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280.306 213.541 281.705 214.393L291.693 220.468ZM272.468 205.3C271.616 206.7 269.791 207.144 268.392 206.293L258.405 200.218C257.005 199.367 256.56 197.542 257.412 196.142C258.263 194.743 260.088 194.298 261.488 195.149L271.475 201.225C272.875 202.076 273.319 203.901 272.468 205.3Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-6 d-flex align-items-center align-items-lg-center pb-lg-5"> <div class="d-flex flex-column align-items-start pb-lg-3"> <h4 class="mb-1"><a href="/research-areas#spotlight-sections">Spotlight</a></h4> <h1 class="spotlight bold uppercase tight word-break-all">Tech and Financial Capital</h1> </div> </div> <div class="grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-4 has-white-background-color border-radius-large mx-lg-3"> <div class="wrapper-1x1 border-radius-large"> <img width="2560" height="1707" src="https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-scaled.jpg" class="grayscale contrast wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-300x200.jpg 300w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Razer_OSVR_Open-Source_Virtual_Reality_for_Gaming_16863422875-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" /> <div class="p-absolute w-100 h-100 top-0 left-0 mix-blend-mode-overlay border-radius-large opacity-80" style="background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pink)"></div> </div> </div> <a class="post-sticker box-shadow d-flex align-items-center p-absolute border-2 border-radius-small has-off-white-background-color has-black-color align-self-end" href="/series/2023-landscape"><h4 class="has-black-color">PART OF<br>2023 Landscape</h4></a> </div> <div class="d-grid grid grid-col-12 alignwide spotlight mt-2 mt-lg-4 mb-0"> <div class="post-container d-grid grid grid-col-12 grid-lg-span-10"> <div class="post-body grid-col-12 d-grid grid grid-gap-double"> <div class="post-content grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-8 mr-lg-5"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Tech firms are wielding unprecedented amounts of capital to expand their base of power in creative ways. Civil society should explore structural points for intervention.</h3> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/> <p>The financial picture for the tech industry as a whole looks bleaker than it has in the past decade, as the industry grapples with the consequences of rampant speculation: waves of layoffs,<a data-contents=" Issie Lapowsky and Erin Wong, “Tech’s Very Bad Year, in Numbers,” Rest of World, March 13, 2023." class="footnote" id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-list-1">1</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Issie Lapowsky and Erin Wong, “<a href="https://restofworld.org/2023/techs-bad-year-global-layoffs-data">Tech’s Very Bad Year, in Numbers</a>,” Rest of World, March 13, 2023.</span> the collapse of crypto markets,<a data-contents="See Vicky Ge Huang, Alexander Osipovich, and Patricia Kowsmann, “FTX Tapped Into Customer Accounts to Fund Risky Bets, Setting Up Its Downfall,” Wall Street Journal, November 11, 2022; and David Yaffe-Bellany, “How Sam Bankman-Fried’s Crypto Empire Collapsed,” New York Times, November 14, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-list-2">2</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Vicky Ge Huang, Alexander Osipovich, and Patricia Kowsmann, “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/ftx-tapped-into-customer-accounts-to-fund-risky-bets-setting-up-its-downfall-11668093732">FTX Tapped Into Customer Accounts to Fund Risky Bets, Setting Up Its Downfall,</a>” <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, November 11, 2022; and David Yaffe-Bellany, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/14/technology/ftx-sam-bankman-fried-crypto-bankruptcy.html.">How Sam Bankman-Fried’s Crypto Empire Collapsed</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, November 14, 2022.</span> and the failure of Silicon Valley Bank<a data-contents="Rachel Louise Ensign, Corrie Driebusch, and Meghan Bobrowsky, “Silicon Valley Bank Closed by Regulators, FDIC Takes Control,” Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2023." class="footnote" id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-list-3">3</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Rachel Louise Ensign, Corrie Driebusch, and Meghan Bobrowsky, “<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/svb-financial-pulls-capital-raise-explores-alternatives-including-possible-sale-sources-say-11de7522">Silicon Valley Bank Closed by Regulators, FDIC Takes Control</a>,” <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, March 10, 2023.