmouth" title="St Tudwal's Church, Barmouth">St Tudwal, Barmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Roman_Catholic_Church,_Colwyn_Bay" title="St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Colwyn Bay">St Joseph, Colwyn Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Seven_Sorrows_Church,_Dolgellau" title="Our Lady of Seven Sorrows Church, Dolgellau">Our Lady of Seven Sorrows, Dolgellau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Holyhead" title="St Mary's Church, Holyhead">St Mary, Holyhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Winefride%27s_Church,_Holywell" title="St Winefride's Church, Holywell">St Winefride, Holywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantasaph" title="Pantasaph">St David, Pantasaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption_Church,_Rhyl" title="Our Lady of the Assumption Church, Rhyl">Our Lady of the Assumption, Rhyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Patronal Feast of the Diocese</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a> (1 March)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Schools</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Richard_Gwyn_Catholic_High_School,_Flint" title="St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Flint">St Richard Gwyn High School, Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Word_Catholic_School" title="Christ the Word Catholic School">Christ the Word School, Rhyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Catholic_and_Anglican_High_School,_Wrexham" class="mw-redirect" title="St Joseph's Catholic and Anglican High School, Wrexham">St Joseph's High School, Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Deaneries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Deanery" title="Caernarfon Deanery">Caernarfon Deanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colwyn_Bay_Deanery" title="Colwyn Bay Deanery">Colwyn Bay Deanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgellau_Deanery" title="Dolgellau Deanery">Dolgellau Deanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Deanery" title="Flint Deanery">Flint Deanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyl_Deanery" title="Rhyl Deanery">Rhyl Deanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Deanery" title="Wrexham Deanery">Wrexham Deanery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>See also</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Winefride's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Beuno%27s_Jesuit_Spirituality_Centre" title="St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre">St Beuno's Jesuit Spirituality Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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