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href="#Tank_and_armoured_brigades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tank and armoured brigades</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tank_and_armoured_brigades-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tank and armoured brigades subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tank_and_armoured_brigades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artillery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-tank_regiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tank_regiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anti-tank regiments</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enlisted_and_NCO's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlisted_and_NCO's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.1</span> <span>Enlisted and NCO's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlisted_and_NCO's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2.2</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ground Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">Kopnena Vojska</i></span><br /><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Копнена Војска</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png/220px-Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png/330px-Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Insignia_of_the_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_Ground_Forces.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> Ground Forces</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">about 200,000 personnel (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2.000.000</span> reserve)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Yugoslavia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Za slobodu i nezavisnost socijalističke otadžbine<br />За слободу и независност социјалистичке отаџбине</i><br />“For freedom and independence of the socialist fatherland”</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatian Anti-Communist Resistance in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Day War">Ten Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Last commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivota_Pani%C4%87" title="Života Panić">Života Panić</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Infantry flag (obverse and reverse)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Yugoslav_Ground_Forces_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Yugoslav Ground Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Kopnena Vojska</i> – KoV, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic</a>: <span lang="sh-Cyrl">Копнена Војска</span> – КоВ) was the <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">ground forces</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA) from 1 March 1945 until 20 May 1992 when the last remaining remnants were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Ground Forces of Serbia and Montenegro">Ground Forces</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, under the threat of sanctions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the JNA can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Partisan">Yugoslav Partisan</a> units of World War II. As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_War_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia">People's Liberation War of Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia">People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia</a> (NOVJ), a predecessor of JNA, was formed on 22 December 1941 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Rudo" title="Rudo">Rudo</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Proletarian_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Proletarian Brigade">1st Proletarian Brigade</a>. After the liberation of the country from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> occupation, that date was officially celebrated as the <i>Day of the Army</i> in the <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>In March 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the Yugoslav Army (<i>Jugoslovenska Armija</i>) and finally on its 10th anniversary on 22 December 1951, received the adjective <i>People's</i> (i.e. <i>Narodna</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From eight divisions in the early 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ground forces grew to what the ISS estimated as a strength of 220,000, including 13 infantry, 3 armoured, and 6 mountain divisions, and 14 independent brigades, including an airborne and a marine infantry brigade, in August 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies196642_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies196642-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a> (TO) was formed to support the JNA and on 21 February 1974 TO units were subordinated to their provinces or republics. Thus the JNA and TO became equal parts of the Yugoslav Armed Forces (Oružane Snage SFRJ). </p><p>In July 1970, the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> estimated the Yugoslav ground forces to include 200,000 personnel, nine infantry divisions with some <a href="/wiki/T-34_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34 tank">T-34 tanks</a>; one armoured division with <a href="/wiki/M47_Patton" title="M47 Patton">M47 Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tanks; 33 independent infantry brigades, 12 independent tank brigades, one marine infantry brigade, one airborne brigade, 650 <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks, PT-76 and about 35 <a href="/wiki/AMX-13" title="AMX-13">AMX-13</a> tanks, M-3, BTR-50, and BTR-60P <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a> self propelled guns, and 105mm and 155 howitzers, <a href="/wiki/SA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-2">SA-2</a> "Guideline" surface to air missiles, and SU-57P self propelled anti aircraft guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197036-37_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197036-37-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> the Land Forces were divided into six armies allocated to the five republics. While parts of the structure changed from 1968 to 1988, the main outlines stayed the same: </p> <ul><li>First Army (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>) – northern part of Central <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and