</span> are all indicators of further turmoil. These environmental shifts are likely to concentrate resources even more deeply within the biggest firms, which are less dependent on venture capital and leveraged debt, and thus will weather—and may even benefit from—the storm. </p> <p>These firms hold an unprecedented amount of financial capital<a data-contents="Alex Wilhelm, “Big Tech Is Now Worth So Much We’ve Forgotten to Be Shocked by the Numbers,” TechCrunch, May 1, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-list-4">4</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Alex Wilhelm, “<a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/05/01/big-tech-is-now-worth-so-much-weve-forgotten-to-be-shocked-by-the-numbers">Big Tech Is Now Worth So Much We’ve Forgotten to Be Shocked by the Numbers</a>,” TechCrunch, May 1, 2021.</span> and wield this capital using a variety of strategies to tilt the playing field in their favor and reduce risks to their bottom line. This makes tech capital strategies a critical site for tech accountability. Researchers and advocates are increasingly scrutinizing the ways in which tech firms are influencing the funding landscape for tech policy, but this could go further, accounting for the broad scope of tech industry capital strategies as structural points for intervention. </p> <p>As Meredith Whittaker highlighted in research examining interdependencies between tech firms and the AI field, tech firms “are startlingly well-positioned to shape what we do—and do not—know about AI and the business around it, at the same time that their AI products are working to shape our lives and institutions. ”<a data-contents="Meredith Whittaker, “The Steep Cost of Capture,” Interactions 28, no. 6 (November–December 2021): 51." class="footnote" id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-list-5">5</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Meredith Whittaker, “<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4135581">The Steep Cost of Capture</a>,” <em>Interactions</em> 28, no. 6 (November–December 2021): 51<a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4135581">.</a></span> This is explicitly reinforced in a document leaked in 2020 that outlined Google’s playbook for influencing the European Commission as regulators began work on the DMA and DSA: the company sought to leverage academic researchers to raise questions about the proposed rules, attempted to erode support through lobbying MEPs, and seeded a trade dispute across the Atlantic by encouraging US officials to take stances in opposition to the policy.<a data-contents="Adam Satariano and Matina Stevis-Gridneff, “Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe, Alarming Regulators,” New York Times, December 14, 2020." class="footnote" id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-list-6">6</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Adam Satariano and Matina Stevis-Gridneff, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/14/technology/big-tech-lobbying-europe.html">Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe, Alarming Regulators</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, December 14, 2020.</span> But the industry is not inventing the wheel here; for decades, corporate actors have utilized their capital to adopt a diverse set of nonmarket strategies designed to tilt the cards in their favor.<a data-contents=" Zephyr Teachout and Lina Khan, “Market Structure and Political Law: A Taxonomy of Power,” Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 9, no. 1 (2014): 37–74." class="footnote" id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-list-7">7</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Zephyr Teachout and Lina Khan, “<a href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=djclpp">Market Structure and Political Law: A Taxonomy of Power</a>,” <em>Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy</em> 9, no. 1 (2014): 37–74.</span></p> <p>These include:</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Lobbying: firms can use their capital to directly lobby for policy changes.</h3> <ul class="is-style-default wp-block-list"> <li>In the first half of 2020, Google, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft spent $23 million combined for lobbying in the European Union. This is equal to the entirety of their lobbying spending in the year prior.<a data-contents="Satariano and Stevis-Gridneff, “Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe.”" class="footnote" id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-list-8">8</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Satariano and Stevis-Gridneff, “Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe.”</span> In the US, the companies behaved similarly, increasing their lobbying spending to $55 million in 2021, an increase from $34 million in 2020.