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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition of genocide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_of_genocide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition of genocide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Killing_members_of_the_group_Article_II(a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_members_of_the_group_Article_II(a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Killing members of the group <i>Article II(a)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_members_of_the_group_Article_II(a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causing_serious_bodily_or_mental_harm_to_members_of_the_group_Article_II(b)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causing_serious_bodily_or_mental_harm_to_members_of_the_group_Article_II(b)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group <i>Article II(b)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causing_serious_bodily_or_mental_harm_to_members_of_the_group_Article_II(b)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliberately_inflicting_on_the_group_conditions_of_life_calculated_to_bring_about_its_physical_destruction_Article_II(c)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliberately_inflicting_on_the_group_conditions_of_life_calculated_to_bring_about_its_physical_destruction_Article_II(c)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction <i>Article II(c)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliberately_inflicting_on_the_group_conditions_of_life_calculated_to_bring_about_its_physical_destruction_Article_II(c)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imposing_measures_intended_to_prevent_births_within_the_group_Article_II(d)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imposing_measures_intended_to_prevent_births_within_the_group_Article_II(d)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group <i>Article II(d)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imposing_measures_intended_to_prevent_births_within_the_group_Article_II(d)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group_Article_II(e)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group_Article_II(e)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group <i>Article II(e)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group_Article_II(e)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immunity_from_prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunity_from_prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Immunity from prosecutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunity_from_prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_to_non-self-governing_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_to_non-self-governing_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Application to non-self-governing territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_to_non-self-governing_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Litigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Litigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_accusations_of_genocide_by_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_accusations_of_genocide_by_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Russian accusations of genocide by Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_accusations_of_genocide_by_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_atrocities_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_atrocities_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Russian atrocities in Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_atrocities_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genocide Convention</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksmoordkonvensie" title="Volksmoordkonvensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksmoordkonvensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اتفاقية الإبادة الجماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية الإبادة الجماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_cinay%C9%99tinin_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1s%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_al%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1_v%C9%99_c%C9%99zaland%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1_haqq%C4%B1nda_Konvensiya" title="Soyqırım cinayətinin qarşısının alınması və cəzalandırılması haqqında Konvensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soyqırım cinayətinin qarşısının alınması və cəzalandırılması haqqında Konvensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Amluva_o_zabr%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_a_trest%C3%A1n%C3%AD_zlo%C4%8Dinu_genocidia" title="Úmluva o zabránění a trestání zločinu genocidia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úmluva o zabránění a trestání zločinu genocidia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvention_%C3%BCber_die_Verh%C3%BCtung_und_Bestrafung_des_V%C3%B6lkermordes" title="Konvention über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konvention über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_para_la_Prevenci%C3%B3n_y_la_Sanci%C3%B3n_del_Delito_de_Genocidio" title="Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencio_pri_la_prevento_kaj_puno_de_genocido" title="Konvencio pri la prevento kaj puno de genocido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvencio pri la prevento kaj puno de genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozidio_Hitzarmena" title="Genozidio Hitzarmena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genozidio Hitzarmena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کنوانسیون نسل‌کشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون نسل‌کشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_pour_la_pr%C3%A9vention_et_la_r%C3%A9pression_du_crime_de_g%C3%A9nocide" title="Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbhinsi%C3%BAin_um_Chinedh%C3%ADoth%C3%BA" title="Coinbhinsiúin um Chinedhíothú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coinbhinsiúin um Chinedhíothú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3n_para_a_Prevenci%C3%B3n_e_a_Sanci%C3%B3n_do_Delito_de_Xenocidio" title="Convención para a Prevención e a Sanción do Delito de Xenocidio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención para a Prevención e a Sanción do Delito de Xenocidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%EC%82%B4%ED%95%B4%EC%A3%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80%EC%99%80_%EC%B2%98%EB%B2%8C%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="집단살해죄의 방지와 처벌에 관한 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집단살해죄의 방지와 처벌에 관한 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82_%D6%87_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AA%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ցեղասպանության հանցագործությունը կանխելու և դրա համար պատժի մասին կոնվենցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեղասպանության հանցագործությունը կանխելու և դրա համար պատժի մասին կոնվենցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Genosida" title="Konvensi Genosida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Genosida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_sul_genocidio" title="Convenzione sul genocidio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione sul genocidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="אמנה בדבר מניעתו וענישתו של הפשע השמדת עם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנה בדבר מניעתו וענישתו של הפשע השמדת עם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventio_de_genocidio_avertendo_ac_puniendo" title="Conventio de genocidio avertendo ac puniendo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conventio de genocidio avertendo ac puniendo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocido_konvencija" title="Genocido konvencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genocido konvencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Конвенција за геноцид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конвенција за геноцид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensyen_Genosid" title="Konvensyen Genosid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konvensyen Genosid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocideverdrag" title="Genocideverdrag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genocideverdrag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ジェノサイド条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェノサイド条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemordkonvensjonen" title="Folkemordkonvensjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkemordkonvensjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotsid_konvensiyasi" title="Genotsid konvensiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotsid konvensiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%DB%90_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="د نسل وژنې کنوانسیون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نسل وژنې کنوانسیون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_w_sprawie_zapobiegania_i_karania_zbrodni_ludob%C3%B3jstwa" title="Konwencja w sprawie zapobiegania i karania zbrodni ludobójstwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja w sprawie zapobiegania i karania zbrodni ludobójstwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_para_a_Preven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_a_Repress%C3%A3o_do_Crime_de_Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Convenção para a Prevenção e a Repressão do Crime de Genocídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção para a Prevenção e a Repressão do Crime de Genocídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Конвенция о предупреждении преступления геноцида и наказании за него – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция о предупреждении преступления геноцида и наказании за него" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genocide