CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1d38d9d8-c07a-40a1-a80d-b4869506ff5c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel","wgTitle":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","wgCurRevisionId":1259655586,"wgRevisionId":1259655586,"wgArticleId":4482809,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","EngvarB from September 2013","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Lists of coordinates","Geographic coordinate lists","Articles with Geo", "Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","1806 births","1859 deaths","Isambard Kingdom Brunel","English civil engineers","British bridge engineers","British railway pioneers","19th-century British inventors","People of the Industrial Revolution","British naval architects","British railway civil engineers","British structural engineers","Viaduct engineers","Architectural designers","Great Western Railway people","Fellows of the Royal Society","Isambard Kingdom Brunel buildings and structures","People associated with Brunel University London","People from Portsea, Portsmouth","Engineers from Portsmouth","English people of French descent","Lycée Henri-IV alumni","Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery","Deaths from nephritis", "19th-century British engineers","19th-century English architects","Architects from Portsmouth","Businesspeople from Portsmouth"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel","wgRelevantArticleId":4482809,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1259655586,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q207380","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/1200px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/800px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1045"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/640px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="836"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Isambard Kingdom Brunel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel rootpage-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thames_Tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thames_Tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Thames Tunnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thames_Tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_and_viaducts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_and_viaducts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Bridges and viaducts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_and_viaducts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Western_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Western_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Great Western Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Western_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunel's_"atmospheric_caper"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunel's_"atmospheric_caper""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Brunel's "atmospheric caper" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunel's_"atmospheric_caper"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transatlantic shipping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renkioi_Hospital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renkioi_Hospital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Renkioi Hospital </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renkioi_Hospital-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Renkioi Hospital subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Renkioi_Hospital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Proposed artillery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_of_Brunel's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_of_Brunel's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Locations of Brunel's works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_of_Brunel's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إسامبارد كينجدم برونيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسامبارد كينجدم برونيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sambard_Kinqdom_Brunel" title="İsambard Kinqdom Brunel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsambard Kinqdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Изъмбард Кингдъм Брунел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изъмбард Кингдъм Брунел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84" title="آیزامبارد کینگدام برونل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیزامبارد کینگدام برونل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%90%EB%B0%94%EB%93%9C_%ED%82%B9%EB%8D%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%84%AC" title="이점바드 킹덤 브루넬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이점바드 킹덤 브루넬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="איזמבארד קינגדום ברונל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזמבארד קינגדום ברונל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸಾಮ್‌ಬಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಮ್ ಬ್ರುನೆಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸಾಮ್‌ಬಾರ್ಡ್ ಕಿಂಗ್‌ಡಮ್ ಬ್ರುನೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambards_Kingdoms_Brunels" title="Isambards Kingdoms Brunels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Isambards Kingdoms Brunels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسامبارد كينجدم برونيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسامبارد كينجدم برونيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="イザムバード・キングダム・ブルネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イザムバード・キングダム・ブルネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Брюнель, Изамбард Кингдом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брюнель, Изамбард Кингдом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" title="อิซัมบาร์ด คิงดอม บรูเนล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิซัมบาร์ด คิงดอม บรูเนล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ісамбард Кіндом Брунель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісамбард Кіндом Брунель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="אייזאמבארד קינגדאם ברונעל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזאמבארד קינגדאם ברונעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A1%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" title="伊桑巴德·金德姆·布鲁内尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊桑巴德·金德姆·布鲁内尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&oldid=1259655586" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&id=1259655586&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsambard_Kingdom_Brunel">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIsambard_Kingdom_Brunel">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207380" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel">reviewed</a> on 26 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British mechanical and civil engineer (1806–1859)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brunel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brunel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brunel (disambiguation)">Brunel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers">MInstCE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Howlett_(Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern),_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 19th-century man wearing a jacket, trousers, and waistcoat, with his