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searchaux" style="display:none">1884 US Supreme Court judgment on voting rights</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1884 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Ex parte Yarbrough</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued January 23–24, 1884<br />Decided March 3, 1884</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ex parte Yarbrough</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">110 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/110/651/case.html">651</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_110" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110">more</a></i>)<div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Congress may prevent private individuals from interfering with the right to vote in federal elections.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel F. Miller</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John M. Harlan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">William B. Woods</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Matthews (lawyer)">Stanley Matthews</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Horace Gray</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Miller, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Congressional_elections_and_sessions" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><i><b>Ex parte Yarbrough</b></i> (also known as the <i><b>Ku Klux Cases</b></i>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_110" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110">110</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 651 (1884), was a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> involving Congress's power to punish individuals who interfere with the right to vote in federal elections. The Court sustained the convictions of Jasper Yarbrough and seven others, who had been found guilty of beating and injuring an African-American man to prevent him from voting. The decision marked one of the few times that the post-<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> Court upheld Congress's ability to protect civil rights. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Yarbrough&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> states that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude", and it gives Congress the ability to enforce that right "by appropriate legislation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress passed several laws to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment, but the federal judiciary was reluctant to protect former slaves' right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:512_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:512-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i> (1876), the Supreme Court struck down several sections of the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a> that outlawed racial discrimination on the part of local elections officials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court invalidated an anti-discrimination law in the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883), and it voided Section 5519 of the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Statutes_of_the_United_States" title="Revised Statutes of the United States">Revised Statutes</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act#Section_2_(42_USC_§_1985)" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Section 2 of the Ku Klux Act of 1871</a>), which prevented individuals from interfering with legally protected rights, in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883).<sup id="cite_ref-:512_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:512-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jasper Yarbrough and seven fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> beat and injured Berry Saunders, an African-American man, in order to keep him from casting a vote in a Georgia congressional election. They were charged with violating two provisions of federal law: Sections 5508 (derived from Section 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a>) and 5520 (derived from Section 2 of the Ku Klux Act of 1871) of the Revised Statutes, which prevented individuals from <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">conspiring</a> to deprive others of their constitutional rights and their right to vote in federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defendants were tried and convicted in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Georgia, and five were sentenced to two years' imprisonment each.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, arguing that Congress's power to regulate elections did not permit it to regulate the conduct of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court heard arguments in the case on January 23 and 24, 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Yarbrough&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Samuel_Freeman_Miller_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4419" data-file-height="5892" /></a><figcaption>Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel F. Miller</a> delivered the opinion of the Court in <i>Yarbrough</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Court rendered its decision on March 3, 1884. In a unanimous opinion by Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel F. Miller</a>, the justices rejected the appeal and upheld Yarbrough's conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:512_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:512-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller interpreted the Fifteenth Amendment broadly, arguing that it directly conferred a right to vote in federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once an individual met the qualifications to vote imposed by state law, the Court concluded, he had a right to vote, and Congress could exercise its power "to protect the citizen in the exercise of rights conferred by the Constitution of the United States essential to the healthy organization of the government itself".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller cited <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Congressional_elections_and_sessions" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 4</a> of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to regulate federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In closing, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the recurrence of such acts as these prisoners stand convicted of are too common in one quarter of the country, and give omen of danger from lawless violence, the free use of money in elections, arising from the vast growth of recent wealth in other quarters, presents equal cause for anxiety. If the government of the United States has within its constitutional domain no authority to provide against these evils, – if the very sources of power may be poisoned by corruption or controlled by violence and outrage, without legal restraint, – then, indeed, is the country in danger, and its best powers, its highest purposes, the hopes which it inspires, and the love which enshrines it, are at the mercy of the combinations of those who respect no right but brute force on the one hand, and unprincipled corruptionists on the other.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_legacy">Analysis and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Yarbrough&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court in <i>Yarbrough</i> "fused the Fifteenth Amendment and article I, section 4 to come up with a bold, highly nationalist approach to black voting rights", in the words of the scholar Richard M. Valelly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Smith" title="Rogers Smith">Rogers Smith</a>, it was "the one Supreme Court decision markedly favorable to black voting rights" in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Reconstruction era">post-Reconstruction era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent years, the Court's interpretation of the Fifteenth Amendment continued to change: in a decision in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_v._Bowman" class="extiw" title="s:James v. Bowman">James v. Bowman</a></i> (1903) that did not mention <i>Yarbrough</i>, it struck down by a 6–2 vote another provision of the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a> on the grounds that it was not authorized by the Fifteenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yarbrough</i> has received limited attention from scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although recent analyses have emphasized it more strongly.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision played a prominent role in the voter registration campaign of the 1960s, and Sefton writes that it "forms part of the philosophical foundation of the constitutional law of all civil rights".