Convention" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="پەیمانامەی کۆمەڵکوژی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانامەی کۆمەڵکوژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Конвенција о спречавању и кажњавању злочина геноцида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конвенција о спречавању и кажњавању злочина геноцида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencija_o_spre%C4%8Davanju_i_ka%C5%BEnjavanju_zlo%C4%8Dina_genocida_iz_1948._godine" title="Konvencija o sprečavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida iz 1948. godine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konvencija o sprečavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida iz 1948. godine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkmordskonventionen" title="Folkmordskonventionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkmordskonventionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81,_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="இனப்படுகொலை குற்றத்தை தடுப்பது, தண்டிப்பது தொடர்பான உடன்படிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனப்படுகொலை குற்றத்தை தடுப்பது, தண்டிப்பது தொடர்பான உடன்படிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="อนุสัญญาว่าด้วยการป้องกันและลงโทษความผิดอาญาฐานฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสัญญาว่าด้วยการป้องกันและลงโทษความผิดอาญาฐานฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_S%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Soykırım Sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soykırım Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Конвенція про запобігання злочину геноциду та покарання за нього – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвенція про запобігання злочину геноциду та покарання за нього" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_v%E1%BB%81_ng%C4%83n_ng%E1%BB%ABa_v%C3%A0_tr%E1%BB%ABng_tr%E1%BB%8B_t%E1%BB%99i_di%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng" title="Công ước về ngăn ngừa và trừng trị tội diệt chủng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ước về ngăn ngừa và trừng trị tội diệt chủng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E5%8F%8A%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%BD%AA%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Genocide Convention</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">9 December 1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Palais de Chaillot, Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">39</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">153 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">complete list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Genocide_Convention" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</b> (<b>CPPCG</b>), or the <b>Genocide Convention</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/International_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Agreement">international treaty</a> that criminalizes <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition. It was the first legal instrument to <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codify</a> genocide as a crime, and the first <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_treaty_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights treaty bodies">human rights treaty</a> unanimously adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, on 9 December 1948, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Third session of the United Nations General Assembly">third session of the United Nations General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951 and has 153 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">state parties</a> as of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Genocide Convention was conceived largely in response to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes#1939–1945:_World_War_II" title="List of war crimes">atrocities</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> that lacked an adequate description or legal definition. Polish-Jewish lawyer <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a>, who had coined the term genocide in 1944 to describe <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi policies in occupied Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, campaigned for its recognition as a crime under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin also linked <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> with genocide, mentioning colonial genocides outside of Europe in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1946 resolution, the General Assembly recognized genocide as an <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crime</a> and called for the creation of a binding treaty to prevent and punish its perpetration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent discussions and negotiations among <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a> resulted in the CPPCG. </p><p>The Convention defines genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." These five acts include killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims are targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention further criminalizes "complicity, attempt, or <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">incitement</a> of its commission." Member states are prohibited from engaging in genocide and obligated to pursue the enforcement of this prohibition. All perpetrators are to be tried regardless of whether they are private individuals, public officials, or political leaders with <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a>. </p><p>The CPPCG has influenced law at both the national and international level. Its definition of genocide has been adopted by international and hybrid tribunals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, and incorporated into the domestic law of several countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its provisions are widely considered to be reflective of <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> and therefore binding on all nations whether or not they are parties. The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) has likewise ruled that the principles underlying the Convention represent a <a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">peremptory norm</a> against genocide that no government can <a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">derogate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Genocide Convention authorizes the mandatory jurisdiction of the ICJ to adjudicate disputes, leading to international litigation such as the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">dispute over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_genocide">Definition of genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition of genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... any of the following acts committed with <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">intent to destroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide#"In_whole_or_in_part"" title="Genocide">in whole or in part</a>, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: </p><dl><dd>(a) Killing members of the group;</dd> <dd>(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;</dd> <dd>(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;</dd> <dd>(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;</dd> <dd>(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2<sup id="cite_ref-Convention-text_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convention-text-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Article 3 defines the crimes that can be punished under the convention: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dd>(a) Genocide;</dd> <dd>(b) <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">Conspiracy</a> to commit genocide;</dd> <dd>(c) <a href="/wiki/Direct_and_public_incitement_to_commit_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct and public incitement to commit genocide">Direct and public incitement to commit genocide</a>;</dd> <dd>(d) Attempt to commit genocide;</dd> <dd>(e) <a href="/wiki/Complicity_in_genocide" title="Complicity in genocide">Complicity in genocide</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 3<sup id="cite_ref-Convention-text_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convention-text-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>The convention was passed to outlaw actions similar to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first draft of the Convention included political killing, but the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with some other nations would not accept that actions against groups identified as holding similar political opinions or social status would constitute genocide,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so these stipulations were subsequently removed in a political and diplomatic compromise. </p><p>Early drafts also included acts of cultural destruction in the concept of genocide, but these were opposed by former European colonial powers and some settler countries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such acts, which Lemkin saw as part and parcel of the concept of genocide, have since often been discussed as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a> (a term also not enshrined in international law). In June 2021, the International Criminal Court issued new guidelines for how cultural destruction, when occurring alongside other recognized acts of genocide, can potentially be corroborating evidence for the intent of the crime of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Genocide Convention establishes five prohibited acts that, when committed with the requisite intent, amount to genocide. Genocide is not just defined as wide scale massacre-style killings that are visible and well-documented. International law recognizes a broad range of forms of violence in which the crime of genocide can be enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraph_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_members_of_the_group_Article_II(a)"><span id="Killing_members_of_the_group_Article_II.28a.29"></span>Killing members of the group <i>Article II(a)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Killing members of the group Article II(a)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While mass killing is not necessary for genocide to have been committed, it has been present in almost all <a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides_by_death_toll" class="mw-redirect" title="List of genocides by death toll">recognized genocides</a>. In certain instances, men and adolescent boys are singled out for murder in the early stages, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">genocide of the Yazidis by Daesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._[32–41]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._[32–41]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Ottoman Turks' attack on the Armenians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Burmese security forces' attacks on the Rohingya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men and boys are typically subject to "fast" killings, such as by gunshot.