<a data-contents="Emily Birnbaum, “Tech Spent Big on Lobbying Last Year,” Politico, January 24, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-list-9">9</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Emily Birnbaum, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-tech/2022/01/24/tech-spent-big-on-lobbying-last-year-00001144">Tech Spent Big on Lobbying Last Year,</a>” <em>Politico</em>, January 24, 2022.</span></li> <li>Big Tech firms have also funded ‘industry coalitions’<a data-contents="Chamber of Progress" class="footnote" id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-list-10">10</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"><a href="https://progresschamber.org/">Chamber of Progress</a></span> such as the Chamber of Progress and lobbying groups like the Connected Commerce Council to purportedly represent the interests of small businesses in opposition to antitrust and other regulatory movements. Many of the small businesses listed on the membership roll of the Connected Commerce Council reported being unaware their names were being used.<a data-contents="Emily Birnbaum, “Group Backed By Tech Giants Claims Thousands of Members”, Politico, March 30, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-list-11">11</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Emily Birnbaum, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/30/connected-commerce-council-amazon-google-lobbying-00021801">Group Backed By Tech Giants Claims Thousands of Members</a>”, <em>Politico, </em>March 30, 2022.</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Staffing and recruiting from government: the “revolving door” is frequently employed by firms both to gain detailed insights into regulatory agencies and to seek to influence them.</h3> <ul class="is-style-default wp-block-list"> <li>Nearly half—26 of 56—of the members of a European Commission high-level expert group on artificial intelligence represented business interests.<a data-contents="Camille Schyns, Greta Rosén Fondahn, Alina Yanchur, and Sarah Pilz, “How Big Tech Dominates EU’s AI Ethics Group,” EUobserver, November 3, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-list-12">12</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Camille Schyns, Greta Rosén Fondahn, Alina Yanchur, and Sarah Pilz, “<a href="https://euobserver.com/investigations/153386">How Big Tech Dominates EU’s AI Ethics Group</a>,” <em>EUobserver</em>, November 3, 2021.</span></li> <li>All 12 of the former national security leaders who warned antitrust enforcement would make the US less competitive with China were revealed to have ties with major tech companies.<a data-contents="Emily Birnbaum, “12 Former Security Officials Who Warned against Antitrust Crackdown Have Tech Ties,” Politico, September 22, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-list-13">13</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Emily Birnbaum, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/22/former-security-officials-antitrust-tech-ties-513657">12 Former Security Officials Who Warned against Antitrust Crackdown Have Tech Ties</a>,” <em>Politico</em>, September 22, 2021<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/22/former-security-officials-antitrust-tech-ties-513657">.</a></span></li> <li>The Defense Innovation Advisory Board (DIAB), designed to advise the Defense Department on how best to employ technology, was chaired by Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, and counted among its members Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, LinkedIn cofounder Reid Hoffman, and Instagram COO Marne Levine, alongside others.<a data-contents="U.S. Department of Defense, “Secretary Carter Names Additional Members of Defense Innovation Advisory Board,” press release, July 26, 2016." class="footnote" id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-list-14">14</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">U.S. Department of Defense, “<a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/857710/secretary-carter-names-additional-members-of-defense-innovation-advisory-board">Secretary Carter Names Additional Members of Defense Innovation Advisory Board</a>,” press release, July 26, 2016.</span></li> <li>Schmidt has lobbied for the passage of the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act, a bill to determine government defense spending that contains amendments referencing specific recommendations of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence.<a data-contents="Eamon Javers, “How Google’s Former CEO Eric Schmidt Helped Write A.I. Laws in Washington without Publicly Disclosing Investments in A.I. Startups,” CNBC, October 24, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-list-15">15</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Eamon Javers, “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/24/how-googles-former-ceo-eric-schmidt-helped-write-ai-laws-in-washington-without-publicly-disclosing-investments-in-ai-start-ups.html">How Google’s Former CEO Eric Schmidt Helped Write A.I. Laws in Washington without Publicly Disclosing Investments in A.I. Startups</a>,” CNBC, October 24, 2022.</span> This bill would include appropriations for the new chief digital and artificial intelligence officer, Craig Martell, who has publicly stated that Schmidt picked him for the role.<a data-contents="Kate Kaye, “Inside Eric Schmidt’s push to profit from an AI cold war with China,” Protocol, October 31, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-list-16">16</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Kate Kaye, “<a href="https://www.protocol.com/enterprise/eric-schmidt-ai-china">Inside Eric Schmidt’s push to profit from an AI cold war with China</a>,” <em>Protocol</em>, October 31, 2022.</span></li> <li>Under the tenure of former White House Chief Science Adviser Eric Lander, who served on the DIAB alongside Eric Schmidt, more than a dozen staff members of the Office of Science and Technology Policy had a relationship to Schmidt or were paid by him.<a data-contents="Alex Thompson, “A Google Billionaire’s Fingerprints Are All over Biden’s Science Office,” Politico, March 28, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-list-17">17</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Alex Thompson, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/28/google-billionaire-joe-biden-science-office-00020712">A Google Billionaire’s Fingerprints Are All over Biden’s Science Office</a>,” <em>Politico</em>, March 28, 2022.</span> Schmidt Futures paid the salaries of two employees in the Office, and Schmidt Futures’ chief innovation officer remained on the firm’s payroll while working as an unpaid consultant for the White House.<a data-contents=" Ibid." class="footnote" id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-list-18">18</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Ibid.</span> The employee eventually left following ethics complaints, while the General Counsel’s office raised “significant” ethical concerns around the salary arrangement.<a data-contents="Ibid. Lander eventually resigned following an investigation that concluded he violated White House workplace policy by bullying and demeaning OSTP staff. See Alex Thompson, “Biden’s Top Science Adviser Bullied and Demeaned Subordinates, According to White House Investigation,” Politico, February 7, 2022," class="footnote" id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-list-19">19</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Ibid. Lander eventually resigned following an investigation that concluded he violated White House workplace policy by bullying and demeaning OSTP staff. See Alex Thompson, “<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/07/eric-lander-white-house-investigation-00006077.">Biden’s Top Science Adviser Bullied and Demeaned Subordinates, According to White House Investigation</a>,” <em>Politico</em>, February 7, 2022,</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Creating biased information: firms leverage the credibility of academic research through funding to create the appearance of objective evidence to support their policy objectives.<a data-contents="See Mohamed Abdalla and Moustafa Abdalla, “The Grey Hoodie Project: Big Tobacco, Big Tech, and the Threat on Academic Integrity,” arXiv:2009.13676v4, April 27, 2021; and “Gig Economy Project – Uber whistleblower Mark MacGann’s full statement to the European Parliament,” Brave New Europe, October 25, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-list-20">20</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Mohamed Abdalla and Moustafa Abdalla, “<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.13676.pdf">The Grey Hoodie Project: Big Tobacco, Big Tech, and the Threat on Academic Integrity</a>,” arXiv:2009.13676v4, April 27, 2021; and “<a href="https://braveneweurope.com/uber-whistleblower-mark-macganns-full-statement-to-the-european-parliament">Gig Economy Project – Uber whistleblower Mark MacGann’s full statement to the European Parliament</a>,” Brave New Europe, October 25, 2022.