hands in his pockets and a cigar in mouth, wearing a tall stovepipe top hat, standing in front of giant iron chains on a drum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="7334" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern">Brunel by the launching chains of the SS Great Eastern</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Howlett" title="Robert Howlett">Robert Howlett</a>, 1857</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1806-04-09)9 April 1806 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, Hampshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1859(1859-09-15) (aged 53) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV" title="Lycée Henri-IV">Lycée Henri-IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Caen">University of Caen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Elizabeth Horsley</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1836)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marc_Brunel" title="Henry Marc Brunel">Henry Marc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Kingdom" title="Sophia Kingdom">Sophia Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Engineering career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Civil engineer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine engineer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significant design</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg/150px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg/225px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg/300px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="263" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Isambard Kingdom Brunel (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪzəmbɑːrd ˈkɪŋdəm bruːˈnɛl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IZZ-əm-bard KING-dəm broo-NELL</a>; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a> was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer<a href="#cite_note-Britanica-2">[2]</a> who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history",<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> "one of the 19th-century engineering giants",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and "one of the greatest figures of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Brunel built dockyards, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR), a series of steamships including the first purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_crossing" title="Transatlantic crossing">transatlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a>, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering. Though Brunel's projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering firsts, including assisting his father in the building of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">first tunnel</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigable river</a> (the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>) and the development of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a>, the first propeller-driven, ocean-going iron ship, which, when launched in 1843, was the largest ship ever built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994202–03-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> On the GWR, Brunel set standards for a well-built railway, using careful surveys to minimise gradients and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques, new bridges, new viaducts, and the two-mile-long (3.2 km) <a href="/wiki/Box_Tunnel" title="Box Tunnel">Box Tunnel</a>. One controversial feature was the "<a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">broad gauge</a>" of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm), instead of what was later to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>" of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm). He astonished Britain by proposing to extend the GWR westward to North America by building steam-powered, iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering: the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">SS Great Western</a> (1838), the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a> (1843), and the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS Great Eastern</a> (1859). In 2002, Brunel was placed second in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> public poll to determine the "<a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>". In 2006, the bicentenary of his birth, a major programme of events celebrated his life and work under the name Brunel 200.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born on 9 April 1806 in Britain Street, <a href="/wiki/Portsea_Island" title="Portsea Island">Portsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, where his father was working on <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">block-making machinery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunel18702-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He was named <a href="/wiki/Isambard" title="Isambard">Isambard</a> after his father, the French civil engineer Sir <a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a>, and Kingdom after his English mother, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Kingdom" title="Sophia Kingdom">Sophia Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brindle,_birth-11">[11]</a> His mother's sister, Elizabeth Kingdom, was married to Thomas Mudge Jr, son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mudge_(horologist)" title="Thomas Mudge (horologist)">Thomas Mudge</a> the <a href="/wiki/Horologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Horologist">horologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He had two elder sisters, Sophia, the eldest child,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and Emma. The whole family moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1808 for his father's work. Brunel had a happy childhood, despite the family's constant money worries, with his father acting as his teacher during his early years. His father taught him drawing and observational techniques from the age of four, and Brunel had learned <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a> by eight. During this time, he learned to speak French fluently and the basic principles of engineering. He was encouraged to draw interesting buildings and identify any faults in their structure, and like his father he demonstrated an aptitude for mathematics and mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan18-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillings20061,_11-15">[15]</a> When Brunel was eight, he was sent to Dr Morrell's boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a>, where he learned <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>. His father, a Frenchman by birth, was determined that Brunel should have access to the high-quality education he had enjoyed in his youth in France. Accordingly, at the age of 14, the younger Brunel was enrolled first at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">University of Caen</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV" title="Lycée Henri-IV">Lycée Henri-IV</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan18-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-1870p5-16">[16]</a> When Brunel was 15, his father, who had accumulated debts of over £5,000, was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">debtors' prison</a>. After three months went by with no prospect of release, Marc Brunel let it be known that he was considering an offer from the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a>. In August 1821, facing the prospect of losing a prominent engineer, the government relented and issued Marc £5,000 to clear his debts in exchange for his promise to remain in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillings200611–12-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> When Brunel completed his studies at Henri-IV in 1822, his father had him presented as a candidate at the renowned engineering school <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, but as a foreigner, he was deemed ineligible for entry. Brunel subsequently studied under the prominent master clockmaker and <a href="/wiki/Horologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Horologist">horologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Breguet" title="Abraham-Louis Breguet">Abraham-Louis Breguet</a>, who praised Brunel's potential in letters to his father.