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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildfire suppression</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with North America and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wildfire_suppression" title="Talk:Wildfire suppression">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg/220px-Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg/330px-Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg/440px-Deer_Mountain_Fire_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4688" data-file-height="7068" /></a><figcaption>A wildfire suppression operation in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, United States in 2002. Methods here include <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> drops and the bulldozing of <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreaks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wildfire suppression</b> is a range of <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a> tactics used to suppress <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. Firefighting efforts depend on many factors such as the available fuel, the local atmospheric conditions, the features of the terrain, and the size of the wildfire. Because of this wildfire suppression in wild land areas usually requires different techniques, equipment, and training from the more familiar <a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">structure fire</a> fighting found in populated areas. Working in conjunction with specially designed <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">aerial firefighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, fire engines, tools, <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">firefighting foams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardants</a>, and using various firefighting techniques, wildfire-trained crews work to suppress flames, construct <a href="/wiki/Fire_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire break">fire lines</a>, and extinguish flames and areas of heat in order to protect resources and natural wilderness. Wildfire suppression also addresses the issues of the <a href="/wiki/Wildland%E2%80%93urban_interface" title="Wildland–urban interface">wildland–urban interface</a>, where populated areas border with wild land areas. </p><p> In the United States and other countries, aggressive wildfire suppression aimed at minimizing fires has often protected and saved significant wildlands, but has sometimes contributed to accumulation of fuel loads, increasing the risk of large, catastrophic fires.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/220px--NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="221" data-mwtitle="NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm/NASA_Rainfall_Data_and_Global_Fire_Weather.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The Global Fire Weather Database is designed to analyze and suppress the underlying conditions that drive wildfires.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_in_Implementing_Wildfire_Suppression">Issues in Implementing Wildfire Suppression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Issues in Implementing Wildfire Suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_wildfire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lava_wildfire.JPG/220px-Lava_wildfire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lava_wildfire.JPG/330px-Lava_wildfire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lava_wildfire.JPG/440px-Lava_wildfire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava</a> flow on the coastal plain of <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kīlauea</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>, generated this wildfire.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protection of human life is first priority for firefighters. Since 1995, when arriving on a scene, a fire crew will establish safety zones and escape routes, verify communication is in place, and designate lookouts (known in the U.S. by the acronym <i>LCES</i>, for lookouts, communications, escape routes, safety zones). This allows the firefighters to engage a fire with options for a retreat should their current situation become unsafe. Although other safety zones should be designated, areas already burned generally provide a safe refuge from fire provided they have cooled sufficiently, are accessible, and have burned enough fuels so as to not reignite. Briefings may be done to inform new fire resources of hazards and other pertinent information.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great emphasis is placed on safety and preventing <i>entrapment</i>, a situation where escape from the fire is impossible. Prevention of this situation is reinforced with two training protocols, <i>Ten Standard Firefighting Orders</i> and <i>Eighteen Situations That Shout Watch Out</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10&18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10&18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which warn firefighters of potentially dangerous situations, developed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Gulch_fire" title="Mann Gulch fire">Mann Gulch fire</a>. As a last resort, many wildland firefighters carry a <a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">fire shelter</a>. In this inescapable situation, the shelter will provide limited protection from radiant and convective heat, as well as superheated air. Entrapment within a fire shelter is called a <i>burnover</i>. In Australia, firefighters rarely carry fireshelters (commonly referred to as "Shake 'N' Bake" shelters); rather, training is given to locate natural shelters or use hand tools to create protection; or, in the instance of 'burnover' in a tanker or other fire appliance, 'fire overrun' training is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Trial2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trial2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazards beyond the fire are posed as well. A very small sample of these include: unstable/hazardous trees, animals, electrical cables, <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a>, hazardous materials, rolling and falling debris, and lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal safety is also vital to wildland firefighting. The proper use of <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a> (personal protective equipment) and firefighting equipment will help minimise accidents. At the very minimum, wildland firefighters should have proper fire-retardant clothing (such as Nomex), protective headgear, wildland firefighting-specific boots, gloves, water for hydration, fire shelters, eye protection, and some form of communication (most commonly a radio). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_protection">Resource protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Resource protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other resources are ranked according to importance and/or value. These include but are not limited to human health and safety, construction cost, ecological impacts, social and legal consequences, and the costs of protection. <i>Defendability</i> is also considered, as more effort will need to be expended on saving a house with a wooden-shake roof than one with a tile roof, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-strategy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem_changes">Ecosystem changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecosystem changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While wildfire suppression serves human safety and resource protection, the lack of natural fires can be the cause of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> changes, as can the size of fires when they do occur.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a> is accordingly not as simple as many might assume. Across the global <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> ecosystems, fire suppression is frequently found to be a driver of <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody encroachment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Bushfires in Australia</a></div> <p>Wildland fire, known in Australia as <a href="/wiki/Bush_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush fire">bush fire</a>, has played a major role in Australia due to arid conditions. Notable fire services tasked with wildfire suppression include NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSW), the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rural_Fire_Service" title="New South Wales Rural Fire Service">New South Wales Rural Fire Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Country_Fire_Service" title="South Australian Country Fire Service">South Australian Country Fire Service</a>, the Western Australian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Biodiversity,_Conservation_and_Attractions_(Western_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (Western Australia)">Parks and Wildlife Service</a>, the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Land,_Water_and_Planning" title="Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning">Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning</a> (DELWP), and the <a href="/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority" title="Country Fire Authority">Country Fire Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada contains approximately 3,964,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,531,000 sq mi) of forest land.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCan_Statistics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCan_Statistics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy-five percent of this is <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a>, made up primarily of coniferous trees. More than 90 percent of Canadian forest land is publicly owned, and the provincial and territorial governments are responsible for fire-suppression activities. The Federal Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC) provides operational fire-control services and links to all provincial and territorial fire agencies. </p><p>During a typical year there are over 9,000 forest fires in Canada, burning an average of 2.5 million hectares (ha) or 9,700 square miles (25,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The number of fires and area burned can vary dramatically from year to year. Average suppression costs are $500 million to $1 billion annually. </p><p>In Canada, two-thirds of all forest fires are caused by people, while lightning causes the remaining third. Despite this, lightning fires account for over 85 percent of the area burned in Canada, largely because many of the lightning-caused fires occur in remote, inaccessible areas. Currently about ninety percent of forest fires are fought. Generally fires near communities, industrial infrastructure, and forests with high commercial and recreation value are given high priority for suppression efforts. In remote areas and wilderness parks, fires may be left to burn as part of the natural ecological cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Indigenous communities embraced fire as an ally</a> in preserving nature, but once <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">populations began to grow across the U.S</a>., wildfires started to trigger unprecedented destruction of property and sometimes resulted in <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll#Wildfires" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">massive death tolls</a>. Greater impact on people's lives led to government intervention and changes to how wildfires were addressed. </p><p>One of the first turning points for firefighting philosophies in the U.S. happened in October 1871 with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire</a>. Six years removed from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the Fire destroyed more than 17,000 buildings across the Windy City, upended thousands of lives and devastated their thriving business community.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same day as the Chicago Fire, a much larger, more deadly fire occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Peshtigo_fire" title="Peshtigo fire">Peshtigo Fire</a> broke out on the morning of October 8, 1871. It burned for three days, and while estimates vary, the consensus is that it killed more than 1,200 people – making it the deadliest wildfire in American history to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the number of people killed, the fire burned more than 1.2 million acres of land and spread to nearby towns, where it caused even more damage. The entire town of Peshtigo was destroyed within an hour of the start of the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the 1871 fire breakouts, the federal government saw that it needed to act. This led in 1876 to the creation of the Office of Special Agent in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> to assess the quality and conditions of forests in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, this was the first time that wildfire management was placed under government purview. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1910" title="Great Fire of 1910">Great Fire of 1910</a>, the U.S. Forest Service received considerable recognition for its firefighting efforts, including a doubling of its budget from Congress. The fire is often considered a significant impetus in the development of early wildfire prevention and suppression strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-AmExp_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmExp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across the United States, wildfire suppression is administered by land management agencies including the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and state departments of forestry. All of these groups contribute to the National Wildfire Coordinating Group and the National Interagency Fire Center. </p><p>The National Interagency Fire Center hosts the National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC). NICC's primary responsibility is positioning and managing national resources (i.e. Hotshot Crews, smokejumpers, air tankers, incident management teams, National Caterers, mobile shower units, and command repeaters). NICC also serves as clearing house for the dispatch ordering system. Reporting to NICC are 10 Geographic Area Coordination Centers (Alaska, Great Basin, Northern Rockies, Rocky Mountains, Southern California, Northern California, Eastern, Southern, Southwest and Northwest).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under each GACC are several dispatch zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Managing any number of resources over varying-size areas in often rugged terrain is extremely challenging. An <a href="/wiki/Incident_commander" title="Incident commander">incident commander</a> (IC) is charged with overall command of an incident. In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Incident_Command_System" title="Incident Command System">Incident Command System</a> designates this as being the first on scene providing they have sufficient training. The size of the fire, measured in <a href="/wiki/Acres" class="mw-redirect" title="Acres">acres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chain_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain (length)">chains</a>, as well as the complexity of the incident and threats to developed areas, will later dictate the class-level of IC required. <a href="/wiki/Incident_Management_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident Management Team">Incident management teams</a> aid on larger fire incidents to meet more complex priorities and objectives of the incident commander. It provides support staff to handle duties such as communication, fire behavior modeling, and map- and photo-interpretation. Again in the U.S., management coordination between fires is primarily done by the <a href="/wiki/National_Interagency_Fire_Center" title="National Interagency Fire Center">National Interagency Fire Center</a> (NIFC).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>U.S. fire size class<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>G </td></tr> <tr> <td>0–1/4 acre</td> <td>1/4–10 acres</td> <td>10–99 acres</td> <td>100–299 acres</td> <td>300–999 acres</td> <td>1000–4999 acres</td> <td>5000+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Specific agencies and different incident management teams may include a number of different individuals with various responsibilities and varying titles. A <i>fire information officer</i> (PIOF) generally provides fire-related information to the public, for example. <i>Branch chiefs</i> and <i>division chiefs</i> serve as management on branches and divisions, respectively, as the need for these divisions arise. Investigators may be called to ascertain the fire's cause. Prevention officers such as <a href="/wiki/Forest_ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest ranger">forest rangers</a> may patrol their jurisdictional areas to teach <a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">fire prevention</a> and prevent some human-caused fires from happening to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information may be communicated on fires in many forms. Radios, vocals, visual signals such as flagging and mirrors, literature such as an <i>IAP</i> or incident action plan, whistles and mobile touch-screen computer terminals are some examples.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>USFS Visual Signal Code</i> system provides symbols used to communicate from ground to air, while aircraft may use wing tilting, motor gunning or circling to communicate air-to-ground.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio communication is very typical for communication during a wildfire. This is due to the wide coverage provided and the ability to communicate in a one-to-many format. One of the most popular radio manufacturers for this application is Relm Wireless (also known as Bendix King and BK Radio). The company is based in Florida, U.S., and holds many contracts with various government entities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other up-and-coming company entering this niche market is Midland Radio. Its U.S. headquarters is in the midwest (Kansas City, Missouri), and it manufacturers many radio models, including mobiles and portables.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firefighter#Duties" title="Firefighter">Firefighter § Duties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumbleweed_Fire,_Los_Angeles_County_2021,_Part_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG/220px-Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG/330px-Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG/440px-Tumbleweed_Fire%2C_Los_Angeles_County_2021%2C_Part_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a> dispersed aerially onto brush adjoining a <a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">firebreak</a> to contain the <a href="/wiki/Tumbleweed_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbleweed Fire">Tumbleweed Fire</a> in California, in July 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Operating in the U.S. within the context of <a href="#United_States">fire use</a>, firefighters may only suppress fire that has become uncontrollable. Conversely, fires or portions of a fire that have previously been engaged by firefighters may be treated as fire use situation and be left to burn. </p><p>All fire suppression activities are based from an <i>anchor point</i> (such as lake, rock slide, road or other natural or artificial fire break). From an anchor point firefighters can work to contain a wild land fire without the fire outflanking them. </p><p>Large fires often become extended campaigns. Incident command posts (ICPs) and other temporary fire camps are constructed to provide food, showers, and rest to fire crews. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather conditions</a> and fuel conditions are large factors in the decisions made on a fire. Within the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Release_Component" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Release Component">Energy Release Component</a> (ERC) is a scale relating fuel energy potential to area. The <a href="/wiki/Burning_Index" title="Burning Index">Burning Index</a> (BI) relates flame length to fire spread speed and temperature. The Haines Index (HI) tracks stability and humidity of air over a fire. The <a href="/wiki/Keetch%E2%80%93Byram_drought_index" title="Keetch–Byram drought index">Keetch–Byram drought index</a> relates fuels to how quickly they could ignite and to what percentage they should burn. The Lightning Activity Level (LAL) ranks lightning potential into six classes.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuel models are specific fuel designations determined by energy burning potential. Placed into 13 classes, they range from "short grass" (model 1) to "logging slash" (model 13). Low-numbered models burn at lower intensities than those at the higher end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_attack">Direct attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Direct attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg/220px-Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg/330px-Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg/440px-Helicoptere_bombardier_d_eau_Italie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>A helicopter dips its <a href="/wiki/Bambi_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambi bucket">bucket</a> into a pool before dropping the water on a wildfire close to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Direct attack is any treatment applied directly to burning fuel such as wetting, smothering, or chemically quenching the fire, or by physically separating the burning from not burned fuel. This includes the work of <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">wildland fire engines</a>, fire personnel and aircraft applying water or <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> directly to the burning fuel. For most agencies, the objective is to make a fireline around all fire meant to be suppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_attack">Indirect attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indirect attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preparatory suppression tactics used a distance away from the oncoming fire are considered indirect. Firelines may be built in this manner as well. Fuel reduction, indirect firelines, contingency firelines, backburning and wetting unburnt fuels are examples. This method may allow for more effective planning. It may allow for more ideally placed firelines in lighter fuels using natural barriers to fire and for safer firefighter working conditions in less smoke filled and cooler areas. However, it may also allow for more burned acreage, larger hotter fires, and the possibility of wasted time constructing unused firelines.<sup id="cite_ref-IRPG_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRPG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireplow0179.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Fireplow0179.JPG/220px-Fireplow0179.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Fireplow0179.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Plowing a control line in advance of a wildfire in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_South_Carolina" title="Georgetown, South Carolina">Georgetown, South Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Attempts to control wildfires may also include by controlling the area that it can spread to by creating <i>control lines</i>: boundaries that contain no combustible material. These may be constructed by physically removing combustible material with <a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_suppression#Equipment_and_personnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland fire suppression">tools and equipment</a>, or portions may be naturally occurring. Lines may also be created by <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/back_fire" class="extiw" title="wikt:back fire">backfiring:</a></i> creating small, low-intensity fires using <a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">driptorches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">flares</a>. The resultant fires are extinguished by firefighters or, ideally, directed in such a way that they meet the main fire front, at which point both fires run out of flammable material and are thus extinguished. Additionally, the use of long-term <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire-fighting_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-fighting foam">fire-fighting foams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superabsorbent_polymer" title="Superabsorbent polymer">superabsorbent polymer</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire-retardant_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-retardant gel">gels</a> may be used. Such compounds reduce the flammability of materials by either blocking the fire physically or by initiating a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> that stops the fire. </p><p>However, any method can fail in the face of erratic or high-intensity winds and changing weather. Changing winds may cause fires to change direction and miss control lines. High-intensity winds may cause jumping or spotting as burning embers are carried through the air over a fireline. Burning trees may fall and burning materials may roll across the line, effectively negating the barrier. </p><p>Another method for controlling fires is forest thinning. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Mechanical thinning of forests is a multifaceted process and often involves piling brush, pruning branches, and creating fuel breaks. ”<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical forest thinning combined with controlled ground fire is an effective method for wildfire suppression. Forest thinning and ground burn are more effective in reducing wildfire risk together rather than just thinning or burning. According to an article in the journal of <a href="/wiki/Forest_Ecology_and_Management" title="Forest Ecology and Management">Forest Ecology and Management</a>, “Combined treatments (thinning + burning) tended to have the greatest effect on reducing surface fuels and stand density, and raising modeled crowning and torching indices, as compared to burning or thinning alone.” <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinning and burning also must be continued through follow up maintenance, according to the Western Watersheds Project, but this follow up rarely happens.