CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Al-Mubarrad - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"05e98c65-6671-4a45-809f-c6808eea698f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Al-Mubarrad","wgTitle":"Al-Mubarrad","wgCurRevisionId":1216913418,"wgRevisionId":1216913418,"wgArticleId":3019587,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 maint: location missing publisher", "CS1 French-language sources (fr)","826 births","898 deaths","9th-century Arab people","9th-century Arabic-language writers","9th-century jurists","9th-century linguists","9th-century philologists","Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate","Arab grammarians","Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate","Grammarians of Basra","Philologists of Arabic","Quranic exegesis scholars"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Al-Mubarrad","wgRelevantArticleId":3019587,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist": true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2829242","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Al-Mubarrad - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mubarrad"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mubarrad"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Al-Mubarrad rootpage-Al-Mubarrad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al-Mubarrad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al-Mubarrad" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Al-Mubarrad" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Al-Mubarrad" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcribers_of_al-Mubarrad[n_14]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcribers_of_al-Mubarrad[n_14]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transcribers of al-Mubarrad<sup><span>[</span>n 14<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcribers_of_al-Mubarrad[n_14]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Mubarrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="المبرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المبرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mub%C3%A0rrad" title="Al-Mubàrrad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Mubàrrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mubarrad" title="Al-Mubarrad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Mubarrad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ابوالعباس مبرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوالعباس مبرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Moubarred" title="Al-Moubarred – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Moubarred" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mubarrad" title="Al-Mubarrad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Mubarrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Аль-Мубаррад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Мубаррад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="المبرد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="المبرد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%9C%E8%B5%96%E5%BE%B7" title="穆拜赖德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆拜赖德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2829242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarrad" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Al-Mubarrad" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarrad"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarrad"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Al-Mubarrad" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Al-Mubarrad" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&oldid=1216913418" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Al-Mubarrad&id=1216913418&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAl-Mubarrad"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAl-Mubarrad"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Al-Mubarrad&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Mubarrad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2829242" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abbasid philologist, biographer and grammarian (826-898)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abū al-‘Abbās Muḥammad ibn Yazīd</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 826 (207 AH)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">898–899 (285 AH)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">al-Mubarrad</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Basra" title="Grammarians of Basra">Grammarian of Basra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Al-Mubarrad</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المبرد</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>al-Mobarrad</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186831III_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186831III-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137,_line_15Irshād,_VI_(7)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137,_line_15Irshād,_VI_(7)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Abū al-‘Abbās Muḥammad ibn Yazīd</b> (c. 826 – c. 898), was a native of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Baṣrah</a>. He was a philologist, biographer and a leading <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">grammarian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Basrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammarians of Basrah">School of Basra</a>, a rival to the <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Kufa" title="Grammarians of Kufa">School of Kufa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 860 he was called to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>. When the caliph was killed the following year, he went to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdād</a>, and taught there until his death. </p><p>A prolific writer, perhaps the greatest of his school, his best known work is <i>Al-Kāmil</i> ("The Perfect One" or "The Complete").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1869_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1869-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A leading scholar of <a href="/wiki/Sibawayh" title="Sibawayh">Sībawayh</a>'s seminal treatise on grammar, "al-Kitab" ("The Book"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868396II_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868396II-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he lectured on philology and wrote critical treatises on linguistics and Quranic exegesis (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>). He is said to be the source of the story of <a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a> or Shahr Banu — eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His quote to would-be students was: </p> <dl><dd>“Have you ridden through grammar, appreciating its vastness and meeting with the difficulties of its contents?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970111–2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970111–2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ishaq Al-Nadīm</a> transmitted the written account of Abū al-Ḥusayn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khazzaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khazzaz (page does not exist)">al-Khazzāz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaḥḥālah1959120VI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaḥḥālah1959120VI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862205_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who gives al-Mubarrad's full genealogical name: Muḥammad ibn Yazīd ibn ‘Abd al-Akbar ibn ‘Umayr ibn Ḥasanān ibn Sulaym ibn Sa‘d ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Durayd ibn Mālik ibn al-Ḥārith ibn ‘Āmir ibn Abd Allāh ibn Bilāl ibn ‘Awf ibn Aslam ibn Aḥjan ibn Ka‘b ibn al-Ḥarīth ibn Ka‘b ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Mālik ibn Naṣr ibn al-Azd, al-Azd said to be the son of al-Ghawth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sheikh Abū Sa‘īd al-<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%ABr%C4%81f%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sīrāfī (page does not exist)">Sīrāfī</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868377I_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868377I-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909221_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196584Irshad,_VI_(3)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196584Irshad,_VI_(3)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abū al-‘Abbās Muḥammad ibn Yazīd al-Azdī al-Thumālī [al-Mubarrad] was a protégé of the grammarians <a href="/wiki/Al-Jarmi" title="Al-Jarmi">al-Jarmī</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mazini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mazini (page does not exist)">al-Māzinī</a>, etc. He was descended from a branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azd" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azd">al-Azd</a>, called the Thumālah. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began studying Sībawayh's <i>Book</i> with <a href="/wiki/Al-Jarmi" title="Al-Jarmi">al-Jarmī</a>, but completed it with al-Māzinī, whose linguistic theories he developed. In a citation from the book called <i>Device of the Men of Letters</i>, al-Hakimi wrote that Abū ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Qāsim called Al-Mubarrad a "Sūraḥūn",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of al-Baṣrah. His origins were in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">al-Yaman</a>, however his marriage to a daughter of al-Ḥafṣā al-Mughannī<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earned him the name ‘Ḥayyan al-Sūraḥī.’ </p><p>Abū Sa’īd reports <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sarraj">al-Sarrāj</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186852III_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186852III-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)190944_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)190944-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954122_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954122-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Saffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saffar">Abū ‘Ali al-Ṣaffār</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)187152,_n.24IV_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)187152,_n.24IV-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that al-Mubarrad was born in 825-26 (210 AH)and died in 898-99 (285 AH), aged seventy-nine. Others said his birth was in 822-23 (207 AH). Al-Ṣūlī Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya said he was buried in the cemetery of the Kūfah Gate. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–128_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mubarrad related many anecdotes of the poets, linguists and satirists of his circle. In one such tale al-Mubarrad says </p> <dl><dd>“One day Abū <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhallim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhallim (page does not exist)">Muḥallim</a> al-Shaybānī<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965758Irshad,_VI(7)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965758Irshad,_VI(7)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186248_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel186248-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970100–1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970100–1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said to me, ‘I had never seen a mortar<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the nomads, so that when I came across one, I was disdainful of it.’”