CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-P8T58BB');</script>  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>Economics and Ethics - Econlib</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Economics and Ethics - Econlib" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Arrow, Kenneth,聽On Ethics and Economics: Conversations with Kenneth J. Arrow Frank, Robert, Passions Within Reason Heyne, Paul, Are Economists Basically Immoral? See also our Liberty Classic on this title. Knight, Frank, The Ethics of Competition Landsburg, Steven, Fair Play McCloskey, Deirdre, Bettering Humanomics Roberts, Russ,聽How Adam Smith Can Change Your Life See also Roberts’ EconTalk […]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Econlib" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-11-21T20:03:00+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1000" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="667" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="2 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html","url":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html","name":"Economics and Ethics - Econlib","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.econlib.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg","datePublished":"2018-02-08T15:16:21+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-21T20:03:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html#primaryimage","url":"https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg","width":1000,"height":667,"caption":"wrong or right dilemma or ethical question - handwriting on colorful sticky notes"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.econlib.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Guides","item":"https://www.econlib.org/guides/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Economics and Ethics"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.econlib.org/#website","url":"https://www.econlib.org/","name":"Econlib","description":"The Library of Economics and Liberty","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.econlib.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-integration-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-subscriptions/vendor/woocommerce/subscriptions-core/build/index.css?ver=7.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: "Inter", sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cardo: Cardo;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-layout-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/woocommerce-layout.css?ver=9.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-smallscreen-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/woocommerce-smallscreen.css?ver=9.4.3' type='text/css' media='only screen and (max-width: 768px)' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-general-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/woocommerce.css?ver=9.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='woocommerce-inline-inline-css' type='text/css'> .woocommerce form .form-row .required { visibility: visible; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='style-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/style.css?ver=1733912724' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/font-awesome.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bootstrap-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/bootstrap.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-ui-style-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/jquery-ui.min.css?ver=1733912724' type='text/css' media='1' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='select2-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/css/select2.css?ver=9.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='econlib-articles-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/articles.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='econlib-admin-style-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/admin.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='main-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/css/main.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/jquery-blockui/jquery.blockUI.min.js?ver=2.7.0-wc.9.4.3" id="jquery-blockui-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-add-to-cart-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_add_to_cart_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","i18n_view_cart":"View cart","cart_url":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/cart\/","is_cart":"","cart_redirect_after_add":"yes"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/add-to-cart.min.js?ver=9.4.3" id="wc-add-to-cart-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/js-cookie/js.cookie.min.js?ver=2.1.4-wc.9.4.3" id="js-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="woocommerce-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var woocommerce_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/woocommerce.min.js?ver=9.4.3" id="woocommerce-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="WCPAY_ASSETS-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wcpayAssets = {"url":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/woocommerce-payments\/dist\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/handlebars.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-handlebars-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/masonry.pkgd.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-masonry-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/popper.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-popper-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/bootstrap.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/mark.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-mark-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="econlib-script-search-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var global_var = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/search.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-search-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/highlighter.js?ver=6.7.1" id="econlib-script-highlighter-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.econlib.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.econlib.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.econlib.org/?p=6501' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.econlib.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FTopics%2Fethics.html" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.econlib.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FTopics%2Fethics.html&format=xml" /> <noscript><style>.woocommerce-product-gallery{ opacity: 1 !important; }</style></noscript> <style class='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');} </style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .share-post-widget-top{ margin:0; clear:both; } .row{ margin-left:0; margin-right:0; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 26px; white-space:normal !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:block !important; float:none !important; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: none !important; } .article-single-page section{ padding: 10px; } .article-single-page .card-comment, .navbar-search, .lg-nextprev{ display:none !important; } .article-single-page .post-title{ font-size: 24px; font-weight: 600; } .m-metawrap{ margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:20px; } .m-metawrap::after{ content:""; clear:both; display:table; } .m-meta-stuff{ float:left; font-size:13px; font-weight:600; } .s-nextprev{ margin-bottom:20px; } .share-post-widget2{ float:right; } .share-post-widget2 a{ font-size:18px; margin:0 3px; } .navbar-toggler{ font-size:14px; padding:0; border:0; } /* header .logo{ margin-left:0; } .search-header{ width:100%; } .search-header input[type="text"]{ background:rgba(255,255,255,0.4); width:85%; color:#fff; } */ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:none; margin: 0 0 20px 0; width:100%; } .comments-section .extra-content-bordered .extra-content-bordered{ padding-left:20px; } .article-single-page section .post-content a{ /*color: #fff;*/ color: #007bff; } .article-single-page section .post-content p a{ color: #007bff; } .desktop-related{ display:none; } .mobile-related{ display:block; } .mobile-related article{ margin:0; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6 .card-block{ padding:10px 0 10px 0; } h4.col-10{ padding-left:0; } article.grid-card .card-block{ padding:10px 0; min-height:auto !important; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .feature-content-block .col-xl-6{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px 0; margin:0; } .navbar-dark .navbar-toggler{ float:left; margin-right:10px; margin-top:3px; color:#fff; font-size:18px; } .seach2{ /*color:#fff !important;*/ color:#999 !important; background:none !important; border:0 !important; float:right; height:30px; } #modalSearchForm{ top:70px; } #modalSearchForm input[type="text"]{ color: #15a2e8; } .modal-header{ border-bottom:0; padding:15px 15px 5px 15px; } .modal-header .close{ margin:-11px -15px -15px auto; } .modal-footer{ justify-content:flex-start; } .econ-btn{ font-size:14px; background:#44c3da !important; padding:7px 20px; border-radius:5px; display:block; width:100%; } .search-btn-wrap{ padding:0 15px 15px 15px; } .