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan18-14">[14]</a> In late 1822, having completed his apprenticeship, Brunel returned to England.<a href="#cite_note-1870p5-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thames_Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thames Tunnel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A narrow railway tunnel with a single railway track, lit by a bright white light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg/220px-ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg/330px-ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg/440px-ThamesTunnelFromWapping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a> in September 2005</figcaption></figure> Brunel worked for several years as an assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> between <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe" title="Rotherhithe">Rotherhithe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wapping" title="Wapping">Wapping</a>, with tunnellers driving a horizontal shaft from one side of the river to the other under the most difficult and dangerous conditions. The project was funded by the Thames Tunnel Company and Brunel's father, Marc, was the chief engineer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200214–15-19">[19]</a> The American Naturalist said, "It is stated also that the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Teredo_navalis" title="Teredo navalis">Teredo</a> [Shipworm] suggested to Mr. Brunel his method of tunnelling the Thames."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The composition of the riverbed at Rotherhithe was often little more than waterlogged sediment and loose gravel. An ingenious <a href="/wiki/Tunnelling_shield" title="Tunnelling shield">tunnelling shield</a> designed by Marc Brunel helped protect workers from cave-ins,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> but two incidents of severe flooding halted work for long periods, killing several workers and badly injuring the younger Brunel.<a href="#cite_note-smith-22">[22]</a> The latter incident, in 1828, killed the two most senior miners, and Brunel himself narrowly escaped death. He was seriously injured and spent six months recuperating,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> during which time he began a design for a bridge in Bristol, which would later be completed as the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britanica-2">[2]</a> The event stopped work on the tunnel for several years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200215-24">[24]</a> Though the Thames Tunnel was eventually completed during Marc Brunel's lifetime, his son had no further involvement with the tunnel proper, only using the abandoned works at Rotherhithe to further his abortive Gaz experiments. This was based on an idea of his father's and was intended to develop into an engine that ran on power generated from alternately heating and cooling carbon dioxide made from ammonium carbonate and sulphuric acid. Despite interest from several parties, the Admiralty included, the experiments were judged by Brunel to be a failure on the grounds of fuel economy alone, and were discontinued after 1834.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolt198941–42-25">[25]</a> In 1865, the East London Railway Company purchased the Thames Tunnel for £200,000, and four years later the first trains passed through it. Subsequently, the tunnel became part of the London Underground system, and it remains in use today, originally as part of the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Line">East London Line</a> now incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bagust8-26">[26]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges_and_viaducts">Bridges and viaducts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bridges and viaducts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A suspension bridge spanning a river gorge with woodland in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a> spans <a href="/wiki/Avon_Gorge" title="Avon Gorge">Avon Gorge</a>, linking <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Bristol" title="Clifton, Bristol">Clifton</a> in Bristol to <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh Woods">Leigh Woods</a> in North <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></figcaption></figure> Brunel is perhaps best remembered for designs for the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, begun in 1831. The bridge was built to designs based on Brunel's, but with significant changes. Spanning over 702 ft (214 m), and nominally 249 ft (76 m) above the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Bristol" title="River Avon, Bristol">River Avon</a>, it had the longest span of any bridge in the world at the time of construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolt198953-27">[27]</a> Brunel submitted four designs to a committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>, but Telford rejected all entries, proposing his own design instead. Vociferous opposition from the public forced the organising committee to hold a new competition, which was won by Brunel.<a href="#cite_note-brunel200-susbridge-28">[28]</a> Afterwards, Brunel wrote to his brother-in-law, the politician <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawes" title="Benjamin Hawes">Benjamin Hawes</a>: "Of all the wonderful feats I have performed, since I have been in this part of the world, I think yesterday I performed the most wonderful. I produced unanimity among 15 men who were all quarrelling about that most ticklish subject—taste".<a href="#cite_note-Ross-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_(Nancy).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a red brick built bridge with shallow arches spanning a river, viewed from the front of a small boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG/220px-Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG/330px-Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG/440px-Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge_and_Guards_Club_Island_%28Nancy%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Railway Bridge">Maidenhead Railway Bridge</a>, at the time the largest span for a brick arch bridge</figcaption></figure> Work on the Clifton bridge started in 1831, but was suspended due to the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Riots#Queen_Square_riots,_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Riots">Queen Square riots</a> caused by the arrival of Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wetherell" title="Charles Wetherell">Charles Wetherell</a> in Clifton. The riots drove away investors, leaving no money for the project, and construction ceased.