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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rationale in firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale_in_firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venting_direction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venting_direction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Venting direction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venting_direction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ported_chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ported chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ported_chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_legislation_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_legislation_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>US legislation and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_legislation_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Дульны тормаз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дульны тормаз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Дулен спирач – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дулен спирач" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9As%C5%A5ov%C3%A1_brzda" title="Úsťová brzda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úsťová brzda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCndungsbremse" title="Mündungsbremse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mündungsbremse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudmepidur" title="Suudmepidur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suudmepidur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B7_%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πέδη πυροβόλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέδη πυροβόλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freno_de_boca" title="Freno de boca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Freno de boca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frein_de_bouche" title="Frein de bouche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frein de bouche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%9D%EA%B5%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0" title="총구 제동기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="총구 제동기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_laras" title="Rem laras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rem laras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freno_di_bocca" title="Freno di bocca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Freno di bocca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מפצה סטייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפצה סטייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stobra_bremze" title="Stobra bremze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stobra bremze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C5%91sz%C3%A1jf%C3%A9k" title="Csőszájfék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csőszájfék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondingsrem" title="Mondingsrem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mondingsrem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD" title="マズルブレーキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マズルブレーキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompensator" title="Kompensator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kompensator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompensator_p%C3%A5_gev%C3%A6r" title="Kompensator på gevær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kompensator på gevær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamulec_wylotowy" title="Hamulec wylotowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamulec wylotowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freio_de_boca" title="Freio de boca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Freio de boca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2n%C4%83_de_gur%C4%83" title="Frână de gură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frână de gură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Дульный тормоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дульный тормоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynningsbroms" title="Mynningsbroms – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mynningsbroms" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_braker" title="Muzzle braker – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muzzle braker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Дулове гальмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дулове гальмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%80%E5%99%A8" 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.compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Muzzle_brake" title="Special:EditPage/Muzzle brake">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Muzzle_brake" title="Talk:Muzzle brake">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg/220px-AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg/330px-AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/AMX-10RC_017-frein-de-gueule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an <a href="/wiki/AMX_10_RC" class="mw-redirect" title="AMX 10 RC">AMX 10 RC</a> armoured fighting vehicle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_(350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The muzzle brake of an <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M198 155mm howitzer</a> venting propellant gases sideways as the <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> is fired</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>muzzle brake</b> or <b>recoil compensator</b> is a device connected to, or a feature integral (<b>ported barrel</b>) to the construction of, the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_muzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm muzzle">muzzle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a> and unwanted <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">muzzle rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrels with an integral muzzle brake are often said to be <b>ported</b>. </p><p>The concept of a muzzle brake was first introduced for artillery. It was a common feature on many <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a>, especially those mounted on <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for <a href="/wiki/Practical_shooting" title="Practical shooting">practical pistol</a> competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-limcat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limcat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of a muzzle brake had been experimented with for many years prior to its successful implementation: in 1922, a <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Ordnance_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Ordnance Department">US Army Ordnance Department</a> official stated in US Congress that "the muzzle brake was used in another form 20 years ago, and even longer ago than that, but it has never been successfully applied".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Treuille_de_Beaulieu" title="Antoine Treuille de Beaulieu">Antoine Treuille de Beaulieu</a> invented a prototype based on the idea in 1842 and had it tested in 1862, but he himself called the idea "too new".