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:0; background-image: linear-gradient(#0e1634, #ffffff); } .search_tool_wrap{ padding:20px; background:#fff; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control, .search_tool_wrap .form-check-label{ font-family: Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji"; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control{ margin-bottom:5px; border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; } .search_tool_wrap .card-body{ padding:0 0 15px 15px; border:0; } .search_tool_wrap .col-6{ padding:0; } .search-filter-toggles a, .search-on{ color:#000; font-weight:600; font-size:16px; display:block; } .search-option-wrap{ margin:20px 0 0 0; } .fa-caret-down, .fa-caret-right{ color: #1781fc; } #search_term{ border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; margin-bottom:10px; color:#1781fc !important; font-weight:500; font-size:20px !important; background:none !important; } .start-date, .end-date{ display:inline-block; float:left; width:49%; } .start-date{ margin-right:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap{ position:relative; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ position:absolute; top:0; right:0; } .search_note{ font-size:13px; } .refine-search{ background:#27a79a; width:100%; border-radius:5px; color:#fff; text-transform:uppercase; font-weight:600; } .results-header{ background:#0d1534; } .results-header-row div{ color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ /*background:#4a90e2;*/ background:#0d1534; padding:5px; position:relative; float:right; /*display:none;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ padding:5px; background:#0d1534; color:#fff; font-size:14px; float:left; } .sortby-toggle, .sortby-toggle:focus, .sortby-toggle .fa{ color:#fff; font-weight:600; } .sortby-toggle .fa{ font-size:16px; } #results-orderby{ padding:20px; /*background:#4a90e2;*/ background:#0d1534; position: absolute; top:31px; left:0; width:100%; } #results-orderby a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:3px; font-size:14px; } #results-orderby a.orderby-active{ color:#494d5a; } .fa-check{ color:#fff; } .search_result_article{ margin-bottom:20px; padding:10px 0; } .search_result_article .col-6{ padding:0; } .search_result_title a{ color:#1ca5e9; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .search_result_content, .sr_meta{ font-size:14px; } .search_result_cat{ font-weight:600; } .search_result_year{ font-style:italic; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ cursor: pointer; } .search_result_content b{ background-color:#FFFF00; } .preloader_wrap{ margin-top:20px; padding:0 20px; position: relative; height:20px; width:100%; overflow:hidden; } .slider{ position:absolute; width:100%; height:5px; overflow-x: hidden; display:none; } .line{ position:absolute; opacity: 0.5; background:#acece6; width:100%; height:5px; } .subline{ position:absolute; background:#26a69a; height:5px; } .inc{ animation: increase 2s infinite; } .dec{ animation: decrease 2s 0.5s infinite; } .sortby-toggle{ text-transform:capitalize; } span.badge.new { font-weight: 300; font-size: 12px; color: #fff; background-color: #26a69a; border-radius: 2px; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px; cursor:pointer; } #divResultSummary{ /*display:block;*/ display:none; margin-top:10px; } @keyframes increase { from { left: -5%; width: 5%; } to { left: 130%; width: 100%;} } @keyframes decrease { from { left: -80%; width: 80%; } to { left: 110%; width: 10%;} } .clear-fix{ clear:both; } .clear-fix::after { content: " "; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; } /* 2nd level menu */ ul.dropdown-menu{ background:#72bdca; position:absolute !important; /*width:100%;*/ text-align:center !important; padding:0; left:auto; } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; padding:10px 5px; } ul.dropdown-menu li a:hover{ color:#fff; } .dropdown-menu a:before{ content:none !important; } .dropdown-item:focus, .dropdown-item:hover{ background:#72bdca; } .nav-main .nav-item:hover{ background:none; } .navbar.nav-main .nav-item.menu-with-icon a:before{ content: none; } nav{ background:#000; line-height:45px; } nav a{ font-family: Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#9497a6; } .menu-toggle{ float:left; } .econlib_logo{ float:left; text-align:left; margin-bottom:7px; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none; color:#fff; font-size:12px; margin-left:5px; text-align:left; display:none; } .main-header{ padding:20px 8px; display:flex; align-items:center; position:relative; } .logo-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .nav-wrap{ flex-grow:2; } .search-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .fa-bars{ font-size:30px; } .fa-search:before{ font-size:25px; } /***********************/ header{ overflow:visible; } .navbar{ position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; z-index:99; width:100% } header .navbar-toggler{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu .menu-item{ text-align:left; } .sp-srpc{ border:0; border-radius:5px; background:#27a79a; color:#fff; padding:5px 20px; display:inline-block; cursor:pointer; } .jump_to_page{ padding: 6px; background: #27a79a; color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; border: 0; } #template_submenu{ background:#72bdca; height:45px; padding:10px 15px; position:relative; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; font-weight:bold; } #template_submenu ul{ display:none; background:#72bdca; position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; width:100%; z-index:9; padding:0; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu.open ul{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li a{ color:#212529; font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; line-height:16px; display:block; padding:15px 22px !important; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul li a:hover{ color:#fff; } #template_submenu ul li a.active{ color:#fff; } .subnav-toggler{ color:#fff; cursor:pointer; } .subnav-toggler .fa{ color:#fff; } .nav-link{ padding:15px 5px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile{ z-index:999; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ text-align:left; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:none; }*/ .