</dd></dl> <p>He estimated that “Abū Zayd<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868570I_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868570I-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawawī_(al-)1847721_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawawī_(al-)1847721-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiriklī_(al-)1959144III_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiriklī_(al-)1959144III-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knew a great deal about grammar, but less than <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">al-Khalīl</a> and Sībawayh."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described <a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%CA%BFi" title="Al-Asmaʿi">al-Aṣma’ī</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868123II_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868123II-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "equal to Abu ‘Ubaydah in poetry and rhetoric but more expert in grammar, although ‘Ubaydah excelled in genealogy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970120_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970120-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another tradition al-Mubarrad read a poem of the poet <a href="/wiki/Jarir_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarir (poet)">Jarīr</a> to a student of al-Aṣma‘ī and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah (scholar)">Abū ‘Ubaydah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868388III_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868388III-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965164Irshad_VI(7)_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965164Irshad_VI(7)-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tawwazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tawwazi (page does not exist)">al-Tawwazī</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909290_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909290-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965894I_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965894I-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954107_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the presence of the poet’s great grandson Umārah,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900183XX_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900183XX-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011358III_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011358III-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The dove was happy in the trees exciting me;</dd> <dd>For a long time may thou tarry in the branches and the forest verdure,</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>until he came to the line </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>But the heart remaineth bound by longing</dd> <dd>For Jumanah or Rayya, the Barren Place (al-‘Āqir).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>When ‘Umārah asked al-Tawwazī how his master Abū ‘Ubaydah would interpret “Jumanah and Rayyā”, al-Tawwazī replied, “The names of two women,” ‘Umārah laughed saying, ‘These two, by Allāh, are two sandy places to the right and left of my house!' When al-Tawwazi asked al-Mubarrad to write this explanation down, he refused out of respect for Abū ‘Ubaydah. Al-Tawwazī insisted that if he were present, Abū ‘Ubaydah, would accept Umārah’s interpretation, as it was about his own house.’ <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970124–125_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970124–125-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Meaning of the Qur’ān;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)197076_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)197076-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Al-Kāmil (The Complete)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Garden;</li> <li>Improvisation;</li> <li>Etymology;</li> <li>Al-Anwā' and the Seasons;</li> <li>Al-Qawāfī;</li> <li>Penmanship and Spelling;</li> <li>Introduction to Sībawayh;</li> <li>The Shortened and the Lengthened Masculine and Feminine;</li> <li>The Meaning of the Qur’ān, known as Kitāb al-Tāmm (Entirety);</li> <li>Proving the Readings [methods of reading the Qur’ān];</li> <li>Explanation of the Arguments of the “Book" of Sībawayh;</li> <li>Necessity of Poetry;</li> <li>The Training of an Examiner;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Letters in the Meaning of the Qur’an to “Ṭā' (Ṭ) Ha‘(H);<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Meaning of the Attributes of Allāh, May His Name Be Glorified;</li> <li>Praiseworthy and Vile;</li> <li>Pleasing Gardens;</li> <li>Names of the Calamities among the Arabs;</li> <li>The Compendium (unfinished);</li> <li>Consolation;</li> <li>Embellishment;</li> <li>Thorough Searching of the “Book” of Sībawayh;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thorough Searching of “Kitab al-Awsaṭ" of al-Akhfash;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Prosody- An Explanation of the Words of the Arabs, Rescuing Their Pronunciation, Coupling of Their Words, and Relating Their Meaning;</li> <li>How the Pronunciations of the Qur’ān Agree, Though Their Meanings Differ;</li> <li>The Generations of the Grammarians of al-Baṣrah, with Accounts about Them;</li> <li>The Complete Epistle;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Refutation of Sībawayh The Principles of Poetry;</li> <li>Inflection (Declension) of the Qur’ān;</li> <li>Exhortation for Morality and Truth;</li> <li>Qaḥṭān and ‘Adnan [the basic Arab tribes];</li> <li>The Excess Deleted from Sībawayh;</li> <li>Introduction to Grammar;</li> <li>Inflection (Declension);</li> <li>The Speaker (The Rational Being);</li> <li>Superior and Distinguished;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Explanation of the Names of Allah the Almighty; </p> <ul><li>The Letters;</li> <li>Declension (Conjugation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970129_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970129-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcribers_of_al-Mubarrad[n_14]"><span id="Transcribers_of_al-Mubarrad.5Bn_14.5D"></span>Transcribers of al-Mubarrad<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transcribers of al-Mubarrad[n 14]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The copyists Ismā’īl ibn Aḥmad Ibn <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sari_al-Zajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Sari al-Zajjaj">al-Zajjājī</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186828I_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186828I-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sh%C4%81sh%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shāshī (page does not exist)">al-Shāshī</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862233_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862233-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were probably al-Mubarrad’s amanuenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary grammarians wrote commentaries of lesser value on <i>The Book of Sībawayh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among this group were: Abū <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhakw%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhakwān (page does not exist)">Dhakwān</a> al-Qāsim ibn Ismā’īl,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909275_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909275-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wrote “The Meaning of Poetry”; Abū Dhakwān’s stepson Al-Tawwazī. ‘Ubayd ibn Dhakwān Abū ‘Ali,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among whose books there were Contraries, <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Reply of the Silencer, Oaths (Divisions) of the Arabians, Abū Ya‘lā ibn Abī Zur‘ah, a friend of al-Māzinī, who wrote A Compendium of Grammar (unfinished) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970130_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970130-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mubarrad‘s leading pupil <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sari_al-Zajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Sari al-Zajjaj">al-Zajjāj</a> became an associate of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah">al-Qāsim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">‘Abbāsid</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu‘taḍid</a> (892-902), and tutor to the caliph’s children. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Mu’taḍid was recommended the book <i>Compendium of Speech</i> by Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Abi ‘Abbād,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)187135VII_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)187135VII-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011155III_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011155III-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was composed in the form of tables, the caliph ordered his vizier, al-Qāsim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19012207–2213II_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19012207–2213II-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskawayh192120_(18),_268(238)VI_(I)_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskawayh192120_(18),_268(238)VI_(I)-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956107–108,_128–133,_268III_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956107–108,_128–133,_268III-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to commission an expositionary commentary. Al-Qāsim sent first to <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-%E2%80%98Abb%C4%81s_Tha%E2%80%99lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-‘Abbās Tha’lab">Tha‘lab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186883I_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186883I-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who declined -offering instead to work on <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-%27Ayn" title="Kitab al-'Ayn">Kitāb al-‘Ayn</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">al-Khalīl</a>- and then to al-Mubarrad, who in turn declined on grounds of age. Al-Mubarrad recommended his younger colleague al-Zajjāj for such a laborious task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131–2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131–2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mubarrad had a close friendship with Ibn al-Sarrāj, one of his brightest and sharpest pupils. When al-Mubarrad died al-Sarrāj became a pupil of al-Zajjāj.