Northern Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Second Army (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>) – southern part of Central Serbia and Southern Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo and Metohia</a>)</li> <li>Third Army (<a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li>Fifth Army (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>Seventh Army (<a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li>Ninth Army (<a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li>2 Corps (<a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Titograd</a> - <a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._korpus_JNA_-_Titograd" class="extiw" title="sh:2. korpus JNA - Titograd">sh:2. korpus JNA - Titograd</a>) - From 1981 - 1988 the corps was an independent formation under the direct command of the Federal Secretariat of National Defence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Plus the Coastal Naval District (<a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>) – formerly Fourth Army </p><p>As of July 1979 the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> estimated the Yugoslav ground forces to include 190,000 personnel (including 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a>), eight infantry divisions, seven independent tank brigades, 12 independent infantry brigades, two <a href="/wiki/Mountain_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain infantry">mountain infantry</a> brigades, one airborne battalion, 12 artillery regiments, six <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank artillery">anti-tank artillery</a> regiments, and 12 anti-aircraft artillery regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197935_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197935-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between the JNA and the TO became evident at the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated in the 1980s. The Federal government became concerned that Yugoslavia's constituent republics would use the TO to facilitate their secession from Yugoslavia and therefore disarmed the Kosovo TO of 130,000 members. In 1988 the JNA absorbed the entire TO with the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serbs">Bosnian Serb</a> General <a href="/wiki/Blagoje_Ad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Blagoje Adžić">Blagoje Adžić</a> becoming the JNA Chief of the Armed Forces General Staff. </p><p>In 1988 the armies were reorganized into Military Districts or Regions which no longer corresponded to internal borders thereby making it harder for the republics to control their own forces. Apart from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proletarian_Guard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proletarian Guard (page does not exist)">Proletarian Guard</a>, a mechanized corps, the Land Forces infantry divisions were reorganized into 17 Corps each consisting of four to eight brigades. In late June 1990, the JNA dissolved the 6th Proletarian Infantry Division and the Zagreb city defence command.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1991_organization">1991 organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1991 organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once considered the fourth strongest army in Europe with 200,000 active troops and 2 million reserves, in 1991, at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> the <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">ground forces</a> were organized in four <a href="/wiki/Military_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Military regions">military regions</a>. The First, Third and Fifth corresponded to the three field armies of the ground forces. The Air Force and Air Defence followed this pattern with the First, Third and Fifth Air Corps. Small number of units of the ground and air forces were outside of the military regions directly under General Staff command and control. The fourth military region was the Military Sea Region (or Naval Region), a joint Navy / Ground Forces formation, which was in general commanded by the chief of the Navy, with ground forces units for coastal defence in the rear of the naval artillery. The Military Sea Region did not have tactical aviation units assigned and air support was provided by the three air corps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>General Staff of the Yugoslav People's Army (<a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevac,_Belgrade" title="Kneževac, Belgrade">Belgrade-Kneževac</a>) <ul><li>units and formations directly under the General Staff <ul><li>Special Forces Group of the General Staff (<a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo" title="Pančevo">Pančevo</a>)</li> <li>1st Guards Mechanized Division (Belgrade)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1st Guards Mechanized Brigade (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>)</li> <li>2nd Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belgrade)</li> <li>3rd Guards Mechanized Brigade (Belgrade)</li> <li>1st Guards Motorized Brigade (Belgrade)</li> <li>1st Guards Mixed Artillery Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>)</li> <li>1st Guards Light Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Belgrade)</li> <li>1st Guards Military Police Battalion (Belgrade)</li> <li>63rd Airborne Brigade (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>) (formally part of the Air Force)</li> <li>95th Protection Motorized Regiment (Belgrade)</li> <li>additional units and formations</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>First Military Region (<a href="/wiki/Top%C4%8Dider" title="Topčider">Belgrade-Topčider</a>), <b>Northern Theatre</b> (responsible for eastern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Slavonia), northern part of Central <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>). <ul><li>units and formations directly under the First MR <ul><li>Proletarian Guards Mechanized Division, (<a href="/wiki/Banjica" title="Banjica">Belgrade-Banjica</a>) (reduced strength in peacetime)</li> <li>4th Motorized Division (reduced strength in peacetime) (disbanded in 1990)</li> <li>22nd Infantry Division (reduced strength in peacetime) (disbanded in 1990)</li> <li>River Flotilla (<a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>)</li> <li>Belgrade City Defence Command (<a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>)</li> <li>other units and