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:block; } .nav-mobile-wrap li{ text-align:left; } .page_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ padding:0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5));*/ } #econlog_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2019/03/blog-13.jpg); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: center center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ height:45px; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px 15px; opacity: 0.68; background-color: #0e1733; /*max-height:450px;*/ /*overflow-y:hidden;*/ } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(114,189,202,0.7); } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:none; font-family:Arial; font-size:23px; color:#ababab; text-align:center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:none; width:100%; padding:0; } .page_subcat_wrap .open .oakcol{ display:block; } .page_subcat_wrap .open{ height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; display:block; /*padding:5px;*/ padding:5px 0; color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#cbcbcb; } .subcat{ display:inline-block; color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .subcat-parent{ color:#4a90e2; } .subcat-toggler{ cursor:pointer; } .subcat-parent, .subcat-toggler{ margin-bottom:10px; } .clear{ clear:left; } #book-resource *{ font-family: Arial; color:#4a4a4a; } #book-resource a{ color:#007bff; } #book-resource h2{font-size:22px;} #book-resource h3{font-size:20px;} #book-resource h4{font-size:18px;} .grey-section{ background:#d8d8d8; margin-bottom:10px; padding:40px 20px 100px 20px; } .grey-section:last-of-type{ margin-bottom:0; } .div-container{ display:block; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px; } .article-second-container, .video-container{ display:block !important; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .video-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .div-item{ /*border:1px solid #000;*/ height:280px; margin-right:25px; margin-bottom:10px; display:block; color:#212529; } .div-item:hover, .div-item:active{ color:#212529; } .div-item:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .div-item-content{ padding:20px 0; min-height:280px; } .video-container .div-item-content{ min-height:170px; } .div-item-content a{ color:#000; font-size:24px; font-family:Arial; font-weight:600; } .article-img-bg{ width:100%; height:270px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position:top center; position:relative; } .article-img-bg span{ color:#fff; font-size:21px; text-transform:uppercase; font-family:Arial; position:absolute; left:20px; bottom:10px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000; } .col3, .col2{ margin-top:40px; } .grow1{ flex-grow:1; } .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:100%; border:1px solid #979797; background:#d8d8d8; padding:10px; display:flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align:center; } .month-bg{ background-position: center center !important; background-size: cover !important; } /*.class-december{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/December.jpg); } .class-november{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/November.jpg); } .class-october{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/October.jpg); } .class-september{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/September.jpg); } .class-august{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/August.jpg); } .class-july{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/July.jpg); } .class-june{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/June.jpg); } .class-may{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/May.jpg); } .class-april{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/April.jpg); } .class-march{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/March.jpg); } .class-february{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/February.jpg); } .class-january{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/January.jpg); }*/ .section-title{ max-width:1280px; margin:auto; text-align:center; } .boxed-article{ width:100%; margin-right:40px; height:auto; } .section-title h2{ margin:60px auto; font-size:22px; } .section-title h2.featured{ margin:2px auto 50px auto; } .section-title h5{ margin:40px auto 0 auto; } .boxed-article:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ text-align:center; margin:10px 0 40px 0; } .boxed-article .ba-title a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:600; color:#000; } .boxed-article img{ width:100%; height:200px; object-fit:cover; } .ul-article{ /*list-style:none;*/ padding-left:20px; height:70%; } .ul-article a, .ul-article li{ font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; color:#000; } .ul-article a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .article-issue{ font-weight:600; font-size:24px; color:#fff; text-shadow:2px 2px 4px #000000; } .bio-links a{ display:inline-block; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none !important; } footer h6{ display:none !important; } .torch-text2{ color: #dbecf1 !important; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom:40px; } div.networking{ padding-top:40px; } .torch-text{ margin-bottom:2px; } h2.lined{ display:block; max-width:1280px; width: 100%; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid #72bdca; line-height: 0.1em; margin: 10px auto 40px auto; } h2.lined span { background:#fff; padding:0 10px; } .oak-more-entries{ text-align:center; } #btn-more-entries{ background:#d8d8d8; border:1px solid #979797; padding:10px 60px; margin:20px; color:#000; cursor:pointer; border-radius:10px; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .title-category{ padding-top:20px; } .title-category h3{ font-size:16px; } #econtal-page-banner{ display:block !important; padding-bottom:20px; } #econtal-page-banner .col-md-6, #econtal-page-banner .col-md-12, #econtal-page-banner .col-lg-6{ padding-left:0 !important; padding-right:0 !important; } .econtalk-page.econtalk.main-banner:before{ left:0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-size:18px; margin-bottom:0; line-height:normal; display:inline-block; } a.author.url{ font-size:18px; line-height:normal; color:#212529; } .card-block .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline, .card-block a.author.url{ font-size:14px; } .card-title a{ color:#000000; } h2.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-weight:normal; } #label_total_shown{ display:none; } .facet_span_ctr, .search_result_facet_counter{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-size:14px; color:#27baae; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer; } /*body{ max-width:1920px; margin:auto; }*/ .econtalk-container{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; display:block; } #econtalks{ display:block; overflow:auto; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:100%; } #econtalk-recent-wrap{ clear:both; margin-bottom:20px; } #econtalk-recent-image{ display:block; width:100%; height:30vh; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:right center; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:100%; } /*#econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; }*/ #wrap-content-head{ background:#0e0c0c; padding:10px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; } /*#wrap-content-head span{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:600; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px }*/ span.wrap-title{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px } span.lwe-title{ color:#000; padding:20px 0 0 20px; } span.lwe-related{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } span.newsletter-title{ color:#fff; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:28px; font-weight:600; } #wrap-content-head h2{ margin-bottom:20px; } #wrap-content-head h2 a{ color:#fff; } .btn_pill{ background:#fff; color:#72bdca; border-radius:25px; border:0; padding:7px 30px; font-weight:600; margin-right:15px; cursor:pointer; text-align:center; display:block; margin-bottom:5px; } .lw_btn_pill{ padding:7px 7px; float:left; margin-left:-20px; border-radius:0; } #twe-date{ font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; } #twe-excerpt{ font-size:18px; font-weight:500; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:block; width:85%; margin:auto; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:15px 40px; border:0; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:16px; /*margin-right:10px;*/ cursor:pointer; border-radius:0; vertical-align:top; } .econtalk-action-btn:hover{ color:#fff; } .btn-listen{ background:#00c29d; } .btn-transcript{ background:#44c3da; } .btn-share{ background:#282e2f; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:none; margin-bottom:16px; } .lw-col{ width:100%; } #last-week-epi-wrap{ background:#e8fbff; } #newsletter-wrap{ background:#363636; } #newsletter-wrap p{ color: #fff; padding: 20px 0 20px 20px; font-size:34px; line-height:1.2; } #newsletter-wrap form{ display:flex; padding:0 20px 20px 20px } #newsletter-wrap form .email{ width:70%; margin-right:20px; border-radius:0; } #newsletter-wrap form .btn{ width:30%; border-radius:0;; } #lw-image{ width:300px; height:300px; display:block; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:center } #episode-archive-wrap{ background:#adf0ff; padding:20px 60px; } #single-episode-archive-wrap{ padding:20px; } #episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ text-align:center; } #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } #featured-guest-wrap{ margin-top:20px; background:#f6f6f6; height:763px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:blok; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #lw-image, #lw-content{ width:100%; } #lw-content p{ font-weight:500; } #lw-content h2 a, #lw-content h2 a:hover{ color:#000; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:#fff; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #wrap-rel-article a{ color:#000; font-weight:600; } #wrap-rel-article .lw_btn_pill{ color:#72bdca; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:block; } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-guest{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/social.png); } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-date{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/monthly-calendar.png); } #browse-by-wrap a{ display:block; position:relative; height:45px; width:100%; margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:30px; background-size:cover; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a{ width:100%; height:200px; } #browse-by-wrap span{ position:absolute; bottom:0; color:#fff; background:#241919; font-size:18px; padding:10px; border:0; display:block; width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:120px; } span.featured-guest-title{ color:#000000; text-align:center; padding-top:20px; } .carousel-control-next, .carousel-control-next:hover, .carousel-control-prev, .carousel-control-prev:hover{ color:#44c3da; } .carousel-indicators li { width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.5); } .carousel-indicators .active { background-color: #44c3da; } .carousel-item .card a, .carousel-item .card-title{ text-align:center; } .carousel-item .card{ background:none; padding:40px 20px; border:0; } .carousel-item .card-text{ font-size:16px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-title{ font-size:21px; font-weight:500; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-body{ padding:20px 15%; } span.econ-extra-title, span.past-epi-title{ text-align:center; color:#000; display:block; } span.econ-extra-title{ margin-bottom:0; padding:20px; } span.past-epi-title{ padding:20px; } #bg-wrap-econ-extras{ margin:auto; margin-top:20px; max-width:1230px; background:#f8f6f6; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-comment, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-comment{ padding:10px !important; } /*#econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; }*/ #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-md-6{ max-width:100%; } #econtalk-extras-wrap h4 a, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap h4 a{ font-weight:600; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block *, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block *{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; } #econtalk-past-epi-wrap, .fa-caret-down{ color: #44c3da; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; padding:0; flex-direction:column-reverse; } #podcast-wrap{ width:100%; padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; display:none; } #podcast-wrap-mobile .clear-fix{ padding:20px; background:#000; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #econtalk-desc-wrap{ padding:20px; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#fff; font-size:22px; } #podcast-img{ display:block; width:100%; height:220px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position: right center; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap{ margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav{ background:#fff; margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:0; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; background:#e1e1e1; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link{ color:#000; text-transform:uppercase; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link:hover{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link.active{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border:0; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk{ width:100%; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk-audio-wrap{ margin:20px 0; } #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#000; } #single-econtalk-date{ font-weight:600; } #single-econtalk-desc{ font-weight:500; } #single-about-the-guest{ padding:20px; margin-bottom:20px; background:#e8fbff; } #single-related-episodes{ padding:20px; } #single-about-the-guest span, #single-related-episodes span{ text-align:center; color:#000; } #single-about-the-guest-img{ text-align:center; margin-bottom:20px; } #single-related-episodes a{ color: #000; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:none; } #single-about-the-guest h5 a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#00c29d; } #checkbox_toggle{ font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; color: #1ca5e9; cursor:pointer; } .woo_subscribe_now_btn{ background-color: #44c3da; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: none; border: none; color: #fff !important; font-family: Lato; font-size: 16px; padding:20px 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.6px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; } .woocommerce *{ font-family: Lato !important; } .cart-collaterals{ padding-bottom:40px; } #customer_details .col-1, #customer_details .col-2{ max-width:100%; } #customer_details .form-row{ display:block; } .year-picker .col-8, .year-picker .col-4{ padding-left:0; display:inline-block; max-width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; } .year-picker .row{ padding-bottom:5px; } .year-picker .col-8 h3, .year-picker .col-4 h3{ font-size:14px; font-weight:600; } .dropdown-filter-wrap, .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:50%; position:relative; } .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:33.33%; } .dropdown-filter-wrap .btn-secondary, .dropdown-filter-wrap2 .btn-secondary{ color:#000; background:none; border:0; font-size:16px; } @media (min-width:768px){ .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:40px; } .main-header{ height:64px; padding:0 20px; } section.main-banner, .navbar-search{ display:block !important; } .lg-nextprev{ display:flex !important; } .article-single-page .card-comment{ display:inline-block !important; } .m-featured-image, .s-nextprev{ display:none; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: block !important; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 18px; } .recent-cards .article-text h4{ white-space:nowrap !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:inline-block !important; float:right !important; } header .logo{ margin-left:5%; } .search-header{ width:auto; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; } article.grid-card .card-block{ min-height:250px !important; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px; } /* search tool desktop */ .search_tool_wrap{ max-width: 815px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; } .search_tool_wrap form{ padding: 55px 165px 10px 165px; } .search_tool_wrap h4{ font-size: 30px; text-align: center; margin-bottom:32px; } .search_result_article h4{ text-align: left; margin-bottom:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ margin-bottom:27px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ top:10px; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ display:block; width:80%; margin:45px auto 0 auto; padding:14px 50px; font-size:18px; } .search_results h4{ /*display:none;*/ text-align:left; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ width:41.5%; float:left; margin-right:1%; /*display:block;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ width:57.5%; float:left; } #results-orderby a{ text-align:left; } #divResultSummary{ display:block; /*justify-content:flex-end;*/ } .page_subcat_wrap{ padding:25px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:block; width:50%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ padding:30px; height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ /*text-align:center;*/ font-size:18px; color:#fff; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat::before{ content:"> "; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:block; } .subcat{ display:none; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ /*overflow-y:scroll;*/ } /*.grey-section{ padding:40px 0 100px 0; }*/ .div-container{ display:flex; } .section-title h2{ font-size:32px; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ margin:25px 0 0 0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-3.png); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center;*/ } #label_total_shown{ display:inline-block; } .sortbytoggle-wrap, #results-orderby{ background:#4a90e2; } .results-header{ background:none; } } .category-list .category-card{ margin-bottom:0; } html { scroll-behavior: smooth; } @media (min-width:992px){ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:right; margin: 20px 0 20px 20px; width:220px; } .mobile-related{ display:none; } .desktop-related{ display:block; } .econtalk-container{ display:flex; padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; } #econtalk-recent-image{ height:auto; width:40%; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:60%; } #econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; } #wrap-content-head{ padding:40px 40px 20px 40px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:40px; } .btn_pill{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; width:auto; text-align:left; } .lw-col{ width:50%; } .lw-col:first-child{ margin-right:20px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:flex; } #lw-image{ display:block; width:45%; } #lw-content{ width:55%; margin-left:10px; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:flex; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:5%; } #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:8%; } #browse-by-wrap a{ height:225px; width:46%; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:305px; float:left; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; flex-direction:row; } #podcast-wrap-mobile{ display:none; } #podcast-wrap{ display:block; float:left; width:60%; padding:40px; } #podcast-img{ float:left; width:40%; height:auto; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:60%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:40%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap div{ width:43%; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:block; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:32px; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:none; } .lw_btn_pill{ float:right; border-radius:25px; margin-right:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:15px; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:0; background:#fff; } /*#econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:inline-block; }*/ } @media (min-width:1180px){ .econlib_logo, .econlib_logo span{ display:block; } header .navbar-toggler{ display:none; } .navbar{ position:static; } .navbar-nav{ flex-direction:row; } .navbar-collapse{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu > .menu-item{ min-width:130px; text-align:center; flex-grow:1; } .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{ /*position:absolute;*/ background:#72bdca; /*top:100%;*/ /*left:0; width:100%;*/ margin:0; border:0; border-radius:0; } li.menu-item-has-children{ position:static; } .main-header{ position:relative; } ul.dropdown-menu li{ /*float:none !important; display:inline-block !important; */ } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ padding:10px 20px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ /*min-width:130px;*/ flex-grow:1; text-align:center; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:flex; } .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:none; }*/ #template_submenu{ padding:0; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul{ display:inline-block; position:static; width:auto; height:45px; padding:0; margin:0 auto; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu ul li{ display:inline-block; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ display:none; } /*.previous-month, .previous-month2{ width:25%; } .current-month{ width:50%; }*/ .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:25%; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:49%; float:left; } .article-second-container .div-item:nth-child(even){ margin-right:0; } .div-item{ margin-bottom:0; } .video-container .div-item{ width:31%; float:left; height:auto !important; } } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (portrait) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) { /* CSS */ } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (landscape) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) and (orientation: landscape) { .site-container{ max-width:100%; } .econtalk-container{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .btn_pill:last-child, #btnGroupDrop1{ margin-top:10px; } } div.smcx-modal{top:0 !important;left:0 !important;max-width:100% !important;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;max-height:100% !important;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5) !important;margin-top:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}.smcx-modal-invitation>.smcx-modal-content{margin:12% auto 0 auto !important;} #_customize-input-cee_page_header{ width:100% !important; } /* Econlog Archive Page - 2024 */ .econ-arch-filter-wrap{ padding:0 0 40px 0; margin-bottom:40px; } #econ-arch-sort-dd{ margin-right:20px; } .econ-arch-postwrap{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; } .econarch-items{ width:100%; padding:5px; } .econarch-items h4 a{ color:#000; display:block; margin:5px 0; font-size:20px; line-height:24px; } .econarch-items .econarch-img{ background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; border:1px solid #cecece; display:block; width:100%; height:200px; } .econarch-items p.econ_mr_author{ margin-bottom:5px; font-size:14px; } .econarch-items .pad-right{ padding-right:15px; } .econarch-sortfilter-wrap{ display:flex; } #econ-arch-filter-cat{ width:100%; } #econ-arch-filter-cat option{ overflow: hidden; white-space: pre; text-overflow: ellipsis; } #econarch-pagination-wrap{ padding:20px 0; } #econarch-pagination-wrap a{ color:#2F9985; font-weight:500; } .el-relpost-wrap{ background:#f7f7f7ff; } @media screen and (min-width: 654px) { #econ-arch-filter-cat{ width:auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 680px) { .econarch-items{ width:50%; } } @media screen and (min-width: 980px) { .econarch-items{ width:33%; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1381px) { .econarch-items{ width:25%; } } /* End - Econlog Archive Page */ </style>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.6.0/css/all.min.css" /> </head> <body> <header id="econ_header_wrap"> <div class="secondary_top_menu_wrap"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="menu-secondary-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-secondary-top-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-62159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-62159"><a href="#">Liberty Fund Network</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-62160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-62160"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/">Econlib</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62290"><a href="https://www.libertyfund.org/">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62161" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62161"><a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/">OLL</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62162" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62162"><a href="https://www.adamsmithworks.org/">Adam Smith Works</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62163" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62163"><a href="https://lawliberty.org/">Law & Liberty</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <div class="econ_search_icon_wrap"> <a id="top-search" class="search2 fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass" href="https://www.econlib.org/search/"></a> </div> </div> </div> <style> .fa-magnifying-glass:hover { cursor: pointer; } .fa-2x { color: #FFFFFF !important; } </style> <div id="main_menu_wrap"> <div class="econ_logo_wrap"> <a class="econ_logo" href="https://www.econlib.org"> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/econlib-logo-2022-dark.png; ?