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970135_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970135-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al Mubarrad taught Abū Muḥammad ‘Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durust%C5%AByah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durustūyah (page does not exist)">Durustūyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954127_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954127-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970137_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970137-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn ‘lsā al-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rummani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rummani (page does not exist)">Rummānī</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868242II_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868242II-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965280Irshad,_IV(5)_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965280Irshad,_IV(5)-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909344_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909344-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote a commentary on the “Introduction" (Al-Madkhal) (on grammar) of al-Mubarrad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970138–9_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970138–9-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ḥā’ik Hārūn,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965234Irshad,_VI(7)_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965234Irshad,_VI(7)-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954168_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954168-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from al-Ḥīrah, a <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Kufa" title="Grammarians of Kufa">grammarian of al-Kūfah</a>, debated with al-Mubarrad. A conversation between al-Mubarrad and Ibn al-Ḥā’ik is related by al-Nadīm were al-Mubarrad says to Ibn al-Ḥā’ik, “I notice that you are full of understanding, but at the same time free from pride." Ibn al-Ḥā’ik replied, “Oh, Abū al-‘Abbas, it is because of you that Allāh has provided our bread and livelihood.” Then al-Mubarrad said, “In spite of receiving your bread and livelihood, you would be proud if you had a proud nature."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970164_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970164-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Nadīm also relates a tradition from Abū ‘Ubayd Allāh<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad had related that Abū al-‘Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid [al-Mubarrad] the grammarian<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had said: “I never saw anyone more avaricious for learning than al-<a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C4%81%E1%B8%A5i%E1%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jāḥiẓ (page does not exist)">Jāḥiẓ</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868405II_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868405II-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196556–80Irshad,_VI(6)_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196556–80Irshad,_VI(6)-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fat%E1%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatḥ (page does not exist)">Fatḥ</a> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868455II_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868455II-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965116Irshad,_VI(6)_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965116Irshad,_VI(6)-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)1871220,_272VII_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)1871220,_272VII-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ibn Khāqān, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ism%C4%81%E2%80%99%C4%ABl_ibn_Is%E1%B8%A5aq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismā’īl ibn Isḥaq (page does not exist)">Ismā’īl ibn Isḥaq</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qāḍī</a> (Judge).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909193_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909193-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858173Kashf_al-Zunun,_I_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858173Kashf_al-Zunun,_I-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858542,_618Kashf_al-Zunun,_V_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858542,_618Kashf_al-Zunun,_V-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965744Irshad,_I_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965744Irshad,_I-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965256,_line_2,_940,_line_19Irshad,IV_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965256,_line_2,_940,_line_19Irshad,IV-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever book came into the hands of al-Jāḥīẓ, he read it from cover to cover, while al-Fatḥ carried a book in his slipper and if he left the presence of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> to relieve himself or to pray, he read the book as he walked and returned to his seat. As for Ismā’īl ibn Isḥaq, whenever I went in to him there was in his hand a book which he was reading, or else he was turning over some books so as to choose one of them to read. <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970397–8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970397–8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Beatty</a> MS of <i>Al-Fihrist</i> gives al-Mubarrid, but in most of the translation the usual spelling, al-Mubarrad is used. Al-Māzinī nicknamed him “Mubarrid” (meaning “cool-headed in establishing the truth"), but the scholars of al-Kūfah changed it to Mubarrad (“chilly”), the name by which the grammarian is known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137Irshād,_VI_(7)_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137Irshād,_VI_(7)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Durayd, Geneal., p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shahrastānī, Baghdādī, Mas‘udi and others do not mention the Sūraḥūn sect, who were probably local to al-Baṣrah. The Beatty MS, (followed in the <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Dodge" title="Bayard Dodge">Dodge</a> English translation of <i>Al-Fihrist</i>), suggests the Sūraḥūn were sweepers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Ḥafṣā al-Mughannī was a “sharīf”, or noble, of Yemen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a great grandson of the poet Jarīr, ‘Umārah was brought up in the old family home and probably knew all about Jumānah and Rayyā al-‘Āqir. See Jarīr, Sharḥ Dīwān, pp. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This book about meaning of the Qur’an, Its Ambiguity and Metaphor is not mentioned in the Beatty MS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recent Arabic editions of this famous book have been published by Dār al—Kutub and Maktabat Nahḍat Miṣr in Cairo, and there is also the older edition put out by Kreysing of Leipzig in 1864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This probably refers to a scholar trained to examine old poems and tribal vernaculars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ṭā’ hā’ are the letters which begin Sūrah 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word used in the Beatty MS seems to be qa’r ( thorough searching") followed in the translation, although Flügel gives the word as ma‘na (“meaning’).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Kitāb al-Awsīṭ fī aI-Naḥw of al-Akhfash (the Middle) <i>see</i> Yaqut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965244Irshād_VI_(4)_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965244Irshād_VI_(4)-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This title and those following are in the Flügel edition but not in the Beatty MS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is perhaps a misprint, meant to be instead the grammatical forms Al- Fā’il wa-al-Maf’ūl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word translated as “transcribers” is an unusual form but it probably refers to the two men mentioned in the first phrase, who copied al—Mubarrad’s manuscripts. The other persons mentioned under this heading were not transcribers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Nadim lists <i>Al-Kāmil</i> first of al-Mubarrad's books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This title is not included in the Beatty MS. On the margin the following note is inserted: “Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Marwān quoted through Abū Dhakwān the book Opposites from al-Tawwazī." This evidently refers to Kitāb al-Aḍdād of al-Tawwazī.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Abi ‘Abbād Abū Ja‘far, was Maḥbarah al-Nadīm or Abū ‘Abbād Jābir ibn Zayd ibn al- Ṣabbāḥ al-‘Askarī</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is unclear to whom the pronouns refer, but it seems logical to interpret the passage as translated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Mubarrad evidently cared for Hārūn as an apprentice before Hārūn studied with Tha‘lab.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abū ‘Ubayd Allāh was evidently a friend of the author of Al-Fihrist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad may have been a son of al-Mubarrad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same anecdote is told at Dodge, Chap. III, sect. 2, near n. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137Irshād,_VI_(7)-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137Irshād,_VI_(7)_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 137, Irshād, VI (7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186831III-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186831III_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 31, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137,_line_15Irshād,_VI_(7)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965137,_line_15Irshād,_VI_(7)_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 137, line 15, Irshād, VI (7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThatcher1911954_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThatcher1911">Thatcher 1911</a>, p. 954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1869-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1869_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1869">Wright 1869</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868396II-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868396II_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 396, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970111–2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970111–2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 111–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaḥḥālah1959120VI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaḥḥālah1959120VI_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaḥḥālah1959">Kaḥḥālah 1959</a>, p. 120, VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862205-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862205_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel1862">Flügel 1862</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–8_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 127–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868377I-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868377I_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 377, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909221-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909221_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196584Irshad,_VI_(3)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196584Irshad,_VI_(3)_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 84, Irshad, VI (3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186852III-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186852III_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 52, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)190944-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)190944_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954122-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954122_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954">Zubaydī (al-) 1954</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)187152,_n.24IV-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)187152,_n.24IV_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1871">Khallikān (Ibn) 1871</a>, p. 52, n.24, IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–128-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970127–128_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965758Irshad,_VI(7)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965758Irshad,_VI(7)_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 