</span> Even without direct influence on the substance of the research (though they do sometimes assert this as well),<a data-contents="Most notoriously, Uber exerted influence over the calculations used by Cornell economists in a study that concluded 92 percent of drivers made above minimum wage. A study using similar data conducted independently found that the majority of drivers earned far less. Both studies were conducted and published shortly before legislative battles in California and Washington state to determine the employment status of rideshare drivers. See Veena Dubal, “On Algorithmic Wage Discrimination,” January 19, 2023, 12–14; and Hubert Horan, “Uber’s “Academic Research” Program: How to Use Famous Economists to Spread Corporate Narratives,” ProMarket, December 5, 2019," class="footnote" id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-list-21">21</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Most notoriously, Uber exerted influence over the calculations used by Cornell economists in a study that concluded 92 percent of drivers made above minimum wage. A study using similar data conducted independently found that the majority of drivers earned far less. Both studies were conducted and published shortly before legislative battles in California and Washington state to determine the employment status of rideshare drivers. See Veena Dubal, “<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4331080">On Algorithmic Wage Discrimination</a>,” January 19, 2023, 12–14; and Hubert Horan, “<a href="https://www.promarket.org/2019/12/05/ubers-academic-research-program-how-to-use-famous-economists-to-spread-corporate-narratives">Uber’s “Academic Research” Program: How to Use Famous Economists to Spread Corporate Narratives</a>,” <em>ProMarket</em>, December 5, 2019,</span> in the current precarious funding climate this can have a significant impact on which research agendas receive support.<a data-contents="Whittaker, “The Steep Cost of Capture.”" class="footnote" id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-list-22">22</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Whittaker, “The Steep Cost of Capture.”</span></h3> <ul class="is-style-default wp-block-list"> <li>Amazon funded a $20 million program on fairness in AI, leading to concerns that the program amounts to “ethics washing.”<a data-contents="Benjamin Romano, “Amazon’s Role in Co-Sponsoring Research on Fairness in AI Draws Mixed Reaction,” Seattle Times, March 31, 2019." class="footnote" id="footnote-23" href="#footnote-list-23">23</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Benjamin Romano, “<a href="https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazons-role-in-co-sponsoring-research-on-fairness-in-a-i-draws-mixed-reaction">Amazon’s Role in Co-Sponsoring Research on Fairness in AI Draws Mixed Reaction</a>,” <em>Seattle Times</em>, March 31, 2019.</span> Researcher Yochai Benkler wrote in <em>Nature</em> that “when the NSF lends Amazon the legitimacy of its process for a $7.6-million programme (0.03% of Amazon’s 2018 research and development spending), it undermines the role of public research as a counterweight to industry-funded research.”<a data-contents="Yochai Benkler, “Don’t Let Industry Write the Rules for AI,” Nature, May 1, 2019." class="footnote" id="footnote-24" href="#footnote-list-24">24</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Yochai Benkler, “<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01413-1">Don’t Let Industry Write the Rules for AI,</a>” <em>Nature</em>, May 1, 2019.</span></li> <li>Google, Amazon, and Qualcomm are among the largest donors to the Global Antitrust Institute at George Mason University, focused on fostering a hands-off approach to antitrust law.<a data-contents="Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Big Tech Funds a Think Tank Pushing for Fewer Rules. For Big Tech,” New York Times, July 24, 2020." class="footnote" id="footnote-25" href="#footnote-list-25">25</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Daisuke Wakabayashi, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/technology/global-antitrust-institute-google-amazon-qualcomm.html.">Big Tech Funds a Think Tank Pushing for Fewer Rules. For Big Tech</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, July 24, 2020.</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Directing the politics of employees and contractors: companies are able to direct their employees expressly or implicitly to adopt certain political stances.</h3> <ul class="is-style-default wp-block-list"> <li>One of the starkest ways the tech industry has done this is through retaliation against its most outspoken employees. For example, Amazon fired two employees engaged in environmental organizing,<a data-contents="“Amazon ‘Illegally Retaliated’ against Climate Activists,” BBC News, April 5, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-26" href="#footnote-list-26">26</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“<a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56641847">Amazon ‘Illegally Retaliated’ against Climate Activists</a>,” BBC News, April 5, 2021.</span> and Google let go members of its Ethical AI team after they raised concerns about potential harms from the company’s development of large language models.