>"> </a> </div> <div class="econ_top_menu_wrap"> <div class="menu-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-top-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-72" class="menu-with-icon menu-econlog menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-72"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econlog/">EconLog</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56830" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56830"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econlog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56831"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-author/">Browse by Author</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56832" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56832"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-category/">Browse by Topic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-70551" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-70551"><a href="/econlog/econlog-archive/?orderby=date&order=desc">Browse by Date</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56833"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=econlog">Search EconLog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56834"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/rss-feeds-for-econlog/">RSS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56835" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56835"><a target="_blank" href="http://eepurl.com/igaZgT">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-73" class="menu-with-icon menu-econtalk menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-73"><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/">EconTalk</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56836"><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/">Latest Episodes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56837"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-archives-by-date/#content">Browse by Date</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56838"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-by-featured-guest/">Browse by Guest</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56839"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-by-category/#content">Browse by Category</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56840"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-extra-by-author/#content">Browse Extras</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56841"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=econtalk">Search EconTalk</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56842"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-faq/rss-feeds-for-econtalk/">RSS Feeds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-71" class="menu-with-icon menu-articles menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-71"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/articles/">Articles</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56825" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56825"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/articles/">Latest Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56826" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56826"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/liberty-classics/">Liberty Classics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56827" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56827"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/article-by-author/#content">Browse by Author</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56828"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/article-by-date/#content">Browse by Date</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56829"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=article">Search Articles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-76" class="menu-with-icon menu-books menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-76"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/books/">Books</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56865"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/books/">Books</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56885" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56885"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/biographies-of-authors/">Bios</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56867"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/books-by-date/">Books by Date</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56868"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/books-by-author/">Books by Author</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56869"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=book">Search Books</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-74" class="menu-with-icon menu-encyclopedia menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-74"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/">Encyclopedia</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56843"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/">Index</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56844"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee-by-author/">Browse by Author</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56845"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee-archive-by-title/">Browse by Title</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56846"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/">Biographies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-58009" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-58009"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=cee">Search Encyclopedia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-77" class="menu-with-icon menu-guides menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-77"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/guides/">Guides</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56870"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/guides/">Index</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56871"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/guides/econlibreads/">#ECONLIBREADS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56872"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/College/CollegeTopics.html">College Topics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56873"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/HighSchoolTopics.html">High School Topics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56874"><a href="https://libertyfund.us17.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=4f34889c6d4b9694383c21088&id=fead12f27b">Subscribe to QuickPicks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56875"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=guide">Search Guides</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-75" class="menu-with-icon menu-videos menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-75"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/">Videos</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-56863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56863"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/">Index</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-56864"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/search/?search-area=video">Search Videos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-62169" class="lfn-mobile menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-62169"><a href="#">Liberty Fund Network</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-62170" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-62170"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/">Econlib</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62171" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62171"><a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/">OLL</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62172" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62172"><a href="https://www.adamsmithworks.org/">Adam Smith Works</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62173" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62173"><a href="https://lawliberty.org/">Library of Law & Liberty</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="mobile_menu_wrap"> <button id="mobile-menu-toggler" class="navbar-toggler" type="button" target="econ_top_menu_wrap"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> </button> <a class="search2 fa fa-search" href="https://www.econlib.org/search/"></a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="bc-wrap"> <ul id="bc-uc"> <li class="bc-li