758, Irshad, VI(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel186248-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186248_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel1862">Flügel 1862</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970100–1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970100–1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 100–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">n-group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868570I-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868570I_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 570, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawawī_(al-)1847721-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawawī_(al-)1847721_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawawī_(al-)1847">Nawawī (al-) 1847</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiriklī_(al-)1959144III-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiriklī_(al-)1959144III_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZiriklī_(al-)1959">Ziriklī (al-) 1959</a>, p. 144, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970118-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970118_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868123II-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868123II_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 123, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970120-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970120_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868388III-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868388III_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 388, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965164Irshad_VI(7)-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965164Irshad_VI(7)_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 164, Irshad VI(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909290-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909290_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965894I-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965894I_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 894, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954107-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954107_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954">Zubaydī (al-) 1954</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900183XX-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900183XX_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900">Iṣbahānī (Ibn) 1900</a>, p. 183, XX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011358III-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011358III_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1901">Ṭabarī (al-) 1901</a>, p. 1358, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970124–125-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970124–125_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)197076-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)197076_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965244Irshād_VI_(4)-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965244Irshād_VI_(4)_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 244, Irshād VI (4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970129-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970129_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186828I-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186828I_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 28, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862233-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel1862233_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel1862">Flügel 1862</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel186295_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel1862">Flügel 1862</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909275-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909275_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970130-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970130_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)187135VII-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)187135VII_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMas'ūdī_(al-)1871">Mas'ūdī (al-) 1871</a>, p. 35, VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011155III-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19011155III_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1901">Ṭabarī (al-) 1901</a>, p. 1155, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19012207–2213II-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬabarī_(al-)19012207–2213II_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1901">Ṭabarī (al-) 1901</a>, pp. 2207–2213, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskawayh192120_(18),_268(238)VI_(I)-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskawayh192120_(18),_268(238)VI_(I)_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiskawayh1921">Miskawayh 1921</a>, pp. 20 (18), 268(238), VI (I).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956107–108,_128–133,_268III-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956107–108,_128–133,_268III_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956">Ṭaghrī-Birdī (Ibn) 1956</a>, pp. 107–108, 128–133, 268, III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186883I-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)186883I_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 83, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131–2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970131–2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 131–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970135-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970135_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954127-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954127_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954">Zubaydī (al-) 1954</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970137-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970137_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868242II-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868242II_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 242, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965280Irshad,_IV(5)-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965280Irshad,_IV(5)_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 280, Irshad, IV(5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909344-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909344_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970138–9-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970138–9_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 138–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965234Irshad,_VI(7)-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965234Irshad,_VI(7)_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 234, Irshad, VI(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954168-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubaydī_(al-)1954168_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954">Zubaydī (al-) 1954</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970164-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970164_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868405II-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868405II_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 405, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196556–80Irshad,_VI(6)-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt196556–80Irshad,_VI(6)_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, pp. 56–80, Irshad, VI(6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868455II-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhallikān_(Ibn)1868455II_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868">Khallikān (Ibn) 1868</a>, p. 455, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965116Irshad,_VI(6)-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965116Irshad,_VI(6)_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 116, Irshad, VI(6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)1871220,_272VII-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMas'ūdī_(al-)1871220,_272VII_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMas'ūdī_(al-)1871">Mas'ūdī (al-) 1871</a>, pp. 220, 272, VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909193-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuyūtī_(al-)1909193_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909">Suyūtī (al-) 1909</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858173Kashf_al-Zunun,_I-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858173Kashf_al-Zunun,_I_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFḤājj_Khalīfah1858">Ḥājj Khalīfah 1858</a>, p. 173, Kashf al-Zunun, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858542,_618Kashf_al-Zunun,_V-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEḤājj_Khalīfah1858542,_618Kashf_al-Zunun,_V_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFḤājj_Khalīfah1858">Ḥājj Khalīfah 1858</a>, pp. 542, 618, Kashf al-Zunun, V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965744Irshad,_I-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965744Irshad,_I_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, p. 744, Irshad, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965256,_line_2,_940,_line_19Irshad,IV-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYāqūt1965256,_line_2,_940,_line_19Irshad,IV_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYāqūt1965">Yāqūt 1965</a>, pp. 256, line 2, 940, line 19, Irshad,IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970397–8-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadīm_(al-)1970397–8_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970">Nadīm (al-) 1970</a>, pp. 397–8.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlügel1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Leberecht Flügel">Flügel, Gustav</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diegrammatischen00fluoft"><i>Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber</i></a>. Leipzig: Brockhaus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+grammatischen+Schulen+der+Araber&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiegrammatischen00fluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Flügel, Gustav (1872). J. Roediger; A. Mueller (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KitabAlFihrist/page/n661"><i>Al-Fihrist</i></a> (in Arabic). Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: F.C.W. Vogel. p. 663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Fihrist&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=F.C.W.+Vogel&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%BCgel&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKitabAlFihrist%2Fpage%2Fn661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Iṣbahānī (Ibn), Abū al-Faraj ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn</a> (1888) [1868]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kitabalagani15alib/page/895"><i>Kitāb al-Aghānī</i></a> (in Arabic). Vol. 20. Cairo: Būlāq Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-Agh%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=B%C5%ABl%C4%81q+Press&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB+%28Ibn%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+al-Faraj+%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkitabalagani15alib%2Fpage%2F895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iṣbahānī (Ibn) (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kitabalagani15alib/page/1087"><i>Kitāb al-Aghānī</i></a> (in Arabic). Vol. 21. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-Agh%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1888&rft.au=I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB+%28Ibn%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkitabalagani15alib%2Fpage%2F1087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900" class="citation book cs1">Iṣbahānī (Ibn) (1900). <i>Tables Alphabétiques</i>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tables+Alphab%C3%A9tiques&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1900&rft.au=I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB+%28Ibn%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJāḥiẓ_(al-)1950" class="citation book cs1">Jāḥiẓ (al-), Abū Uthmān ‘Amr ibn Baḥr (1950) [1948]. Hārūn, ’Abd al-Salām Muḥammad (ed.). <i>Kitāb al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn</i>. Vol. 4. Cairo: Lajna al-Ta’līf wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-Bay%C4%81n+wa-al-Taby%C4%ABn&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Lajna+al-Ta%E2%80%99l%C4%ABf+wa-al-Tarjamah+wa-al-Nashr&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=J%C4%81%E1%B8%A5i%E1%BA%93+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Uthm%C4%81n+%E2%80%98Amr+ibn+Ba%E1%B8%A5r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJāḥiẓ_(al-)1955" class="citation book cs1">Jāḥiẓ (al-), Abū Uthmān ‘Amr ibn Baḥr (1955). Pellat, Charles (ed.). <i>Kitāb al-Qawl fī al-Bighā (Le Livre des mulets)</i>. Cairo: Al-Ḥalabī Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-Qawl+f%C4%AB+al-Bigh%C4%81+%28Le+Livre+des+mulets%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Al-%E1%B8%A4alab%C4%AB+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=J%C4%81%E1%B8%A5i%E1%BA%93+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Uthm%C4%81n+%E2%80%98Amr+ibn+Ba%E1%B8%A5r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaḥḥālah1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umar_Rida_Kahhalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Rida Kahhalah">Kaḥḥālah, ‘Umar Riḍā</a> (1959). <i>A'lām al-Nisā'<span></span></i>. Vol. 3. Damascus: Al-Hāshimī Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%27l%C4%81m+al-Nis%C4%81%27&rft.place=Damascus&rft.pub=Al-H%C4%81shim%C4%AB+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Ka%E1%B8%A5%E1%B8%A5%C4%81lah&rft.aufirst=%E2%80%98Umar+Ri%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤājj_Khalīfah1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Ḥājj Khalīfah</a> (1858). <i>Kashf al-Zunun (Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopaedicum)</i> (in Arabic and Latin). Vol. I. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Flugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Leberecht Flugel">Flugel</a>, Gustav. London: Bentley. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashf+al-Zunun+%28Lexicon+Bibliographicum+et+Encyclopaedicum%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Bentley&rft.date=1858&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4%C4%81jj+Khal%C4%ABfah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad</a> (1868) [1843]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WafayatAlAyantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan/Vol3Of4WafayatAl-ayantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan#page/n33/mode/2up"><i>Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary (Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān)</i></a>. Vol. III. London: W.H. Allen. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khallikan%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+%28Wafay%C4%81t+al-A%27y%C4%81n+wa-Anb%C4%81+Abn%C4%81%27+al-Zam%C4%81n%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Khallik%C4%81n+%28Ibn%29&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FWafayatAlAyantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan%2FVol3Of4WafayatAl-ayantheObituariesOfEminentMenByIbnKhallikan%23page%2Fn33%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad</a> (1871) [1843]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7i0IqkBi9oC"><i>Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Vol. IV. London: W.H. Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khallikan%27s+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Khallik%C4%81n+%28Ibn%29&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7i0IqkBi9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiskawayh1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh, Abū ‘Alī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad</a>; Ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Rudhrawarī Abū Shujā’, Muḥammad; Abū al-Ḥasan al-Hilāl ibn Muḥassin al-Ṣābī (1921) [1920]. <i>Kitāb Tajārub al-Umarā' -The Eclipse of the 'Abbāsid Caliphate</i> (in Arabic and English). Vol. 6. Translated by <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">Margoliouth, David Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/H._F._Amedroz" class="mw-redirect" title="H. F. Amedroz">Amedroz, H. F.</a> London: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+Taj%C4%81rub+al-Umar%C4%81%27+-The+Eclipse+of+the+%27Abb%C4%81sid+Caliphate&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Miskawayh&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB+A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+al-Rudhrawar%C4%AB+Ab%C5%AB+Shuj%C4%81%E2%80%99%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Ab%C5%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+al-Hil%C4%81l+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5assin+al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81b%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mubarrad"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mubarrad">"Mubarrad" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mubarrad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=954&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Griffithes+Wheeler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1869" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd</a> (1869) [1864]. <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">Wright, William</a> (ed.). <i>Al-Kamil</i>. Leipzig & Constantinople.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kamil&rft.place=Leipzig+%26+Constantinople&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Mubarrad&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Yaz%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarrad1986" class="citation book cs1">Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (1986). Dali, Muhammad (ed.). <i>Al-Kamil</i>. Beirut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kamil&rft.place=Beirut&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Mubarrad&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Yaz%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarrad_(al-)1898" class="citation book cs1">Mubarrad (al-), Abu al-'Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid (1898). <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Brockelmann</a>, Carl (ed.). <i>Al-Kamil (manuscript)</i>. Vol. I. Weimar: Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kamil+%28manuscript%29&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Geschichte+der+arabischen+Litteratur&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Mubarrad+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Abu+al-%27Abbas+Muhammad+ibn+Yazid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarrad1891" class="citation book cs1">Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (1891). <i>Al-Kamil</i>. Cairo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kamil&rft.place=Cairo&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Mubarrad&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Yaz%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarrad1864" class="citation cs2">Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (1864), <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">Wright</a>, William (ed.), <i>Kitāb al-kāmil</i>, Princeton University Arabic collection, Leipzig: Kreysing, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780050572">780050572</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-k%C4%81mil&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Princeton+University+Arabic+collection&rft.pub=Kreysing&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780050572&rft.aulast=Mubarrad&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Yaz%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarrad1892" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mubarrad, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (1892), <a href="/wiki/William_Wright_(orientalist)" title="William Wright (orientalist)">Wright</a>, William (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kamilofelmubarra02mubauoft/page/n6"><i>The Kāmil of El-Mubarrad, edited for The German Oriental Society</i></a> (in English and Arabic), vol. II, Leipzig: G. Kreysing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+K%C4%81mil+of+El-Mubarrad%2C+edited+for+The+German+Oriental+Society&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=G.+Kreysing&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Mubarrad&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Yaz%C4%ABd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkamilofelmubarra02mubauoft%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas'ūdī_(al-)1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Mas'ūdī (al-), Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesprairiesdor06masuuoft"><i>Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar (Les Prairies d'or)</i></a> (in Arabic and French). Vol. VI. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier_de_Meynard" title="Charles Barbier de Meynard">Meynard</a>, C Barbier de; <a href="/wiki/Abel_Pavet_de_Courteille" title="Abel Pavet de Courteille">Courteille</a>, Pavet de. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesprairiesdor06masuuoft/page/302">302</a>, 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+Mur%C5%ABj+al-Dhahab+wa-Ma%27%C4%81din+al-Jawhar+%28Les+Prairies+d%27or%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=302%2C+319&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesprairiesdor06masuuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Nadīm (al-), Isḥāq</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Dodge" title="Bayard Dodge">Dodge, Bayard</a> (ed.). <i>The Fihrist of al-Nadim, A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture</i>. Vol. 1. New York & London: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fihrist+of+al-Nadim%2C+A+Tenth-Century+Survey+of+Muslim+Culture&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Nad%C4%ABm+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawawī_(al-)1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Nawawī (al-), Abū Zakarīyā Yaḥyā</a> (1847) [1842]. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Wustenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Wustenfeld">Wüstenfeld</a>, Ferdinand (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30092966/page/n4"><i>Kitāb Tahdhīb al-Asmā' (The Biographical Dictionary of Illustrious Men)</i></a>. Göttingen: London Society for the Publication of Oriental Texts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+Tahdh%C4%ABb+al-Asm%C4%81%27+%28The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Illustrious+Men%29&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=London+Society+for+the+Publication+of+Oriental+Texts&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Nawaw%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Zakar%C4%ABy%C4%81+Ya%E1%B8%A5y%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb30092966%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Suyūtī (al-), Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FP12042"><i>Bughyat al-Wu'āt fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyī wa-al-Nuḥāh</i></a> (in Arabic). Cairo: Sa’ādah Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bughyat+al-Wu%27%C4%81t+f%C4%AB+%E1%B9%ACabaq%C4%81t+al-Lughaw%C4%ABy%C4%AB+wa-al-Nu%E1%B8%A5%C4%81h&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Sa%E2%80%99%C4%81dah+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Suy%C5%ABt%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Jal%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+%E2%80%98Abd+al-Ra%E1%B8%A5m%C4%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FFP12042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Ṭabarī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Jarīr</a> (1901). <a href="/wiki/M._J._de_Goeje" class="mw-redirect" title="M. J. de Goeje">de Goeje</a>, M. J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarkhalrusulwaal01abaruoft/page/n8"><i>Ta'rīkh al-Rusul wa-al-Mulūk (Annales)</i></a>. Vol. 14. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27r%C4%ABkh+al-Rusul+wa-al-Mul%C5%ABk+%28Annales%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Jar%C4%ABr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarkhalrusulwaal01abaruoft%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ṭabarī (al-) (1960). Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22abar%2C+838%3F-923%22"><i>Ta'rīkh al-Rusul wa-al-Mulūk (Annales)</i></a> (in Arabic). Vol. 7. Cairo: Dār al-Ma’ārif.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27r%C4%ABkh+al-Rusul+wa-al-Mul%C5%ABk+%28Annales%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Ma%E2%80%99%C4%81rif&rft.date=1960&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3Dcreator%253A%2522abar%252C%2B838%253F-923%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1987" class="citation cs2">Ṭabarī (al-) (1987), Montgomery Watt (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TabariEnglish/Tabari_Volume_07#page/n4/mode/2up"><i>The History of Al-Ṭabarī, an annotated translation</i></a>, Suny Series in Near Eastern Studies, vol. 7, Albany: State University of New York Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+an+annotated+translation&rft.place=Albany&rft.series=Suny+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.au=%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTabariEnglish%2FTabari_Volume_07%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ṭaghrī-Birdī (Ibn), Abū al-Maḥāsin Yūsuf</a> (1956) [1929]. Popper, William (ed.). <i>Al Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah</i>. Vol. 12. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Nuj%C5%ABm+al-Z%C4%81hirah+f%C4%AB+Mul%C5%ABk+Mi%E1%B9%A3r+wa-al-Q%C4%81hirah&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Kutub+al-Mi%E1%B9%A3r%C4%AByah&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACaghr%C4%AB-Bird%C4%AB+%28Ibn%29&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+al-Ma%E1%B8%A5%C4%81sin+Y%C5%ABsuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYāqūt1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yāqūt, Shīhāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī</a> (1927) [1907]. <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">David Samuel Margoliouth</a>, David Samuel (ed.). <i>Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb (Yaqut's Dictionary of Learned Men)</i>. Vol. III. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irsh%C4%81d+al-Ar%C4%ABb+al%C4%81+Ma%27rifat+al-Ad%C4%ABb+%28Yaqut%27s+Dictionary+of+Learned+Men%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt&rft.aufirst=Sh%C4%ABh%C4%81b+al-D%C4%ABn+ibn+%E2%80%98Abd+All%C4%81h+al-%E1%B8%A4amaw%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYāqūt1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yāqūt, Shīhāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī</a> (1970) [1966]. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Wustenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Wustenfeld">Wüstenfeld</a>, Ferdinand (ed.). <i>Mu'jam al-Buldān (Jaqut's Geographischees Wörterbuch)</i>. Vol. 6. Leipzig: Brockhaus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mu%27jam+al-Buld%C4%81n+%28Jaqut%27s+Geographischees+W%C3%B6rterbuch%29&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt&rft.aufirst=Sh%C4%ABh%C4%81b+al-D%C4%ABn+ibn+%E2%80%98Abd+All%C4%81h+al-%E1%B8%A4amaw%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYāqūt1965" class="citation book cs1">Yāqūt, Shīhāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1965). <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Wustenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Wustenfeld">Wüstenfeld</a>, Ferdinand (ed.). <i>Mu'jam al-Buldān (Jaqut's Geographischees Wörterbuch, Photographic reproduction)</i>. Tehran: Maktabat al-Asadī.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mu%27jam+al-Buld%C4%81n+%28Jaqut%27s+Geographischees+W%C3%B6rterbuch%2C+Photographic+reproduction%29&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pub=Maktabat+al-Asad%C4%AB&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt&rft.aufirst=Sh%C4%ABh%C4%81b+al-D%C4%ABn+ibn+%E2%80%98Abd+All%C4%81h+al-%E1%B8%A4amaw%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiriklī_(al-)1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khair_al-Din_al-Zirikli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khair al-Din al-Zirikli">Ziriklī (al-), Khayr al-Dīn</a> (1959) [1954]. <i>Al-A'lām</i>. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). Cairo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-A%27l%C4%81m&rft.place=Cairo&rft.edition=2&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Zirikl%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Khayr+al-D%C4%ABn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Zubaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi">Zubaydī (al-), Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan</a> (1954). Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad (ed.). <i>Ṭabaqāt al-Naḥwīyīn wa-al-Lughawīyīn</i>. Cairo: Al-Khanjī.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%ACabaq%C4%81t+al-Na%E1%B8%A5w%C4%ABy%C4%ABn+wa-al-Lughaw%C4%ABy%C4%ABn&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Al-Khanj%C4%AB&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Zubayd%C4%AB+%28al-%29&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4asan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Mubarrad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_literature" title="Template talk:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">Namara inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions">Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Islamic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaqat" title="Mu'allaqat">Pre-Islamic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Layla_al-Muhalhel" title="Abu Layla al-Muhalhel">Abu Layla al-Muhalhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Zayd" title="Adi ibn Zayd">Adi ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afira_bint_%27Abbad" title="Afira bint 'Abbad">Afira bint 'Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-F%C4%81ri%CA%BFah_bint_Shadd%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād">Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hujayjah" title="Al-Hujayjah">Al-Hujayjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4urqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥurqah">Al-Ḥurqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khirniq_bint_Badr" title="Al-Khirniq bint Badr">Al-Khirniq bint Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shanfara" title="Al-Shanfara">Al-Shanfara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_ibn_Humaydah" title="Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah">Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Alqama_ibn_%27Abada" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alqama ibn 'Abada">'Alqama ibn 'Abada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Amir_ibn_al-Tufayl" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amir ibn al-Tufayl">'Amir ibn al-Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Kulthum" title="Amr ibn Kulthum">Amr ibn Kulthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarah_ibn_Shaddad" title="Antarah ibn Shaddad">Antarah ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27sha" title="Al-A'sha">Al-A'sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_ibn_Hilliza_Al-Yashkuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri">Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatim_al-Tai" title="Hatim al-Tai">Hatim al-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Labīd">Labīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_bint_Lukaiz" title="Laila bint Lukaiz">Laila bint Lukaiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahd_al-Aadiyya" title="Mahd al-Aadiyya">Mahd al-Aadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqir" title="Mu'aqqir">Mu'aqqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabigha" title="Al-Nabigha">Al-Nabigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais" title="Imru' al-Qais">Imru' al-Qais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaw%27al_ibn_%27Adiya" title="Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya">Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafa" title="Tarafa">Tarafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_al-Huwayrith" title="Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith">Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_bin_Abi_Sulma" title="Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma">Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_ibn_Janab" title="Zuhayr ibn Janab">Zuhayr ibn Janab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktham_ibn_Saifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktham ibn Saifi">Aktham ibn Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munakhal" title="Al-Munakhal">Al-Munakhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhtal_al-Taghlibi" title="Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi">Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">Al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hamid_al-Katib" title="Abd al-Hamid al-Katib">Abd al-Hamid al-Katib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadl_Ashsha%27ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadl Ashsha'ira">Fadl Ashsha'ira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Hassan ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Hasina" title="Ibn Abi Hasina">Ibn Abi Hasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysun_bint_Bahdal" title="Maysun bint Bahdal">Maysun bint Bahdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_ibn_Ma%27mar" title="Jamil ibn Ma'mar">Jamil ibn Ma'mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqa_bin_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suraqa bin Malik">Suraqa bin Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_ibn_Atiyah" title="Jarir ibn Atiyah">Jarir ibn Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27b_bin_Zuhayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'b bin Zuhayr">Ka'b bin Zuhayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khansa">Al-Khansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthayyir" title="Kuthayyir">Kuthayyir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_al-Akhyaliyya" title="Layla al-Akhyaliyya">Layla al-Akhyaliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqah_al-Bariqi" title="Suraqah al-Bariqi">Suraqah al-Bariqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutayla_ukht_al-Nadr" title="Qutayla ukht al-Nadr">Qutayla ukht al-Nadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddah_al-Yaman" title="Waddah al-Yaman">Waddah