formations</li></ul></li> <li>4th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>)</li> <li>5th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>)</li> <li>12th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>)</li> <li>17th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Tuzla" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a>)</li> <li>24th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>)</li> <li>37th Corps (<a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Titovo Užice</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Third Military Region (<a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>), <b>South-Eastern Theatre</b> (southern part of Central Serbia, Southern Serbia (Kosovo and Metohia), inland <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> <ul><li>units and formations directly under the Third MR <ul><li>37th Motorized Division (<a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka,_Serbia" title="Raška, Serbia">Raška</a>) (reduced strength in peacetime) (disbanded in 1990)</li> <li>other units and formations</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Corps (<a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Titograd</a>)</li> <li>21st Corps (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>)</li> <li>41st Corps (<a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>)</li> <li>42nd Corps (<a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>)</li> <li>52nd Corps (<a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>), probably included the 125th Motorised Brigade (<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/125._%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="sr:125. моторизована бригада">sr:125. моторизована бригада</a>), formed 1981 in <a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fifth Military Region (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>), <b>North-Western Theatre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and northern Croatia) <ul><li>units and formations directly under the Fifth MR <ul><li>6th Proletarian Infantry Division (<a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a>) (reduced strength in peacetime) (disbanded in 1990)</li> <li>Zagreb City Defense Command (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>) (disbanded in 1990)</li> <li>other units and formations</li></ul></li> <li>10th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>) (established in 1990 by combining 6th PI Division and the Zagreb CDC)</li> <li>13th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>)</li> <li>14th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>)</li> <li>31st Corps (<a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>)</li> <li>32nd Corps (<a href="/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin" title="Varaždin">Varaždin</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Military Sea Region (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDrnovnica" title="Žrnovnica">Split-Žrnovnica</a>) (Southeast Croatia (Dalmatia) and the Croatian and Montenegrin coastline) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> <ul><li>Fleet</li> <li>other naval units and formations</li> <li>Naval Bastions (fortifications on the Dalmatian islands)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Coastal Artillery</li> <li>5th Military Sea Sector (<a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>) (formed around the 139. Naval Infantry Brigade in Pula (reorganized as 139th Motorized Brigade around 1990) and additional units)</li> <li>8th Military Sea Sector (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Šibenik</a>) (formed around the 11th (Proletarian) Naval Infantry Brigade in Šibenik (reorganized as 12th Amphibious Brigade around 1990) and additional units)</li> <li>9th Military Sea Sector (<a href="/wiki/Kumbor" title="Kumbor">Kumbor</a>) (formed around the 472nd Naval Infantry Brigade in Trebinje) (reorganized as 472nd Motorized Brigade around 1990) and additional units)</li></ul></li> <li>9th Corps (<a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In 1990 the army had nearly completed a major overhaul of its basic force structure. It eliminated its old <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisional</a> infantry organization and established the <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> as the largest operational unit. The army converted ten of twelve <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> divisions into twenty-nine <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a>, mechanized, and mountain infantry brigades with integral <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> regiments. One <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne</a> brigade was organized before 1990. The shift to brigade-level organization provided greater <a href="/wiki/Operational" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational">operational</a> flexibility, <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuverability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> initiative, and it reduced the possibility that large army units would be destroyed in setpiece engagements with an aggressor. The change created many senior field command positions that would develop relatively young and talented officers. The brigade structure also was more appropriate at a time of declining manpower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corps">Corps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were 17 Corps (both named and numbered), they consist of the following: </p> <ul><li>Serbian (x 5) – 12th, 21st, 24th, 37th, and 52nd</li> <li>Croatian (x 4) – 9th, 10th, 13th, and 32nd</li> <li>Bosnia-Herzegovinian (x 3) – 4th, 5th, and 17th</li> <li>Macedonian (x 2) – 41st and 42nd</li> <li>Slovene (x 2) – 14th and 31st</li> <li>Montenegrin (x 1) – 2nd</li></ul> <p>Each Corps contained the following: </p> <ul><li>Corps Headquarters Troops,</li> <li>Corps combat Support – three artillery regiments (one mixed artillery, one mixed anti-tank, one light anti-aircraft), and six battalions (engineers, signals, military police, NBC (Nuclear Biological Chemical), medical, and replacement).</li> <li>Corps combat forces consisted of four armoured/mechanized/motorized brigades, plus infantry, light infantry, and mountain brigades.