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forest thinning has brought up concerns that it could increase fire severity, as the sun can reach the lower vegetation and cause additional moisture loss. With climate change already making the ground less humid, according to the NIDIS, “cause of the rapid increase of wildfires over the western U.S. is the rapid increase of surface air vapor pressure deficit, or VPD, a measure of how thirsty the atmosphere is.”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mop-up">Mop-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mop-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The threat of wildfires does not cease after the flames have passed, there can actually be various instances where certain areas will catch on fire however, this can also have some positive effects such as being at almost the perfect heat level to help in properly nurturing soil,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smoldering" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoldering">smoldering</a> heavy fuels is a good example of something that continues to burn unnoticed for days after flaming<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is what a lot of fire safety Council agencies bring up when discussing there funds and bonuses with government agencies, they also use it as another instance for bringing in more volunteers so that they can work together on the checkups while also offering proper training and the necessary tools to deal with the potential fires.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is during this phase that either the burn area exterior or the complete burn area of a fire is cooled so as to not reignite another fire which is something that can also be helped by the tools provided from the fire safety Council such as water sprinklers that are placed according to the expected fire areas and by having the volunteers taking turns in checking up on it while also in difficult situations using helicopters to have a better view on the area, this is able to happen thanks to the funds that get provided from government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed firelines, breaks, safety zones and other items may damage soil systems, encouraging <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff#Erosion_and_deposition" title="Surface runoff">erosion</a> from surface run-off and <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gully</a> formation. The loss of plant life from the fire also contributes to erosion. Construction of <a href="/wiki/Waterbar" title="Waterbar">waterbars</a>, the addition of plants and debris to exposed soils and other measures help to reduce this.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fires_at_the_wildland–urban_interface"><span id="Fires_at_the_wildland.E2.80.93urban_interface"></span>Fires at the wildland–urban interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fires at the wildland–urban interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watertender01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Watertender01.jpg/220px-Watertender01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Watertender01.jpg/330px-Watertender01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Watertender01.jpg/440px-Watertender01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Water Tender ANF 10, from the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angeles_National_Forest" title="Angeles National Forest">Angeles National Forest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains" title="San Gabriel Mountains">San Gabriel Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wildfires can pose risks to human settlement in three main scenarios. The first can happen at the classic <a href="/wiki/Wildland%E2%80%93urban_interface" title="Wildland–urban interface">wildland–urban interface</a>, where urban or suburban development borders wild land. The second happens at the mixed wildland–urban interface, where homes or small communities are interspersed throughout a wild area, and the boundary between developed and non-developed land is undefined. The third occurs in the occluded wildland–urban interface, where pockets of wild land are enclosed within cities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expansive <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and other human activity in areas adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Wildland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland">wildlands</a> is a primary reason for the catastrophic structural losses experienced in wildfires.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continued development of <i>wildland–urban interface</i> firefighting measures and the rebuilding of structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Trial2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trial2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communities such as <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> have been built within highly flammable forest fuels. The city of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, lies on the fringe of the Table Mountain National Park. In the western United States from the 1990s to 2007, over 8.5 million new homes were constructed on the wildland–urban interface.<sup id="cite_ref-BigFire_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigFire-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuel buildup can result in costly, devastating fires as more new houses and ranches are built adjacent to wilderness areas. However, the population growth in these fringe areas discourages the use of current fuel management techniques. Smoke from fires is an irritant and a pollutant. Attempts to thin out the fuel load may be met with opposition due to the desirability of forested areas. Wildland goals may be further resisted because of endangered species protections and habitat preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-BigFire_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigFire-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ecological benefit of fire is often overridden by the economic benefits of protecting structures and lives.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, federal policies that cover wildland areas usually differ from local and state policies that govern urban lands.<sup id="cite_ref-strategy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vW2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vW2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the belief that fire suppression has substantially reduced the average annual area burned is widely held by resource managers,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often thought to be self-evident. However, this belief has been the focus of vocal <a href="/wiki/Success_of_fire_suppression_in_northern_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Success of fire suppression in northern forests">debate in the scientific literature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_personnel">Equipment and personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Equipment and personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></div> <p>Wildfire suppression requires specialist personnel and equipment. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumpers</a> (firefighters who parachute into remote areas) and <a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">helicopter support</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The success of wildfire suppression techniques is debated amongst the scientific community. A number of studies (produced during the 1990s) using Ontario government fire records compared either the number of fires or the average fire size between areas with and without aggressive fire suppression policies.<sup id="cite_ref-stocks_1991_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stocks_1991-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ward_1993_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward_1993-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that the average fire size was generally smaller in areas of aggressive policy. One report, written in 1998 by Stocks and Weber, said; "Use of fire as a management tool recognizes the natural role of fire and is applied judiciously for ecosystem maintenance and restoration in selected areas."<sup id="cite_ref-weber_1998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber_1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later 2005 study concluded that "Fire suppression is (functionally) effective insofar as it reduces area burned".<sup id="cite_ref-cumming_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cumming-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies have concluded that the 20th century change in the fire cycle is a result of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-johnson-1996_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnson-1996-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1993 study by Bergeron & Archambault said: "post-'Little Ice Age' climate change has profoundly decreased the frequency of fires in the northwestern Québec boreal forest".<sup id="cite_ref-bergeron-1993_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergeron-1993-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have also pointed out that small fires are virtually unreported in areas without aggressive fire suppression policies, where detection often relies on reports from settlements or commercial aircraft, leading to incorrect average fire size data for those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-miyanishi-2001_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miyanishi-2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildland_fire_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of wildland fire terms">Glossary of wildland fire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wildland_Fire" title="International Association of Wildland Fire">International Association of Wildland Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="NFDRS">National Fire Danger Rating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanker_910" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanker 910">Tanker 910</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBusenberg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Busenberg, George (2004). "Wildfire Management in the United States: The Evolution of a Policy Failure". <i>Review of Policy Research</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 145–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-1338.2004.00066.x">10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00066.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Wildfire+Management+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Policy+Failure&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-156&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1541-1338.2004.00066.x&rft.aulast=Busenberg&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisienBarberHirschStockdale2020" class="citation journal cs1">Parisien, Marc-André; Barber, Quinn E.; Hirsch, Kelvin G.; Stockdale, Christopher A.; Erni, Sandy; Wang, Xianli; Arseneault, Dominique; Parks, Sean A. 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Tithecott (1993), "The impact of fire management on the boreal landscape of Ontario", <i>Aviation, Flood and Fire Management Branch Publication</i>, <b>305</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation%2C+Flood+and+Fire+Management+Branch+Publication&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+fire+management+on+the+boreal+landscape+of+Ontario&rft.volume=305&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=P.C.&rft.au=A.G.+Tithecott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber_1998-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber_1998_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberStocks,_BJ1998" class="citation cs2">Weber, MG; Stocks, BJ (Nov 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404172430/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4516656&q=&uid=789631234&setcookie=yes">"Forest Fires and Sustainability in the Boreal Forests of Canada"</a>, <i>Ambio</i>, <b>27</b> (7): 545–550, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4516656&q=&uid=789631234&setcookie=yes">the original</a> on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio&rft.atitle=Forest+Fires+and+Sustainability+in+the+Boreal+Forests+of+Canada&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=545-550&rft.date=1998-11&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Stocks%2C+BJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DENV%26recid%3D4516656%26q%3D%26uid%3D789631234%26setcookie%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cumming-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cumming_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumming2005" class="citation cs2">Cumming, S.G. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjfr&volume=&year=2005&issue=4&msno=x04-174">"Effective fire suppression in boreal forests"</a>, <i>Canadian Journal of Forest Research</i>, <b>35</b> (4): 772–786, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fx04-174">10.1139/x04-174</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Forest+Research&rft.atitle=Effective+fire+suppression+in+boreal+forests&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=772-786&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fx04-174&rft.aulast=Cumming&rft.aufirst=S.