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href="/wiki/File:Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased,_Percy_Delf_Smith,_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg/220px-Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg/330px-Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg/440px-Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Lettering on a war memorial panel by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Delf_Smith" title="Percy Delf Smith">Percy Delf Smith</a></figcaption></figure> Roman lettering or Trajan lettering<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> refers to the use by artists and signwriters of <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Lettering" title="Lettering">lettering</a>, particularly in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_tradition-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhukov_Trajan_in_Russia_and_America-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Number_Ten_(Mosley)-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20058-3">[3]</a> Around the early twentieth century, British artists in the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Edward Johnston</a> came to see the proportions of Roman square capitals as an attractive, timeless form of letters, the ideal for artistic use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196429–31-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowes200026–27-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lommen-19">[18]</a> Artists who worked in this style included Johnston's pupils <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graily_Hewitt" title="Graily Hewitt">Graily Hewitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Delf_Smith" title="Percy Delf Smith">Percy Delf Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Gill" title="MacDonald Gill">MacDonald Gill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Walker_website_bio-21">[19]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Stone" title="Reynolds Stone">Reynolds Stone</a> and many other professional <a href="/wiki/Sign_painting" title="Sign painting">signwriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letter_cutting" title="Letter cutting">letter engravers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2002-22">[20]</a> Roman capitals were used along with <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> in a complementary style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith19362-23">[21]</a> The style has been used for lettering where a feeling of timelessness was wanted, for example on <a href="/wiki/First_World_War_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War memorials">First World War memorials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">government buildings</a>, but also on <a href="/wiki/Storefront" title="Storefront">shopfronts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>, and other general uses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196431–35-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1960-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross_Map_Roman-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The popular name "Trajan" for this style of lettering came from the lettering on the base of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan Column">Trajan Column</a>, copies of which were often used (in theory, at least) as models by lettering artists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196431–35-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian_connection-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20058-3">[3]</a> Phil Baines commented that it became "Britain's standard style of official lettering".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines200723-29">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatexpectations_vol1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Greatexpectations_vol1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> serif types tended to use sharp serifs, with capitals of near identical width.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bold sans-serif typeface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Figgins_sans-serif_specimen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="641" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-Right">The gloomy, ultra-bold <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serifs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Figgins" title="Vincent Figgins">Figgins foundry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Figgins_1845-30">[28]</a> Arts and Crafts movement artists saw the style as ugly and excessive.<a href="#cite_note-Nineteenth-century_corruption-31">[29]</a> Below: lettering model by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_(2959610060)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alphabet in light serif capitals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Trajan_%282959610060%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1064" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> The main source studying the history of Trajan lettering in Britain is Professor <a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">James Mosley</a>'s 1964 article Trajan Revived;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1964-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200215-33">[31]</a> and research by Dr. John Nash<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2002-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinton_Nash-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and biographers of individual artists.<a href="#cite_note-Mosley_reading_list-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman capitals</a> were one of the main forms of lettering of the ancient world. During the Renaissance, there was considerable interest in Roman capitals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201719-38">[36]</a> with typefaces based on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200866,_77-39">[37]</a> However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth century types and lettering in the <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone or modern serif</a> style tended to a style with sharp contrast in stroke width and capital letters of near equal width, the opposite of the Roman capital model where capitals had widely varying width.<a href="#cite_note-Gehlhaar-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian_connection-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2017102-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> These proportions were copied into <a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">display typefaces</a> and lettering of the time, like <a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat faces</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2017121-43">[41]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serifs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gehlhaar-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majoor_Philosophy-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pembroke-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Neo-Grotesque_Heritage-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnston_and_his_pupils">Johnston and his pupils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Johnston and his pupils">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg/220px-Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg/330px-Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg/440px-Trajan_inscription_duotone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>Roman capitals on the base of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>.</figcaption></figure> The use of Roman capitals in lettering grew out of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts">Arts and Crafts</a> movement, which promoted individual craftsmanship and traditional styles of art with respect for the past.<a href="#cite_note-48">[c]</a> On 11 April 1898, the architect and historian <a href="/wiki/William_Lethaby" title="William Lethaby">William Lethaby</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Edward Johnston</a> a job teaching illuminating and calligraphy at the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Central School of Art and Design">Central School of Arts and Crafts</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and Johnston began to teach classes on 21 September 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196429-49">[46]</a> Lethaby was keen to increase students' interest in the aesthetic value of letters.<a href="#cite_note-53">[d]</a> Johnston rapidly built up a school of pupils very impressed with his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200218–19-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[e]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/M._C._Oliver" title="M. C. Oliver">M. C. Oliver</a>, Lethaby introduced the Trajan's Column inscription to Johnston<a href="#cite_note-57">[f]</a> and as professor of design at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> put casts of the inscription of Trajan's Column as a standard for students to follow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196429-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[g]</a> (At the time it was normal to use custom lettering for signs because of the inflexibility of printing and reproducing large fonts before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer font</a> technologies.