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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of food chemistry</div> <p><b>Food physical chemistry</b> is considered to be a branch of <a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This field encompasses the<i> "physiochemical principles of the reactions and conversions that occur during the manufacture, handling, and storage of foods."</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food physical chemistry concepts are often drawn from <a href="/wiki/Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">rheology</a>, theories of transport phenomena, physical and chemical <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, chemical bonds and interaction forces, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and reaction kinetics, biopolymer science, colloidal interactions, nucleation, glass transitions, and freezing,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disordered/noncrystalline solids. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: actual complete English sentence containing relevance to food physical chemistry. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Techniques utilized range widely from dynamic rheometry, <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical microscopy">optical microscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">AFM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Light scattering">light scattering</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> (<a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FT-<a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Infrared">NIR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR</a>, NIRS, <a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">ESR and EPR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CD/<a href="/wiki/VCD" class="mw-redirect" title="VCD">VCD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy">FCS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HPLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HPLC">HPLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/GC-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="GC-MS">GC-MS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other related analytical techniques. </p><p>Understanding food processes and the properties of foods requires a knowledge of physical chemistry and how it applies to specific foods and food processes. Food physical chemistry is essential for improving the quality of foods, their stability, and <a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">food product development</a>. Because <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a> is a multi-disciplinary field, food physical chemistry is being developed through interactions with other areas of food chemistry and food science, such as <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">food analytical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">food process engineering</a>/<a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Bioprocess_Technology" title="Food and Bioprocess Technology">food and bioprocess technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_extrusion" title="Food extrusion">food extrusion</a>, food quality control, <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Food biotechnology">food biotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">food microbiology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics_in_Food_physical_chemistry">Topics in Food physical chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Topics in Food physical chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of topics in food physical chemistry that are of interest to both the food industry and food science: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/200px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/300px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg/400px-St%C3%A4rkemehl_800_fach_Polfilter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Starch, 800x magnified, under polarized light</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macaroni_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/200px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/300px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Macaroni_closeup.jpg/400px-Macaroni_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macaroni" title="Macaroni">Macaroni</a> is an extruded hollow pasta.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Water in foods <ul><li>Local structure in liquid water</li> <li>Micro-crystallization in ice cream emulsions</li></ul></li> <li>Dispersion and surface-adsorption processes in foods</li> <li>Water and protein activities</li> <li>Food hydration and shelf-life</li> <li>Hydrophobic interactions in foods</li> <li>Hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions in foods</li> <li>Disulfide bond breaking and formation in foods</li> <li>Food dispersions</li> <li>Structure-functionality in foods</li> <li>Food micro- and nano- structure</li> <li>Food gels and gelling mechanisms</li> <li>Cross-linking in foods</li> <li>Starch gelatinization and retrogradation</li> <li>Physico-chemical modification of carbohydrates</li> <li>Physico-chemical interactions in food formulations</li> <li>Freezing effects on foods and freeze concentration of liquids</li> <li>Glass transition in wheat gluten and wheat doughs</li> <li>Drying of foods and crops</li> <li>Rheology of wheat doughs, cheese and meat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Rheology of extrusion processes</a></li> <li>Food enzyme kinetics</li> <li>Immobilized enzymes and cells</li> <li>Microencapsulation</li> <li>Carbohydrates structure and interactions with water and proteins</li> <li>Maillard browning reactions</li> <li>Lipids structures and interactions with water and food proteins</li> <li>Food proteins structure, hydration and functionality in foods</li> <li>Food protein denaturation</li> <li>Food enzymes and reaction mechanisms</li> <li>Vitamin interactions and preservation during food processing</li> <li>Interaction of salts and minerals with food proteins and water</li> <li>Color determinations and food grade coloring</li> <li>Flavors and sensorial perception of foods</li> <li>Properties of food additives</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_interactome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Human_interactome.jpg/200px-Human_interactome.