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and girls are more likely to die slower deaths by slashing, burning, or as a result of sexual violence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurisprudence of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR), among others, shows that both the initial executions and those that quickly follow other acts of extreme violence, such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, are recognized as falling under the first prohibited act.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A less settled discussion is whether deaths that are further removed from the initial acts of violence can be addressed under this provision of the Genocide Convention. Legal scholars have posited, for example, that deaths resulting from other genocidal acts including causing serious bodily or mental harm or the successful deliberate infliction of conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction should be considered genocidal killings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraph_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causing_serious_bodily_or_mental_harm_to_members_of_the_group_Article_II(b)"><span id="Causing_serious_bodily_or_mental_harm_to_members_of_the_group_Article_II.28b.29"></span>Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group <i>Article II(b)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group Article II(b)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This second prohibited act can encompass a wide range of non-fatal genocidal acts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICTR and <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) have held that rape and sexual violence may constitute the second prohibited act of genocide by causing both physical and mental harm. In its landmark <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Akayesu" title="Jean-Paul Akayesu">Akayesu</a> decision, the ICTR held that rapes and sexual violence resulted in "physical and psychological destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual violence is a hallmark of genocidal violence, with most genocidal campaigns explicitly or implicitly sanctioning it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraph_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 250,000 to 500,000 women were raped in the three months of the Rwandan genocide, many of whom were subjected to multiple rapes or <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Darfur, a systemic campaign of rape and often sexual mutilation was carried out<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Burma public mass rapes and gang rapes were inflicted on the Rohingya by Burmese security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a> was documented in the Armenian genocide by the Ottoman Turks and Daesh's genocide of the Yazidi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._32–41_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._32–41-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torture and other cruel, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman, or degrading treatment">inhuman, or degrading treatment</a> or punishment, when committed with the requisite intent, are also genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. The ICTY found that both experiencing a failed execution and watching the murder of one's family members may constitute torture.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Syrian_Arab_Republic" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Commission of Inquiry (COI)</a> also found that enslavement, removal of one's children into indoctrination or sexual slavery, and acts of physical and sexual violence rise to the level of torture, as well. While it was subject to some debate, the ICTY and, later, the Syrian COI held that under some circumstances deportation and forcible transfer may also cause serious bodily or mental harm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deliberately_inflicting_on_the_group_conditions_of_life_calculated_to_bring_about_its_physical_destruction_Article_II(c)"><span id="Deliberately_inflicting_on_the_group_conditions_of_life_calculated_to_bring_about_its_physical_destruction_Article_II.28c.29"></span>Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction <i>Article II(c)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction Article II(c)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow,_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/220px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/330px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/440px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian wars</a>, the U.S. federal government promoted <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> hunting for various reasons, including as a way of destroying the means of survival of <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> to pressure them to remain on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a>. This has been cited by experts as an example of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">genocide</a> that involves removing the means of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The third prohibited act is distinguished from the genocidal act of killing because the deaths are not immediate (or may not even come to pass), but rather create circumstances that do not support prolonged life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the longer period of time before the actual destruction would be achieved, the ICTR held that courts must consider the duration of time the conditions are imposed as an element of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century the United States federal government supported the <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">extermination of bison</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> relied on as a source of food. This was done for various reasons, primarily to pressure them onto reservations during times of conflict. Some genocide experts describe this as an example of genocide that involves removing the means of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICTR provided guidance into what constitutes a violation of the third act. In Akayesu, it identified "subjecting a group of people to a subsistence diet, systematic expulsion from homes and the reduction of essential medical services below minimum requirement"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as rising to genocide. In Kayishema and Ruzindana, it extended the list to include: "lack of proper housing, clothing, hygiene and medical care or excessive work or physical exertion" among the conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further noted that, in addition to deprivation of necessary resources, rape could also fit within this prohibited act.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2023, founding chief prosecutor of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) <a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno_Ocampo" title="Luis Moreno Ocampo">Luis Moreno Ocampo</a> published a report presenting evidence that <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> was committing genocide against the ethnic Armenians of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> under Article II(c) of the Genocide Convention by placing their historic land under a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>, cutting all access to food, medical supplies, electricity, gas, internet, and stopping all movement of people to and from Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imposing_measures_intended_to_prevent_births_within_the_group_Article_II(d)"><span id="Imposing_measures_intended_to_prevent_births_within_the_group_Article_II.28d.29"></span>Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group <i>Article II(d)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group Article II(d)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></div> <p>The fourth prohibited act is aimed at preventing the protected group from regenerating through <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">reproduction</a>. It encompasses acts affecting reproduction and intimate relationships, such as <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary sterilization">involuntary sterilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortion</a>, the prohibition of marriage, and long-term separation of men and women intended to prevent procreation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rape has been found to violate the fourth prohibited act on two bases: where the rape was committed with the intent to impregnate a woman and thereby force her to carry a child of another group (in societies where group identity is determined by <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> identity) and where the person raped subsequently refuses to procreate as a result of the trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, it can take into account both physical and mental measures imposed by the perpetrators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group_Article_II(e)"><span id="Forcibly_transferring_children_of_the_group_to_another_group_Article_II.28e.29"></span>Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group <i>Article II(e)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group Article II(e)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></div> <p>The final prohibited act is the only prohibited act that does not lead to physical or biological destruction, but rather to destruction of the group as a cultural and social unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraph_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs when children of the protected group are transferred to the perpetrator group. Boys are typically taken into the group by changing their names to those common of the perpetrator group, converting their religion, and using them for labor or as soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls who are transferred are not generally converted to the perpetrator group, but instead treated as <a href="/wiki/Chattel_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel Slavery">chattel</a>, as played out in both the Yazidi and Armenian genocides.