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of the Americas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_curlandesa_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonización curlandesa de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización curlandesa de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_courlandaise_des_Am%C3%A9riques" title="Colonisation courlandaise des Amériques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation courlandaise des Amériques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_Amerika_oleh_Kurlandia" title="Kolonisasi Amerika oleh Kurlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi Amerika oleh Kurlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizzazione_curlandese_delle_Americhe" title="Colonizzazione curlandese delle Americhe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonizzazione curlandese delle Americhe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzemes_Amerikas_koloniz%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Kurzemes Amerikas kolonizēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurzemes Amerikas kolonizēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujasis_Kur%C5%A1as" title="Naujasis Kuršas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujasis Kuršas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="クールラントによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クールラントによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_curlandesa_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Colonização curlandesa da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização curlandesa da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culunizzazzioni_curlannisa_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Culunizzazzioni curlannisa d'Amèrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culunizzazzioni curlannisa d'Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurl%C3%A4ndska_koloniseringen_av_Amerika" title="Kurländska koloniseringen av Amerika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurländska koloniseringen av Amerika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika%27n%C4%B1n_Courland_kolonile%C5%9Ftirmesi" title="Amerika'nın Courland kolonileştirmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika'nın Courland kolonileştirmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Курляндська колонізація Америки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курляндська колонізація Америки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Curonian colonization of the Americas">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:19em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0.45em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization<br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/125px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/188px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top: 0.40em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">First wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Basque colonization of the Americas">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Swedish colonies in the Americas">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Colonization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonization of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">Decolonization</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euromericas" title="Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euromericas" title="Template talk:Euromericas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euromericas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Curonian colonization of the Americas</b> was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>), which was the second-smallest <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">state to colonise the Americas</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Knights of Malta</a>. It had a colony on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> from 1654 to 1659 and intermittently from 1660 to 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg/220px-GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg/330px-GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg/440px-GreatCourlandBayMonument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Great Courland Bay Monument</figcaption></figure> <p>Courland and Semigallia was located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and had a population of only 200,000, mostly of Latvian and Baltic German ancestry, and was itself a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> at that time. Under Duke <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a> (ruled 1642-1682), a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a>, it established one of the largest merchant fleets in Europe, with its main harbours in Windau (today's <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>), and Libau (today's <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>). During his travels to Western Europe, Duke Jacob became an eager proponent of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>. Metalworking and shipbuilding became much more developed. Trading relations were established not only with nearby countries, but also with England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courland_and_Tobago">Courland and Tobago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Courland and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duchy's ships started undertaking trade voyages to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> at least as early as 1637, when a Couronian ship attempted to found a colony on <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> with 212 settlers. An earlier European settlement on the island, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonisation_of_the_Americas#Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch colonisation of the Americas">Dutch colony named New Walcheren</a>, formed in 1628, had been wiped out a few months earlier by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The first Curonian colony met a similar end, whilst a second attempt was essentially blockaded by Spain and strangled in infancy by 1639. </p><p>In 1642 two ships under <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Caroon" title="Cornelius Caroon">Captain Caroon</a> with about 300 settlers attempted to settle on the north coast near Courland Bay. This colony was again blockaded, but proved more successful. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries among the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Carib</a> quickly agitated and armed the tribes to attack the settlement. In 1650 the colonists abandoned the colony, which was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. Under agreement with other Protestant powers who saw their various individual efforts insufficient to trade and/or colonise the Americas, Africa, and the Indies simultaneously, Courland's attention shifted to Africa. In 1651 the Duchy gained its first successful <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> in Africa, on <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">St. Andrews Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> and it established Fort Jacob there. </p><p>Soon afterwards the Protestant powers felt sufficiently organised and prepared to launch several colonial expeditions against Spanish interests in the Caribbean. The alliance between England and the Netherlands against Spain began to dissolve thanks to England's attempts to break Dutch monopolies. The Dutch were primary competitors to Courland, which decided to support the English in the brewing conflict. Therefore, Courland received permission from its Protestant English allies to make still another attempt at a colony on Tobago. </p><p>On 20 May 1654, the ship <i>Das Wappen der Herzogin von Kurland</i> ("The Arms of the Duchess of Courland") arrived carrying 45 cannon, 25 officers, 124 Curonian soldiers and 80 families of colonists to occupy Tobago. Captain Willem Mollens declared the island "New Courland" (<i>Neu-Kurland</i>). A fort was erected on the southwest of the island, also called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jakob_(Tobago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jakob (Tobago)">Fort Jacobus</a> (Fort James) with the surrounding town called Jacobsstadt (Jamestown). Other features were given Curonian names such as Great Courland Bay, Jacobs (James) Bay, Courland Estate, Neu-<a href="/wiki/Mitau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitau">Mitau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Libau</a> Bay and Little Courland Bay. </p><p>In their first year on the island the Curonians built an Evangelical <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> church. The colony was successful, but the Netherlands was not willing to accede to losing the West Indies and replied by establishing its own colony nearby a few months later. Thus, the small Curonian colony soon became overshadowed by a second Dutch colony. While 120 Curonian colonists had come in 1657, the Dutch colony reached a population of 1,200 by the next year, when 500 French Protestant refugees fleeing Catholic persecution joined them. </p><p>Goods exported to Europe included <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> shells, tropical birds and their feathers. </p><p>The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia became a focus of strategic interest for both Sweden and Poland–Lithuania. In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">Northern Wars</a> (1655–1660) began. The Swedish army held Duke Jacob captive from 1658 to 1660. During this period both colonies continued to thrive until they were taken by the more numerous Dutch settlers, who surrounded Fort James and forced Hubert de Beveren, Governor of the Curonians, to surrender. The merchant fleet and factories were destroyed. Courland and Semigallia officially yielded New Courland on 11 December 1659. However, this war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Oliwa">Treaty of Oliwa</a> (signed near <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) of 1660, on the basis of which Tobago was returned to Courland. </p><p>Although peace had been established between the Curonians and the Dutch, there still remained Spain. Following several attacks by <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> seeking new harbours, and an expeditionary fleet of Spanish vessels, the Curonians left Tobago in 1666. In 1668 a Curonian ship attempted to reoccupy Fort Jacobus and was driven off by the Dutch. </p><p>Tobago was regained again just for a short period at the end of Duke Jacob's rule with an attempt in July 1680 at a new colony which also later failed. He began to restore the fleet and factories, and the Duchy never again reached its previous level of prosperity. The island was abandoned except for visiting buccaneers from March 1683 to June 1686, before again being occupied by a collection of scattered Curonians from throughout the Dutch, French, and English West Indies, as well as by fresh settlers from the home country. </p><p>In May 1690, shortly after the island was sold by Courland and Semigallia the previous year, the Curonian government permanently left Tobago, and those who remained essentially joined the buccaneers or other Anglo-Dutch colonies. Absentee governors would continue to be appointed until 1795, thereby facilitating the continued use of covert privateering <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Marque_and_Reprisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Marque and Reprisal">Letters of Marque and Reprisal</a> in the region. </p><p>The Courland Monument near Courland Bay commemorates the Duchy's settlements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors_of_New_Courland">Governors of New Courland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governors of New Courland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background:red; color:white;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Courland_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> New Courland (<i>Neu Kurland</i>) </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:red; color:white;"><b>No.