bc-li-home"><a href="https://www.econlib.org">Home</a>  /  </li> </ul> </div> <section class="article-single-page jumbotron main-banner logo-wide-center" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg)" > <div class="site-container height-full info-container"> <div class="row height-full"> <div class="height-full col-12 col-lg-4 "> <div class="article-info-block"> <div class="article-info"> <p>ECONLIB Guides</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="article-single-page site-container post-container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-lg-8"> <article class="post"> <div class="row post-header"> <h1 class="col-11 post-title">Economics and Ethics</h1> <h5 class="col-12 post-author"> </h5> </div> <div class="m-featured-image"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html"><img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ethics.jpg" alt="Economics and Ethics" width="100%"></a> <div class="m-metawrap"> <p class="m-meta-stuff"> , </p> <div class="share-post-widget share-post-widget-top"> <div class="share-text"> SHARE <br/> POST: </div> <a class="fa-regular fa-envelope fa-2x" href="mailto:?Subject=Check out this Econlib page&Body=I thought you might be interested in Economics and Ethics . You can view it at https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html"></a> <a class="fa fa-print fa-2x" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html?to_print=true"></a> <a class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f fa-2x" style="color: #FFF" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" target="_blank"></a>  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter fa-2x" style="color: #FFF" target="_blank" data-show-count="false"></a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <p>Arrow, Kenneth,聽<em><a href="https://amzn.to/3ViObVx">On Ethics and Economics: Conversations with Kenneth J. Arrow</a></em></p> <p>Frank, Robert,<a href="https://amzn.to/3XkXlms"> <i>Passions Within Reason</i></a></p> <div class="block-quote"> <div class="pull-quote-blue"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-58995" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Heyne_9780865977136_800h_72-2-200x300.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="300" srcset="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Heyne_9780865977136_800h_72-2-200x300.jpg 200w, https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Heyne_9780865977136_800h_72-2.jpg 534w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></div> </div> <p>Heyne, Paul, <a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/waterman-are-economists-basically-immoral-and-other-essays-on-economics-ethics-and-religion"><em>Are Economists Basically Immoral?</em></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">See also <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/McCulloughimmoral.html">our Liberty Classic</a> on this title.</p> <p>Knight, Frank, <a href="https://amzn.to/3Os2Ds4"><i>The Ethics of Competition</i></a></p> <p>Landsburg, Steven, <a href="https://amzn.to/3GAyTYu"><i>Fair Play </i></a></p> <p>McCloskey, Deirdre, <a href="https://amzn.to/3OtGcmr"><i>Bettering Humanomics</i></a></p> <p>Roberts, Russ,聽<a href="https://amzn.to/3hVx79P"><em>How Adam Smith Can Change Your Life</em></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">See also Roberts’ <a href="https://www.econtalk.org/russ-roberts-and-mike-munger-on-how-adam-smith-can-change-your-life/">EconTalk interview</a> on this title.</p> <div class="block-quote"> <div class="pull-quote-blue"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-62500" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/414Yz70wNQL._SX325_BO1204203200_-197x300.jpg" alt="" width="197" height="300" srcset="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/414Yz70wNQL._SX325_BO1204203200_-197x300.jpg 197w, https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/414Yz70wNQL._SX325_BO1204203200_.jpg 327w" sizes="(max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px" /></div> </div> <p>Rose, David,聽<a href="https://amzn.to/3EPPGoR"><em>The Moral Foundations of Economic Behavior</em></a></p> <p style="padding-left: 40px;">See also Rose’s <a href="https://www.econtalk.org/david-rose-on-the-moral-foundations-of-economic-behavior/">EconTalk interview</a> on this title.</p> <p>Sen, Amartya, <a href="https://amzn.to/3EsREtU"><i>On Ethics and Economics</i></a></p> <p>Smith, Adam, <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smMS.html"><i>The Theory of Moral Sentiments</i></a></p> <p>Smith, Vernon and Wilson, Bart,聽<em><a href="https://amzn.to/3ElU1Pg">Humanomics: Moral Sentiments and the Wealth of Nations for the Twenty-First Century</a></em></p> <p>Spencer, Herbert,聽<em><a href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/machan-the-principles-of-ethics-2-vols-1879-lf-ed">The Principles of Ethics</a></em></p> <p>Stigler, George, <a href="https://amzn.to/3OohtzY"><i>The Economist as Preacher and Other Essays</i></a></p> <p>Weber, Max,聽<a href="https://amzn.to/3tL0SNo"><em>The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</em></a></p> <p>White, Mark (ed.),聽<em><a href="https://amzn.to/3AyTPeq">The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics</a></em></p> <p>Wight, Jonathan,<a href="https://amzn.to/3AxOdRH">聽<em>Ethics in Economics: An Introduction to Moral Frameworks</em></a></p> </div> <div class="mobile-related"> </div> </article> </section> <aside class="col-lg-4 height-full flex"> <div class="share-post-widget"> <div class="share-text"> SHARE <br/> POST: </div> <a class="fa-regular fa-envelope fa-2x" href="mailto:?Subject=Check out this Econlib page&Body=I thought you might be interested in Economics and Ethics . You can view it at https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html"></a> <a class="fa fa-print fa-2x" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html?to_print=true"></a> <a class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f fa-2x" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" target="_blank"></a>  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/ethics.html" class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter fa-2x" target="_blank" data-show-count="false"></a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="card subscribe"> <form action="https://econlib.us17.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=146e48dc47e5fd16b11090e37&id=cf8619e643" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="card-block" target="_blank" novalidate> <h6>Enter your email address to subscribe to our monthly newsletter:</h6> <div class="row"> <div class="col-8 col-sm-9 col-md-8 col-lg-7 col-xl-12 subscribe-input"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="Email address" required> </div> <div class="col-4 col-sm-3 col-md-4 col-lg-5 offset-xl-7 subscribe-btn"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"><input type="text" name="b_146e48dc47e5fd16b11090e37_cf8619e643" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-info"> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="desktop-related"> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <footer> <div class="site-container"> <div class="row footer-row-1"> <div class="col-1 footer-logo-wrap"> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/icons/torch-icon.svg" width="80" height="120"> <h4>Econlib</h4> </div> <div class="col-2 footer-description"> <h4>The Library of Economics and Liberty</h4> <h3>Liberty Fund, Inc.</h3> <p>11301 N. Meridian Street</p> <p>Carmel, IN 46032-4564, USA</p> <p>econlib@libertyfund.org</p> </div> <div class="col footer-nav-wrap fnw1"> <h5>About</h5> <div class="menu-new-footer-about-container"><ul id="menu-new-footer-about" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-62612" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-62612"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/About.html">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62613" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-62613"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62614" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-62614"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.econlib.