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashraph_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parties">Parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">List of parties to the Genocide Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg/300px-Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg/450px-Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg/600px-Genocide_Convention_Participation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> Participation in the Genocide Convention <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;"> </span> Signed and ratified</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Acceded or succeeded</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eeee00; color:black;"> </span> Only signed</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 153 state parties to the Genocide Convention—representing the vast majority of sovereign nations—with the most recent being <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> in April 2022; one state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty. Forty-four states have neither signed nor ratified the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its delegates playing a key role in drafting the convention, the United States did not become a party until 1988—a full forty years after it was opened for signature<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and did so only with reservations precluding punishment of the country if it were ever accused of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were due to traditional American suspicion of any international authority that could override US law. U.S. ratification of the convention was owed in large part to campaigning by Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Proxmire" title="William Proxmire">William Proxmire</a>, who addressed the Senate in support of the treaty every day it was in session between 1967 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservations">Reservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immunity_from_prosecutions">Immunity from prosecutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Immunity from prosecutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several parties conditioned their ratification of the Convention on <a href="/wiki/Treaty#Reservations" title="Treaty">reservations</a> that grant <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution_(international_law)" title="Immunity from prosecution (international law)">immunity from prosecution</a> for genocide without the consent of the national government:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parties making reservations from prosecution </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><img alt="Bahrain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Bahrain </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Bangladesh </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> India </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Malaysia </td> <td>Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Morocco </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Myanmar </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Singapore </td> <td>Opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> United Arab Emirates </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> United States of America </td> <td>Opposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Venezuela </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Vietnam </td> <td>Opposed by United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Yemen </td> <td>Opposed by United Kingdom </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Application_to_non-self-governing_territories">Application to non-self-governing territories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Application to non-self-governing territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is responsible</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 12<sup id="cite_ref-Convention-text_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convention-text-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Several countries opposed this article, considering that the convention automatically also should apply to Non-Self-Governing Territories: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Albania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Belarus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Bulgaria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Hungary</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Mongolia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Myanmar</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Poland</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Romania</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Russian Federation</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Ukraine</li></ul> <p>The opposition of those countries were in turn opposed by: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Belgium</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> Brazil</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> Ecuador</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Netherlands</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sri Lanka</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> United Kingdom</li></ul> <p>(However, exceptionally, Australia did make such a notification at the same time as the ratification of the convention for Australia proper, 8 July 1949, with the effect that the convention did apply also to all territories under Australian control simultaneously, as the USSR <i>et alii</i> had demanded. The European colonial powers in general did not then make such notifications.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litigation">Litigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/We_Charge_Genocide" title="We Charge Genocide">We Charge Genocide</a></div> <p>One of the first accusations of genocide submitted to the UN after the Convention entered into force concerned the treatment of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black Americans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Congress" title="Civil Rights Congress">Civil Rights Congress</a> drafted a 237-page petition arguing that even after 1945, the United States had been responsible for hundreds of wrongful deaths, both legal and extra-legal, as well as numerous other supposedly genocidal abuses. Leaders from the Black community and left activists <a href="/wiki/William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> presented this petition to the UN in December 1951. It was rejected as a misuse of the intent of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Docker_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Docker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charges under <a href="/wiki/We_Charge_Genocide" title="We Charge Genocide">We Charge Genocide</a> entailed the lynching of more than 10,000 African Americans with an average of more than 100 per year, with the full number being unconfirmed at the time due to unreported murder cases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first state and parties to be found in breach of the Genocide Convention were Serbia and Montenegro, and numerous Bosnian Serb leaders. In <i><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_v._Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro">Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro</a>,</i> the International Court of Justice presented its judgment on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> during the Bosnian war. International Tribunal findings have addressed two allegations of genocidal events, including the 1992 ethnic cleansing campaign in municipalities throughout Bosnia, as well as the convictions found in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> of 1995 in which the tribunal found, "Bosnian Serb forces committed genocide, they targeted for extinction, the 40,000 Bosnian Muslims of Srebrenica ... the trial chamber refers to the crimes by their appropriate name, genocide ..." However, individual convictions applicable to the 1992 ethnic cleansings have not been secured. A number of domestic courts and legislatures have found these events to have met the criteria of genocide, and the ICTY found the acts of, and intent to destroy to have been satisfied, the "dolus specialis" still in question and before the MICT, a UN war crimes court,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ruled that <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Srebrenica genocide">Srebrenica