</li></ul> <p>During the course of the ten-year-long Yugoslav wars, corps were modified by being reinforced with extra units from out of theatre; battalions then became regiments and regiments became brigades. However many units were also disbanded when their non-Serbian/Montenegrin personnel deserted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s the ground forces had about 200,000 active-duty soldiers (including 90,000 conscripts) and could mobilize over a million trained <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a> in wartime. Most soldiers were of Serbian, Albanian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian or Montenegrin origin. Reserve forces were organized along republican lines into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partisan_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partisan Forces (page does not exist)">Partisan Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence Forces</a> and in wartime they were to be subordinate to <a href="/w/index.php?title=JNA_Supreme_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNA Supreme Command (page does not exist)">JNA Supreme Command</a> as an integral part of the defence system. The Territorial Defence Forces (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts and they were occasionally called up for war exercises. </p><p>The ground forces were subdivided into infantry, <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, field artillery, and air defence artillery, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Day War">Ten Day War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ten-Day_War">The Ten-Day War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Ten-Day War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Day War">Ten Day War</a> the JNA performed abysmally as many of the Yugoslav soldiers did not realise they were taking part in a real military operation, rather an exercise, until they came under attack. The officer corps was dominated by Serbs and Montenegrins and in many cases ideologically committed to Yugoslav unity. The rank and file troops however were conscripts, many who had no strong motivation in fighting against the Slovenes. Of the soldiers of the 5th Military District, which was in action in Slovenia, in 1990 30% were <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, 20% <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, 15 to 20% <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a>, 10% <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, and 8% <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The JNA eventually lost nearly all of its Slovenian and Croat personnel, becoming an almost entirely Serbian and Montenegrin force. Its poor performance in Slovenia and later in Croatia discredited its leadership – Kadijević resigned as defence minister in January 1992, and Adžić was forced into medical retirement shortly afterwards. Due to the short duration (10 Days) and relatively low intensity of the war, casualties were low. According to Slovenian estimates, the JNA suffered 44 fatalities and 146 wounded, while 4,692 JNA soldiers and 252 <a href="/wiki/Federal_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal police">federal police</a> officers were captured by the Slovenian side. According to post-war assessments made by the JNA, its material losses amounted to 31 tanks, 22 armoured personnel carriers, 6 helicopters, 6,787 infantry weapons, 87 artillery pieces and 124 air defence weapons damaged, destroyed or confiscated. Property damage was fairly light, due to the scattered and short-term nature of the fighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infantry">Infantry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ground forces led in personnel. It had about 540,000 active-duty soldiers (including 120,000 conscripts) and could mobilize over a million trained <a href="/wiki/Reservist" title="Reservist">reservists</a> in wartime. Reserve forces were organized along republics' lines into <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defence Forces</a> and in wartime they were to be subordinate to <a href="/w/index.php?title=JNA_Supreme_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNA Supreme Command (page does not exist)">JNA Supreme Command</a> as an integral part of defence system. Territorial Defence (reserve force) was made up of former conscripts and they were occasionally called up for war exercises. </p><p>The ground forces were infantry, <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, artillery, and air defence, as well as signal, engineering and chemical defence corps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Assault Rifles</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M70" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava M70">Zastava M70</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Bolt-action Rifle</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M48" title="Zastava M48">Zastava M48</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Semi-automatic rifle</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M59/66" title="Zastava M59/66">Zastava M59/66</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Machine guns</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_42#M53" title="MG 42">Zastava M53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M87" title="Zastava M87">Zastava M87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M84" title="Zastava M84">Zastava M84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M72" title="Zastava M72">Zastava M72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M77" title="Zastava M77">Zastava M77</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Submachine guns</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skorpion_vz._61" class="mw-redirect" title="Skorpion vz. 61">Skorpion vz. 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M56_submachine_gun" title="M56 submachine gun">M56 submachine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M49_submachine_gun" title="M49 submachine gun">M49 submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Battle Rifle</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M77_B1" title="Zastava M77 B1">Zastava M77 B1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Sniper Rifles</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M76" title="Zastava M76">Zastava M76</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Pistols</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CZ-99" class="mw-redirect" title="CZ-99">CZ-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M57" title="Zastava M57">Zastava M57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M70_(pistol)" title="Zastava M70 (pistol)">Zastava M70 (pistol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M88" title="Zastava M88">Zastava M88</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Hand grenade</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M75_hand_grenade" title="M75 hand grenade">M75 hand grenade</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Launchers</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M80_Rocket_Launcher" class="mw-redirect" title="M80 Rocket Launcher">M80 Zolja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M79_Osa" title="M79 Osa">M79 Osa</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallery">Gallery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zastava_M84.