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Human_interactome.jpg/300px-Human_interactome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Human_interactome.jpg/400px-Human_interactome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Visualisation of the human <a href="/wiki/Interactome" title="Interactome">interactome</a> network topology with the blue lines between proteins (represented as points) showing protein-protein interactions</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Food physics">Food physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">Rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a>-applied</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular forces">Intermolecular forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">Surface chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reactions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reaction_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction chemistry">Reaction chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_models_of_DNA" title="Molecular models of DNA">Molecular models of DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a> of proteins and viruses</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological chemistry">Biological chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymology">Enzymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction" title="Protein–protein interaction">Protein–protein interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">Biomembranes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex system biology">Complex system biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrative biology">Integrative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical biology">Mathematical biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interactomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactomics">Interactomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_bioinformatics" title="Structural bioinformatics">Structural bioinformatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Food biotechnology">Food biotechnology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Agricultural biotechnology</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immobilized_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Immobilized cell">Immobilized cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microencapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microencapsulation">Microencapsulation</a> of food additives and vitamins, etc.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant biology">Plant biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop science">Crop sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_science" title="Animal science">Animal sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_gallery:_High-Field_NMR,_CARS_(Raman_spectroscopy),_Fluorescence_confocal_microscopy_and_Hyperspectral_imaging"><span id="Techniques_gallery:_High-Field_NMR.2C_CARS_.28Raman_spectroscopy.29.2C_Fluorescence_confocal_microscopy_and_Hyperspectral_imaging"></span>Techniques gallery: High-Field NMR, CARS (Raman spectroscopy), Fluorescence confocal microscopy and <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">Hyperspectral imaging</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques gallery: High-Field NMR, CARS (Raman spectroscopy), Fluorescence confocal microscopy and Hyperspectral imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_shift.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stoks and anti-Stokes shifts"><img alt="Stoks and anti-Stokes shifts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stokes_shift.png/120px-Stokes_shift.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stokes_shift.png/180px-Stokes_shift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Stokes_shift.png/240px-Stokes_shift.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stoks and anti-Stokes shifts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CARS_Scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CARS Raman Spectroscopy"><img alt="CARS Raman Spectroscopy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CARS_Scheme.svg/120px-CARS_Scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CARS_Scheme.svg/180px-CARS_Scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CARS_Scheme.svg/240px-CARS_Scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CARS Raman Spectroscopy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HyperspectralCube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyperspectral Imaging Cube"><img alt="Hyperspectral Imaging Cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HyperspectralCube.jpg/120px-HyperspectralCube.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HyperspectralCube.jpg/180px-HyperspectralCube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HyperspectralCube.jpg/240px-HyperspectralCube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hyperspectral Imaging Cube</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multi-spectral Imaging principle"><img alt="Multi-spectral Imaging principle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg/120px-MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg/179px-MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg/239px-MultispectralComparedToHyperspectral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multi-spectral Imaging principle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confocal Imaging Principle"><img alt="Confocal Imaging Principle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg/120px-Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg/180px-Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg/240px-Confocalprinciple_in_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Confocal Imaging Principle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg/119px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg/178px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg/238px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirfm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tirfm.svg/120px-Tirfm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tirfm.svg/180px-Tirfm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tirfm.svg/240px-Tirfm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Inverted_microscope.jpg/90px-Inverted_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Inverted_microscope.jpg/135px-Inverted_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Inverted_microscope.jpg/180px-Inverted_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fluorescence microscope"><img alt="Fluorescence microscope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg/97px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg/146px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg/195px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fluorescence microscope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg/117px-FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg/176px-FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg/234px-FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/120px-FluorescentCells.