genocide</a>, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the <a href="/wiki/ICTY" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTY">ICTY</a>, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">genocide against its Rohingya community</a> in Rakhine State after around 800,000 Rohingya fled at gunpoint to neighbouring Bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, while their home villages were systematically burned. The International Court of Justice has given its first circular in 2018 asking Myanmar to protect its Rohingya from genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myanmar's civilian government was <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">overthrown by the military</a> on 1 February 2021; since the military is widely seen as the main culprit of the genocide, the coup presents a further challenge to the ICJ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_accusations_of_genocide_by_Ukraine">Russian accusations of genocide by Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russian accusations of genocide by Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accusations_of_genocide_in_Donbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusations of genocide in Donbas">Accusations of genocide in Donbas</a></div> <p>In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia invaded Ukraine</a>, claiming that it acted, among other reasons, in order to protect <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian-speaking Ukrainians</a> from genocide. This unfounded and false Russian charge has been widely condemned, and has been called by genocide experts <a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">accusation in a mirror</a>, a powerful, historically recurring, form of incitement to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-newlinesinstitute_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlinesinstitute-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_atrocities_in_Ukraine">Russian atrocities in Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russian atrocities in Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_of_Ukrainians_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <p>Russian forces committed numerous atrocities and war crimes in Ukraine, including all five of the potentially genocidal acts listed in the Genocide Convention. <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> have accused Russia of genocide. In April 2022 Genocide Watch issued a genocide alert for Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A May 2022 report by 35 legal and genocide experts concluded that Russia has violated the Genocide Convention by the direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and that a pattern of Russian atrocities implies the intent to destroy the Ukrainian national group, and the consequent serious risk of genocide triggers the obligation to prevent it on signatory states.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newlinesinstitute_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlinesinstitute-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa's genocide case against Israel</a></div> <p>In December 2023 <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> formally accused <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> of violating the Genocide Convention, filing the case <i><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_v._Israel_(Genocide_Convention)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)">South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)</a></i>, due to Israel's actions during the <a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas War">Israel-Hamas War</a>. In addition to starting the litigation process, South Africa also asked the International Court of Justice to demand that Israel cease their military operations in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> as a provisional measure.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">List of parties to the Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_parties_to_the_Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_ph_e.pdf">"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Audiovisual+Library+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Favl%2Fpdf%2Fha%2Fcppcg%2Fcppcg_ph_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Treaty_Collection_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&clang=_en">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. <i>treaties.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treaties.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DIV-1%26chapter%3D4%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auron, Yair, <i>The Banality of Denial</i>, (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoses2008">Moses 2008</a>, p. 8–9: "Extra-European colonial cases also featured prominently in this projected global history of genocide. In 'Part III: Modern Times,' he wrote the following numbered chapters: (1) Genocide by the Germans against the Native Africans; (3) Belgian Congo; (11) Hereros; (13) Hottentots; (16) Genocide against the American Indians; (25) Latin America; (26) Genocide against the Aztecs; (27) Yucatan; (28) Genocide against the Incas; (29) Genocide against the Maoris of New Zealand; (38) Tasmanians; (40) S.W. Africa; and finally, (41) Natives of Australia ... While Lemkin's linking of genocide and colonialism may surprise those who think that his neologism was modeled after the Holocaust of European Jewry, an investigation of his intellectual development reveals that the concept is the culmination of a long tradition of European legal and political critique of colonization and empire."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/96(I)">"A/RES/96(I) - E - A/RES/96(I) -Desktop"</a>. <i>undocs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undocs.org&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F96%28I%29+-+E+-+A%2FRES%2F96%28I%29+-Desktop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2Fen%2FA%2FRES%2F96%28I%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml">"Genocide Background"</a>. <i>United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Genocide+Prevention+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft.atitle=Genocide+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fgenocide.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml">"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Genocide+Prevention+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fgenocide.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml">"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>The ICJ has also stated that the prohibition of genocide is a peremptory norm of international law (or ius cogens) and consequently, no derogation from it is allowed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Genocide+Prevention+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fgenocide.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Convention-text-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convention-text_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convention-text_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convention-text_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-prevention-and-punishment-crime-genocide">"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></i>. 9 December 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413091325/https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-prevention-and-punishment-crime-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.date=1948-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Finstruments-mechanisms%2Finstruments%2Fconvention-prevention-and-punishment-crime-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian Genocide and International Law, Alfred de Zayas – "And yet there are those who claim that the Armenians have no justiciable rights, because the Genocide Convention was only adopted 1948, more than thirty years after the Armenian genocide, and because treaties are not normally applied retroactively. This, of course, is a fallacy, because the Genocide Convention was drafted and adopted precisely in the light of the Armenian genocide and in the light of the Holocaust."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellatelyKiernan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52750-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52750-3"><bdi>0-521-52750-3</bdi></a>. <q>where Stalin was presumably anxious to avoid his purges being subjected to genocidal scrutiny.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-52750-3&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaub1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ervin_Staub" title="Ervin Staub">Staub, Ervin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&q=genocide+political+economic+groups+soviet+union&pg=PA8"><i>The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42214-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42214-0"><bdi>0-521-42214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Evil%3A+The+Origins+of+Genocide+and+Other+Group+Violence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-42214-0&rft.aulast=Staub&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29u-vt_KgGEC%26q%3Dgenocide%2Bpolitical%2Beconomic%2Bgroups%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck2018" class="citation web cs1">Luck, Edward C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/publications/pdfs/CulturalGenocide_Luck.pdf">"Cultural Genocide and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. J. Paul Getty Trust Occasional Papers in Cultural Heritage Policy Number 2, 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J Paul Getty Trust</i>. p. 24. <q>Current or former colonial powers—Belgium, Denmark, France, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom—opposed the retention of references to cultural genocide in the draft convention. So did settler countries that had displaced indigenous peoples but otherwise were champions of the development of international human rights standards, including the United States, Canada, Sweden, Brazil, New Zealand, and Australia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J+Paul+Getty+Trust&rft.atitle=Cultural+Genocide+and+the+Protection+of+Cultural+Heritage.