<a data-contents="Cade Metz and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google Researcher Says She Was Fired over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.,” New York Times, December 3, 2020." class="footnote" id="footnote-27" href="#footnote-list-27">27</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Cade Metz and Daisuke Wakabayashi, “<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/technology/google-researcher-timnit-gebru.html">Google Researcher Says She Was Fired over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.</a>,” <em>New York Times</em>, December 3, 2020.</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Power derived from being “too big to fail”: as tech firms increasingly take on the functions of critical infrastructure, this may lead to increased reticence to regulate in a manner that could lead to system failure.</h3> <ul class="is-style-default wp-block-list"> <li>Financial regulators have expressed concerns that increased dependency of financial systems, including payment systems, on cloud firms poses risks to financial stability and could render these companies too big to fail.<a data-contents=" Iain Withers and Huw Jones, “For Bank Regulators, Tech Giants Are Now Too Big to Fail,” Reuters, August 20, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-28" href="#footnote-list-28">28</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Iain Withers and Huw Jones, “<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/the-great-reboot/bank-regulators-tech-giants-are-now-too-big-fail-2021-08-20">For Bank Regulators, Tech Giants Are Now Too Big to Fail</a>,” Reuters, August 20, 2021.</span></li> <li>Tech firms receive financial benefits due to their unique economic position, receive lower bond funding costs, and are treated as a “stable asset” during moments of market turbulence.<a data-contents="Nordine Abidi and Ixart Miquel-Flores, “Too Tech to Fail?” Faculty of Law Blogs, University of Oxford, July 13, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-29" href="#footnote-list-29">29</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Nordine Abidi and Ixart Miquel-Flores, “<a href="https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2022/07/too-tech-fail">Too Tech to Fail?</a>” Faculty of Law Blogs, University of Oxford, July 13, 2022.</span></li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-star-divider"/> <p>Collectively, these examples illustrate the multifaceted ways in which tech firms wield their capital to assert their influence over and above more traditional policy advocacy. Some of these strategies and tactics can also be used in the effort to achieve tech accountability. For example, labor unions have historically leveraged their holdings in public pension funds as a lever for shareholder advocacy in order to seek changes in corporations, such as narrowing the gap between worker and executive compensation.<a data-contents="See Sanford M. Jacoby, Labor in the Age of Finance: Pensions, Politics, and Corporations from Deindustrialization to Dodd-Frank (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021); Justice for Janitors, 2022, accessed March 15, 2023; and Christian Wihtol, “Providence, SEIU Clash Over High Exec Pay, Union Push,” Lund Report, January 12, 2019." class="footnote" id="footnote-30" href="#footnote-list-30">30</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Sanford M. Jacoby, <em>Labor in the Age of Finance: Pensions, Politics, and Corporations from Deindustrialization to Dodd-Frank</em> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021); <a href="https://www.justiceforjanitors.org">Justice for Janitors</a>, 2022, accessed March 15, 2023; and Christian Wihtol, “<a href="https://www.thelundreport.org/content/providence-seiu-clash-over-high-exec-pay-union-push">Providence, SEIU Clash Over High Exec Pay, Union Push</a>,” Lund Report, January 12, 2019.</span> </p> <p>In a number of cases, shareholder proposals have been used to make efforts toward advocating for greater diversity and inclusion measures at the leadership level of companies; for stronger lobbying disclosures; and for mandating evaluations of companies’ impact on human rights. These efforts have met with varying degrees of success. </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>In 2022, Amazon agreed to conduct a racial equity audit, to be led by former US Attorney General Loretta Lynch, in response to a shareholder proposal filed by New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli for an independent racial equity audit.