Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6 | Nature</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/nature.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if (!(connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled || connectionDetail.slowConnection)) { createLink("/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2"); } else { document.documentElement.classList.add('save-data'); } </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"letter","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":"galaxies-and-clusters;interstellar-medium;near-infrared-spectroscopy","webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Nature","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Letter","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/nature09462"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":false,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":null}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["M. 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Lehnert et al. now report that UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.6. The galaxy was first identified as a candidate z ≈ 8.6 object in deep Wide Field Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and the discovery in ground-based observations that it is emitting Lyman-α photons provides confirmation. This single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby. Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts of z = 8.2 and z = 6.96. It is now reported that the galaxy UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002. The finding has implications for our understanding of the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization of the Universe after the Big Bang. Galaxies had their most significant impact on the Universe when they assembled their first generations of stars. Energetic photons emitted by young, massive stars in primeval galaxies ionized the intergalactic medium surrounding their host galaxies, cleared sightlines along which the light of the young galaxies could escape, and fundamentally altered the physical state of the intergalactic gas in the Universe continuously until the present day1,2. Observations of the cosmic microwave background3, and of galaxies and quasars at the highest redshifts4, suggest that the Universe was reionized through a complex process that was completed about a billion years after the Big Bang, by redshift z ≈ 6. Detecting ionizing Lyman-α photons from increasingly distant galaxies places important constraints on the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization. Here we report the detection of Lyα photons emitted less than 600 million years after the Big Bang. UDFy-38135539 (ref. 5) is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002, which is greater than those of the previously known most distant objects, at z = 8.2 (refs 6 and 7) and z = 6.96 (ref. 8). We find that this single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby9.","datePublished":"2010-10-20T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2010-10-20T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"940","pageEnd":"942","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09462","keywords":["Galaxies and clusters","Interstellar medium","Near-infrared spectroscopy","Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_Article_BFnature09462_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_Article_BFnature09462_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_Article_BFnature09462_Fig3_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature","issn":["1476-4687","0028-0836"],"volumeNumber":"467","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"M. 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Basa","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, OAMP, Universit Aix-Marseille & CNRS 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie","address":{"name":"Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, OAMP, Universit Aix-Marseille & CNRS 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie, Marseille Cedex 13, France","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09462"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41586"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature 2010 467:7318"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2010-10-20"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2010 Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2010 Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts z ≈ 8.2 and z ≈ 6.96. Lehnert et al. now report that UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.6. The galaxy was first identified as a candidate z ≈ 8.6 object in deep Wide Field Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and the discovery in ground-based observations that it is emitting Lyman-α photons provides confirmation. This single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby. Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts of z = 8.2 and z = 6.96. It is now reported that the galaxy UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002. The finding has implications for our understanding of the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization of the Universe after the Big Bang. Galaxies had their most significant impact on the Universe when they assembled their first generations of stars. Energetic photons emitted by young, massive stars in primeval galaxies ionized the intergalactic medium surrounding their host galaxies, cleared sightlines along which the light of the young galaxies could escape, and fundamentally altered the physical state of the intergalactic gas in the Universe continuously until the present day1,2. Observations of the cosmic microwave background3, and of galaxies and quasars at the highest redshifts4, suggest that the Universe was reionized through a complex process that was completed about a billion years after the Big Bang, by redshift z ≈ 6. Detecting ionizing Lyman-α photons from increasingly distant galaxies places important constraints on the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization. Here we report the detection of Lyα photons emitted less than 600 million years after the Big Bang. UDFy-38135539 (ref. 5) is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002, which is greater than those of the previously known most distant objects, at z = 8.2 (refs 6 and 7) and z = 6.96 (ref. 8). We find that this single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby9."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2010-10-20"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="467"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="7318"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="940"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="942"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2010 Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09462"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/nature09462"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09462.