+J.+Paul+Getty+Trust+Occasional+Papers+in+Cultural+Heritage+Policy+Number+2%2C+2018&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2FCulturalGenocide_Luck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Criminal_Court_(ICC),_Office_of_the_Prosecutor." class="citation web cs1">International Criminal Court (ICC), Office of the Prosecutor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/20210614-otp-policy-cultural-heritage-eng.pdf">"Policy on Cultural Heritage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Criminal+Court&rft.atitle=Policy+on+Cultural+Heritage&rft.au=International+Criminal+Court+%28ICC%29%2C+Office+of+the+Prosecutor.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FitemsDocuments%2F20210614-otp-policy-cultural-heritage-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashraph-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraph_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraph_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraph_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraph_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashraph_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraph" class="citation web cs1">Ashraph, Sareta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240617004704/https://wordpress-537312-2488108.cloudwaysapps.com/temp-uploads/2018/12/Gender-and-Genocide-Whitepaper-FINAL.pdf">"Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, & Obligations Under International Law 3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Global Justice Center 2018</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordpress-537312-2488108.cloudwaysapps.com/temp-uploads/2018/12/Gender-and-Genocide-Whitepaper-FINAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Justice+Center+2018&rft.atitle=Beyond+Killing%3A+Gender%2C+Genocide%2C+%26+Obligations+Under+International+Law+3&rft.aulast=Ashraph&rft.aufirst=Sareta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordpress-537312-2488108.cloudwaysapps.com%2Ftemp-uploads%2F2018%2F12%2FGender-and-Genocide-Whitepaper-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._[32–41]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._[32–41]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2016">OHCHR 2016</a>, paras. [32–41].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Dadrian, Vahakn</a> (1994). "The Secret Young Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for World War I Genocide of the Armenians". <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>7</b> (2): 173, at [164]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F7.2.173">10.1093/hgs/7.2.173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-7937">1476-7937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Young+Turk+Ittihadist+Conference+and+the+Decision+for+World+War+I+Genocide+of+the+Armenians&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173%2C+at+164&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F7.2.173&rft.issn=1476-7937&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty_International2018" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (June 2018). 'We Will Destroy Everything:' Military Responsibility for Crimes Against Humanity in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%27We+Will+Destroy+Everything%3A%27+Military+Responsibility+for+Crimes+Against+Humanity+in+Rakhine+State%2C+Myanmar&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Amnesty+International&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortify_RightsUS_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum2017" class="citation report cs1">Fortify Rights; <a href="/wiki/US_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="US Holocaust Memorial Museum">US Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> (November 2017). 'They Tried to Kill Us All' Atrocity Crimes against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State, Myanmar (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%27They+Tried+to+Kill+Us+All%27+Atrocity+Crimes+against+Rohingya+Muslims+in+Rakhine+State%2C+Myanmar&rft.date=2017-11&rft.au=Fortify+Rights&rft.au=US+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, Int'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1999" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (1 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518155833/https://www.hrw.org/report/1999/03/01/leave-none-tell-story/genocide-rwanda">Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda</a> (Report). p. 215. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/1999/03/01/leave-none-tell-story/genocide-rwanda">the original</a> on 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Leave+None+to+Tell+the+Story%3A+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F1999%2F03%2F01%2Fleave-none-tell-story%2Fgenocide-rwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch1996" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> (24 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513001929/https://www.hrw.org/report/1996/09/24/shattered-lives/sexual-violence-during-rwandan-genocide-and-its-aftermath">Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath</a> (Report). p. 39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/1996/09/24/shattered-lives/sexual-violence-during-rwandan-genocide-and-its-aftermath">the original</a> on 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Shattered+Lives%3A+Sexual+Violence+during+the+Rwandan+Genocide+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1996-09-24&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F1996%2F09%2F24%2Fshattered-lives%2Fsexual-violence-during-rwandan-genocide-and-its-aftermath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Semanza, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, Trial Judgment, para. [320], 15 May 2003; Prosecutor v. Ntagerura, Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, Trial Judgment, para. [664], 24 February 2004,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenTheriault2019" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry (2019). "The Complexities Inherent in the UNCG". <i>The United Nations Genocide Convention: An Introduction</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 37–68 (45–46). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1487524081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1487524081"><bdi>978-1487524081</bdi></a>. <q>Direct Killing is Not the Only Way to Commit Genocide ... <i>: Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group</i>...The drafters appreciated that there is more than one way (i.e. killing) to perpetuate genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Complexities+Inherent+in+the+UNCG&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Genocide+Convention%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=37-68+%2845-46%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1487524081&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Theriault%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span> In practice, this could include deaths from the deliberate infection of Tutsi women with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> through rape in the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> or from the abuse and denial of food <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">inflicted by ISIL</a> on <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a> sex slaves by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_ISIL#Slave_market_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL">use of sexual slavery</a>. To date, neither has been prosecuted as such.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Stephanie K. (2004). "A Woman Scorned for the "Least Condemned" War Crime: Precedent and Problems with Prosecuting Rape as a Serious Crime in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda". <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journal_of_Gender_%26_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Journal of Gender & Law">Columbia Journal of Gender & Law</a></i>. <b>13</b> (274): 299–301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Gender+%26+Law&rft.atitle=A+Woman+Scorned+for+the+%22Least+Condemned%22+War+Crime%3A+Precedent+and+Problems+with+Prosecuting+Rape+as+a+Serious+Crime+in+the+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+Rwanda&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=274&rft.pages=299-301&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan (Report). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2004. pp. 26–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Darfur+in+Flames%3A+Atrocities+in+Western+Sudan&rft.pages=26-29&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubinSarverSmith2018" class="citation web cs1">Shubin, Grant; Sarver, Elena; Smith, Kristin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/953-discrimination-to-destruction-a-legal-analysis-of-gender-crimes-against-the-rohingya">"Discrimination to Destruction: A Legal Analysis of Gender Crimes Against the Rohingya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Justice_Center" title="Global Justice Center">Global Justice Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discrimination+to+Destruction%3A+A+Legal+Analysis+of+Gender+Crimes+Against+the+Rohingya&rft.pub=Global+Justice+Center&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft.au=Sarver%2C+Elena&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobaljusticecenter.net%2Fblog%2F20-publications%2Fbriefs-and-white-papers%2F953-discrimination-to-destruction-a-legal-analysis-of-gender-crimes-against-the-rohingya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._32–41-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2016paras._32–41_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2016">OHCHR 2016</a>, paras. 