<a data-contents="See Annie Palmer, “Amazon to Conduct Racial-Equity Audit Led by Former Attorney General Loretta Lynch,” CNBC, April 18, 2022; and Office of the New York State Comptroller, NYS Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, “Racial Equity Audit,” 2022, accessed March 15, 2023." class="footnote" id="footnote-31" href="#footnote-list-31">31</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Annie Palmer, “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/18/amazon-to-conduct-racial-equity-audit-led-by-former-ag-loretta-lynch.html;">Amazon to Conduct Racial-Equity Audit Led by Former Attorney General Loretta Lynch</a>,” CNBC, April 18, 2022<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/18/amazon-to-conduct-racial-equity-audit-led-by-former-ag-loretta-lynch.html">;</a> and Office of the New York State Comptroller, NYS Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli, “<a href="https://www.osc.state.ny.us/files/press/pdf/nycrf-amazon-shareholder-proposal.pdf.">Racial Equity Audit</a>,” 2022, accessed March 15, 2023.</span></li> <li>In May 2022, Amazon warehouse picked Daniel Olayiwola introduced a proposal at Amazon’s annual shareholder meeting calling for the company to end its ‘injury crisis’ by eliminating productivity quotas and mechanisms that lead workers to prioritize speed over safety or else lose their jobs. The measure was voted down at the company’s annual meeting.<a data-contents="See Albert Samaha, “Amazon Warehouse Worker Daniel Olayiwola Decided To Make A Podcast About Amazon’s Working Conditions”, BuzzFeed News, February 16, 2023, Caitlin Harrington, “An Amazon Warehouse Worker Takes the Fight to Shareholders,” Wired, May 25, 2022; Sebastian Klovig Skelton, “Amazon Shareholders Vote Down Audit of Warehouse Work Conditions,” Computer Weekly, May 27, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-32" href="#footnote-list-32">32</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Albert Samaha, “<a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/albertsamaha/daniel-olayiwola-amazon-scamazon-podcast">Amazon Warehouse Worker Daniel Olayiwola Decided To Make A Podcast About Amazon’s Working Conditions</a>”, <em>BuzzFeed News</em>, February 16, 2023, Caitlin Harrington, “<a href="https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-warehouse-worker-shareholder-proposal">An Amazon Warehouse Worker Takes the Fight to Shareholders</a>,” <em>Wired</em>, May 25, 2022; Sebastian Klovig Skelton, “<a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252520759/Amazon-shareholders-vote-down-audit-of-warehouse-work-conditions">Amazon Shareholders Vote Down Audit of Warehouse Work Conditions</a>,” <em>Computer Weekly</em>, May 27, 2022.</span></li> <li>In 2021, Microsoft agreed to commission an independent third-party assessment to “identify, understand, assess, and address actual or potential adverse human rights impacts” after shareholders filed a proposal asking the board to evaluate how effectively the company implements its Human Rights Statement, including review of Microsoft’s contracts with US Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border protection. The shareholders withdrew the proposal after Microsoft’s announcement.<a data-contents="Open MIC, “Facing Investor Pressure, Microsoft Agrees to Publish Independent Human Rights Impact Assessment, Including Review of Surveillance and Law Enforcement Contracts,” press release, October 31, 2021." class="footnote" id="footnote-33" href="#footnote-list-33">33</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Open MIC, “<a href="https://www.openmic.org/news/2021/facing-investor-pressure-microsoft-agrees-to-publish-independent-human-rights-impact-assessment-including-review-of-surveillance-and-law-enforcement-contracts">Facing Investor Pressure, Microsoft Agrees to Publish Independent Human Rights Impact Assessment, Including Review of Surveillance and Law Enforcement Contracts</a>,” press release, October 31, 2021.</span> </li> <li>Subsequent proposals filed the same year by Harrington Investments and the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace, a congregation of nuns, demanded that Microsoft prohibit the sale of facial recognition technology to all government entities, called for a more holistic report on Microsoft’s human rights practices, and asked Microsoft to commission a report on how its lobbying aligns with its stated principles.<a data-contents="See Chris Mills Rodrigo, “Exclusive: Scrutiny Mounts on Microsoft’s Surveillance Technology,” Hill, June 17, 2021; and Issie Lapowsky, “These Nuns Could Force Microsoft to Put Its Money Where Its Mouth Is,” Protocol, November 19, 2021. " class="footnote" id="footnote-34" href="#footnote-list-34">34</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Chris Mills Rodrigo, “<a href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/558890-exclusive-scrutiny-mounts-on-microsofts-surveillance-technology">Exclusive: Scrutiny Mounts on Microsoft’s Surveillance Technology</a>,” <em>Hill</em>, June 17, 2021; and Issie Lapowsky, “<a href="https://www.protocol.com/policy/microsoft-lobbying-shareholder-proposal.">These Nuns Could Force Microsoft to Put Its Money Where Its Mouth Is</a>,” <em>Protocol</em>, November 19, 2021. </span> The latter proposal was withdrawn following a commitment from Microsoft to improve its disclosures on lobbying engagement and an affirmation of how its efforts align with the company’s stated social and environmental values.