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09462"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nature"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1476-4687"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="467"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="7318"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2010/10/20"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="940"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="942"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/nature09462"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/nature09462"/> <meta name="size" content="84369"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/nature09462"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/nature09462&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts z ≈ 8.2 and z ≈ 6.96. Lehnert et al. now report that UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.6. The galaxy was first identified as a candidate z ≈ 8.6 object in deep Wide Field Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and the discovery in ground-based observations that it is emitting Lyman-α photons provides confirmation. This single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby. Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts of z = 8.2 and z = 6.96. It is now reported that the galaxy UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002. The finding has implications for our understanding of the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization of the Universe after the Big Bang. Galaxies had their most significant impact on the Universe when they assembled their first generations of stars. Energetic photons emitted by young, massive stars in primeval galaxies ionized the intergalactic medium surrounding their host galaxies, cleared sightlines along which the light of the young galaxies could escape, and fundamentally altered the physical state of the intergalactic gas in the Universe continuously until the present day1,2. Observations of the cosmic microwave background3, and of galaxies and quasars at the highest redshifts4, suggest that the Universe was reionized through a complex process that was completed about a billion years after the Big Bang, by redshift z ≈ 6. Detecting ionizing Lyman-α photons from increasingly distant galaxies places important constraints on the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization. Here we report the detection of Lyα photons emitted less than 600 million years after the Big Bang. UDFy-38135539 (ref. 5) is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002, which is greater than those of the previously known most distant objects, at z = 8.2 (refs 6 and 7) and z = 6.96 (ref. 8). We find that this single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby9."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lehnert, M. D."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Nesvadba, N. P. H."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Cuby, J.-G."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Swinbank, A. M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Morris, S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Clément, B."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Evans, C. J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bremer, M. 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Wills Physics Laboratory, Bristol, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Basa, S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, OAMP, Universit Aix-Marseille & CNRS 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie, Marseille Cedex 13, France"/> <meta name="access_endpoint" content="https://www.nature.com/platform/readcube-access"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@nature"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Nature - Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts z ≈ 8.2 and z ≈ 6.96. Lehnert et al. now report that UDFy-38135539 is..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_Article_BFnature09462_Fig1_HTML.jpg"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09462"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nature"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6 - Nature"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Until now, the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxies known in the Universe were at redshifts of z = 8.2 and z = 6.96. It is now reported that the galaxy UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of z = 8.5549 ± 0.0002. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2010-10-20">20 October 2010</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift <i>z</i> = 8.6</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__D_-Lehnert-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-M__D_-Lehnert-Aff1" data-author-search="Lehnert, M. D." data-corresp-id="c1">M. D. Lehnert<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-N__P__H_-Nesvadba-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-N__P__H_-Nesvadba-Aff2" data-author-search="Nesvadba, N. P. H." data-corresp-id="c2">N. P. H. Nesvadba<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J__G_-Cuby-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-J__G_-Cuby-Aff3" data-author-search="Cuby, J.-G.">J.-G. Cuby</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-A__M_-Swinbank-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-A__M_-Swinbank-Aff4" data-author-search="Swinbank, A. M.">A. M. Swinbank</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Morris-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Morris-Aff5" data-author-search="Morris, S.">S. Morris</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-B_-Cl_ment-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-B_-Cl_ment-Aff3" data-author-search="Clément, B.">B. Clément</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-C__J_-Evans-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-C__J_-Evans-Aff6" data-author-search="Evans, C. J.">C. J. Evans</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M__N_-Bremer-Aff7" data-author-popup="auth-M__N_-Bremer-Aff7" data-author-search="Bremer, M. N.">M. N. Bremer</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff7">7</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 9 authors for this article" title="Show all 9 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S_-Basa-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-S_-Basa-Aff3" data-author-search="Basa, S.">S. Basa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 467</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>940–942 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2010</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1067 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">55 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature09462/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/galaxies-and-clusters" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Galaxies and clusters</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/interstellar-medium" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Interstellar medium</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/near-infrared-spectroscopy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Near-infrared spectroscopy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs3" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs3">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs3-content"><p>Galaxies had their most significant impact on the Universe when they assembled their first generations of stars. Energetic photons emitted by young, massive stars in primeval galaxies ionized the intergalactic medium surrounding their host galaxies, cleared sightlines along which the light of the young galaxies could escape, and fundamentally altered the physical state of the intergalactic gas in the Universe continuously until the present day<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Mesinger, A. & Furlanetto, S. Efficient simulations of early structure formation and reionization. Astrophys. J. 669, 663–675 (2007)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e539">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Choudhury, T. R., Haehnelt, M. G. & Regan, J. Inside-out or outside-in: the topology of reionization in the photon-starved regime suggested by Ly-alpha forest data. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 394, 960–977 (2009)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e542">2</a></sup>. Observations of the cosmic microwave background<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Komatsu, E. et al. Seven-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: cosmological interpretation. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. (submitted); preprint at 〈 http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.4538 〉 (2010)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e546">3</a></sup>, and of galaxies and quasars at the highest redshifts<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Fan, X. et al. Constraining the evolution of the ionizing background and the epoch of reionization with z ∼ 6 quasars. II. A sample of 19 quasars. Astron. J. 132, 117–136 (2006)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e550">4</a></sup>, suggest that the Universe was reionized through a complex process that was completed about a billion years after the Big Bang, by redshift <i>z</i> ≈ 6. Detecting ionizing Lyman-α photons from increasingly distant galaxies places important constraints on the timing, location and nature of the sources responsible for reionization. Here we report the detection of Lyα photons emitted less than 600 million years after the Big Bang. UDFy-38135539 (ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Bouwens, R. J. et al. Discovery of z ∼ 8 galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field from ultra-deep WFC3/IR observations. Astrophys. J. 709, L133–L137 (2010)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e556">5</a>) is at a redshift of <i>z</i> = 8.5549 ± 0.0002, which is greater than those of the previously known most distant objects, at <i>z</i> = 8.2 (refs <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Tanvir, N. R. et al. A γ-ray burst at a redshift of z ≈ 8.2. Nature 461, 1254–1257 (2009)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e566">6</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Salvaterra, R. et al. GRB090423 at a redshift of z ≈ 8.1. Nature 461, 1258–1260 (2009)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e569">7</a>) and <i>z</i> = 6.96 (ref. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Iye, M. et al. A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96. Nature 443, 186–188 (2006)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e575">8</a>). We find that this single source is unlikely to provide enough photons to ionize the volume necessary for the emission line to escape, requiring a significant contribution from other, probably fainter galaxies nearby<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Loeb, A., Barkana, R. & Hernquist, L. Was the universe reionized at redshift 10? Astrophys. J. 620, 553–558 (2005)" href="/articles/nature09462#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d3181765e580">9</a></sup>.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature09462" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p class="c-article-access-provider__text 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We also thank F. Combes, S. Zaroubi, M. Haehnelt, D. Valls-Gabaud and J. Dunlop for discussions.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. D. Lehnert</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address"> Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, UMR 8617, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 121, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France , </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">N. P. H. Nesvadba</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, OAMP, Universit Aix-Marseille & CNRS 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie, Marseille Cedex 13, 13388, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J.-G. Cuby, B. Clément & S. Basa</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">A. M. Swinbank</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3AJ, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">S. Morris</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">C. J. Evans</p></li><li id="Aff7"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Physics, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">M. N. Bremer</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-M__D_-Lehnert-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">M. D. 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Basa</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=S.%20Basa" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=S.%20Basa" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22S.%20Basa%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>M.D.L. led the writing of the paper and the presentation of the results and was responsible for the modelling shown in <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/nature09462#Fig3">Fig. 3</a>. N.P.H.N. designed the observations, reduced all of the data and was responsible for the data shown in <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/nature09462#Fig1">Figs 1</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/nature09462#Fig2">2</a>. A.M.S., J.-G.C., B.C. and S.B. also examined the data. S.M., M.N.B., N.P.H.N. and A.M.S. helped significantly in editing the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:matthew.lehnert@obspm.fr">M. D. Lehnert</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:nicole.nesvadba@ias.u-psud.fr">N. P. H. Nesvadba</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM59"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_BFnature09462_MOESM59_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>This file contains Supplementary Information comprising: Observations and data reduction; The nature of the line and Other Possible Sources of Line Emission. 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(PDF 168 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="PowerPoint slides"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">PowerPoint slides</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM56"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="powerpoint slide for fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature09462/MediaObjects/41586_2010_BFnature09462_MOESM56_ESM.ppt" data-supp-info-image="">PowerPoint slide for Fig. 1</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM57"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" 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Lehnert <i>et al</i>. now report that UDFy-38135539 is at a redshift of <i>z</i> = 8.6. The galaxy was first identified as a candidate <i>z</i> ≈ 8.6 object in deep Wide Field Camera 3 observations of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and the discovery in ground-based observations that it is emitting Lyman-α photons provides confirmation. 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Spectroscopic confirmation of a galaxy at redshift z = 8.6 | Nature