32–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T, Trial Judgment, para. [545], Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, 24 March 2016, para. 5664; Patricia Viseur Sellers, "Genocide Gendered: The Srebrenica Cases", The Fifth Annual Katherine B. Fite Lecture, Proceedings of the Ninth International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, 30 Aug. – 1 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popović, Case No. IT-05-88-T, para. [846]; Tolimir, IT-05-88/2-A, para. [209]; Karadžić, IT-95-5/18-T, para. [545]; <a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2016">OHCHR 2016</a>, 32–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinton-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinton_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinton_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHintonWoolfordBenvenuto2014" class="citation book cs1">Hinton, Alexander; Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (2014). <i>Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822376149" title="Special:BookSources/9780822376149"><bdi>9780822376149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Genocide+in+Indigenous+North+America&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780822376149&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Woolford%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Benvenuto%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Stanton, Gregory H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170823/http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/what-is-genocide/">"What is genocide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Watch">Genocide Watch</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/what-is-genocide/">the original</a> on 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+genocide%3F&rft.pub=Genocide+Watch&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenocidewatch.net%2Fgenocide-2%2Fwhat-is-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kayishema and Ruzindana,</i> (Trial Chamber), 21 May 1999, para. 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luismorenoocampo.com/lmo_en/report-armenia/">"REPORT ARMENIA – Luis Moreno Ocampo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+ARMENIA+%E2%80%93+Luis+Moreno+Ocampo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fluismorenoocampo.com%2Flmo_en%2Freport-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolslag2015" class="citation book cs1">Holslag, Antonie (2015). "Exposed Bodies: A Conceptual Approach to Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide". <i>Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study</i>. Bloomsbury. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exposed+Bodies%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach+to+Sexual+Violence+during+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gender+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Holslag&rft.aufirst=Antonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorey1997" class="citation journal cs1">Korey, William (March 1997). "The United States and the Genocide Convention: Leading Advocate and Leading Obstacle". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_%26_International_Affairs" title="Ethics & International Affairs">Ethics & International Affairs</a></i>. <b>11</b>: 271–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-7093.1997.tb00032.x">10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00032.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145335690">145335690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Genocide+Convention%3A+Leading+Advocate+and+Leading+Obstacle&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=271-290&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-7093.1997.tb00032.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145335690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Korey&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyGoldsmith2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Curtis A.; Goldsmith, Jack L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12956321/Treaties%20Human%20Rights%20and%20Conditional%20Consent.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2FSSRN.224298">10.2139/SSRN.224298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153350639">153350639</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=224298">224298</a>. <q>The United States attached a reservation to its ratification of the Genocide Convention, for example, stating that 'before any dispute to which the United States is a party may be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under [Article IX of the Convention], the specific consent of the United States is required in each case.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Treaties%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Conditional+Consent&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153350639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D224298%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2FSSRN.224298&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Curtis+A.&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+Jack+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F12956321%2FTreaties%2520Human%2520Rights%2520and%2520Conditional%2520Consent.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/treaties/proxmire-and-the-genocide-treaty.htm">"U.S. Senate: William Proxmire and the Genocide Treaty"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+William+Proxmire+and+the+Genocide+Treaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Ftreaties%2Fproxmire-and-the-genocide-treaty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prevent Genocide International: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/convention/reservations/">Declarations and Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Treaty Collection: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en">Archived</a> 20 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, STATUS AS AT: 1 October 2011 07:22:22 EDT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Docker-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Docker_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Docker, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Humanities+Research+Vol+XVI.+No.+2.+2010/5271/docker.xhtml">Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective</a>", <i>Humanities Research</i> 16(2), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mdQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kgIGAAAAIBAJ&dq=we-charge-genocide&pg=2113%2C3191483">"UN Asked to Act Against Genocide in the United States"</a>. <i>The Afro-American</i>. 22 December 1951<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro-American&rft.atitle=UN+Asked+to+Act+Against+Genocide+in+the+United+States&rft.date=1951-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmdQmAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DkgIGAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dwe-charge-genocide%26pg%3D2113%252C3191483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_The_Hague" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, The Hague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-convicts-ratko-mladi%C4%87-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity">"ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"</a>. <i>www.icty.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icty.org&rft.atitle=ICTY+convicts+Ratko+Mladi%C4%87+for+genocide%2C+war+crimes+and+crimes+against+humanity+%7C+International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.au=Chambers%2C+The+Hague&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fpress%2Ficty-convicts-ratko-mladi%25C4%2587-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2007" class="citation news cs1">Hudson, Alexandra (26 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302091728/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL26638724._CH_.2400">"Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL26638724._CH_.2400">the original</a> on 2 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Serbia+cleared+of+genocide%2C+failed+to+stop+killing&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FhomepageCrisis%2FidUSL26638724._CH_.2400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605012548/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=667&code=bhy&p1=3&p2=2&case=91&k=f4&p3=5">"ICJ: Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 – Bosnia v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=ICJ%3A+Summary+of+the+Judgment+of+26+February+2007+%E2%80%93+Bosnia+v.+Serbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Findex.php%3Fsum%3D667%26code%3Dbhy%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D2%26case%3D91%26k%3Df4%26p3%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/27/world/europe/27hague.html?ref=world">"Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 26 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Declares+Bosnia+Killings+Were+Genocide&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F27%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F27hague.html%3Fref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span>. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ibhy/ibhyjudgment/ibhy_ijudgment_20070226_frame.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228134258/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ibhy/ibhyjudgment/ibhy_ijudgment_20070226_frame.htm">Archived</a> 28 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1055841">"Top UN court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from genocide"</a>. <i>UN News</i>. 23 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Top+UN+court+orders+Myanmar+to+protect+Rohingya+from+genocide&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2020%2F01%2F1055841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/27/interview-landmark-world-court-order-protects-rohingya-genocide">"Interview: Landmark World Court Order Protects Rohingya from Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. 