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A US patent was issued for a "recoil obviator" in 1871 (there is no indication it was ever tested),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while an experimental British <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifle</a> in 1918 featured a muzzle brake, but was not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later 1920s, there was some limited progress: around 1926, Cutts compensator became an option in the <a href="/wiki/Thompson_SMG" class="mw-redirect" title="Thompson SMG">Thompson SMG</a> (R. M. Cutts' earliest patent is from 1925<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in 1927 <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">Škoda</a> patented<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a family of muzzle brake designs, one of which was used on <a href="/wiki/8_cm_kanon_vz._28" title="8 cm kanon vz. 28">8 cm kanon vz. 28</a>, and in 1928, <a href="/wiki/Schneider_et_Cie" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneider et Cie">Schneider et Cie</a> (which was allied with Škoda at the time) updated their <a href="/wiki/220_mm_TR_mle_1915/1916" title="220 mm TR mle 1915/1916">220 mm TR mle 1915/1916</a> with a muzzle brake<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> patented by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Eugène Schneider II</a> way back in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg/220px-15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg/330px-15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg/440px-15_cm_haubits_M19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><i>Pepper-pot muzzle brake</i> ("Jentzen-brake") on a Bofors “15 cm haub M/19” howitzer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In mid-1930s, <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a> designed several successful artillery pieces (e. g. <a href="/wiki/Bofors_37_mm_anti-tank_gun" title="Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun">37-mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_kanon_m/34" title="10.5 cm kanon m/34">105-mm</a> guns) with new <a href="/wiki/Perforated" class="mw-redirect" title="Perforated">perforated</a> muzzle brakes, so-called pepper-pot muzzle brakes, a design invented by then Swedish artillery captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harald_Jentzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harald Jentzen (page does not exist)">Harald Jentzen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Jentzen" class="extiw" title="se:Harald Jentzen">se</a>]</span> and therefore known in Sweden as a "Jentzen-brake" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Jentzen-broms</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union started modernizing old artillery systems with new barrels, such as the <a href="/wiki/107_mm_gun_M1910/30" title="107 mm gun M1910/30">107 mm gun M1910/30</a>, <a href="/wiki/152_mm_gun_M1910/30" title="152 mm gun M1910/30">152 mm gun M1910/30</a> etc., predominantly featuring cylindrical muzzle brakes with long slits on each side. Several European countries started designing and producing anti-tank rifles featuring muzzle brakes. In late 1930s and especially during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the device became common on both firearms and artillery pieces. </p><p>Overall, the development of the muzzle brake was a gradual process that involved experimentation and refinement over many years. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_in_firearms">Rationale in firearms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rationale in firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuzzleRise.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MuzzleRise.png/220px-MuzzleRise.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MuzzleRise.png/330px-MuzzleRise.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MuzzleRise.png/440px-MuzzleRise.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm/height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E</figcaption></figure> <p>The interchangeable terms <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">muzzle rise</a>, muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm's grip and stock. The <a href="/wiki/Reactive_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive force">reactive forces</a> from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">moment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> (rotational force) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg/220px-M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg/330px-M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg/440px-M47_main_gun_muzzle_brake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank</figcaption></figure> <p>Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the <a href="/wiki/90_mm_M3_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="90 mm M3 gun">90 mm M3 gun</a> used on the <a href="/wiki/M47_Patton_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="M47 Patton tank">M47 Patton tank</a>. This consists of a small length of tubing (mounted at right angles) at the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to <i><b>redirect and control the burst of combustion gases</b></i> following the departure of a projectile. </p><p>All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: to partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore at a (generally) perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel. The <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upward, they will exert a downward force and counteract <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">muzzle rise</a>. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg/220px-AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg/330px-AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg/440px-AKM_muzzle_brake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> rifle's slant-cut compensator </figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward. On the <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil. </p><p>Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on <a href="/wiki/International_Practical_Shooting_Confederation" title="International Practical Shooting Confederation">IPSC</a> raceguns.<sup id="cite_ref-limcat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limcat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venting_direction">Venting direction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Venting direction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg/220px-Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg/330px-Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg/440px-Custom_XD-40_V-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory,_Inc." title="Springfield Armory, Inc.">Springfield Armory, Inc.</a>, custom <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory_XD" title="Springfield Armory XD">XD</a>-40 V-10</span> with ported barrel and slide</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg/220px-Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg/330px-Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg/440px-Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DoubleTap_derringer" title="DoubleTap derringer">DoubleTap .45ACP derringer</a> with ported barrels</figcaption></figure> <p>Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that is where the <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm, they are effectively a type of <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">muzzle shroud</a>. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backward, instead, the effect is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_thrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse thrust">reverse thrust</a> system on an aircraft jet engine: any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter. </p><p>When the gases are primarily directed upward, the braking is referred to as <i>porting</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="even when using a muzzle brake (see below) it's called porting? Does not make sense. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">slide</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a>. These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is an application of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's third law</a>; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity, while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity. Porting has the advantage for faster follow-up shots, especially for <a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst mode (firearm)">3-round burst</a> operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="it isn't obvious why this would be the case, if it's true (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">impulse</a>, in general, a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well-measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio (<a href="/wiki/Overbore" title="Overbore">overbore</a> cartridges) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges. </p><p>Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore <a href="/wiki/Vermin" title="Vermin">vermin</a> rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic sight</a>. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg/220px-US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg/330px-US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg/440px-US_Navy_090925-N-2915M-052_A_U.S._Marine_Corps_saluting_battery_detail_fires_a_17-gun_salute_during_the_arrival_of_Adm._Timothy_J._Keating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Muzzle flash without muzzle brake</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120704-A-IX566-193_(7557291576).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg/220px-120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg/330px-120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg/440px-120704-A-IX566-193_%287557291576%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake</figcaption></figure> <p>The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and <a href="/wiki/Lead_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead exposure">lead exposure</a>. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss#Acute_acoustic_trauma" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">hearing damage</a> with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on <a href="/wiki/Sniper_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniper team">sniper teams</a> firing <a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">anti-materiel rifles</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Barrett_M82" title="Barrett M82">Barrett M82</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10 dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160 dB(A) ± 3 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125 dB(A),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some references claiming 133 dB(A) for the threshold of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearing_Protection_Basics_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearing_Protection_Basics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another problem can occur when <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">saboted</a> ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding_sabot" title="Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot">armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS)</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">long-rod penetrator (LRP)</a> (or kinetic energy penetrator), are used.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilstra2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilstra2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun#Smoothbore" title="Tank gun">main battle tank guns</a> have muzzle brakes. </p><p>A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlucciJacobson2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlucciJacobson2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.<sup id="cite_ref-PressNavy1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PressNavy1992-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear compensators and <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">suppressors</a> do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity. </p><p>The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high-pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus cavity</a> concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for <a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">anti-materiel rifle</a> shooters due to the larger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to <a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">retinal detachment</a> when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Boatman2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatman2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The S&W Model 500 revolver features a muzzle brake"><img alt="The S&W Model 500 revolver features a muzzle brake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg/270px-Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg/405px-Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg/540px-Flickr_-_~Steve_Z~_-_S%5EW_500_Magnum_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/S%26W_Model_500" class="mw-redirect" title="S&W Model 500">S&W Model 500</a> revolver features a muzzle brake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser autocannon"><img alt="The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser autocannon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg/328px-Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg/493px-Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg/657px-Muzzle_break_30mm_mauser_machine_canon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_force_female_sniper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle"><img alt="The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Air_force_female_sniper.jpg/277px-Air_force_female_sniper.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Air_force_female_sniper.jpg/415px-Air_force_female_sniper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Air_force_female_sniper.jpg/553px-Air_force_female_sniper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The prominent muzzle brake of the PGM Hécate II"><img alt="The prominent muzzle brake of the PGM Hécate II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg/379px-PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg/568px-PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg/757px-PGM-Hecate-seul-img_1008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The prominent muzzle brake of the <a href="/wiki/PGM_H%C3%A9cate_II" title="PGM Hécate II">PGM Hécate II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Integral muzzle brake or porting on a Blaser R93 hunting rifle."><img alt="Integral muzzle brake or porting on a Blaser R93 hunting rifle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG/240px-Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG/360px-Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG/480px-Muzzle_of_a_.375H%26H_Rifle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Integral muzzle brake or porting on a <a href="/wiki/Blaser_R93" title="Blaser R93">Blaser R93</a> hunting rifle.