<a data-contents="“Microsoft Pledges to Improve Lobbying Disclosures in Agreement with Investors,” Investor Advocates for Social Justice, November 16, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-35" href="#footnote-list-35">35</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“<a href="https://iasj.org/microsoft-pledges-to-improve-lobbying-disclosures-in-agreement-with-investors">Microsoft Pledges to Improve Lobbying Disclosures in Agreement with Investors</a>,” Investor Advocates for Social Justice, November 16, 2022.</span></li> <li>Google employee Irene Knapp went before a Google shareholder meeting in 2018 to present a proposal, ultimately voted down, on behalf of Zevin Asset Management that would have required that Alphabet’s executive compensation be tied to gender, racial, and ethnic diversity metrics in employee recruiting and retention.<a data-contents="See Jillian D’Onfro, “Here’s the Statement a Google Employee Read Today Criticizing the Company’s Diversity Efforts,” CNBC, June 6, 2018; and Zevin Asset Management, LLC, “Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL) Shareholder Proposal Number 8: Integrating Sustainability & Diversity Metrics into Executive Compensation,” 2018. " class="footnote" id="footnote-36" href="#footnote-list-36">36</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Jillian D’Onfro, “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/06/google-engineer-reads-shareholder-proposal.html">Here’s the Statement a Google Employee Read Today Criticizing the Company’s Diversity Efforts</a>,” CNBC, June 6, 2018; and Zevin Asset Management, LLC, “<a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1394096/000121465918003664/b514180px14a6g.htm">Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL) Shareholder Proposal Number 8: Integrating Sustainability & Diversity Metrics into Executive Compensation</a>,” 2018. </span></li> <li>Apple shareholders have approved proposals requiring the company to conduct a third-party civil rights audit, against Apple’s recommendation.<a data-contents="See Kif Leswing, “Shareholders Vote for Apple to Conduct a Civil Rights Audit, Bucking Company’s Recommendation,” CNBC, March 4, 2022; and United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 8-K, Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, March 4, 2022." class="footnote" id="footnote-37" href="#footnote-list-37">37</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">See Kif Leswing, “<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/04/apple-shareholders-vote-for-company-to-conduct-a-civil-rights-audit.html">Shareholders Vote for Apple to Conduct a Civil Rights Audit, Bucking Company’s Recommendation</a>,” CNBC, March 4, 2022; and <a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/320193/000119312522066169/d294699d8k.htm">United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 8-K, Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 OR 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a>, March 4, 2022.</span></li> </ul> <p>As tech firms undergo rounds of layoffs, ostensibly because of financial headwinds, these capital strategies deserve to be scrutinized all the more closely. In doing so, accountability advocates can attend to the shifting playbook used by companies to influence potential regulation and explore possible inroads that can still be used to advocate for change.</p> </div> <div class="post-sidebar grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-4"> <div class="sidebar d-flex flex-row flex-wrap mb-5"><div class="sidebar-group d-flex flex-row flex-wrap"><p class="mono mr-1 mb-0">Part of: </p><h4 class="mr-1 mb-1"><a href="https://ainowinstitute.org/series/2023-landscape">2023 Landscape</a></h4></div><hr class="sidebar"><button aria-label="Download" class="download-pdf" onclick="window.print()"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <svg width="15" height="22" viewBox="0 0 15 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M4.20708 12.3673L4.20708 13.2923L4.20708 12.3673ZM1.9022 13.9692L2.64088 13.4124L1.9022 13.9692ZM6.90051 20.6007L7.63919 20.0439L6.90051 20.6007ZM7.63919 20.0439L2.64088 13.4124L1.16352 14.5259L6.16184 21.1574L7.63919 20.0439ZM12.7573 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