</b> </th> <th rowspan="2" width="60px">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Incumbent Governor </th> <th colspan="2">Tenure </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia#Dukes_of_Courland" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duke of Courland and Semigallia</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>From </th> <th>Until </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="center" style="background:red; color:white;">1 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/179px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/238px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Marshall_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Marshall (governor) (page does not exist)">Edward Marshall</a> </td> <td>1642 </td> <td>1643 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg/80px-Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg/120px-Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg/159px-Fridrihs_Ketlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler" title="Friedrich Kettler">Friedrich Kettler</a></b><br /><i>Frīdrihs Ketlers</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kettler">House of Ketteler</a><br /><small>(17 May 1587 – 17 August 1642)</small> </p> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg/80px-Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg/120px-Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg/160px-Rubens_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="705" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Ladislaus IV</a></b><br /><i>Władysław IV Waza</i><br /><i>Vladislovas Vaza</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a><br /><small>(8 November 1632 – 20 May 1648)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:red; color:white;">2 </th> <th rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/179px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/238px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Caroon" title="Cornelius Caroon">Cornelius Caroon</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">1643 </td> <td rowspan="2">1650 </td> <td rowspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/79px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/120px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/159px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a></b><br /><i>Jakob von Kettler</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kettler">House of Ketteler</a><br /><small>(17 August 1642 – 1 January 1682)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/90px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/136px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/181px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="668" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir</a></b><br /><i>Jan II Kazimierz</i><br /><i>Jonas Kazimieras Vaza</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a><br /><small>(20 November 1648 – 16 September 1668)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:red; color:white;">3 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/179px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/238px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_Mollens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem Mollens (page does not exist)">Willem Mollens</a> <p><i><small>Curounian Governor</small></i> </p> </td> <td>1654 </td> <td>1656 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png/100px-Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png/150px-Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="171" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lampsins" title="Adrian Lampsins">Adrian Lampsins</a> <p><i><small>Dutch Governor</small></i> </p> </td> <td>1654 </td> <td>1656 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins,_baron_of_Tobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lampsins" title="Cornelius Lampsins">Cornelius Lampsins</a> <p><i><small>Dutch Governor</small></i> </p> </td> <td>1654 </td> <td>1656 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="center" style="background:red; color:white;">4 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/179px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/238px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Beveren" title="Hubert de Beveren">Hubert de Beveren</a> </td> <td>1656 </td> <td>1659 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center" colspan="7" style="background:orange; color:white;">Dutch Settlers Take Control (1659<small>–</small>1660) after Jacob Kettler is captured by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire"><span style="color:white;">Swedish Empire</span></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War"><span style="color:white;">Second Northern War</span></a> by 1658<small>–</small>1660 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="4" align="center" style="background:red; color:white;">5 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png/100px-Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png/150px-Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Lampsins_Coat_of_Arms_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="171" /></a></span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lampsins" title="Adrian Lampsins">Adrian Lampsins</a><br /><i><small>Baron of Tobago</small></i><br /><small><i>De Facto</i></small> </td> <td>1662 </td> <td>1666 </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/79px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/120px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg/159px-Jaqkob_Kettler_k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a></b><br /><i>Jakob von Kettler</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kettler">House of Ketteler</a><br /><small>(17 August 1642 – 1 January 1682)</small> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/90px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/136px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/181px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="668" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir</a></b><br /><i>Jan II Kazimierz</i><br /><i>Jonas Kazimieras Vaza</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a><br /><small>(20 November 1648 – 16 September 1668)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins,_baron_of_Tobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Cornelis_Lampsins%2C_baron_of_Tobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="745" /></a></span> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lampsins" title="Cornelius Lampsins">Cornelius Lampsins</a><br /><i><small>Baron of Tobago</small></i><br /><small><i>De Facto</i></small> </td> <td>1662 </td> <td>1666 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/179px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png/238px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kettler_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_de_Napp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl de Napp (page does not exist)">Karl de Napp</a><br /><i><small>Absentee Governor</small></i><br /><i><small>De Jure</small></i> </td> <td