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/180px-FluorescentCells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/240px-FluorescentCells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yeast membrane protein imaging"><img alt="Yeast membrane protein imaging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg/120px-Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg/180px-Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg/240px-Yeast_membrane_proteins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yeast membrane protein imaging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dividing cell fluorescence"><img alt="Dividing cell fluorescence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg/120px-Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg/180px-Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg/240px-Dividing_Cell_Fluorescence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dividing cell fluorescence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HeLa cancer cells"><img alt="HeLa cancer cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/120px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/180px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg/240px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HeLa cancer cells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FISH_13_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="FISH fluorescence technique"><img alt="FISH fluorescence technique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FISH_13_21.jpg/120px-FISH_13_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FISH_13_21.jpg/180px-FISH_13_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FISH_13_21.jpg/240px-FISH_13_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">FISH fluorescence technique</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red blood cell pathology"><img alt="Red blood cell pathology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg/120px-Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg/180px-Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg/240px-Bloodcell_sun_flares_pathology.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red blood cell pathology</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxysome_3_images.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carboxyzome"><img alt="Carboxyzome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/120px-Carboxysome_3_images.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/180px-Carboxysome_3_images.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carboxysome_3_images.png/240px-Carboxysome_3_images.png 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carboxyzome</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCMS_closed.jpg/300px-GCMS_closed.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCMS_closed.jpg/450px-GCMS_closed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GCMS_closed.jpg/600px-GCMS_closed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Example of a GC-MS instrument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FTIR-interferogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FTIR-interferogram.svg/220px-FTIR-interferogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FTIR-interferogram.svg/330px-FTIR-interferogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FTIR-interferogram.svg/440px-FTIR-interferogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An FTIR interferogram. The central peak is at zero retardation, ZPD) where the maximum amount of light passes through the <a href="/wiki/Michelson_interferometer" title="Michelson interferometer">interferometer</a> to the detector.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Food Chemistry (journal)">Food Chemistry (journal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">ESR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy">FTIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Infrared">NIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy">FCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HPLC">HPLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GC-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="GC-MS">GC-MS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction" title="Protein–protein interaction">Protein–protein interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_rheology" title="Food rheology">Food rheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Food extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">food biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science" title="International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science">International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry#Physical_chemistry" title="List of important publications in chemistry">List of important publications in chemistry § Physical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry#Physical_chemistry_problems" title="List of unsolved problems in chemistry">List of unsolved problems in chemistry § Physical chemistry problems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. de Man.1999. <i>Principles of Food Chemistry</i> (Food Science Text Series), Springer Science, Third Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. de Man. 2009. Food process engineering and technology, Academic Press, Elsevier: London and New York, 1st edn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Walstra. 2003. <i>Physical Chemistry Of Foods</i>. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Physical Chemistry Of Food Processes: Fundamental Aspects</i>.1992. van Nostrand-Reinhold vol.1., 1st Edition,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry G. Schwartzberg, Richard W. Hartel. 1992. <i>Physical Chemistry of Foods</i>. IFT Basic Symposium Series, Marcel Dekker, Inc.:New York, 793 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications</i>. 1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (<i>in press</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Walstra. 2003. <i>Physical Chemistry Of Foods</i>. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Walstra. 2003. <i>Physical Chemistry Of Foods</i>. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 873 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Physical Chemistry Of Food Processes: Fundamental Aspects</i>.1992.van Nostrand-Reinhold vol.1., 1st Edition,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications</i>.1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (<i>in press</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/">https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/</a> First Nobel Prize for NMR in Physics, in 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ismrm.org/12/aboutzavoisky.htm">http://www.ismrm.org/12/aboutzavoisky.htm</a> ESR discovery in 1941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abragam, A.; Bleaney, B. <i>Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions</i>. Clarendon Press:Oxford, 1970, 1,116 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Physical Chemistry of Food Processes, Advanced Techniques, Structures and Applications</i>.1994. van Nostrand-Reinhold vols.1-2., 1st Edition, 998 pages; 3rd edn. Minuteman Press, 2010; vols. 2-3, fifth edition (<i>in press</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagde_D.Elson_E._L.Webb_W._W.1972" class="citation journal cs1">Magde D.; Elson E. 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"Thermodynamic fluctuations in a reacting system: Measurement by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, (1972)". <i>Phys Rev Lett</i>. <b>29</b> (11): 705–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.29.705">10.1103/physrevlett.29.705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys+Rev+Lett&rft.atitle=Thermodynamic+fluctuations+in+a+reacting+system%3A+Measurement+by+fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy%2C+%281972%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=705-708&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysrevlett.29.705&rft.au=Magde+D.&rft.au=Elson+E.+L.&rft.au=Webb+W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg,_M.,_Rigler,_R.