<a href="#cite_note-63">[h]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_use">Mass use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mail_steamship_routes_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg/220px-Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg/330px-Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg/440px-Mail_steamship_routes_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Map by <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Gill" title="MacDonald Gill">MacDonald Gill</a>, using Roman capitals at the top</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WH_Smith,_St_Albans_DSC_2026_(5446730391)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-WH_Smith%2C_St_Albans_DSC_2026_%285446730391%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3617" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._H._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Smith">W. H. Smith</a> store, <a href="/wiki/St._Albans" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Albans">St. Albans</a></figcaption></figure> In his 1906 textbook Writing and Illuminating and Lettering, Johnston commented "the Roman Capitals have held the supreme place among letters for readableness and beauty. They are the best forms for the grandest and most important inscriptions" and more pithily "when in doubt, use Roman Capitals."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston1906269-64">[56]</a> Lettering based on Roman capitals rapidly began to appear in many design manuals as a model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196430–31-65">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1921-66">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Nicolete Gray</a> commented that in the early twentieth century "it was taught in all art schools".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20058-3">[3]</a> Johnston himself generally did not do monumental and inscription design: he tended to prefer calligraphy and many of his commissions were creating documents, like charters, ornamental record books and certificates.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> However, his pupils such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Delf_Smith" title="Percy Delf Smith">Percy Delf Smith</a> rapidly secured commissions creating lettering in the Roman capital style that were widely seen, for example Gill created standard lettering for <a href="/wiki/W._H._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Smith">W. H. Smith</a> used on their storefronts from about 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowes200026-68">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200218-69">[61]</a> The lettering used by British artists did not always follow the Trajan capital model, often adding changes such as serifs on the top of the 'M' and 'N',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith193628-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith194620–21-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill_Tate-72">[64]</a> and of course the lower case, Arabic numerals and italics which the Romans did not have.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200224-73">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[i]</a> Phil Baines commented in 2007 that "it is difficult for us now to realise how fresh the Trajan letter–with its light colour and capitals of varying width–must have appeared at that time...it swept [other designs] away and became the norm within a very short space of time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines200722-76">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave,_St_Mary%27s_Church,_Shephall_(14655876868).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg/220px-War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg/330px-War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg/440px-War_Grave_of_Private_D._Bygrave%2C_St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Shephall_%2814655876868%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>Standard lettering designed by MacDonald Gill on a war grave</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_staff_war_memorial,_Second_World_War_section_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-British_Museum_staff_war_memorial%2C_Second_World_War_section_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> staff war memorial, Second World War section by <a href="/wiki/William_Sharpington" title="William Sharpington">William Sharpington</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> (detail)</figcaption></figure> A reason for this codification to come soon after was the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, where <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">savage loss of life</a> led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">many monuments and memorials</a>. The job of designing a standard alphabet for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Graves_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial War Graves Commission">war grave headstones</a> for military casualties went to Johnston pupil <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Gill" title="MacDonald Gill">MacDonald "Max" Gill</a>, and he designed an alphabet in the Roman style.<a href="#cite_note-Musson-78">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[j]</a> Many of the collective monuments erected by British communities to First World War and later Second World War casualties also used Roman lettering, often designed by Johnston's pupils or people they had taught or worked with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines200723-29">[27]</a> The style was used very widely, however;<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> Nash comments that "the English tradition in lettering and typography...owed a great deal to its charismatic pioneers, such as Lethaby, Johnston, Gill and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Morison" title="Stanley Morison">[Stanley] Morison</a>. However its strength lay in the army of unsung craftsmen and women who absorbed their ideas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198913-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[l]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-BLW_Post_Office_Direction_Sign_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Post Office sign</figcaption></figure> Roman-style lettering also became used for major institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">Post Office</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansell193131,_34-87">[75]</a> and (later) by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Works</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Number_Ten_(Mosley)-14">[13]</a> on many British street signs, using a design by <a href="/wiki/David_Kindersley" title="David Kindersley">David Kindersley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hall_street_signs_fonts-88">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kindersley_street_signs_font-89">[77]</a> and on London <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs2005b6–7-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscription, The Cenotaph, London"><img alt="Inscription, The Cenotaph, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg/180px-The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg/270px-The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg/360px-The_Glorious_Dead_Inscription_on_the_Cenotaph_in_London_MOD_45154704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscription, <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Memorial, Brighton"><img alt="War Memorial, Brighton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg/135px-War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg/202px-War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg/270px-War_Memorial_-_detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3082680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War Memorial, King's Lynn"><img alt="War Memorial, King's Lynn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg/135px-King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg/202px-King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg/270px-King%27s_Lynn_War_Memorial_Detail_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4620043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">War Memorial, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Engineers memorial, Paisley Abbey"><img alt="Royal Engineers memorial, Paisley Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg/99px-WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg/149px-WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg/199px-WWI_Royal_Engineers_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Engineers memorial, <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">Paisley Abbey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_(1)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building society foundation stone, Woolwich"><img alt="Building society foundation stone, Woolwich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg/124px-Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg/187px-Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg/249px-Plaque_in_the_Woolwich_Equitable_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4451822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a> foundation stone, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Azam_jah_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundation stone of London Central Mosque, 1937"><img alt="Foundation stone of London Central