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca%2Frparticle%2FAbstractTemplateServlet%3FcalyLang%3Deng%26journal%3Dcjfr%26volume%3D%26year%3D2005%26issue%3D4%26msno%3Dx04-174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson-1996-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnson-1996_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Edward A (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klaa-tUf6HUC&q=Fire%20and%20vegetation%20dynamics%3A%20studies%20from%20the%20North%20American%20boreal%20fores&pg=PA132"><i>Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34943-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34943-7"><bdi>978-0-521-34943-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Vegetation+Dynamics%3A+Studies+from+the+North+American+Boreal+Forest&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34943-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Edward+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dklaa-tUf6HUC%26q%3DFire%2520and%2520vegetation%2520dynamics%253A%2520studies%2520from%2520the%2520North%2520American%2520boreal%2520fores%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergeron-1993-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bergeron-1993_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYves_BergeronSylvain_Archambault1993" class="citation journal cs1">Yves Bergeron; Sylvain Archambault (1993). 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Johnson (2001), "Comment—A re-examination of the effects of fire suppression in the boreal forest", <i>Canadian Journal of Forest Research</i>, <b>31</b> (8): 1462, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fx01-073">10.1139/x01-073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Forest+Research&rft.atitle=Comment%E2%80%94A+re-examination+of+the+effects+of+fire+suppression+in+the+boreal+forest&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1462&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fx01-073&rft.aulast=Miyanishi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=E.+A.+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span>{</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoR._P._hammerly1984" class="citation cs2">Arno, S. 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(September 2006), "Wind-enabled ember dousing", <i>Fire Safety Journal</i>, <b>41</b> (6): 444–458, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006FirSJ..41..444M">2006FirSJ..41..444M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.firesaf.2006.04.002">10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.04.002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Safety+Journal&rft.atitle=Wind-enabled+ember+dousing&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=444-458&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.firesaf.2006.04.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006FirSJ..41..444M&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWildfire+suppression" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayre1994" class="citation cs2">Sayre, A. 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(identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2015.02.002">10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.002</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_suppression&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment <br />and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting" title="Category:Firefighting"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Firefighting"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting"><b>Glossary</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles"><b>Index</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_tools" title="Template talk:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caulk_boots" title="Caulk boots">Caulk boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)#Types" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoedad</a> (hoedag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxx" title="Groasis Waterboxx">Groasis Waterboxx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottiputki" title="Pottiputki">Pottiputki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_trainer" title="Root trainer">Root trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_trap" title="Seed trap">Seed trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">Tree planting bar</a> (dibble bar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_shelter" title="Tree shelter">Tree shelter</a> (Tuley tube)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_spade" title="Tree spade">Tree spade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Using_a_DTApe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/70px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/105px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/140px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Mensuration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_gauge" title="Angle gauge">Angle gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_stick" title="Biltmore stick">Biltmore stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)#Other_instruments" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_rod" title="Cruising rod">Cruising rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diameter_tape" title="Diameter tape">Diameter tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">Hemispherical photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increment_borer" title="Increment borer">Increment borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relascope" title="Relascope">Relascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_caliper" title="Tree caliper">Tree caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">Wedge prism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Fire suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Forest_fire_detection" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_saw" title="Head saw">Head saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-man_saw" title="Two-man saw">Two-man saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">Cant hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">Pike pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_cone" title="Skid cone">Skid cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_yarder" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(hand_tool)#Forestry_hook" title="Hook (hand tool)">Hand hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_baler" title="Tree baler">Tree tyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" title="Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_equipment" title="Category:Forestry equipment">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> 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