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heavy machine gun, Zastava M84 7.62 mm."><img alt="Heavy machine gun, Zastava M84 7.62 mm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zastava_M84.jpg/120px-Zastava_M84.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zastava_M84.jpg/180px-Zastava_M84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zastava_M84.jpg/240px-Zastava_M84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heavy machine gun, Zastava M84 7.62 mm.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tank_and_armoured_brigades">Tank and armoured brigades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tank and armoured brigades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugoslav tank brigades comprised two or three battalions each with 31 tanks in three ten tank companies. They operated 1114 Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-54" class="mw-redirect" title="T-54">T-54s</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55s</a>, 73 Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72s</a>, 443 Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84s</a>, and some United States-made M-47 tanks. The army's tanks were in many respects its most obsolete forces. The T-54/-55 was a frontline model during the 1960s. Domestic production of the <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a> (an improved version of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> built under license in Yugoslavia) was providing the army with a late 1970s and 1980s model. The army also had a reserve of old <a href="/wiki/T-34/85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34/85">T-34/85</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">Sherman tanks</a> from World War II. </p><p>The Yugoslav army had 995 <a href="/wiki/BVP_M-80" title="BVP M-80">M-80A</a> IFVs and 551 <a href="/wiki/OT_M-60" title="OT M-60">M-60P</a> armored personnel carriers produced domestically. The infantry also operated more than 200 Soviet-made <a href="/wiki/BTR-152" title="BTR-152">BTR-152</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR-40" title="BTR-40">BTR-40</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BTR-50" title="BTR-50">BTR-50</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carriers">armored personnel carriers</a> (APCs), which had been purchased in the 1960s and 1970s. It had 100 <a href="/wiki/M3_Half-track" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 Half-track">M-3A1</a> half-tracked personnel carriers produced by the United States and a small number of new Romanian <a href="/w/index.php?title=TAB-72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAB-72 (page does not exist)">TAB-72</a> (a variant of the <a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a>) armored personnel carriers. Armored reconnaissance vehicles included a few older Soviet BTR-40s, newer <a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a> and BTR-60 models, and domestic <a href="/wiki/BOV_APC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV APC">BOV</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=M-8_(armored_vehicle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M-8 (armored vehicle) (page does not exist)">M-8</a> vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_2">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Yugoslav Ground Forces">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Light Tanks</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT-76" title="PT-76">PT-76</a> – 63</li></ul></li> <li><b>Medium Tanks</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4 Sherman">M-4 Sherman</a> – 630 (including M-32, M32B1 and M-74 tank recovery vehicles, stored in reserve)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-34/85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34/85">T-34/85</a> – 889</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-47_Patton" class="mw-redirect" title="M-47 Patton">M-47 Patton</a> – 319</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> – 1614</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55_tank_in_Valpovo,_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/220px-T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/330px-T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/440px-T-55_tank_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>T-55 tank displayed in Valpovo, Croatia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Main Battle Tanks</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> – 73</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a> – 443</li></ul></li> <li><b>Tank Destroyers</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a> – 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M18_Hellcat" title="M18 Hellcat">M18 Hellcat</a> – ~260</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M36_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="M36 Jackson">M36 Jackson</a> – ~300</li></ul></li> <li><b>APC's</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MT-LB" title="MT-LB">MT-LB</a> – 40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT_M-60" title="OT M-60">OT M-60</a> – 551</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTR-50" title="BTR-50">BTR-50</a> – ~200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTR-60" title="BTR-60">BTR-60</a> – 80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTR-60#Romania" title="BTR-60">TAB-72</a> – 40</li></ul></li> <li><b>IFV's</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BVP_M-80" title="BVP M-80">BVP M-80</a> – 995</li></ul></li> <li><b>Armored Reconnaissance Vehicles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a> – 80</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOV_APC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV APC">BOV APC</a> – 317 (successor