Mosque, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Azam_jah_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="483" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foundation stone of <a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a>, 1937</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:-2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War,_All_Saints_church,_Gimingham_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque, Gimingham, Norfolk"><img alt="Plaque, Gimingham, Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/-2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG/180px--2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/-2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG/270px--2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/-2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG/360px--2020-01-04_Memorial_plaque_1939-1945_War%2C_All_Saints_church%2C_Gimingham_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="3074" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque, <a href="/wiki/Gimingham" title="Gimingham">Gimingham</a>, Norfolk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Andrew,_Nuthurst;_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_(1882%E2%80%931942)_diplomat_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Nevile Henderson"><img alt="Memorial to Nevile Henderson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg/101px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg/152px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg/202px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Nevile_Meyick_Henderson_%281882%E2%80%931942%29_diplomat_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic plaque, London"><img alt="Ceramic plaque, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg/180px-On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg/270px-On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg/360px-On_this_site_stood_the_headquarters_of_the_London_Salvage_Corps_1907_to_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic plaque, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Matthew Torrance, Magdalen Laver"><img alt="Memorial to Matthew Torrance, Magdalen Laver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg/180px-Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg/270px-Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg/360px-Church_of_St_Mary_Magdalen_Laver_Essex_England_-_Matthew_Torrance_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to Matthew Torrance, <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Laver" title="Magdalen Laver">Magdalen Laver</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Church_Farley,_Wiltshire,_England_-_war_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second World War memorial, Farley"><img alt="Second World War memorial, Farley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg/180px-All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg/270px-All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg/360px-All_Saints_Church_Farley%2C_Wiltshire%2C_England_-_war_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1573" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second World War memorial, <a href="/wiki/Farley,_Wiltshire" title="Farley, Wiltshire">Farley</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Andrew,_Nuthurst;_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to William Henry and Florence Abbey, Nuthurst"><img alt="Memorial to William Henry and Florence Abbey, Nuthurst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg/180px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg/270px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg/360px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_William_Henry_Abbey_and_Florence_Abbey_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to William Henry and Florence Abbey, <a href="/wiki/Nuthurst" title="Nuthurst">Nuthurst</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary_(33453430245).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial bronze, Westminster Hall"><img alt="Memorial bronze, Westminster Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg/101px-Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg/152px-Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg/203px-Queen_Mary_%2833453430245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial bronze, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall,_Chase_Side,_Southgate,_April_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Date stone showing italic for small text, London, 1957"><img alt="Date stone showing italic for small text, London, 1957" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg/180px-Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg/270px-Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg/360px-Foundation_stone_on_St_Andrew%27s_Church_Hall%2C_Chase_Side%2C_Southgate%2C_April_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Date stone showing italic for small text, London, 1957</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Andrew,_Nuthurst;_Herbert_Cayzer,_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Herbert and Freda Penelope Cayzer"><img alt="Memorial to Herbert and Freda Penelope Cayzer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg/120px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg/180px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg/240px-Church_of_St_Andrew%2C_Nuthurst%3B_Herbert_Cayzer%2C_1st_Baron_Rotherwick_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="5000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Cayzer,_1st_Baron_Rotherwick" title="Herbert Cayzer, 1st Baron Rotherwick">Herbert</a> and Freda Penelope Cayzer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swerford,_St._Mary%27s_Church,_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to Ralph and Constantia Arnold, Swerford (after 1970)"><img alt="Memorial to Ralph and Constantia Arnold, Swerford (after 1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg/180px-Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg/270px-Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg/360px-Swerford%2C_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_The_Arnold_memorial_plaque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5424315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3603" data-file-height="3596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to Ralph and Constantia Arnold, <a href="/wiki/Swerford" title="Swerford">Swerford</a> (after 1970)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue plaque designed by Henry Hooper, 1976[81]"><img alt="Blue plaque designed by Henry Hooper, 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg/344px-In_this_house_LEONARD_and_VIRGINIA_WOOLF_lived_1915-1924_and_founded_the_Hogarth_Press_1917_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1546" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue plaque designed by Henry Hooper, 1976<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbs2005b7-93">[81]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque, Felsted"><img alt="Plaque, Felsted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg/144px-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg/216px-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg/288px-Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_Felsted_Essex_England_-_north_aisle_Norman-Butler_wall_memorials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque, <a href="/wiki/Felsted" title="Felsted">Felsted</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_Church,_Amberley,_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque for Arthur and Edyth Rackham, Amberley"><img alt="Plaque for Arthur and Edyth Rackham, Amberley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/144px-St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/216px-St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg/289px-St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Amberley%2C_tablet_in_memory_of_Arthur_Rackham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque for <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edyth_Starkie" title="Edyth Starkie">Edyth Rackham</a>, Amberley</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing_types_and_lettering_models">Printing types and lettering models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Printing types and lettering models">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg/220px-Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg/330px-Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg/440px-Percy_Delf_Smith_Civic_and_Memorial_Lettering_italic_lower_case_alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>Lettering manual by Percy Delf Smith<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith194631-94">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Some lettering artists who worked in the Roman lettering style designed typefaces. Johnston was commissioned in 1915 to design <a href="/wiki/Johnston_(typeface)" title="Johnston (typeface)">a sans-serif typeface</a> for <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, which it still uses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowes200028-95">[83]</a> Gill designed several serif typefaces for clients and for <a href="/wiki/Monotype_Imaging" title="Monotype Imaging">Monotype</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Perpetua_(typeface)" title="Perpetua (typeface)">Perpetua</a>, as well as his <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a> sans-serif typeface.