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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleobiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoecology"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of arthropods</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Onychopterella</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Late Hirnantian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pridoli_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pridoli epoch">Early Pridoli</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">443.9–422 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.756923076923px; width:7.4123076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:69.756923076923px; width:7.4123076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:70.756923076923px; width:5.4123076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png/220px-Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png/330px-Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png/440px-Onychopterella_kokomoensis_holotype.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Bottom view of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> specimen of <i>O. kokomoensis</i> recovered at <a href="/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Onychopterella" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">Eurypterida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Onychopterellidae" title="Onychopterellidae">Onychopterelloidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Onychopterellidae" title="Onychopterellidae">Onychopterellidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Onychopterella</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Leif_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Leif Størmer">Størmer</a>, 1951</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">†<i><b>Onychopterella kokomoensis</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Miller & Gurley, 1896</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<i><b>O. augusti</b></i> <small>Braddy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldridge" title="Richard Aldridge">Aldridge</a> & Theron, 1995</small></li> <li>†<i><b>O. kokomoensis</b></i> <small>Miller & Gurley, 1896</small></li> <li>†?<i><b>O. pumilus</b></i> <small>Savage, 1916</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Onychopterus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Clarke" title="John Mason Clarke">Clarke</a> & <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ruedemann" title="Rudolf Ruedemann">Ruedemann</a>, 1912, <a href="/wiki/Preoccupied" class="mw-redirect" title="Preoccupied">preoccupied</a></small></li> <li><i>Eurypterus ranilarva</i> <small>Clarke & Ruedemann, 1912</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Onychopterella</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ON</span>-ə-kop-tə-<span style="font-size:90%">REL</span>-ə</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνυξ">ὄνῠξ</a> (<i>ónyx</i>), "claw", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:πτερόν">πτερόν</a> (<i>pteron</i>), "wing") is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterid</a> ("sea scorpion"), an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> group of aquatic <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a> of <i>Onychopterella</i> have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a> from the Late <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> to the Late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>. The genus contains three <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>: <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>, from the Early <a href="/wiki/Pridoli_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pridoli epoch">Pridoli</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>; <i>O. pumilus</i>, from the Early <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">Llandovery</a> epoch of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, both from the United States; and <i>O. augusti</i>, from the Late <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> to Early <a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage (geology)">stages</a> of South Africa. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Prosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosoma">prosoma</a> (head) could be subquadrate (almost square) or subrectangular (almost rectangular), with reniform (kidney-shaped) <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">eyes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">appendages</a> (limbs) were generally long, narrow and pointed at their tip. The <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Other_animals" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a> (the posteriormost division of the body) had different shapes and sizes depending on the species. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_ornament" title="Biological ornament">ornamentation</a> of the body consisted of small, pointed <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a>. The largest species of the genus was <i>O. kokomoensis</i> with a total length of 16 centimetres (6.3 inches) long, followed by <i>O. augusti</i> (14.3 cm, 5.6 in) and <i>O. pumilus</i> (4 cm, 1.6 in). </p><p>The first <i>Onychopterella</i> fossils, belonging to <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, were discovered in 1896 at the Waterlime Group of <a href="/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo, Indiana</a>. The species has received attention from eurypterid researchers for its terminal claw in the sixth pair of appendages or swimming legs. <i>Onychopterella</i> is also the <a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> ("primitive") <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurypterine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterine">eurypterines</a> <a href="/wiki/Onychopterellidae" title="Onychopterellidae">Onychopterellidae</a> together with <i><a href="/wiki/Alkenopterus" title="Alkenopterus">Alkenopterus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tylopterella" title="Tylopterella">Tylopterella</a></i>, characterized by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Spine_(zoology)" title="Spine (zoology)">spines</a> in the second to fourth pair of appendages and a lack of them in the fifth and sixth (except occasionally one on the <a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> end of the swimming leg), as well as the lanceolate (lance-shaped) or styliform (pen-shaped) form of the telson and other characteristics. </p><p>The exceptional preservation of the fossils of <i>O. augusti</i> has permitted scientists to describe part of the <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary canal">alimentary canal</a> that has only been observed in a few species of eurypterids, as well as the internal <a href="/wiki/Muscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular">muscular</a> structure of its limbs and even part of the external <a href="/wiki/Book_gill" class="mw-redirect" title="Book gill">branchial</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. This turned out to be highly similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a> of today, supporting a eurypterid-scorpion relationship. <i>Onychopterella</i> was a genus that was able to swim. Most of the time it was likely in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a>, probably using its spines to walk and its head to dig in the ground. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Line drawing of a restoration of O. augusti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png/220px-Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png/330px-Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png/440px-Onychopterella_augusti_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i>O. augusti</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other <a href="/wiki/Onychopterellid" class="mw-redirect" title="Onychopterellid">onychopterellids</a>, <i>Onychopterella</i> was a small <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterid</a>. The smallest <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, <i>O. pumilus</i>, measured only 4 centimetres (1.6 inches). The size of the largest one, <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, is estimated at 16 cm (6.3 in), representing the biggest species of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Onychopterellidae.