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrenberg, M., Rigler, R. 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"Rotational brownian motion and fluorescence intensity fluctuations". <i>Chem Phys</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 390–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974CP......4..390E">1974CP......4..390E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0301-0104%2874%2985005-6">10.1016/0301-0104(74)85005-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-0104">0301-0104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem+Phys&rft.atitle=Rotational+brownian+motion+and+fluorescence+intensity+fluctuations&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-401&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0301-0104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0301-0104%2874%2985005-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974CP......4..390E&rft.au=Ehrenberg%2C+M.%2C+Rigler%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElson_E._L.,_Magde_D.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Elson E. L., Magde D. (1974). "Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy I. Conceptual basis and theory, (1974)". <i>Biopolymers</i>. <b>13</b>: 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.1974.360130102">10.1002/bip.1974.360130102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97201376">97201376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.atitle=Fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy+I.+Conceptual+basis+and+theory%2C+%281974%29&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbip.1974.360130102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97201376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Elson+E.+L.%2C+Magde+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagde_D.Elson_E._L.Webb_W._W.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Magde D.; Elson E. L.; Webb W. W. (1974). "Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy II. An experimental realization, (1974)". <i>Biopolymers</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 29–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.1974.360130103">10.1002/bip.1974.360130103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4818131">4818131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2832069">2832069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.atitle=Fluorescence+correlation+spectroscopy+II.+An+experimental+realization%2C+%281974%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-61&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2832069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4818131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbip.1974.360130103&rft.au=Magde+D.&rft.au=Elson+E.+L.&rft.au=Webb+W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson N L 1991 Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Techniques vol 1, ed J R Lakowicz (New York: Plenum) pp 337–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohlke,_R._S.1959" class="citation journal cs1">Gohlke, R. S. (1959). "Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography". <i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Analytical Chemistry (journal)">Analytical Chemistry</a></i>. <b>31</b> (4): 535–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac50164a024">10.1021/ac50164a024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Time-of-Flight+Mass+Spectrometry+and+Gas-Liquid+Partition+Chromatography&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=535-541&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac50164a024&rft.au=Gohlke%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohlke,_RMcLafferty1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gohlke, R; McLafferty, Fred W. (1993). "Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Society_for_Mass_Spectrometry" title="Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry">Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</a></i>. <b>4</b> (5): 367–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1044-0305%2893%2985001-E">10.1016/1044-0305(93)85001-E</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24234933">24234933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Early+gas+chromatography%2Fmass+spectrometry&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=367-71&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1044-0305%2893%2985001-E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24234933&rft.au=Gohlke%2C+R&rft.au=McLafferty%2C+Fred+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+physical+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_physical_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oil_Chemists%27_Society" title="Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society">Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/522499/description#description">Biophysical Chemistry journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_in_Chemistry" title="Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry">Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry</a></i></li> <li>Starke/ <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starch_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starch Journal (page does not exist)">Starch Journal</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofdairyscience.org/"><i>Journal of Dairy Science</i> (JDS)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Physics_Letters" title="Chemical Physics Letters">Chemical Physics Letters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physikalische_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie">Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biopolymers_(journal)" title="Biopolymers (journal)">Biopolymers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Food_Science" title="Journal of Food Science">Journal of Food Science</a></i> (IFT, USA)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0950-5423">International Journal of Food Science & Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macromolecular_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics">Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0010">Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyacs.org/11.html">Polymer Preprints</a></i> (ACS)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journalissues/ib">Integrative Biology</a></i> Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journalissues/ob">Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry</a></i> (An RSC Journal)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Precedings" title="Nature Precedings">Nature Precedings</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry" title="Journal of Biological Chemistry">Journal of Biological Chemistry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i></li></ul> <div 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_branches_of_physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_physics" title="Template talk:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_branches_of_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_physics" title="Branches of physics">branches of physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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