<a href="#cite_note-Eric_Gill_and_the_Cockerel_Press_Upper_&_Lower_Case-96">[84]</a> Other designers who created typefaces in the style included <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Stone" title="Reynolds Stone">Reynolds Stone</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> and (more loosely) <a href="/wiki/Rampant_Lions_Press" title="Rampant Lions Press">Will Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[87]</a> Other designers such as Delf Smith created lettering manuals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith194621-100">[88]</a> or models for their students and assistants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash198914-101">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Goudy" title="Frederic Goudy">Frederic Goudy</a> also designed <a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_designed_by_Frederic_Goudy" title="List of typefaces designed by Frederic Goudy">several typefaces</a> based on Roman capitals.<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> Other typefaces based on the style have been published as digital fonts (see below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_countries">In other countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In other countries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg/220px-Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg/330px-Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg/440px-Strzelno_tablica_pamiatkowa_Albert_A_Michelson_2017_03_27_054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the birthplace of Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strzelno" title="Strzelno">Strzelno</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Roman capitals were widely used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and the property of no designer or country. The wide use of Roman capitals as a "house style" dominating design in the first half of the twentieth century was limited to the UK; Nicolete Gray commented in 1960 that "it has been a purely English movement, and one sees no traces of it on the Continent. One does, however, see many examples in [the] U.S.A. where apart from English influence the work of the letter carver <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Benson" title="John Howard Benson">John Howard Benson</a> has been important."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray196013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[m]</a> However, other artists in the previous century had followed similar directions. In 1846 printer Louis Perrin in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> introduced his "Caractères Augustaux" typeface, based on Roman capitals in local collections, and added a lower case in a complementary style inspired by old-style serif typefaces from before the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Ovink_I-106">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Typographically_Speaking:_The_Art_of_Matthew_Carter-107">[94]</a> Other typefaces reproducing Roman capitals were produced in France in the nineteenth century, for instance for scholarly publications.<a href="#cite_note-Mazé-108">[95]</a> In the twentieth century there was also interest in Roman capitals in other countries, including Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov_Trajan_in_Russia_and_America-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_situation">Modern situation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern situation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign,_Wallace_Park,_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sign%2C_Wallace_Park%2C_Rasharkin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1455775_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Street sign using lettering by <a href="/wiki/David_Kindersley" title="David Kindersley">David Kindersley</a>, Northern Ireland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yannedis_Brass_Foundry,_Theobalds_Road,_London,_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg/220px-Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg/330px-Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg/440px-Yannedis_Brass_Foundry%2C_Theobalds_Road%2C_London%2C_Trajan-style_lettering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>Business sign of Yannedis Brass Foundry, London, in 2023<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200225-109">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Examples of Roman-style lettering can be seen in many places across Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2002''passim''-110">[97]</a> Kindersley's street sign font is one of the most common designs for street signs in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Hall_street_signs_fonts-88">[76]</a> Use of the Trajan style of lettering has declined somewhat due to changing tastes, with a desire for new styles of lettering. Additionally, custom lettering and signwriting in general has declined in use due to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">phototypesetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a>, making it possible to print from a computer font at any size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstbury36-111">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Not_a_font2-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Misery_of_Edwin_Drood2-112">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Golden_Age_of_Hand_Lettering_in_American_Advertising2-113">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> Meanwhile, some lettering artists who do create artistic work have switched to other more expressive styles, including sans-serifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196435-115">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200226–31-116">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[n]</a> Among historians of lettering, Gray and Mosley both were interested in other styles of lettering, with Mosley particularly arguing for the importance and beauty of the "vernacular" lettering styles that Trajan-style lettering tended to replace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196349–52-120">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Working_Letters-121">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-English_vernacular_(2006)-123">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[o]</a> Among digital fonts, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>' digital typeface <a href="/wiki/Trajan_(typeface)" title="Trajan (typeface)">Trajan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Twombly" title="Carol Twombly">Carol Twombly</a> is one of its most popular typefaces.<a href="#cite_note-Trajan_3_Pro_specimen-128">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riggs_9-130">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-yp-131">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a> Several digital fonts specifically based on use of Trajan lettering by Arts and Crafts movement artists have also been published.<a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross_Map_Roman-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kindersley_street_signs_font-89">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Trajan" was often used as a shorthand for the style of lettering, or at least the capitals, especially later on, see for example Nash, who says that "what was beginning to be called the 'Trajan letter' [became] a basic form to be taught to art schools",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200222-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Nicolete Gray</a>, who comments that "Trajan is now also a trade term"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray196013-2">[2]</a> and "to avoid confusion, I shall refer to this letter as 'Trajan'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20058-3">[3]</a> However, especially by those who introduced the style, the more accurate term "Roman lettering" or similar was used, for example by Johnston (Roman capitals),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston1906268–269-4">[4]</a> Evetts ("Roman Lettering"),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Delf Smith, who called his workshop the Roman Lettering Company,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200219-6">[6]</a> and Lubell, who describes the style as "the revival of the classic Roman Inscriptional capitals in early twentieth century England"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubell201022-7">[7]</a> and "adherence to a Roman exemplar",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELubell201025-8">[8]</a> although this can be confused with Roman capitals in general or with <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a>. Nash describes it as the "Johnston-Gill tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200227-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Percy Delf Smith was born Percy John Smith, taking <a href="/wiki/Marion_Delf-Smith" title="Marion Delf-Smith">his wife</a>'s surname of Delf after his marriage. For consistency, this article refers to him as Delf Smith throughout. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Categorising the artists who worked in the Roman lettering style as Arts and Crafts movement is of course a simplification, as they came later than early figures in that trend such as <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> who were very interested in medieval art: Nash comments that "Gill, who spent much of his life scorning that very movement and considered himself nothing if not forward-looking, would have been most irritated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200226-47">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Lethaby had written in an education report shortly before meeting Johnston for the first time that students' lettering was "almost without exception bad. Such students as endeavour to apply lettering harmoniously to their designs seem to endeavour to invent new and contorted forms out of their heads."