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>O. augusti</i> had a similar size, with the largest specimen reaching 14.3 cm (5.6 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prosoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosoma">prosoma</a> (head) had a subquadrate (almost square) shape in <i>O. kokomoensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>O. augusti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <i>O. pumilus</i> it was subrectangular (almost rectangular).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outline of the <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> part covering the prosoma) varied according to the species. It was <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anteriorly</a> rounded in the corners in <i>O. kokomoensis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with almost straight <a href="/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral (anatomy)">lateral</a> margins in <i>O. pumilus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resembled a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoe</a> in <i>O. augusti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>O. kokomoensis</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>O. pumilus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">eyes</a> were reniform (kidney-shaped), standing out for their size and prominence in the latter species.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eyes of <i>O. augusti</i> are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metastoma" title="Metastoma">metastoma</a> (a large plate that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Other_animals" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>) of <i>O. kokomoensis</i> was small, oval and slightly narrower anteriorly than <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posteriorly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while that of <i>O. augusti</i> was subcordate (almost heart-shaped) anteriorly and rounded posteriorly.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metastoma of <i>O. pumilus</i> is not known in its entirety. Only the posterior part, which was rounded, is known.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, the preabdomen (body <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segments</a> 1 to 6) was as long as it was wide, while the postabdomen (segments 7 to 12) was short and compact and gradually increased in length posteriorly. It was the only species with considerably large epimera (lateral "extensions" of the segment) in the pretelson (segment that preceded the tail).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>O. pumilus</i>, the preabdomen was wider than long, the fourth segment being the widest. The postabodmen was longer, decreasing in width more rapidly in the eighth and ninth segments than in the rest. The length of the segments gradually increased towards the <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a> (the posteriormost division of the body).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Opisthosoma" title="Opisthosoma">opisthosoma</a> (abdomen) of <i>O. augusti</i> is known in more detail; the preabdomen was a little wider than long, with raised areas representing branchial (of the <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>) chambers or respiratory <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> of the branchial tract. The postabdomen was short, and its segments gradually narrowed towards the telson. Each of the postabdominal segments had small epimera. The shape of the telson in <i>O. kokomoensis</i> was clavate (resembling a <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">club</a>), in <i>O. pumilus</i> it was styliform (pen-shaped) and in <i>O. augusti</i> it was lanceolate (lance-shaped).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The walking legs (second to fifth pair of <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">appendages</a> or limbs) were generally undifferentiated, long, narrow and with <a href="/wiki/Spine_(zoology)" title="Spine (zoology)">spines</a> only at their <a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> end except in the fifth pair, which was not spiniferous. The swimming legs (sixth pair of appendages) were inconspicuous, very narrow and ending in a very long spike-like ninth <a href="/wiki/Podomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Podomere">podomere</a> (leg segment). The swimming legs of <i>O. augusti</i> were easily recognizable from the other species by the prolongation of the eighth podomere into two lateral projections (parts of the body that protrude) and by the curved shape and great length of the spike-like podomere.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body <a href="/wiki/Biological_ornament" title="Biological ornament">ornamentation</a> of <i>Onychopterella</i>, composed of small pointed <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a>, was the same in all species.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychopterella_Size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing the comparative size of three species of Onychopterella with a human hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Onychopterella_Size.svg/290px-Onychopterella_Size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Onychopterella_Size.svg/435px-Onychopterella_Size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Onychopterella_Size.svg/580px-Onychopterella_Size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of the three species of <i>Onychopterella</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologists</a> Samuel Almond Miller and William Frank Eugene Gurley described a new species of <i><a href="/wiki/Eurypterus" title="Eurypterus">Eurypterus</a></i>, <i>E. kokomoensis</i>, based on four specimens, three of them well-preserved and a fragmentary one,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collected at the Waterlime Group at <a href="/wiki/Kokomo,_Indiana" title="Kokomo, Indiana">Kokomo, Indiana</a>, in the United States. They noticed differences between the new species and <i>E. remipes</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> of <i>Eurypterus</i>, such as the proportions of the carapace, the shorter telson and the size and general form of the body. Only two pairs of appendages were described, suggesting the rest broke away during preservation, although the outline of a pair of unusually large swimming legs was reported. Miller and Gurley considered the preserved parts sufficiently similar to assign the species to <i>Eurypterus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FMNH UC6638, an almost complete specimen, was designated as the type specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, paleontologists <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Clarke" title="John Mason Clarke">John Mason Clarke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ruedemann" title="Rudolf Ruedemann">Rudolf Ruedemann</a> considered <i>E. kokomoensis</i> different enough from other <i>Eurypterus</i> species and raised it to the <a href="/wiki/Subgeneric" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgeneric">subgeneric</a> level under the new name <i>Onychopterus</i> on the basis that <i>E. kokomoensis</i> was the development path of other eurypterids such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dolichopterus" title="Dolichopterus">Dolichopterus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drepanopterus" title="Drepanopterus">Drepanopterus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stylonurus" title="Stylonurus">Stylonurus</a></i> from <i>Eurypterus</i>. They also noted the swimming legs were better preserved than stated in the original description, noticing four pairs of appendages and not two.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Onychopterus</i> is composed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄνυξ">ὄνῠξ</a> (<i>ónyx</i>, "claw"), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:πτερόν">πτερόν</a> (<i>pteron</i>, "wing"), therefore translated as "claw wing".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also described <i>E. ranilarva</i> as a close relative of <i>O</i>. (<i>Eurypterus</i>) <i>kokomoensis</i>, differing from the latter mainly in the greater width of the carapace.