state)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artillery">Artillery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> regiments were well equipped with Soviet, U.S. and domestic systems. Soviet artillery in these units consisted of approximately 1,000 towed 122 mm howitzers, 130 mm guns, 152 mm gun/howitzers, and 155 mm howitzers. There were about 700 older United States 105 mm and 155 mm towed guns and domestically produced models such as the M-65 in the artillery regiments. Towed pieces were very important for operations in the country's mountainous terrain. </p><p>Artillery units operated Soviet 100 mm and 122 mm and Yugoslav-produced 105 mm M-7 <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled guns</a>. Those units had over 8,000 82 mm and 120 mm mortars, including a self-propelled 82 mm mortar mounted on an M-60PB variant of the standard armored personnel carrier. </p><p>Yugoslav artillery units operated several battlefield missile systems including 160 128 mm YMRL-32 and M-63 multiple-rocket launchers. The arsenal included four launchers for Soviet <a href="/wiki/FROG-7" class="mw-redirect" title="FROG-7">FROG-7</a> surface-to-surface missiles. First fielded in 1967, the unguided FROG-7 had a range of 100 kilometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_3">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mountain artillery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/76_mm_mountain_gun_M48" title="76 mm mountain gun M48">M48</a> (a.k.a. the Tito Gun)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Towed Artillery</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M101_howitzer" title="M101 howitzer">M56</a> – ?</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo,_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/220px-M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/330px-M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg/440px-M101_howitzer_in_Valpovo%2C_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5185" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption>M101 howitzer displayed in Valpovo, Croatia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">D-30</a> (D-30J, D-30JA1) – 120</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-74" class="mw-redirect" title="D-74">D-74</a> – ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/130_mm_towed_field_gun_M1954_(M-46)" title="130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)">M-46</a> – 250–300</li> <li><a href="/wiki/152_mm_towed_gun-howitzer_M1955_(D-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)">D-20</a> – 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-howitzer_M84_NORA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-howitzer M84 NORA">M84 "NORA A"</a> – 84</li></ul></li> <li><b>Self-propelled Howitzer</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2S1_Gvozdika" title="2S1 Gvozdika">2S1 Gvozdika</a> – 100</li></ul></li> <li><b>Rocket Artillery</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-63_Plamen" title="M-63 Plamen">M-63 Plamen</a> – ~800</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-77_Oganj" title="M-77 Oganj">M-77 Oganj</a> – ~120</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-87_Orkan" title="M-87 Orkan">M-87 Orkan</a> – ~10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FROG-7" class="mw-redirect" title="FROG-7">FROG-7</a> – 10</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-tank_regiments">Anti-tank regiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-tank regiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugoslav anti-tank regiments had towed anti-tank guns, recoilless rifles, and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a>. Antitank guns included 75 mm, 90 mm, and 100 mm models. They were Soviet produced with the exception of the 90 mm M-63B2, which was manufactured domestically. </p><p>The recoilless rifles were manufactured domestically and included 57 mm, <a href="/wiki/M60_recoilless_gun" title="M60 recoilless gun">82 mm</a>, and 105 mm models. Two self-propelled 82 mm recoilless rifles could be mounted on an M-60PB armored personnel carrier. </p><p>Anti-tank guided missiles were the Soviet <a href="/wiki/AT-1_Snapper" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-1 Snapper">AT-1</a> (NATO: <i>Snapper</i>) and <a href="/wiki/AT-3_Sagger" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-3 Sagger">AT-3</a> (NATO: <i>Sagger</i>). They were used in both anti-tank and infantry units, but because of their early vintage, effectiveness against advanced armor was uncertain. The four wheeled BOV-1 armored reconnaissance vehicle could be equipped with six AT-3 launchers to serve as a highly mobile anti-tank platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_defense">Air defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larger Yugoslav army units had considerable tactical air defense assets, designed to defend major troop concentrations against enemy air strikes. The ground forces had four surface-to-air missile regiments and eleven antiaircraft artillery regiments. The former operated large numbers of Soviet <a href="/wiki/SA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-6">SA-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-7" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-7">SA-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-9" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-9">SA-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-13" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-13">SA-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-14" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-14">SA-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/SA-16" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-16">SA-16</a> missiles. Short-range systems also were employed in infantry units. </p><p>Yugoslav antiaircraft artillery regiments operated over 5,000 guns. Self-propelled gun systems included the Soviet-made 57 mm dual <a href="/wiki/ZSU-57-2" title="ZSU-57-2">ZSU-57-2</a> gun systems and the domestically produced triple 20 mm BOV-3s and dual 30 mm <a href="/wiki/BOV-30" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV-30">BOV-30s</a>. Large numbers of towed antiaircraft guns of many calibers were in the inventory. Of both domestic and foreign origin, they included pieces purchased from the United States, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_4">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Anti aircraft systems</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/57_mm_AZP_S-60" class="mw-redirect" title="57 