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeble23-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Johnston was offered the job on 11 April 1898, but because of Johnston's lack of confidence and difficulties in starting the class it began the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Howes_first_class-52">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Johnston's teaching notes have survived: pupils present on 21 September included <a href="/wiki/Noel_Rooke" title="Noel Rooke">Noel Rooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kingsford_Cockerell" title="Florence Kingsford Cockerell">Florence Kingsford Cockerell</a>, with <a href="/wiki/T._J._Cobden-Sanderson" title="T. J. Cobden-Sanderson">T. J. Cobden-Sanderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graily_Hewitt" title="Graily Hewitt">Graily Hewitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Delf_Smith" title="Percy Delf Smith">Percy Delf Smith</a> taking classes with him from 1900 and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a> from 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Howes_first_class-52">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The Trajan Column inscription was accessible in London because of a cast in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, which had been presented by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196349-56">[51]</a> In Mosley's view, it became a model as the "sole antique inscription of which casts were readily available" in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196349-56">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Mosley notes that this was the recollection of Oliver, but cautioned that another pupil at the Central School, A. H. Verstage, "never heard Lethaby refer to the Trajan inscription".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196430-58">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> For example <a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">plotters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wide-format_printer" title="Wide-format printer">wide-format printers</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNC_machining" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC machining">CNC machining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Not_a_font2-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Gill commented that "while we may remember Trajan lovingly in the museum, we must forget all about him in the workshop."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200224-73">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill193658-74">[66]</a> and that art schools were dominated by "Trajan snobbery".<a href="#cite_note-Gill_Tate-72">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Max Gill was Eric Gill's brother, and later married Johnston's daughter, although the commission may have came from past work he had done for prominent architect <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, himself to design many First World War memorials.<a href="#cite_note-Musson-78">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Nash has highlighted as a later illustration of the diversity of the style Modern Lettering and Calligraphy (1954), which shows lettering work by a huge range of artists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Sharpington" title="William Sharpington">William Sharpington</a>, many little-known.<a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200226-47">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Not everyone was impressed by the academic training of British lettering around this time. When graphic designer Becky Astbury interviewed her father George Astbury, a successful Liverpool signwriter who began his career in 1957, he commented "I was asked in the past 'are you going to night school?' and my answer was 'what the bleeding hell for'...[you'd get] taught how to create serifs with a compass. It's best to judge it by eye and get it done quickly."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstbury33-84">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> American writer John Nash also concurs, following James Mosley, writing that "The Roman inscriptional capital thrived particularly during three periods: in the Empire of the second century AD; in sixteenth century Italy (principally Rome); and in early twentieth century England".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200211-104">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Nash's article on the career of <a href="/wiki/Rampant_Lions_Press" title="Rampant Lions Press">Will Carter</a> is an example of this trend: born in 1912, while his work closely followed the Johnston-Gill style he had been brought up on into his fifties, he also experimented with blunter and bolder styles, commenting in 1982 that "the cut off serif, which was extensively used in what James Mosley so aptly calls the 'English Vernacular' period...has become a great feature of my work because it never disappears from sight as soon as you stand away from it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200736-117">[104]</a> An interesting reading list illustrating what books on lettering twentieth-century lettering artists used is a catalogue of the books owned by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harvey_(lettering_artist)" title="Michael Harvey (lettering artist)">Michael Harvey</a>, which was listed for sale as a group after his 2013 death.<a href="#cite_note-118">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Mosley also argues that Trajan lettering has been used in historically inappropriate places, such as on the eighteenth-century ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_British_National_Letter-125">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mosley_Victory_2007-126">[112]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200222-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200222_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2002">Nash 2002</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray196013-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray196013_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray196013_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray 1960</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray20058-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20058_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20058_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20058_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray20058_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray2005">Gray 2005</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston1906268–269-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston1906268–269_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston1906">Johnston 1906</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvetts" class="citation book cs1">Evetts, L. C. Roman Lettering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Lettering&rft.aulast=Evetts&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200219-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200219_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2002">Nash 2002</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubell201022-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubell201022_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubell2010">Lubell 2010</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELubell201025-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELubell201025_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLubell2010">Lubell 2010</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200227-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200227_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2002">Nash 2002</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_tradition-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_tradition_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.signpainting.co.uk/craft/">"The English Signwriting Tradition"</a>. Richard Gregory Signwriter. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Gregory+Signwriter&rft.atitle=The+English+Signwriting+Tradition&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.signpainting.co.uk%2Fcraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhukov_Trajan_in_Russia_and_America-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhukov_Trajan_in_Russia_and_America_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhukov_Trajan_in_Russia_and_America_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov" class="citation web cs1">Zhukov, Maxim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typejournal.ru/en/articles/The-Trajan-Letter-in-Russia-and-America">"The Trajan Letter in Russia and America"</a>. Typejournal.ru. Retrieved 4 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typejournal.ru&rft.atitle=The+Trajan+Letter+in+Russia+and+America&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypejournal.ru%2Fen%2Farticles%2FThe-Trajan-Letter-in-Russia-and-America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Calligraphic_tendencies_in_the_development_of_sanserif_types_in_the_twentieth_century_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTam2002" class="citation book cs1">Tam, Keith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080252/http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf">Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif types in the twentieth century</a> (PDF). Reading: University of Reading (MA thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calligraphic+tendencies+in+the+development+of+sanserif+types+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=University+of+Reading+%28MA+thesis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeithtam.net%2Fdocuments%2Fsanserif.