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, paleontologist Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering concluded that <i>Onychopterus</i> warranted generic rank due to the undifferentiation of its fifth appendage and the possession of a claw in the sixth one. He also <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymized</a> <i>E. ranilarva</i> with <i>O. kokomoensis</i> as he considered that the greater width was due only to differences of the preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, paleontologist and <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leif_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Leif Størmer">Leif Størmer</a> noticed that the name <i>Onychopterus</i> had been used previously by a <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> genus introduced in 1850 by the <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Reichenbach" title="Ludwig Reichenbach">Ludwig Reichenbach</a>. Størmer substituted the old name with a new one, <i>Onychopterella</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the surface of the holotype and only known fossil of O. pumilus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png/220px-Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png/330px-Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png/440px-Onychopterella_pumilus_holotype.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Superficial view of the holotype and only known specimen of <i>O. pumilus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916, researcher and geologist Thomas Edmund Savage erected the new species <i>Eurypterus pumilus</i> to accommodate one single well-preserved specimen showcasing the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> side of the body<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Edgewood Limestone near <a href="/wiki/Essex,_Illinois" title="Essex, Illinois">Essex, Illinois</a>, in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>E. pumilus</i> was placed within <i>Onychopterella</i> in 1948 by Kjellesvig-Waering, who indicated that by its slender appendages without spines and the form of the telson, it clearly belonged to this genus.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differed from the type species by slimmer prosomal (of the prosoma) appendages, a tapering preabdomen, the lack of epimera in the pretelson and the placement of the eyes in a more forward position.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only known specimen of <i>O. pumilus</i> is deposited at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, but its <a href="/wiki/Accession_number_(library_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession number (library science)">accession number</a> is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been debated whether <i>O. pumilus</i> really belongs to this genus. In 1999, professor and paleobiologist Roy E. Plotnick considered that the species represented a form of <i>Drepanopterus</i>, while geologist and paleobiologist James C. Lamsdell suggested in 2012 that it belonged to <i><a href="/wiki/Stoermeropterus" title="Stoermeropterus">Stoermeropterus</a></i> because of the similarities of the metastoma, genital appendage and telson.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1995 study led by paleontologist Simon J. Braddy proposed that because of its small size, <i>O. pumilus</i> could simply represent an <a href="/wiki/Ontogenetic_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogenetic stage">ontogenetic stage</a> (a different developmental stage of the same animal throughout its life) of <i>O. kokomoensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of a known accession number for the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a>, its re-examination is impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, paleontologists Braddy, <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard John Aldridge">Richard John Aldridge</a> and Johannes N. Theron described a well-preserved eurypterid from the <a href="/wiki/Soom_Shale" title="Soom Shale">Soom Shale Member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Sandstone" title="Table Mountain Sandstone">Table Mountain Sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a>, South Africa, and named it <i>O. augusti</i>. It is based on two specimens of which one preserves <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissues</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> (GSSA C373, housed at the Geological Survey of South Africa in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratype</a>) was discovered by August Patrick Pedro, honoured in the <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a> <i>augusti</i>. It differed from the rest of the species by the lack of large epimera in the pretelson, wider body proportions, the short length of the postabdomen and telson, the lanceolate form of the latter, the two projections of the eighth podomere and in a distal spine longer than in the rest of the species. The paratype, GSSA C427, is the largest known specimen. <i>O. augusti</i> was also compared to the enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> eurypterid <i><a href="/wiki/Marsupipterus" title="Marsupipterus">Marsupipterus sculpturatus</a></i>, concluding that the differences between the telson (the only known part of <i>Marsupipterus</i>) of both species are probably preservational.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing the top view of a fossil animal with a long body and long limbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png/220px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png/330px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png/440px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Top view of the largest known specimen of <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, FMNH 12905 (16.05 cm, 6.32 in, holotype of the <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> <i>E. ranilarva</i>), housed at the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Onychopterella</i> is classified as part of its own family, Onychopterellidae, the only <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> "group") within the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">superfamily</a> Onychopterelloidea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally described as a subgenus of <i>Eurypterus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was recognized as a distinct genus in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that <i>Onychopterella</i> could represent a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> genus, that is, a grouping sharing a <a href="/wiki/Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> but not including all descendants of this ancestor, and therefore an invalid genus. In 2007, paleontologists Odd Erik Tetlie and Michael B. Cuggy interpreted <i>Onychopterella</i> as such in a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> analysis due to the more <a href="/wiki/Stylonurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylonurine">stylonurine</a>-like dimensions of the fourth and fifth podomeres of the swimming leg in <i>O. augusti</i> than in <i>O. kokomoensis</i>. They also considered <i>Onychopterella</i> the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> (primitive) member of the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurypterina" title="Eurypterina">Eurypterina</a> (in which the sixth appendage is modified into a swimming leg), mainly because of the narrowness of the swimming leg and its distal spine, resulting in a better model for a primitive swimming leg than other <a href="/wiki/Derived_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived trait">derived</a> members of Eurypterina such as <i>Dolichopterus</i>, ending in a large plate. The species <i>O. pumilus</i> was not included in the analysis because of its possible <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)" title="Affinity (taxonomy)">affiliation</a> with <i>Drepanopterus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Lamsdell recovered <i>Onychopterella</i> as <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> (a group consisting of all the descendants of the last common ancestor, i.e. a valid genus), considering <a href="/wiki/Moselopteroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselopteroidea">Moselopteroidea</a> the most basal eurypterine clade. He also erected the new superfamily Onychopterelloidea and family Onychopterellidae, placing within the latter the genera <i>Onychopterella</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tylopterella" title="Tylopterella">Tylopterella</a></i>. This family was characterized by the presence of spines in the second to fourth pairs of appendages, lack of spines in the fifth and sixth (except occasionally a distal spine in the last podomere of the sixth appendage), the shape of the carapace with lateral eyes and a lanceolate or styliform telson, among other features.