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col footer-nav-wrap fnw2"> <h5>Publications</h5> <div class="menu-new-footer-publications-container"><ul id="menu-new-footer-publications" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-62615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62615"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/books/">Books</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62616"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/articles/">Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62617"><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/">EconTalk</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62618" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62618"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/econlog/">EconLog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62619" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62619"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/">Videos</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col footer-nav-wrap fnw3"> <h5>Resources</h5> <div class="menu-new-footer-resources-container"><ul id="menu-new-footer-resources" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-62620" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62620"><a target="_blank" href="https://mailchi.mp/82380c0b5973/econlib-quickpicks-personal-finance-494295?e=%5BUNIQID%5D">Quickpicks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62621" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62621"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/">CEE Encyclopedia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62622"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/College/CollegeTopics.html">College Guides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62623" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-62623"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/HighSchoolTopics.html">High School Guides</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col-3 footer-newsletter-wrap"> <form action="https://eepurl.com/igaZgT" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="subscribe" target="_blank" novalidate> <h5>Sign up for our newsletter</h5> <p class="subscribe-text">Enter your email address to subscribe to the Econlib monthly newsletter.</p> <div class="subscribe-action"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="Your Email Address" required/> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"> <input type="text" name="b_146e48dc47e5fd16b11090e37_cf8619e643" tabindex="-1" value=""> </div> <button type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-info">»</button> </div> </form> <div class="row mob-row"> <div class="col mob-address"> <h3>Liberty Fund, Inc.</h3> <p>11301 N. Meridian Street</p> <p>Carmel, IN 46032-4564, USA</p> <p>info@libertyfund.org</p> </div> <div class="col socialm-col"> <div class="fa-stack fa-lg social"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/econlib" class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter fa-2x menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-122"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/Econlib/" class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f fa-2x menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-123"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.econlib.org/feed/" class="fa fa-rss fa-2x menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-41493"></a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/@econtalkwithruss" class="fa-brands fa-youtube fa-2x menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-63869"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer-text-row"> <div class="col footer-text-wrap"> <p>漏 2024 Econlib, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Part of the Liberty Fund Network.</p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script> var global = {ajaxUrl: 'https://www.econlib.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'}; </script> <script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/4f34889c6d4b9694383c21088/d2acaa03aecc39ef347cdfdb8.js");</script><link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-css' href='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/client/blocks/wc-blocks.css?ver=wc-9.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="mailchimp-woocommerce-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var mailchimp_public_data = {"site_url":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","disable_carts":"","subscribers_only":"","language":"en","allowed_to_set_cookies":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-woocommerce/public/js/mailchimp-woocommerce-public.min.js?ver=4.4.1.07" id="mailchimp-woocommerce-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="econlib-script-articles-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var global_var = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/articles.js?ver=1733912724" id="econlib-script-articles-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="econlib-script-econlog-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var global_var = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/econlog.js?ver=1733912724" id="econlib-script-econlog-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="econlib-script-econtalk-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var global_var = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/econtalk.js?ver=1733912724" id="econlib-script-econtalk-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/comments.js?ver=1733912724" id="econlib-script-comments-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="econlib-script-categories-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var global_var = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/categories.js?ver=1733912724" id="econlib-script-categories-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/jquery-ui.min.js?ver=1733912724" id="jquery-ui-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-util-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-includes/js/wp-util.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="wp-util-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="scripts2021-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var php_vars = {"post_type":"guide","post_title":"Economics and Ethics","is_home":"","template":"\/nas\/content\/live\/econlibdeploy\/wp-content\/themes\/econlib\/single.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/js/scripts2021.js?ver=1733912724" id="scripts2021-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/sourcebuster/sourcebuster.min.js?ver=9.4.3" id="sourcebuster-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-order-attribution-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_order_attribution = {"params":{"lifetime":1.0e-5,"session":30,"base64":false,"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.econlib.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","prefix":"wc_order_attribution_","allowTracking":true},"fields":{"source_type":"current.typ","referrer":"current_add.rf","utm_campaign":"current.cmp","utm_source":"current.src","utm_medium":"current.mdm","utm_content":"current.cnt","utm_id":"current.id","utm_term":"current.trm","utm_source_platform":"current.plt","utm_creative_format":"current.fmt","utm_marketing_tactic":"current.tct","session_entry":"current_add.ep","session_start_time":"current_add.fd","session_pages":"session.pgs","session_count":"udata.vst","user_agent":"udata.uag"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/js/frontend/order-attribution.min.js?ver=9.4.3" id="wc-order-attribution-js"></script> <input type="hidden" name="hidden-cpposttype" id="hidden-cpposttype" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="hidden-postid" id="hidden-postid" value="6501"> <input type="hidden" name="hidden-postname" id="hidden-postname" value="economics-and-ethics"> <input type="hidden" name="hidden-posttype" id="hidden-posttype" value="guide"> <input type="hidden" name="hidden-template" id="hidden-template" value="/nas/content/live/econlibdeploy/wp-content/themes/econlib/single.php"> <script> jQuery( document ).ready(function() { jQuery('.econ_search_icon_wrap').on( "click", function() { console.log('search clicked'); window.location.href = "https://www.econlib.org/search/"; } ); jQuery('.svg-inline--fa').each(function(i, obj) { console.log(jQuery(obj).attr('href')); var url_is = jQuery(obj).attr('href'); jQuery(obj).on( "click", function() { console.log('search clicked'); window.location.href = url_is; } ); }); }); </script> </body> </html>