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ported_chamber">Ported chamber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ported chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">barrel chamber</a> with pressure relief ports that allows gas to leak around the cartridge during extraction. Basically the opposite of a fluted chamber as it is intended for the cartridge to stick to the chamber wall making a slight delay of extraction. This requires a welded-on sleeve with an annular groove to contain the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_legislation_and_regulation">US legislation and regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: US legislation and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The State of California outlaws <a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">flash suppressors</a> on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms,_and_Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives</a> (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_MPX#MPX-C_(Carbine_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIG Sauer MPX">SIG Sauer MPX Carbine</a>, adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version's <a href="/wiki/Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">suppressor</a> and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake, constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX-C a Title II <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">NFA weapon</a>. <a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer" title="SIG Sauer">SIG Sauer</a>, the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF's ruling; despite SIG successfully establishing that the muzzle device did not suppress the weapon's sound, the ATF successfully established that it was <i>intended</i> to suppress the sound, which was legally sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle booster">Muzzle booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer (firearms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">Glossary of firearms terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx">Muzzle brake</a> in the NRA Firearms Glossary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-limcat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-limcat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-limcat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html">STI article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBIwAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA152"><i>Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill, 1922: Hearing[s] Before Subcommittee of House Committee on Appropriations ... in Charge of the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill for 1922. Sixty-sixth Congress, Third Session</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1921. p. 152<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomatic+and+Consular+Appropriation+Bill%2C+1922%3A+Hearing%5Bs%5D+Before+Subcommittee+of+House+Committee+on+Appropriations+...+in+Charge+of+the+Diplomatic+and+Consular+Appropriation+Bill+for+1922.+Sixty-sixth+Congress%2C+Third+Session&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBIwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1FSxQzjNBQC&pg=RA2-PA32"><i>Journal of the United States Artillery</i></a>. United States Coast Artillery Association. 1945. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+United+States+Artillery&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=United+States+Coast+Artillery+Association.&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1FSxQzjNBQC%26pg%3DRA2-PA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US118933A">U.S. patent 118933A</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicalfirearms.info/post/183659980049/godsal-1918-anti-tank-rifle-while-the-imperial">"Historical Firearms - Godsal 1918 Anti-Tank Rifle While the Imperial"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Firearms+-+Godsal+1918+Anti-Tank+Rifle+While+the+Imperial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalfirearms.info%2Fpost%2F183659980049%2Fgodsal-1918-anti-tank-rifle-while-the-imperial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/?q=(F41A21%2f36)&inventor=Richard+Cutts">"Google Patents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Patents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2F%3Fq%3D%28F41A21%252f36%29%26inventor%3DRichard%2BCutts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=FR657091A">FR 657091A</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=657091A&rft.cc=FR&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landships.info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=/landships/artillery_articles/220mm_Schneider_M16.html">"Landships II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landships+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flandships.info%2Flandships%2Fartillery_articles.html%3Fload%3D%2Flandships%2Fartillery_articles%2F220mm_Schneider_M16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB191218491A">GB 191218491A</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=191218491A&rft.cc=GB&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFransson1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fransson, Stig A. (1996). <i>Bofors 350 år</i> (in Swedish). Stockholm: Probus. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/918718446X" title="Special:BookSources/918718446X"><bdi>918718446X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bofors+350+%C3%A5r&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Probus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=918718446X&rft.aulast=Fransson&rft.aufirst=Stig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney2012_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney2012_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sweeney_(gunsmith)" title="Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)">Sweeney, Patrick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269"><i>The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15</i></a>. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2868-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-2868-1"><bdi>978-1-4402-2868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun+Digest+Book+of+the+AR-15&rft.place=Iola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Gun+Digest+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-2868-1&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTh5yxEVqdoC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html">Mag-Na-Port</a> handgun porting information</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR">"Brownells - Firearms, Reloading Supplies, Gunsmithing Tools, Gun Parts and Accessories"</a>. <i>www.brownells.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brownells.com&rft.atitle=Brownells+-+Firearms%2C+Reloading+Supplies%2C+Gunsmithing+Tools%2C+Gun+Parts+and+Accessories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brownells.com%2Faspx%2Fns%2Fstore%2FProductDetail.aspx%3Fp%3D5594%26title%3DAR-15%2BLEVANG%2BLINEAR%2BCOMPENSATOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm">"KIES Blast Master Linear Compensator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KIES+Blast+Master+Linear+Compensator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joeboboutfitters.com%2FKIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p%2Fkies-blst%2520mstr22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span> KIES linear compensator</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w</a> HERA ARMS linear compensator</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearst_Magazines1932" class="citation magazine cs1">Hearst Magazines (August 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248">"Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On MuzzlePopular Mechanics"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Hearst Magazines. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Jump+Is+Taken+Out+Of+Guns+By+Cylinders+On+MuzzlePopular+Mechanics&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1932-08&rft.au=Hearst+Magazines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-EDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.refactortactical.com/blog/what-does-a-compensator-do-on-a-pistol/">"What Does a Compensator Do On a Pistol?"</a>. <i>RE Factor Tactical</i>. Scott Witner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RE+Factor+Tactical&rft.atitle=What+Does+a+Compensator+Do+On+a+Pistol%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.refactortactical.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-does-a-compensator-do-on-a-pistol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieland2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wieland2009_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wieland2009_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland2009" class="citation book cs1">Wieland, Terry (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550"><i>Dangerous-Game Rifles</i></a>. Down East Books. p. 550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-902-9"><bdi>978-0-89272-902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous-Game+Rifles&rft.pages=550&rft.pub=Down+East+Books&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-89272-902-9&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgn0YAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf">Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm">Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm">Archived</a> 28 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearing_Protection_Basics-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hearing_Protection_Basics_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#">"More About: Shooting/Hunting Hearing Protection"</a>. <i>www.earplugstore.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earplugstore.com&rft.atitle=More+About%3A+Shooting%2FHunting+Hearing+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earplugstore.com%2Fmorabshootea.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilstra2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tilstra2011_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilstra2011" class="citation book cs1">Tilstra, Russell C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems</i></a>. McFarland. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8875-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-8875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Arms+for+Urban+Combat%3A+A+Review+of+Modern+Handguns%2C+Submachine+Guns%2C+Personal+Defense+Weapons%2C+Carbines%2C+Assault+Rifles%2C+Sniper+Rifles%2C+Anti-Materiel+Rifles%2C+Machine+Guns%2C+Combat+Shotguns%2C+Grenade+Launchers+and+Other+Weapons+Systems&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8875-9&rft.aulast=Tilstra&rft.aufirst=Russell+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsjmNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarlucciJacobson2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarlucciJacobson2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlucciJacobson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlucci, Donald E.; Jacobson, Sidney S. (11 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158"><i>Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-6619-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-6619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballistics%3A+Theory+and+Design+of+Guns+and+Ammunition&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-6619-7&rft.aulast=Carlucci&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Sidney+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpX9Tzs7VuSoC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PressNavy1992-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PressNavy1992_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressNavy1992" class="citation book cs1">Press, Paladin; Navy, U S (1992). <i>Seal Sniper Training Program</i>. Paladin Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-683-3"><bdi>978-0-87364-683-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seal+Sniper+Training+Program&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87364-683-3&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Paladin&rft.au=Navy%2C+U+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatman2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boatman2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatman2004" class="citation book cs1">Boatman, Robert H. (2004). <i>Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle</i>. Paladin Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-440-5"><bdi>978-1-58160-440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+with+the+Big+.50%3A+The+Shooter%27s+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Most+Powerful+Rifle&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58160-440-5&rft.aulast=Boatman&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150247694A1/en">"Firearm barrel assembly with ported chamber"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firearm+barrel+assembly+with+ported+chamber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS20150247694A1%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf">"Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California Department of Justice. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513232345/http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2013. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"flash suppressor" means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Justice+Regulations+for+Assault+Weapons+and+Large+Capacity+Magazines&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foag.ca.gov%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fagweb%2Fpdfs%2Ffirearms%2Fregs%2Fpropregs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinan,_Elizabeth2014" class="citation news cs1">Dinan, Elizabeth (10 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392">"SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer"</a>. <i>Seacoastonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seacoastonline.com&rft.atitle=SIG+Sauer+sues+ATF+for+calling+its+%27muzzle+brake%27+a+gun+silencer&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.au=Dinan%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seacoastonline.com%2Farticle%2F20140410%2FNews%2F404100392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/"><i>Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit: It’s a silencer</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919115645/http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Guns.com, 25 September 2015</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muzzle_brakes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muzzle brakes">Muzzle brakes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a 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firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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