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Alkenopterus" title="Alkenopterus">Alkenopterus</a></i> was assigned to Onychopterellidae three years later because of the detection of a movable spine in the swimming leg, rather than a simple projection as previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the creation of Onychopterellidae, <i>Onychopterella</i> had been classified in the family Erieopteridae since 1989 by paleontologist Victor P. Tollerton, initially together with <i><a href="/wiki/Erieopterus" title="Erieopterus">Erieopterus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalopterus" title="Buffalopterus">Buffalopterus</a></i> based on similarities of the morphology of the appendages and the opisthosoma.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below is based on a larger study (simplified to only show eurypterids) in a 2011 phylogenetic analysis carried out by Lamsdell, showcasing the basal members of the Eurypterina suborder of eurypterids with other derived groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph showing the top view of a fossil of Tylopterella, a closely related onychopterellid genus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg/220px-The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg/330px-The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg/440px-The_Eurypterida_of_New_York_figure_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Tylopterella" title="Tylopterella">Tylopterella</a></i>, a closely related onychopterellid genus</figcaption></figure> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output 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table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyopterus" title="Brachyopterus">Brachyopterus stubblefieldi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rhenopterus" title="Rhenopterus">Rhenopterus diensti</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parastylonurus" title="Parastylonurus">Parastylonurus ornatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stoermeropterus" title="Stoermeropterus">Stoermeropterus nodosus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stoermeropterus" title="Stoermeropterus">Stoermeropterus latus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stoermeropterus" title="Stoermeropterus">Stoermeropterus conicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vinetopterus" title="Vinetopterus">Vinetopterus martini</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vinetopterus" title="Vinetopterus">Vinetopterus struvei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Moselopterus" title="Moselopterus">Moselopterus ancylotelson</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Moselopterus" title="Moselopterus">Moselopterus elongatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Onychopterella augusti</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Onychopterella kokomoensis</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tylopterella" title="Tylopterella">Tylopterella boylei</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichopterus" title="Dolichopterus">Dolichopterus macrocheirus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strobilopterus" title="Strobilopterus">Strobilopterus princetonii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eurypterus" title="Eurypterus">Eurypterus remipes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Erieopterus" title="Erieopterus">Erieopterus microphthalmus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hughmilleria" title="Hughmilleria">Hughmilleria socialis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Megalograptus" title="Megalograptus">Megalograptus ohioensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mixopterus" title="Mixopterus">Mixopterus kiaeri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A camera lucida view of the best preserved book gill of O. augusti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png/220px-Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png/330px-Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png/440px-Onychopterella_augusti_gill_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></i> view of the best preserved book gill of <i>O. augusti</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Only the <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary canal">alimentary canals</a> of a few species of eurypterids, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carcinosoma" title="Carcinosoma">Carcinosoma newlini</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acutiramus" title="Acutiramus">Acutiramus cummingsi</a></i> and <i>Eurypterus lacustris</i>, have been described. However, the excellent levels of preservation of the <i>O. augusti</i> fossils have allowed the description of what most likely was the anterior portion of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gut</a>. Between the two coxal (from the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_coxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod coxa">coxa</a>, the point of union with the appendages) <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> masses of the swimming leg, a spiral-shaped structure was found. A similar structure in the stylonurine <i><a href="/wiki/Hibbertopterus" title="Hibbertopterus">Hibbertopterus wittebergensis</a></i>, in which a spiral valve has been found near the posterior zone of the prosoma, has been reported. These valves have developed independently in certain groups of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a> in response to the need to increase the absorptive area of the gut, so Braddy, Aldridge and Theron considered the case was the same for the eurypterids. Nevertheless, the presence of this valve may have depended on the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and absorption requirements of each eurypterid, in turn depending on factors such as the feeding <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> or the size of the animal. The appendages of <i>H. wittebergensis</i> suggest it was a <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> feeder, using its valve to extract food from the soil and increase the absorptive capacity of the gut. It is possible that the spiral structure of <i>O. augusti</i> had a similar function, acting as a valve for the <a href="/wiki/Mesenteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteron">mesenteron</a> (midgut, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>), thus increasing the absorptive area of this region. Apart from this spiral structure, the pretelson of the paratype preserves a faint impression that expanded posteriorly to a depression in the <a href="/wiki/Medial_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial (anatomy)">medial</a> area, representing an <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anal</a> opening.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">Computer models</a> and comparisons with the <a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">xiphosurans</a> (commonly known as horseshoe crabs) suggest <i>Onychopterella</i> was a slow-moving and lumbering animal. When it was underwater, it moved by a series of short hops, taking advantage of its buoyancy. Given the relative lengths of the second to sixth pair of appendages, it is feasible that it could have had a stance in which it used eight limbs (an octopodous position) spaced far apart, ensuring little interference.