al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_al-Katib_al-Mughanni" title="Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni">Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_Jadan_al-Himyari" title="Dhu Jadan al-Himyari">Dhu Jadan al-Himyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayd_bin_Al_Soma" title="Dorayd bin Al Soma">Dorayd bin Al Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_ibn_al-Fuja%27a" title="Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a">Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_al-Dabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi">al-Mufaddal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ulayya_bint_al-Mahd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī">Bint al-Mahdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ibn_al-Ahnaf" title="Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf">Ibn al-Ahnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Firas al-Hamdani">Abu Firas al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Mudabbir">Al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Husayn_ibn_Ali_al-Maghribi" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi">Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Asma'i">Al-Asma'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tifashi" title="Ahmad al-Tifashi">Ahmad al-Tifashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Atahiya" title="Abu al-Atahiya">Abu al-Atahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_ibn_al-%27Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid">ibn al-'Amid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi%27_al-Zaman_al-Hamadani" title="Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani">Al-Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_Zuhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-din Zuhair">Baha' al-din Zuhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashshar_ibn_Burd" title="Bashshar ibn Burd">Bashshar ibn Burd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fath_ibn_Khaqan" title="Al-Fath ibn Khaqan">Al-Fath ibn Khaqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Al-Hariri of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rumi" title="Ibn al-Rumi">Ibn al-Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sari_al-Zajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Sari al-Zajjaj">al-Zajjaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Azhari" title="Abu Mansur al-Azhari">Abu Mansur al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">ibn al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mudabbir">ibn al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_Abi_Hafsa" title="Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa">Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya_Umm_Ali_bint_Ghaith_ibn_Ali_al-Armanazi" title="Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith ibn Ali al-Armanazi">Al-Armanazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_al-Lahiqi" title="Aban al-Lahiqi">Aban al-Lahiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabia of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ibn_Habib" title="Yunus ibn Habib">Yunus ibn Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_al-Jawhari" title="Abu Nasr al-Jawhari">Abu Nasr al-Jawhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">Al-Farahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Mubarrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tahir_Tayfur" title="Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur">Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiyya_al-Baghdadiyya" title="Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya">Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Anbari" title="Abu Muhammad al-Anbari">Abu Muhammad al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Anbari" title="Ibn al-Anbari">Ibn al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasabani" title="Al-Qasabani">Al-Qasabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dik_al-Jinn" title="Dik al-Jinn">Dik al-Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98In%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Inān">‘Inān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_Monajjem" title="Abu Ahmad Monajjem">Abu Ahmad Monajjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar">Ibn Bakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sar%C4%AB_al-Raff%C4%81%E2%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sarī al-Raffā’">Al-Sarī al-Raffā’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">Al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niftawayh" title="Niftawayh">Niftawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">Al-Tughrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layl%C4%81_bint_%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylā bint Ṭarīf">Laylā bint Ṭarīf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">Al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" title="Abu'l-Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī">al-Tawhīdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Al-Sharif al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyus" title="Ibn Hayyus">Ibn Hayyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_al_Mugrab_Al_Uyuni" title="Ali bin al Mugrab Al Uyuni">Al Uyuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Al Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj"> Al-Hallaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qatta%27_al-Siqilli" title="Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli">Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shajari" title="Ibn al-Shajari">Ibn al-Shajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Adlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Adlan">Ibn 'Adlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Sa%27id" title="Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Sa'id">Abu Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaikiyya" title="Al-Rumaikiyya">Al-Rumaikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Alphaizuli" title="Maria Alphaizuli">Maria Alphaizuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ammar" title="Muhammad ibn Ammar">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthaina_bint_al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Buthaina </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_al-Hajj_al-Rukuniyya" title="Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya">Al-Rukuniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamda_bint_Ziyad_al-Muaddib" title="Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib">Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdis" title="Ibn Hamdis">Ibn Hamdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih" title="Ibn Abd Rabbih">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">Ibn al-Abbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zaqqaq" title="Ibn al-Zaqqaq">Ibn al-Zaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baqi" title="Ibn Baqi">Ibn Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafaja" title="Ibn Khafaja">Ibn Khafaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Quzman" title="Ibn Quzman">Ibn Quzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_of_Seville" title="Ibn Sahl of Seville">Ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zamrak" title="Ibn Zamrak">Ibn Zamrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zayd%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Zaydún">Ibn Zaydún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubna_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lubna of Córdoba">Lubna of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">ibn Hani al-Azdi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhya_bint_Al-Tayyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhya bint Al-Tayyani">Muhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazhun_al-Garnatiya_bint_al-Qulai%E2%80%99iya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazhun al-Garnatiya bint al-Qulai’iya">Nazhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasmuna" title="Qasmuna">Qasmuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tutili" title="Al-Tutili">Al-Tutili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Kiram" title="Umm Al-Kiram">Umm Al-Kiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallada_bint_al-Mustakfi" title="Wallada bint al-Mustakfi">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_III,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shushtari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari">al-Shushtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbad_al-Rundi" title="Ibn Abbad al-Rundi">al-Rundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Arif" title="Ibn al-Arif">Ibn al-Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jalil_ibn_Wahbun" title="Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun">Ibn Wahbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_ibn_Abdun" title="Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun">Ibn Abdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fazazi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fazazi">al-Fazazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Yayyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Yayyab">Ibn al-Yayyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Khisal" title="Ibn Abi al-Khisal">Ibn Abi al-Khisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Arabshah">Ahmad ibn Arabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27A%27isha_al-Ba%27uniyya" title="'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya">'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nubata" title="Ibn Nubata">Ibn Nubata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_al-Nafzawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi">al-Nafzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">Al-Qalqashandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi">Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Diyab" title="Hanna Diyab">Hanna Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wannan" title="Ibn al-Wannan">Ibn al-Wannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Triki" title="Ahmed Ben Triki">Ahmed Ben Triki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Nahda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Samy_El_Baroudy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy">El Baroudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruf_al_Rusafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruf al Rusafi">Maruf al Rusafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasif_al-Yaziji" title="Nasif al-Yaziji">Nasif al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Yaziji" title="Ibrahim al-Yaziji">Ibrahim al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Sidqi_al-Zahawi" title="Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi">Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Faris_Shidyaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Faris Shidyaq">Ahmad Faris Shidyaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoum_Mokarzel" title="Naoum Mokarzel">Naoum Mokarzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Rida" title="Ahmad Rida">Ahmad Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleyman_al-Boustani" title="Suleyman al-Boustani">Suleyman al-Boustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_Pasha" title="Ahmad Zaki Pasha">Ahmad Zaki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Marrash" title="Abdallah Marrash">Abdallah Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marrash" title="Francis Marrash">Francis Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Ibrahim" title="Hafez Ibrahim">Hafez Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shawqi" title="Ahmed Shawqi">Ahmed Shawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Antun" title="Farah Antun">Farah