mm AZP S-60">57 mm AZP S-60</a> – ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zastava_M55" title="Zastava M55">Zastava M55</a> – ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofors_40mm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40mm">Bofors 40mm</a> – 142</li></ul></li> <li><b>Self-propelled Anti aircraft systems</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOV_APC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOV APC">BOV-3/30</a> – ~100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M53/59_Praga" title="M53/59 Praga">M53/59 Praga</a> – 789<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZSU-57-2" title="ZSU-57-2">ZSU-57-2</a> – 125</li></ul></li> <li><b>MANPAD's</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strela-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Strela-2">Strela-2</a> – 4700</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K34_Strela-3" title="9K34 Strela-3">9K34 Strela-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">9K38 Igla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger" title="FIM-92 Stinger">FIM-92 Stinger</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>SAM's</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9K31_Strela-1" title="9K31 Strela-1">9K31 Strela-1</a> – 120</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9K35_Strela-10" title="9K35 Strela-10">9K35 Strela-10</a> – 18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> – 60 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-125" class="mw-redirect" title="S-125">S-125 Neva</a> – 60 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2K12_Kub" title="2K12 Kub">2K12 Kub</a> – 80~90 (used by Air Force and Air Defense)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_defense">Coastal defense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coastal defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coastal artillery batteries had both surface-to-surface missiles and guns. They operated the Soviet-designed <a href="/wiki/P-5_Pyatyorka" class="mw-redirect" title="P-5 Pyatyorka">SS-C-3</a> and a truck-mounted, Yugoslav-produced Brom antiship missile which was essentially a Yugoslav variant of the Soviet SS-N-2. Coastal guns included over 400 <a href="/w/index.php?title=85_mm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="85 mm (page does not exist)">85 mm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=88_mm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="88 mm (page does not exist)">88 mm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=122_mm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="122 mm (page does not exist)">122 mm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=130_mm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="130 mm (page does not exist)">130 mm</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=152_mm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="152 mm (page does not exist)">152 mm</a> artillery pieces obtained from the Soviet Union, the United States, captured and refurbished WW2 German and Italian pieces, and Yugoslav manufacturers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rank_and_uniforms">Rank and uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rank and uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks">Ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">Yugoslav People's Army ranks</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enlisted_and_NCO's"><span id="Enlisted_and_NCO.27s"></span>Enlisted and NCO's</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Enlisted and NCO's"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soldiers and NCOs were issued field uniforms and service uniforms, while NCOs were authorised a dress uniform. Military school cadets wore soldier's uniforms. Soldiers' winter and summer uniforms were made of light or heavy wool and cotton in olive-green. All soldiers wore neckties of the same colors except in summer, when the uniform shirt was worn with an open collar. </p><p>There were several variations on the basic soldier's uniform and women's uniforms were of the same style as those for men, with a skirt being substituted for trousers. Paratroops wore an olive-green beret instead of the standard garrison or service cap. </p><p>Mountain troops wore distinctive stiff field caps with semi-rigid visors and ear flaps. They wore loose winter shirts, under which additional layers could be worn. The shirt itself had a lining and a collar that could be turned up to cover the neck and chin. The trousers worn by mountain troops extended just below the knee, with a strap and buckle closure. Leather leggings, heavy wool socks, and foul-weather capes also were worn by the mountain troops. </p><p>Several different patterns of camouflage uniforms were worn by select units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officers">Officers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officers had to buy their field, service, dress, and full dress uniforms. They wore insignia on the lapels of the field uniform shirts. The service uniform differed only in a few details from the basic dress uniform. The shirt buttons of the dress uniform were yellow-gold instead of the service color. The trousers, jackets, and overcoats were piped red along the seams. The dress cap visor showed the same piping as the officer's shoulder boards. The general officer's dress cap had a chin strap of twisted gold cord. Other officers wore plain plastic or leather chin straps. Full dress uniforms were blue and were worn with a yellow-gold sash belt lined with the appropriate service color. Cap emblems all included a red star with yellow-gold rays, given distinctive configurations according to branch. Airborne officers had the red star resting on a silver parachute against a blue background. Cap emblems for general officers showed the same gold wreath as the shoulder boards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(weekly)" title="Front (weekly)">Front (weekly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrifunovska1994202_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrifunovska1994">Trifunovska 1994</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimitrijevic199724_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimitrijevic1997">Dimitrijevic 1997</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies196642-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies196642_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies1966">Institute for Strategic Studies 1966</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197036-37-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies197036-37_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1970">International Institute for Strategic Studies 1970</a>, p. 36-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for one undated example <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621080106/http://znaci.net/00001/23_3_4.htm">"Ilija T. Radaković: BESMISLENA YU-RATOVANJA 1991-1995"</a>. 