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its great preservation has also allowed the examination of the internal muscular structure of the swimming leg. The coxal muscles were elongated towards an anterolateral orientation. This suggests the legs were maintained in a posterolateral position to walk in order, thus allowing sufficient stability at the animal's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was probably located near the second <a href="/wiki/Tergite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tergite">tergite</a> (upper half of the segment).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Proximal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal">proximal</a> podomeres and a terminal spine in the swimming leg indicates their primitive condition as <a href="/wiki/Natatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Natatory">natatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and their functional adaptation to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reason and the lack of a more modified spike-like distal podomere may suggest <i>Onychopterella</i> was not a very efficient swimmer.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Braddy, Aldridge, Theron and Sarah E. Gabbott, a geologist, described a new specimen of <i>O. augusti</i> from the Soom Shale (GSSA C1179, housed at the Geological Survey of South Africa) which preserves four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical plane">vertical</a> lamellate (composed of thin plates or scales) <a href="/wiki/Book_gill" class="mw-redirect" title="Book gill">book gills</a> (external gills arranged like the pages of a book), part of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. This specimen preserves a complete carapace, partial appendages, complete opisthosoma and an almost complete telson. The lamellate structures are evident in the third to sixth segments of the preabdomen. These were <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontally</a> divided into numerous tubes that could represent superficial "ribs". The specimen measured 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length, while the best preserved lamellate structure (in the left part of the third segment) measured 1.79 millimetres (0.070 inches) in length and 1.67 mm (0.066 in) in width, with approximately 45 closely placed <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(surface_anatomy)" title="Lamella (surface anatomy)">lamellae</a>. This proves that <i>Onychopterella</i> and possibly all eurypterids possessed four pairs of vertically oriented lamellate book gills (possibly for <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">aquatic respiration</a>), instead of five pairs like the xiphosuran <i><a href="/wiki/Limulus" title="Limulus">Limulus</a></i> as previously thought. This structure is also comparable to that of the current <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, which have four pairs of vertically oriented <a href="/wiki/Book_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Book lungs">book lungs</a> with 140-150 lamellae per lung in the third to sixth segments, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> (shared characteristic different from that of their latest common ancestor) between both clades and even increasing the possibilities of a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> relationship (that is, that both clades are the closest relative to each other).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eurypterid <a href="/wiki/Ichnospecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnospecies">ichnospecies</a> (a species based on fossil prints) <i><a href="/wiki/Palmichnium" title="Palmichnium">Palmichnium capensis</a></i> is thought to have belonged to <i>O. augusti</i>. This ichnospecies was found in the Table Mountain Sandstone and dates from the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>, coinciding with <i>O. augusti</i>. Its <a href="/wiki/Fossil_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil trackway">trackways</a> were medium-sized (largest track 13.6 cm, 5.4 in wide) and consisted of several symmetrical series of four tracks and individual typically oval or tear-shaped marks with small impressions on the sides, sometimes bilobed and intermittent. A <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Medial_and_lateral" title="Anatomical terms of location">median</a> line was occasionally displayed. Several factors support that <i>P. capensis</i> represents the tracks of <i>O. augusti</i>; the average external width of <i>P. capensis</i> is comparable to that of fossils of <i>O. augusti</i>, the distal spines of the swimming leg of <i>O. augusti</i> could have caused such bilobed marks and <i>Onychopterella</i> represents the only Ordovician eurypterid from those <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a>. In addition, the median line could have been produced by the telson touching the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">substrate</a>. <i>O. augusti</i> would have been able to make incursions to the <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">terrestrial surface</a>, but it would have been uncomfortable for it, performing an undulatory <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a> and keeping its telson in regular contact with the ground, hence the median line. But nevertheless, this can not be completely proven unless a specimen of <i>O. augusti</i> is found alongside similar tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paleoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of two specimens of O. kokomoensis from the Kokomo waterlime, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png/220px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png/330px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png/440px-Eurypterus_ranilarva_fossil_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>Two specimens of <i>O. kokomoensis</i> from the Kokomo waterlime, seen from above</figcaption></figure> <p>It is thought that the genus <i>Onychopterella</i> lived in <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> (water with <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> but not completely salty) and possibly <a href="/wiki/Marine_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine water">marine water</a>. It was undoubtedly nektobenthic, that is, being able to swim but staying most of the time in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The less developed and narrow swimming legs, as well as the short and stout postabdomen, show that the genus was not a very good nor active swimmer, possibly using its terminal spine to walk. The broad doublure (the fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> exoskeleton) of the carapace could have been adapted for shoveling or digging.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>O. augusti</i> was deposited during a period of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rise</a> (due to the release of water from <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Glaciolacustrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciolacustrine">glaciolacustrine</a> (relating to lakes derived from glaciers) to shallow <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environments</a>. The conditions under the surface were anoxic (with little <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>). Coexisting with <a href="/wiki/Lingulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingulid">lingulid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> (such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiculoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiculoidea (page does not exist)">Orbiculoidea</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Orthoconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthoconic">orthoconic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naraoiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Naraoiid">naraoiid</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelicerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelicerate">chelicerates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a> and other organisms, <i>O. augusti</i> would have been a <a href="/wiki/Top_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Top predator">top predator</a>, feeding on other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a> and probably conodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lived during the Late <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> (Late Ordovician) to Early <a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a> (Early