27 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Landmark+World+Court+Order+Protects+Rohingya+from+Genocide&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F01%2F27%2Finterview-landmark-world-court-order-protects-rohingya-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_BergPaul2020" class="citation news cs1">van den Berg, Stephanie; Paul, Ruma (23 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-world-court-idUSKBN1ZM00H">"World Court orders Myanmar to protect Rohingya from acts of genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=World+Court+orders+Myanmar+to+protect+Rohingya+from+acts+of+genocide&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.aulast=van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Paul%2C+Ruma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-myanmar-rohingya-world-court-idUSKBN1ZM00H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newlinesinstitute-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newlinesinstitute_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newlinesinstitute_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf">"Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation's Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy; Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights</i>. 27 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616080955/https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Lines+Institute+for+Strategy+and+Policy%3B+Raoul+Wallenberg+Centre+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Independent+Legal+Analysis+of+the+Russian+Federation%27s+Breaches+of+the+Genocide+Convention+in+Ukraine+and+the+Duty+to+Prevent&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesinstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FEnglish-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-update-ukraine">"Genocide Emergency Update: Ukraine"</a>. <i>Genocide Watch</i>. 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.atitle=Genocide+Emergency+Update%3A+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.com%2Fsingle-post%2Fgenocide-emergency-update-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/country-report-ukraine-1">"Genocide Emergency: Ukraine"</a>. <i>Genocide Watch</i>. 4 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.atitle=Genocide+Emergency%3A+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.com%2Fsingle-post%2Fcountry-report-ukraine-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report">"Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia+is+guilty+of+inciting+genocide+in+Ukraine%2C+expert+report+concludes&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmay%2F27%2Frussia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorder2023" class="citation news cs1">Corder, Mike (29 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21">"South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa+launches+case+at+top+UN+court+accusing+Israel+of+genocide+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-12-29&rft.aulast=Corder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsouth-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf">"APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=APPLICATION+INSTITUTING+PROCEEDINGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcase-related%2F192%2F192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2008). "Empire, Colony, Genocide: Keywords and the Philosophy of History". In Moses, A. Dirk (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC"><i>Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 3–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-452-4"><bdi>978-1-84545-452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Keywords+and+the+Philosophy+of+History&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pages=3-54&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-452-4&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBgoNN4MG-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOHCHR2016" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/UN_Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (15 June 2016). They Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis. <i>U.N. Doc. A/HRC/32/CRP.2</i> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=They+Came+to+Destroy%3A+ISIS+Crimes+Against+the+Yazidis&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.au=UN+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Tams, Christian J.; Berster, Lars; Schiffbauer, Björn (2024). <i>The Genocide Convention – Article-by-Article Commentary</i>, 2nd edition. C.H. Beck / Nomos / Hart Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-81272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-81272-9">978-3-406-81272-9</a></li> <li>Henham, Ralph J.; Chalfont, Paul; Behrens, Paul (Editors 2007). <i>The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects</i>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4898-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4898-2">0-7546-4898-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4898-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4898-7">978-0-7546-4898-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBpEVAY0SqQC&pg=PA98&dq=genocide+ad+hoc#PPA98,M1">p. 98</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Weiss-Wendt" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt">Weiss-Wendt, Anton</a> (2017). <i>The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31290-9"><bdi>978-0-299-31290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Gutting+of+the+UN+Genocide+Convention&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-299-31290-9&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+Convention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cppcg/cppcg.html">Introductory note</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Schabas" title="William Schabas">William Schabas</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cppcg/cppcg.html">procedural history note</a> on the Genocide Convention in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html">Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_human_rights_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International human rights instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_human_rights_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">International human rights instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Declarations,_manifestos,_and_resolutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Resolution" title="Brazilian Resolution">Brazilian Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Montreal" title="Declaration of Montreal">Declaration of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Child">Declaration of the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a> (DEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> (DEVAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> (UNDRIP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> (VDPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a> (UNDROP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Political_Rights_of_Women" title="Convention on the Political Rights of Women">Convention on the Political Rights of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Convention" title="Apartheid Convention">International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_Enforced_Disappearance" title="International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance">International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Regional_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Regional law</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Convention for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">Social Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li>Inter-American Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">to Prevent and Punish Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_all_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities">on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_humanitarian_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_criminal_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">Crimes against<br />international law</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">Genocidal intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a><br /><span class="nobold">(in order of foundation)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Panels_for_Serious_Crimes_(East_Timor)" title="Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)">Special Panels of the Dili District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_speech_crimes" title="International speech crimes">International speech crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Nations" title="Template:United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations" title="Template talk:United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" title="United Nations television film series">United Nations television film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations" title="Withdrawal from the United Nations">Withdrawal from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_United_Nations_Associations" title="World Federation of United Nations Associations">World Federation of United Nations Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865344#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865344#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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Gibraltar">Treaties extended to Gibraltar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man">Treaties extended to the Isle of Man</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands">Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_extended_to_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Category:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands">Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_extended_to_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_extended_to_Norfolk_Island" title="Category:Treaties extended to Norfolk Island">Treaties extended to Norfolk 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