21 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://znaci.net/00001/23_3_4.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ilija+T.+Radakovi%C4%87%3A+BESMISLENA+YU-RATOVANJA+1991-1995&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fznaci.net%2F00001%2F23_3_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vojska.net/eng/armed-forces/yugoslavia/organization/1983/">"Yugoslav People's army and Territorial Defense"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jugoslavenska+Narodna+Armija+%28JNA%29+%E2%80%93+Yugoslav+People%27s+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felektron.tmf.bg.ac.rs%2Fuser%2Fbojan%2FJNA%2520OOB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balkan Battlegrounds Vol.2, pp. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paluba.info/smf/index.php?topic=18618.0">"Formacije VPO - Vojno pomorski sektori (VPS) - Page"</a>. <i>paluba.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paluba.info&rft.atitle=Formacije+VPO+-+Vojno+pomorski+sektori+%28VPS%29+-+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paluba.info%2Fsmf%2Findex.php%3Ftopic%3D18618.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, Viktor. <i>Yugoslavia – A History of its Demise</i>. Routledge, London, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oklop2.tripod.com/praga/m53.htm">Samohodni PA top Praga M-53/59</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804204539/http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=27">Logistika, naoruzanje i ratna tehnika u OS SFRJ i novonastalim drzavama..</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806070358/http://www.avijacijabezgranica.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=7">Kopnene vojske na prostorima Ex-YU drzava od nastanka do danas...</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrijevic1997" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrijevic, Bojan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13518049708430288">"The mutual defense aid program in Tito's Yugoslavia, 1951–1958, and its technical impact"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Slavic_Military_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Slavic Military Studies">Journal of Slavic Military Studies</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518049708430288">10.1080/13518049708430288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=The+mutual+defense+aid+program+in+Tito%27s+Yugoslavia%2C+1951%E2%80%931958%2C+and+its+technical+impact&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518049708430288&rft.aulast=Dimitrijevic&rft.aufirst=Bojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F13518049708430288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_for_Strategic_Studies1966" class="citation book cs1">Institute for Strategic Studies (1966). <i>The Military Balance 1966-1967</i>. Adam Street, London: Institute for Strategic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1966-1967&rft.place=Adam+Street%2C+London&rft.pub=Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1979" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (1979). <i>The Military Balance 1979-1980</i>. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1979-1980&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=1979&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1970" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (1970). <i>The Military Balance 1970-1971</i>. Adam Street, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+1970-1971&rft.place=Adam+Street%2C+London&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=1970&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Razvoj Oruzanih Snaga SFRJ [The Development of the Armed Forces of the Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia], Vols.3-2, The Ground Forces (Belgrade 1987). "This is a classified edition marked with the military security label 'for internal use' published for the 40th Anniversary of the Yugoslav Army. The entire set includes 24 books covering all aspects of the Yugoslav Army, written with consultation of the still classified primary sources" [comment in endnotes of Dimitrijevic 1997].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrifunovska1994" class="citation book cs1">Trifunovska, Snezana (1994). <i>Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-2670-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-2670-9"><bdi>0-7923-2670-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+Through+Documents%3A+From+Its+Creation+to+Its+Dissolution&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7923-2670-9&rft.aulast=Trifunovska&rft.aufirst=Snezana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugoslav+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_Ground_Forces&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1993</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia#SFR_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Yugoslavia)#SFR_Yugoslavia_(1945–1992)" title="Ministry of Defence (Yugoslavia)">Federal Secretary of People's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Yugoslavia)#Yugoslav_People's_Army_(1945–1992)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_JNA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Insignia of the Yugoslav People's Army"><img alt="Insignia of the Yugoslav People's Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/95px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/143px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Logo_of_the_JNA.svg/190px-Logo_of_the_JNA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslav Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy">Yugoslav Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Yugoslav_Navy" title="List of ships of the Yugoslav Navy">Ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Counterintelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks">Yugoslav People's Army ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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