Silurian) <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a>, in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The type species, <i>O. kokomoensis</i>, inhabited a <a href="/wiki/Peritidal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritidal zone">peritidal</a> environment (in a part of the shore) along with other eurypterids such as <i>Drepanopterus longicaudatus</i>, <i>Carcinosoma newlini</i> and <i>Erieopterus limuloides</i>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracod</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leperditia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leperditia (page does not exist)">Leperditia ohioensis</a></i> and the brachiopods <i><a href="/wiki/Pentamerus" title="Pentamerus">Pentamerus divergens</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schuchertella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schuchertella (page does not exist)">Schuchertella interstriata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Early <a href="/wiki/Pridoli_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pridoli epoch">Pridoli</a> (Late Silurian) in age, living in Indiana. On the other hand, <i>O. pumilus</i>, which lived in the Early <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">Llandovery</a> (Early Silurian) <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> of Illinois,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is associated with many indeterminate species of <a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">anthozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">craniates</a>, brachiopods and <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> in an open shallow <a href="/wiki/Subtidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtidal">subtidal</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> reaches the bottom of the ocean) environment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the eurypterids found outside the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> were highly derived genera that lived during the prelude of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamation_(geology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamation (geology) (page does not exist)">amalgamation</a> (union) of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>, as well as genera with a more effective <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersion</a>. Therefore, the isolated appearance of an ancient form like <i>O. augusti</i> in the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> is challenging for the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> to explain, since the genus was not a good disperser due to the narrow form of its swimming legs<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to other more derived groups such as <a href="/wiki/Pterygotidae" title="Pterygotidae">Pterygotidae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adelophthalmidae" title="Adelophthalmidae">Adelophthalmidae</a>. It seems unlikely that the eurypterines originated in Gondwana since there is no record of fossil remains of stylonurines or other basal swimming forms. It also seems that the collectivity of <i>O. augusti</i> went <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> without leaving a viable population of eurypterids in Gondwana.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that <i>O. augusti</i> established itself in Gondwana by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Sea_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea floor">sea floor</a> during the periods of sea level descent of the Hirnantian. <i>Onychopterella</i> does not represent the only occurrence of basal genera in Gondwana; <i><a href="/wiki/Paraeurypterus" title="Paraeurypterus">Paraeurypterus</a></i>, a genus known from deposits of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eort_Tepe_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şort Tepe Formation (page does not exist)">Şort Tepe Formation</a> in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, probably arrived there by the same method as <i>O. augusti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eurypterid_genera" title="List of eurypterid genera">List of eurypterid genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_eurypterid_research" title="Timeline of eurypterid research">Timeline of eurypterid research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLamsdellBraddy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865068">"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biology_Letters" title="Biology Letters">Biology Letters</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0700">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561">1744-9561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865068">2865068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19828493">19828493</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/suppl/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700">Supplemental material</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Cope%27s+rule+and+Romer%27s+theory%3A+patterns+of+diversity+and+gigantism+in+eurypterids+and+Palaeozoic+vertebrates&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2865068%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-9561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19828493&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0700&rft.aulast=Lamsdell&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Braddy%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2865068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraddyAldridgeTheron1995" class="citation journal cs1">Braddy, Simon J.; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldridge" title="Richard Aldridge">Aldridge, Richard J.</a>; Theron, Johannes N. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/Eurypterida/Tetlie%20%26%20Cuggy%202007%20Phylogeny.pdf">"Phylogeny of the basal swimming eurypterids (Chelicerata; Eurypterida; Eurypterina)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Systematic_Palaeontology" title="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a></i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">345–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201907002131">10.1017/S1477201907002131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88413267">88413267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+basal+swimming+eurypterids+%28Chelicerata%3B+Eurypterida%3B+Eurypterina%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1477201907002131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88413267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tetlie&rft.aufirst=Odd+Erik&rft.au=Cuggy%2C+Michael+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseunacional.ufrj.br%2Fmndi%2FAracnologia%2FEurypterida%2FTetlie%2520%2526%2520Cuggy%25202007%2520Phylogeny.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoschmann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Poschmann, Markus (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241279451">"Note on the morphology and systematic position of <i>Alkenopterus burglahrensis</i> (Chelicerata: Eurypterida: Eurypterina) from the Lower Devonian of Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A4ontologische_Zeitschrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Paläontologische Zeitschrift">Paläontologische Zeitschrift</a></i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12542-013-0189-x">10.1007/s12542-013-0189-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132432538">132432538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A4ontologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Note+on+the+morphology+and+systematic+position+of+Alkenopterus+burglahrensis+%28Chelicerata%3A+Eurypterida%3A+Eurypterina%29+from+the+Lower+Devonian+of+Germany&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12542-013-0189-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132432538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Poschmann&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F241279451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTollerton1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tollerton, Victor P. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/320345">"Eurypterid trackways from the Table Mountain Group (Ordovician) of South Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Earth_Sciences" title="Journal of African Earth Sciences">Journal of African Earth Sciences</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAfES..29..165B">1999JAfES..29..165B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0899-5362%2899%2900087-1">10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00087-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PII_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PII (identifier)">PII</a> S0899-5382(99)00087-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Eurypterid+trackways+from+the+Table+Mountain+Group+%28Ordovician%29+of+South+Africa&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0899-5362%2899%2900087-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JAfES..29..165B&rft.aulast=Braddy&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rft.au=Almond%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F320345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraddyAldridgeGabbottTheron1999" class="citation journal cs1">Braddy, Simon J.; Aldridge, Richard J.; Gabbott, Sarah E.; Theron, Johannes N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/320309">"Lamellate book-gills in a Late Ordovician eurypterid from the Soom Shale, South Africa: support for a eurypterid-scorpion clade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lethaia" title="Lethaia">Lethaia</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x">10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=Lamellate+book-gills+in+a+Late+Ordovician+eurypterid+from+the+Soom+Shale%2C+South+Africa%3A+support+for+a+eurypterid-scorpion+clade&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1999.tb00582.x&rft.aulast=Braddy&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rft.au=Aldridge%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Gabbott%2C+Sarah+E.&rft.au=Theron%2C+Johannes+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F320309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamsdellHoşgörSelden2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lamsdell, James C.; Hoşgör, Izzet; Selden, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257518142">"A new Ordovician eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from southeast Turkey: Evidence for a cryptic Ordovician record of Eurypterida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GondR..23..354L">2013GondR..23..354L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.04.006">10.1016/j.gr.2012.04.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+Ordovician+eurypterid+%28Arthropoda%3A+Chelicerata%29+from+southeast+Turkey%3A+Evidence+for+a+cryptic+Ordovician+record+of+Eurypterida&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.04.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GondR..23..354L&rft.aulast=Lamsdell&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Ho%C5%9Fg%C3%B6r%2C+Izzet&rft.au=Selden%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257518142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllingBriggs1961" class="citation journal cs1">Alling, Harold L.; Briggs, Louis I. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1961-64/data/pg/0045/0004/0500/0515.htm">"Stratigraphy of Upper Silurian Cayugan Evaporites"</a>. <i>AAPG Bulletin</i>. <b>45</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">515–</span>547. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1306%2Fbc743673-16be-11d7-8645000102c1865d">10.1306/bc743673-16be-11d7-8645000102c1865d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAPG+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Stratigraphy+of+Upper+Silurian+Cayugan+Evaporites&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E547&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1306%2Fbc743673-16be-11d7-8645000102c1865d&rft.aulast=Alling&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft.au=Briggs%2C+Louis+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.datapages.com%2Fdata%2Fbulletns%2F1961-64%2Fdata%2Fpg%2F0045%2F0004%2F0500%2F0515.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetlie2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tetlie, Odd Erik (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718202232/http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/tetlie_2007_PX3_DistribDispersalEurypterida.pdf">"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>252</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">557–</span>574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.05.011">10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/tetlie_2007_PX3_DistribDispersalEurypterida.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Distribution+and+dispersal+history+of+Eurypterida+%28Chelicerata%29&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2007.05.011&rft.aulast=Tetlie&rft.aufirst=Odd+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffossilinsects.net%2Fpdfs%2Ftetlie_2007_PX3_DistribDispersalEurypterida.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotnick1999" class="citation journal cs1">Plotnick, Roy E. (1999). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_Boucot" title="Arthur James Boucot">Boucot, Arthur J.</a>; Lawson, James D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyecNQAACAAJ">"Habitat of Llandoverian-Lochkovian eurypterids"</a>. <i>Paleocommunities: A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">106–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521363983" title="Special:BookSources/9780521363983"><bdi>9780521363983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleocommunities%3A+A+Case+Study+from+the+Silurian+and+Lower+Devonian&rft.atitle=Habitat+of+Llandoverian-Lochkovian+eurypterids&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521363983&rft.aulast=Plotnick&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzyecNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnychopterella" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onychopterella&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Onychopterella" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Onychopterella"><i>Onychopterella</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurypterids536" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d8d8c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurypterida" title="Template:Eurypterida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurypterida" title="Template talk:Eurypterida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurypterida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurypterida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurypterids536" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">Eurypterids</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d8d8c1;"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Euchelicerata" class="mw-redirect" title="Euchelicerata">Euchelicerata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Prosomapoda" title="Prosomapoda">Prosomapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Planaterga" title="Planaterga">Planaterga</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dekatriata" title="Dekatriata">Dekatriata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sclerophorata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophorata">Sclerophorata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%">Taxonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4e79f;text-align:center;">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eurypterid_genera" title="List of eurypterid genera">List of eurypterid genera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4e79f;text-align:center;">Suborder<br /><a href="/wiki/Stylonurina" title="Stylonurina">Stylonurina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenopteridae" title="Rhenopteridae">Rhenopteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhenopteridae" title="Rhenopteridae">Rhenopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Stylonuroidea" title="Stylonuroidea">Stylonuroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parastylonuridae" title="Parastylonuridae">Parastylonuridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonuridae" title="Stylonuridae">Stylonuridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kokomopteroidea" title="Kokomopteroidea">Kokomopteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokomopteridae" title="Kokomopteridae">Kokomopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardieopteridae" title="Hardieopteridae">Hardieopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mycteropoidea" title="Mycteropoidea">Mycteropoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepanopterus" title="Drepanopterus">Drepanopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibbertopteridae" title="Hibbertopteridae">Hibbertopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycteroptidae" title="Mycteroptidae">Mycteroptidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4e79f;text-align:center;">Suborder<br /><a href="/wiki/Eurypterina" title="Eurypterina">Eurypterina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Onychopterellidae" title="Onychopterellidae">Onychopterelloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychopterellidae" title="Onychopterellidae">Onychopterellidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Moselopteridae" title="Moselopteridae">Moselopteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moselopteridae" title="Moselopteridae">Moselopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eurypteroidea" title="Eurypteroidea">Eurypteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolichopteridae" title="Dolichopteridae">Dolichopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypteridae" title="Eurypteridae">Eurypteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobilopteridae" title="Strobilopteridae">Strobilopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;">Infraorder<br /><a href="/wiki/Diploperculata" title="Diploperculata">Diploperculata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carcinosomatoidea" title="Carcinosomatoidea">Carcinosomatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinosomatidae" title="Carcinosomatidae">Carcinosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalograptidae" title="Megalograptidae">Megalograptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixopteridae" title="Mixopteridae">Mixopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Waeringopteridae" title="Waeringopteridae">Waeringopteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waeringopteridae" title="Waeringopteridae">Waeringopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adelophthalmidae" title="Adelophthalmidae">Adelophthalmoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelophthalmidae" title="Adelophthalmidae">Adelophthalmidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f4ecc9;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pterygotioidea" title="Pterygotioidea">Pterygotioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hughmilleriidae" title="Hughmilleriidae">Hughmilleriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slimonidae" title="Slimonidae">Slimonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygotidae" title="Pterygotidae">Pterygotidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelophthalmus_irinae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Adelophthalmus"><img alt="Adelophthalmus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adelophthalmus_irinae.png/175px-Adelophthalmus_irinae.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adelophthalmus_irinae.png/263px-Adelophthalmus_irinae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Adelophthalmus_irinae.png/350px-Adelophthalmus_irinae.png 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="2803" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_by_period" title="Category:Eurypterids by period">Geochronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ordovician_eurypterids" title="Category:Ordovician eurypterids">Ordovician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silurian_eurypterids" title="Category:Silurian eurypterids">Silurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Devonian_eurypterids" title="Category:Devonian eurypterids">Devonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carboniferous_eurypterids" title="Category:Carboniferous eurypterids">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permian_eurypterids" title="Category:Permian eurypterids">Permian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_by_continent" title="Category:Eurypterids by continent">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_Africa" title="Category:Eurypterids of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_Asia" title="Category:Eurypterids of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_Europe" title="Category:Eurypterids of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_North_America" title="Category:Eurypterids of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_Oceania" title="Category:Eurypterids of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterids_of_South_America" title="Category:Eurypterids of South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%">Notable genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adelophthalmus" title="Adelophthalmus">Adelophthalmus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyopterus" title="Brachyopterus">Brachyopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylocephalus" title="Campylocephalus">Campylocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcinosoma" title="Carcinosoma">Carcinosoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drepanopterus" title="Drepanopterus">Drepanopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurypterus" title="Eurypterus">Eurypterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibbertopterus" title="Hibbertopterus">Hibbertopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughmilleria" title="Hughmilleria">Hughmilleria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaekelopterus" title="Jaekelopterus">Jaekelopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalograptus" title="Megalograptus">Megalograptus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megarachne" title="Megarachne">Megarachne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mixopterus" title="Mixopterus">Mixopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onychopterella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentecopterus" title="Pentecopterus">Pentecopterus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterygotus" title="Pterygotus">Pterygotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slimonia" title="Slimonia">Slimonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stylonurus" title="Stylonurus">Stylonurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichnogenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnogenera">Ichnogenera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcuites" title="Arcuites">Arcuites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merostomichnites" title="Merostomichnites">Merostomichnites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmichnium" title="Palmichnium">Palmichnium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnida">Arachnida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasmataspidida" title="Chasmataspidida">Chasmataspidida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphosura" title="Xiphosura">Xiphosura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d8d8c1;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metastoma" title="Metastoma">Metastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_eurypterid_research" title="Timeline of eurypterid research">Timeline of eurypterid research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#d8d8c1;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Eurypterida" title="Category:Eurypterida">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1079" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1079" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Onychopterella</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095157" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7095157">Q7095157</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Onychopterella" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Onychopterella">Onychopterella</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3255187">3255187</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1099901">1099901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3581805">3581805</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=18986">18986</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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