rowspan="2">1660 </td> <td rowspan="2">1689 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg/79px-Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg/119px-Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg/159px-Fridrihs_kazimirs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="939" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Casimir_Kettler" title="Frederick Casimir Kettler">Frederick Casimir Kettler</a></b><br /><i>Friedrich Casimir Kettler</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kettler" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kettler">House of Ketteler</a><br /><small>(1 January 1682 – 22 January 1698)</small> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg/79px-Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg/119px-Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg/159px-Portret_Micha%C5%82a_Korybuta_Wi%C5%9Bniowieckiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1073" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michael I</a></b><br /><i>Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</i><br /><i>Mykolas Kaributas Višnioveckis</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Wiśniowiecki">House of Wiśniowiecki</a><br /><small>(19 June 1669 – 10 November 1673)</small> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg/79px-Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg/119px-Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg/159px-Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2253" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III</a></b><br /><i>Jan III Sobieski</i><br /><i>Jonas III Sobieskis</i><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">House of Sobieski</a><br /><small>(21 May 1674 – 17 June 1696)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Jamaican buccaneers and English forces from Barbados invade by 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. </p><p>French forces from Grenada then capture the island. </p><p>The Dutch recapture the island by 1667 and Dutch settlers re-establish the colony by 1668. </p><p>The Nepoyo (Arawakans) from Trinidad attack the settlement, but they were able to fend off the attacks with the help of the native Kalina (Carib) of Tobago, but were attacked again by the Kalinago (Island Caribs) from St. Vincent. </p><p>At the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), the colony was captured and looted again by Barbadians, where in 1673 Adrian Lampsins and the late Cornelius' son Jan briefly again retook Tobago, but the island was recaptured by an English Barbadian force under Sir Tobias Bridge from Barbados, and Adrian was killed alongside his nephew when the fort was blown up. </p><p>A new Dutch colony was re-established in 1676. </p><p>The French attack again by March 1677, with the resulting naval battle resulted in serious losses on both sides, and the French forces withdrew, but returned the following year, captured the island, and destroyed the settlement. </p><p>Fresh Courlander attempts to establish a colony in Tobago in 1680 and 1681 were abandoned in 1683. </p><p>New Courland is abandoned from 1683 to 1686. </p><p>A final Courlander attempt to settle the island in 1686 was largely abandoned by 1687. </p><p>New Courland is finally sold to the British Empire by around 1690 to 1693, where last mention of the colony was a small group of settlers encountered by a Danish ship in 1693. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Curonian colonisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/tobago.html">Tobago: The history of the Dutch and Courlanders' settlements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031148/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/tobago.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> This website contains further bibliography: <ul><li>Archibald, D. "Tobago: melancholy isle, vol. I 1498-1771" 137 pp. Westindiana, 1987, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago</li> <li>Carmichael,Gertrude "The history of the West Indian Island of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498-1900", 463 pp. 8 plts. 1961, London, UK.</li> <li>Edmundson "The Dutch in Western Guiana" English historical review: 1901 Vol. XVI 640 - 675 pp. -- About he first period of Dutch settlements in Guiana and Tobago, including some information about Courland colonizing Tobago.</li> <li>Goslinga,C.Ch. "The Dutch in the Caribbean & on the Wild Coast 1580-1680" 647 pp. 12 maps Van Gorcum & C. 1971 Assen, The Netherlands</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edgar Anderson: <i>The Couronians and the West Indies</i>, Chicago 1965.</li> <li>Karin Jekabson-Lemanis: <i>Balts in the Caribbean, The Duchy of Courland's attempts to colonize Tobago Island, 1638 to 1654</i>, in: Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2000, pp. 25–44.</li> <li>Harry C. Merritt: <i>The colony of the colonized: the Duchy of Courland’s Tobago colony and contemporary Latvian national identity</i>, in: Nationalities Papers; Vol. 38, No. 4, 2010, pp. 491–508.</li> <li>Imbi Sooman, Jesma McFarlane, Valdis Teraudkalns, Stefan Donecker: <i>From the port of Ventspils to Great Courland Bay: The Couronian colony on Tobago in past and present</i>, in: Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, December 2013, pp. 503–526.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean#Geography_and_geology" title="Caribbean">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></li> <li><a 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of the Caribbean">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetaceans_of_the_Caribbean" title="Cetaceans of the Caribbean">Cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of populated places in the Caribbean">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of rivers of Central America and the Caribbean">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of trees of the Caribbean">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of the Caribbean">Ultras</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Castilla#Belgian_colony" title="Santo Tomás de Castilla">Belgian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></li> <li>Norwegian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red%27s_Land" title="Erik the Red's Land">Erik the Red's Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen_Land" title="Fridtjof Nansen Land">Fridtjof Nansen Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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