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar William Gillette, Miller's "remarkable" opinion "began to build the judicial foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Yarbrough&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoweryMarszalek1992" class="citation book cs1">Lowery, Charles D.; Marszalek, John F., eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofaf00arie"><i>Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights</i></a>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 179–180, 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25011-8"><bdi>978-0-313-25011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African-American+Civil+Rights&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=179-180%2C+186&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25011-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofaf00arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:512-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:512_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:512_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:512_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelmanUrofsky2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Melvin_I._Urofsky" title="Melvin I. Urofsky">Urofsky, Melvin I.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/landmarkdecision0000fink"><i>Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-720-3"><bdi>978-1-56802-720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmark+Decisions+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56802-720-3&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Urofsky%2C+Melvin+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandmarkdecision0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2006" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/votingrightsacts0000unse"><i>The Voting Rights Act: Securing the Ballot</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-989-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-989-4"><bdi>978-1-56802-989-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voting+Rights+Act%3A+Securing+the+Ballot&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56802-989-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvotingrightsacts0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tworeconstructio0000vale"><i>The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement</i></a>. Chicago, IL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84528-9"><bdi>978-0-226-84528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Reconstructions%3A+The+Struggle+for+Black+Enfranchisement&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84528-9&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftworeconstructio0000vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairman1987" class="citation book cs1">Fairman, Charles (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionre00fair"><i>Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864–88</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>. pp. 486–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-536910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-536910-8"><bdi>978-0-02-536910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+and+Reunion%2C+1864%E2%80%9388&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=486-490&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-536910-8&rft.aulast=Fairman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructionre00fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeesonFoster1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Leeson" title="Susan M. Leeson">Leeson, Susan M.</a>; Foster, James C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalla00lees"><i>Constitutional Law: Cases in Context</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. pp. 246–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02512-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-02512-0"><bdi>978-0-312-02512-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law%3A+Cases+in+Context&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=246-251&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-312-02512-0&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rft.au=Foster%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalla00lees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillette1969" class="citation book cs1">Gillette, William (1969). "Samuel Miller". In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justicesofunite00frie"><i>The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, 1789–1969: Their Lives and Major Opinions</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House">Chelsea House</a>. pp. 1018–1019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8352-0217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8352-0217-6"><bdi>978-0-8352-0217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Miller&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%2C+1789%E2%80%931969%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=1018-1019&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8352-0217-6&rft.aulast=Gillette&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunite00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2004" class="citation book cs1">Savage, David G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtindi0000sava"><i>The Supreme Court and Individual Rights</i></a> (4th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-887-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-887-3"><bdi>978-1-56802-887-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+and+Individual+Rights&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=128-129&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56802-887-3&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtindi0000sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandwein2011" class="citation book cs1">Brandwein, Pamela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7owNdTr1C7IC"><i>Rethinking the Judicial Settlement of Reconstruction</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 148–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49696-4"><bdi>978-1-139-49696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Judicial+Settlement+of+Reconstruction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=148-151&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49696-4&rft.aulast=Brandwein&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7owNdTr1C7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Smith" title="Rogers Smith">Smith, Rogers M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civicidealsconfl0000smit"><i>Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History</i></a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06989-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06989-1"><bdi>978-0-300-06989-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+Ideals%3A+Conflicting+Visions+of+Citizenship+in+U.S.+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06989-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rogers+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivicidealsconfl0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovkov2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Novkov" title="Julie Novkov">Novkov, Julie</a> (2014). "Making Citizens of Freedmen and Polygamists". In Nackenoff, Carol; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Novkov" title="Julie Novkov">Novkov, Julie</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3pfAgAAQBAJ"><i>Statebuilding from the Margins: Between Reconstruction and the New Deal</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 48–49, 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4571-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-4571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+Citizens+of+Freedmen+and+Polygamists&rft.btitle=Statebuilding+from+the+Margins%3A+Between+Reconstruction+and+the+New+Deal&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=48-49%2C+243&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4571-4&rft.aulast=Novkov&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3pfAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEx+parte+Yarbrough" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Yarbrough&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Ku-Klux_Cases" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Ku-Klux Cases">Ex parte Yarbrough</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Ex parte Yarbrough</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_110" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110">110</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 651 (1884) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/110/651">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/91064/ex-parte-yarbrough/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/110/651/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep110/usrep110651/usrep110651.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/ex-parte-yarbrough">Casetext</a> </li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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