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Number_Ten_(Mosley)-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Number_Ten_(Mosley)_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Number_Ten_(Mosley)_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2010/10/number-ten.html">"Number Ten"</a>. Typefoundry (blog). Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Typefoundry+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Number+Ten&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefoundry.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fnumber-ten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith" class="citation web cs1">Griffith, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heathergriffithstone.weebly.com/blog/the-lettering-arts-trust-journeyman-scheme-trajan-alphabet">"The Lettering Arts Trust Journeyman Scheme: Trajan Alphabet"</a>. Heather Griffith: Stonecarving. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heather+Griffith%3A+Stonecarving&rft.atitle=The+Lettering+Arts+Trust+Journeyman+Scheme%3A+Trajan+Alphabet&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheathergriffithstone.weebly.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-lettering-arts-trust-journeyman-scheme-trajan-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196429–31-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley196429–31_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1964">Mosley 1964</a>, pp. 29–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowes200026–27-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowes200026–27_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowes2000">Howes 2000</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaw_(design_historian)" title="Paul Shaw (design historian)">Shaw, Paul</a> (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/aug2003/features/good_letter/">"What distinguishes a good letter from a bad one?"</a>. Reed Magazine. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reed+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+distinguishes+a+good+letter+from+a+bad+one%3F&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reed.edu%2Freed_magazine%2Faug2003%2Ffeatures%2Fgood_letter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lommen-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Lommen_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLommen" class="citation web cs1">Lommen, Mathieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allardpierson.nl/blog/simply-phenomenal-de-kapitalen-op-de-zuil-van-trajanus/">"'Simply phenomenal': de kapitalen op de zuil van Trajanus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allard_Pierson_Museum" title="Allard Pierson Museum">Allard Pierson Museum</a>. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Simply+phenomenal%27%3A+de+kapitalen+op+de+zuil+van+Trajanus&rft.pub=Allard+Pierson+Museum&rft.aulast=Lommen&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallardpierson.nl%2Fblog%2Fsimply-phenomenal-de-kapitalen-op-de-zuil-van-trajanus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_website_bio-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_website_bio_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Caroline (25 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macdonaldgill.com/biography/">"Biography - MacDonald Gill"</a>. MacDonald Gill. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacDonald+Gill&rft.atitle=Biography+-+MacDonald+Gill&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacdonaldgill.com%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2002-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2002_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2002_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2002">Nash 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith19362-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelf_Smith19362_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelf_Smith1936">Delf Smith 1936</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley196431–35-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley196431–35_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley196431–35_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1964">Mosley 1964</a>, pp. 31–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray1960-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray1960_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray 1960</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_Map_Roman-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_Map_Roman_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_Map_Roman_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2018" class="citation web cs1">Ross, David Jonathan (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://djr.com/notes/map-roman-font-of-the-month">"August's font of the month: Map Roman"</a>. 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London. 1845. Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimen+of+Plain+%26+Ornamental+Types+from+the+Foundry+of+V.+%26+J.+Figgins&rft.place=London&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_IkNPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nineteenth-century_corruption-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Nineteenth-century_corruption_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShewring1948" class="citation book cs1">Shewring, Walter, ed. (1948). The Letters of Eric Gill. Devin-Adair. pp. 435–8. <q>As perhaps you know, I was a pupil of Edward Johnston and was living almost next door to him when he was designing the LPTB sans-serif. It was a revolutionary thing and as you know, it redeemed the whole business of sans-serif from its nineteenth-century corruption. It was not until 1927 that I was asked by the Monotype Corporation to do a sans-serif for them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Eric+Gill&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosley1964-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMosley1964_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMosley1964">Mosley 1964</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200215-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200215_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2002">Nash 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clinton_Nash-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Clinton_Nash_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton2017" class="citation news cs1">Clinton, Jane (5 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islingtontribune.co.uk/article/expert-who-hones-his-skills-to-the-letter">"Expert who hones his skills to the letter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Camden_New_Journal" title="Camden New Journal">Camden New Journal</a>. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Camden+New+Journal&rft.atitle=Expert+who+hones+his+skills+to+the+letter&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islingtontribune.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fexpert-who-hones-his-skills-to-the-letter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letteringartstrust.org.uk/artists/browse/john-nash">"John Nash"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lettering_Arts_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lettering Arts Trust (page does not exist)">The Lettering Arts Trust</a>. 12 April 2018. 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Jens Gehlhaar. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jens+Gehlhaar&rft.atitle=Neuwelt%3A+An+optimistic+transatlantic+sans+serif+type+family+%E2%80%94+Jens+Gehlhaar&rft.aulast=Gehlhaar&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjensgehlhaar.com%2FNeuwelt-An-optimistic-transatlantic-sans-serif-type-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2017102-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2017102_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2017">Shaw 2017</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Edward. Writing, Illuminating and Lettering. p. 233. <q>[In the] nineteenth-century style...it was customary to make every letter occupy the same space and look as much like its neighbour as possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%2C+Illuminating+and+Lettering&rft.pages=233&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2017121-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2017121_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2017">Shaw 2017</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Majoor_Philosophy-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Majoor_Philosophy_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajoor2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Majoor" title="Martin Majoor">Majoor, Martin</a> (29 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typotheque.com/articles/my_type_design_philosophy">"My Type Design Philosophy"</a>. 