Antun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Ziadeh" title="May Ziadeh">May Ziadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Nawal El Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abd_al-Ghafur_Attar" title="Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar">Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Kashgari" title="Abdur Rahman Kashgari">Abdur Rahman Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Maghut" title="Muhammad al-Maghut">Muhammad al-Maghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani" title="Nizar Qabbani">Nizar Qabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C4%81s_al-Aqq%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbās al-Aqqād">Abbās al-Aqqād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Wahbi_al-Tal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal">Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayeq_Abdul-Jaleel" title="Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel">Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Antoon" title="Sinan Antoon">Sinan Antoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Tuqan" title="Ibrahim Tuqan">Ibrahim Tuqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Habibi" title="Emile Habibi">Emile Habibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani" title="Ghassan Kanafani">Ghassan Kanafani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghada_al-Samman" title="Ghada al-Samman">Ghada al-Samman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif" title="Abdul Rahman Munif">Abdul Rahman Munif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Gosaibi" title="Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi">Al Gosaibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Echebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Khoury" title="Colette Khoury">Colette Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Wannous" title="Saadallah Wannous">Saadallah Wannous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Tamer" title="Zakaria Tamer">Zakaria Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_Salih" title="Tayeb Salih">Tayeb Salih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Aboulela" title="Leila Aboulela">Leila Aboulela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan_Abdel_Quddous" title="Ihsan Abdel Quddous">Ihsan Abdel Quddous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Al_Aswany" title="Alaa Al Aswany">Alaa Al Aswany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Abouzeid" title="Leila Abouzeid">Leila Abouzeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bennis" title="Mohammed Bennis">Mohammed Bennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Laabi" title="Abdellatif Laabi">Abdellatif Laabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Raihani" title="Mohamed Said Raihani">Mohamed Said Raihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waciny_Laredj" title="Waciny Laredj">Waciny Laredj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Douagi" title="Ali Douagi">Ali Douagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Rzouga" title="Youssef Rzouga">Youssef Rzouga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jahin" title="Salah Jahin">Salah Jahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Abul-Qassem_Donqol" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal Abul-Qassem Donqol">Amal Donqol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zaki_Abu_Shadi" title="Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi">Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tawfiq" title="Hasan Tawfiq">Hasan Tawfiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mazini" title="Ibrahim al-Mazini">Ibrahim al-Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri"> al-Jawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazik_Al-Malaika" title="Nazik Al-Malaika">Nazik Al-Malaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Matar" title="Ahmed Matar">Ahmed Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahhab_Al-Bayati" title="Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati">Al-Bayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shakir_al-Sayyab" title="Badr Shakir al-Sayyab">al-Sayyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Yousef" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi Yousef">Saadi Yousef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Nasrallah" title="Ibrahim Nasrallah">Ibrahim Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Abu_Madi" title="Elia Abu Madi">Elia Abu Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Risha" title="Omar Abu Risha">Omar Abu Risha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khal" title="Yusuf al-Khal">Yusuf al-Khal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourid_Barghouti" title="Mourid Barghouti">Mourid Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabra_Ibrahim_Jabra" title="Jabra Ibrahim Jabra">Jabra Ibrahim Jabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samih_al-Qasim" title="Samih al-Qasim">Samih al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Tuqan" title="Fadwa Tuqan">Fadwa Tuqan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_literatures_of_Arab_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saudi_Arabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saudi Arabian (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2829242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2829242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2829242#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078201399">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90041608">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1836247/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7YFVBqvHKRpKb49xqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11908306X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145387">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13483856g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13483856g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35844688">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073677450">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90827986">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691548605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29135">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279106405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12939401?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1112908">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11908306X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11908306X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069438552">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6255mmk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&oldid=1216913418">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&oldid=1216913418</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:826_births" title="Category:826 births">826 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:898_deaths" title="Category:898 deaths">898 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Arab_people" title="Category:9th-century Arab people">9th-century Arab people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Arabic-language_writers" title="Category:9th-century Arabic-language writers">9th-century Arabic-language writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_jurists" title="Category:9th-century jurists">9th-century jurists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_linguists" title="Category:9th-century linguists">9th-century linguists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_philologists" title="Category:9th-century philologists">9th-century philologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate">Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_grammarians" title="Category:Arab grammarians">Arab grammarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baghdad_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate">Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammarians_of_Basra" title="Category:Grammarians of Basra">Grammarians of Basra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philologists_of_Arabic" title="Category:Philologists of Arabic">Philologists of Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quranic_exegesis_scholars" title="Category:Quranic exegesis scholars">Quranic exegesis scholars</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 April 2024, at 18:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Mubarrad&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-dtct9","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.022","walltime":"1.220","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8438,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":146271,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10228,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":133489,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1056.905 1 -total"," 22.28% 235.464 28 Template:Cite_book"," 21.68% 229.124 74 Template:Sfn"," 11.30% 119.449 1 Template:Lang"," 11.22% 118.543 1 Template:Arabic_literature"," 10.84% 114.570 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 9.74% 102.919 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 6.50% 68.659 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.03% 63.750 23 Template:Refn"," 5.27% 55.684 1 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.674","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16852645,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFFlügel1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlügel1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1888\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIṣbahānī_(Ibn)1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJāḥiẓ_(al-)1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJāḥiẓ_(al-)1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaḥḥālah1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhallikān_(Ibn)1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMas\u0026#039;ūdī_(al-)1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiskawayh1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarrad1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarrad1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarrad1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarrad1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarrad_(al-)1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadīm_(al-)1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawawī_(al-)1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuyūtī_(al-)1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYāqūt1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYāqūt1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYāqūt1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiriklī_(al-)1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaydī_(al-)1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḤājj_Khalīfah1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬabarī_(al-)1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬaghrī-Birdī_(Ibn)1956\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Arabic literature\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mubarrad\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 23,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 74,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-54x5q","timestamp":"20241130132625","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Al-Mubarrad","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Mubarrad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2829242","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2829242","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-28T13:33:39Z","dateModified":"2024-04-02T18:19:44Z","headline":"Arab grammarian"}</script> </body> </html>