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World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-68-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-68-0"><bdi>978-1-933316-68-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Work%3A+Aspects+of+Art+and+Tradition&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-68-0&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmut7mU42RMC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howes_first_class-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howes_first_class_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howes_first_class_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowes" class="citation journal cs1">Howes, Justin. 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Mark Simonson Studio (blog). Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mark+Simonson+Studio+%28blog%29&rft.atitle=Not+a+font&rft.aulast=Simonson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marksimonson.com%2Fnotebook%2Fview%2Fnot-a-font&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.signpainting.co.uk/lettering/machine-age.htm">"The Machine Age"</a>. Richard Gregory Signwriter. 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Retrieved 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyFonts&rft.atitle=Winsel&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfonts.com%2Fcollections%2Fwinsel-font-insigne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport" class="citation web cs1">Davenport, Connor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sharptype.co/typefaces/greenstone/">"Greenstone"</a>. Sharp Type. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenstone&rft.pub=Sharp+Type&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsharptype.co%2Ftypefaces%2Fgreenstone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cited literature">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstbury" class="citation thesis cs1">Astbury, Becky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/beckyastbury/docs/becky_astbury">Have Brush Will Travel: the Past, Present and Future of Signwriting</a> (Thesis). Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Have+Brush+Will+Travel%3A+the+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+Signwriting&rft.aulast=Astbury&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fbeckyastbury%2Fdocs%2Fbecky_astbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2007" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Phil (2007). "Changing the World". In Clayton, Ewan (ed.). Edward Johnston: Lettering and Life. Ditchling Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951622483" title="Special:BookSources/9780951622483"><bdi>9780951622483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changing+the+World&rft.btitle=Edward+Johnston%3A+Lettering+and+Life&rft.pub=Ditchling+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780951622483&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartram1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bartram_(design_writer)" title="Alan Bartram (design writer)">Bartram, Alan</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishlettering0000bart">The English Lettering Tradition from 1700 to the present day</a> (1st ed.). Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853315124" title="Special:BookSources/9780853315124"><bdi>9780853315124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Lettering+Tradition+from+1700+to+the+present+day&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780853315124&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishlettering0000bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Carter, Harry</a> (2008). A View of Early Typography Up to About 1600. Hyphen Press. pp. 6–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907259213" title="Special:BookSources/9780907259213"><bdi>9780907259213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+Early+Typography+Up+to+About+1600&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Hyphen+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780907259213&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelf_Smith1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Delf_Smith" title="Percy Delf Smith">Delf Smith, Percy</a> (1908). Lettering & Writing. London: B. T. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettering+%26+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Delf+Smith&rft.aufirst=Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelf_Smith1936" class="citation book cs1">Delf Smith, Percy (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPQgAAAAMAAJ">Lettering: a handbook of modern alphabets</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">Adam & Charles Black</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettering%3A+a+handbook+of+modern+alphabets&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+%26+Charles+Black&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Delf+Smith&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPQgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelf_Smith1946" class="citation book cs1">Delf Smith, Percy (1946). Civic and Memorial Lettering. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">Adam & Charles Black</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+and+Memorial+Lettering&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+%26+Charles+Black&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Delf+Smith&rft.aufirst=Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1936" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Eric (1936). An Essay on Typography (2nd ed.). Sheed and Ward. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+Typography&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sheed+and+Ward&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2005b" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Jon (2005b). "Henry Hooper: Lettering Craftsman". The Edward Johnston Foundation Journal: 3–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edward+Johnston+Foundation+Journal&rft.atitle=Henry+Hooper%3A+Lettering+Craftsman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Gray, Nicolete</a> (1960). Lettering on Buildings. London: Architectural Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettering+on+Buildings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Nicolete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolete_Gray" title="Nicolete Gray">Gray, Nicolete</a> (2005). "The Newberry alphabet and the revival of the roman capital in fifteenth-century Italy". In Stiff, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://typography.network/typographypapers6/">Typography Papers 6</a>. London: Hyphen Press. pp. 5–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907259299" title="Special:BookSources/9780907259299"><bdi>9780907259299</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Newberry+alphabet+and+the+revival+of+the+roman+capital+in+fifteenth-century+Italy&rft.btitle=Typography+Papers+6&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Hyphen+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780907259299&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Nicolete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftypography.network%2Ftypographypapers6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graily_Hewitt" title="Graily Hewitt">Hewitt, Graily</a>. Lettering for Students & Craftsmen. London: Seely Service & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettering+for+Students+%26+Craftsmen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seely+Service+%26+Co&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Graily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Howes" title="Justin Howes">Howes, Justin</a> (2000). Johnston's Underground Type. Harrow Weald, Middlesex: Capital Transport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-231-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85414-231-3"><bdi>1-85414-231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnston%27s+Underground+Type&rft.place=Harrow+Weald%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Capital+Transport&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85414-231-3&rft.aulast=Howes&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Johnston, Edward</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingilluminat00johnrich">Writing & Illuminating & Lettering</a>. Macmillan. pp. 268–269, 384, 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+%26+Illuminating+%26+Lettering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E269%2C+384%2C+391&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingilluminat00johnrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeble" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keeble" title="Brian Keeble">Keeble, Brian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejf.org.uk/Resources/Bkeeble.pdf">"Archetype as Letterform: the 'Dream' of Edward Johnston"</a> (PDF). The Edward Johnston Foundation Journal. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edward+Johnston+Foundation+Journal&rft.atitle=Archetype+as+Letterform%3A+the+%27Dream%27+of+Edward+Johnston&rft.aulast=Keeble&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejf.org.uk%2FResources%2FBkeeble.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindersley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lida_Lopes_Cardozo_Kindersley" title="Lida Lopes Cardozo Kindersley">Kindersley, Lida Lopes Cardozo</a> (2009). The Annotated Capital: on the thinking behind the capital letter of the Cardozo Kindersley Workshop. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521197229" title="Special:BookSources/9780521197229"><bdi>9780521197229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Capital%3A+on+the+thinking+behind+the+capital+letter+of+the+Cardozo+Kindersley+Workshop&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521197229&rft.aulast=Kindersley&rft.aufirst=Lida+Lopes+Cardozo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lubell, Stephen (2010). "William Sharpington: a man of letters". Ultrabold: The Journal of St Bride Library (8): 22–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrabold%3A+The+Journal+of+St+Bride+Library&rft.atitle=William+Sharpington%3A+a+man+of+letters&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lubell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansell1931" class="citation journal cs1">Mansell, George (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41358918">"The Planning and Lettering of Public Notices and Signs"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 80 (4122): 23–45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9114">0035-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41358918">41358918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Planning+and+Lettering+of+Public+Notices+and+Signs&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4122&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41358918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-9114&rft.aulast=Mansell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41358918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mosley" title="James Mosley">Mosley, James</a> (1963). "English Vernacular". Motif: 3–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motif&rft.atitle=English+Vernacular&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1964" class="citation journal cs1">Mosley, James (1964). "Trajan Revived". Alphabet. 1: 17–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alphabet&rft.atitle=Trajan+Revived&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, John (1989). "English Brush Lettering: The Workshop of William Sharpington". The Scribe: 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scribe&rft.atitle=English+Brush+Lettering%3A+The+Workshop+of+William+Sharpington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejf.org.uk/Resources/JRNarticle.pdf">"In Defence of the Roman Letter"</a> (PDF). The Edward Johnston Foundation Journal. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edward+Johnston+Foundation+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+the+Roman+Letter&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejf.org.uk%2FResources%2FJRNarticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nash, John (2007). "The Lettering Work of Will Carter". The Edward Johnston Foundation Journal: 26–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edward+Johnston+Foundation+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Lettering+Work+of+Will+Carter&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvenden2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ovenden" title="Mark Ovenden">Ovenden, Mark</a> (2016). Johnston & Gill: very British types. London: Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84822-176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84822-176-5"><bdi>978-1-84822-176-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnston+%26+Gill%3A+very+British+types&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84822-176-5&rft.aulast=Ovenden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1921" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Arthur E. (1921). Lettering: a Handbook for Artists, Architects, Designers, Signwriters & Craftsmen. London: B. T. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettering%3A+a+Handbook+for+Artists%2C+Architects%2C+Designers%2C+Signwriters+%26+Craftsmen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaby1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_W._Seaby" title="Allen W. Seaby">Seaby, Allen W.</a> (1925). The Roman Alphabet and its Derivatives. London: B. T. Batsford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Alphabet+and+its+Derivatives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Seaby&rft.aufirst=Allen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1988" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, John (1988). "Percy John Delf Smith R.D.I". Calligraphy Review: 17–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calligraphy+Review&rft.atitle=Percy+John+Delf+Smith+R.D.I&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, John (2007). "Percy John Delf Smith R.D.I. 1882-1948: Calligrapher, Lettering Artist and Craftsman". The Edward Johnston Foundation Journal: 2–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edward+Johnston+Foundation+Journal&rft.atitle=Percy+John+Delf+Smith+R.D.I.+1882-1948%3A+Calligrapher%2C+Lettering+Artist+and+Craftsman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaw_(design_historian)" title="Paul Shaw (design historian)">Shaw, Paul</a>, ed. (2015). The Eternal Letter: two millennia of the classical Roman capital. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262029018" title="Special:BookSources/9780262029018"><bdi>9780262029018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eternal+Letter%3A+two+millennia+of+the+classical+Roman+capital&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780262029018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shaw_(design_historian)" title="Paul Shaw (design historian)">Shaw, Paul</a> (18 April 2017). Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-24151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-24151-6"><bdi>978-0-500-24151-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+Type%3A+Digital+Typefaces+Inspired+by+the+Past&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2017-04-18&rft.isbn=978-0-500-24151-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">Vervliet, Hendrik D. L.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA223">The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Selected+Papers+on+Sixteenth-century+Typefaces&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sidSDlif48C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+lettering" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.letteringartstrust.org.uk">Lettering Arts Trust</a> charity, UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterexchange.org">Letter Exchange</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&oldid=1272057053">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_lettering&oldid=1272057053</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Category:Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_design" title="Category:British design">British design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin-script_calligraphy" title="Category:Latin-script calligraphy">Latin-script calligraphy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalization" title="Category:Capitalization">Capitalization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_introductions" title="Category:1900s introductions">1900s introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_art" title="Category:British art">British art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_style_serif_typefaces" title="Category:Old style serif typefaces">Old style serif typefaces</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gallery_without_a_media_namespace_prefix" title="Category:Pages using gallery without a media namespace prefix">Pages using gallery without a media namespace prefix</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 January 2025, at 00:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmeFrost\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeble\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeble2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindersley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLommen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajoor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansell1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazé2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley\"] = 8,\n [\"CITEREFMosley1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvenden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvink1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiggs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeaby1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShewring1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamp2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummerour\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTam2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTankard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanson\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVervliet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhukov\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-57fpf","timestamp":"20250217025704","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Roman lettering","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman_lettering","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q122452319","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q122452319","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-08-26T02:55:38Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T00:08:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/Panel_showing_list_of_WWII_deceased%2C_Percy_Delf_Smith%2C_Hampstead_Garden_Suburb_Free_Church.jpg","headline":"Modern usage of Roman capitals"}</script> 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