<a href="#cite_note-bryan-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Brunel did not live to see the bridge finished, although his colleagues and admirers at the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> felt it would be a fitting memorial, and started to raise new funds and to amend the design. Work recommenced in 1862, three years after Brunel's death, and was completed in 1864.<a href="#cite_note-Ross-29">[29]</a> In 2011, it was suggested, by historian and biographer Adrian Vaughan, that Brunel did not design the bridge, as eventually built, as the later changes to its design were substantial.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> His views reflected a sentiment stated fifty-two years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Rolt">Tom Rolt</a> in his 1959 book Brunel. Re-engineering of suspension chains recovered from an earlier suspension bridge was one of many reasons given why Brunel's design could not be followed exactly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungerford Bridge">Hungerford Bridge</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension footbridge</a> across the Thames near <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Charing Cross Station">Charing Cross Station</a> in London, was opened in May 1845. Its central span was 676.5 feet (206.2 m), and its cost was £106,000.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It was replaced by a new railway bridge in 1859, and the suspension chains were used to complete the Clifton Suspension Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-brunel200-susbridge-28">[28]</a> The Clifton Suspension Bridge still stands, and over 4 million vehicles traverse it every year.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Brunel designed many bridges for his railway projects, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saltash" title="Saltash">Saltash</a> near <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_railway_station#Somerset_Bridge" title="Bridgwater railway station">Somerset Bridge</a> (an unusual laminated timber-framed bridge near <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater" title="Bridgwater">Bridgwater</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Railway_Bridge" title="Windsor Railway Bridge">Windsor Railway Bridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Railway Bridge">Maidenhead Railway Bridge</a> over the Thames in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>. This last was the flattest, widest brick arch bridge in the world and is still carrying main line trains to the west, even though today's trains are about ten times heavier than in Brunel's time.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a bridge spanning a river at high level, the bridge deck supported in the centre by curved tubular metal girders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg/220px-Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg/330px-Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg/440px-Royal_Albert_Bridge_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">river Tamar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saltash" title="Saltash">Saltash</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout his railway building career, but particularly on the <a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_Company" title="South Devon Railway Company">South Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway" title="Cornwall Railway">Cornwall Railways</a> where economy was needed and there were many valleys to cross, Brunel made extensive use of wood for the construction of substantial viaducts;<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> these have had to be replaced over the years as their primary material, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Kyan" title="John Howard Kyan">Kyanised</a> Baltic Pine, became uneconomical to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinding199330-38">[38]</a> Brunel designed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> in 1855 for the Cornwall Railway, after <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> rejected his original plan for a train ferry across the <a href="/wiki/Hamoaze" title="Hamoaze">Hamoaze</a>—the estuary of the tidal <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Tavy" title="River Tavy">Tavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Lynher" title="River Lynher">Lynher</a>. The bridge (of bowstring girder or tied arch construction) consists of two main spans of 455 ft (139 m), 100 ft (30 m) above mean high <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tide</a>, plus 17 much shorter approach spans. Opened by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Albert</a> on 2 May 1859, it was completed in the year of Brunel's death.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Several of Brunel's bridges over the Great Western Railway might be demolished because the line is to be electrified, and there is inadequate clearance for overhead wires. <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> County Council is negotiating to have further options pursued, in order that all nine of the remaining historic bridges on the line can be saved.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg/220px-Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg/330px-Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg/440px-Moorswater_Viaduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Moorswater Viaduct at <a href="/wiki/Liskeard" title="Liskeard">Liskeard</a>, Cornwall as built</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway" title="Cornwall Railway">Cornwall Railway</a> company constructed a railway line between <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>, opening in 1859, and extended it to <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> in 1863, on the advice of Brunel, they constructed <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway_viaducts" title="Cornwall Railway viaducts">the river crossings in the form of wooden viaducts, 42 in total</a>, consisting of timber deck spans supported by fans of timber bracing built on <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> piers. This unusual method of construction substantially reduced the first cost of construction compared to an all-masonry structure, but at the cost of more expensive maintenance. In 1934 the last of Brunel's timber viaducts was dismantled and replaced by a masonry structure.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Brunel's last major undertaking was the unique <a href="/wiki/Three_Bridges,_London" title="Three Bridges, London">Three Bridges, London</a>. Work began in 1856, and was completed in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The three bridges in question are arranged to allow the routes of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_and_Brentford_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Western and Brentford Railway">Great Western and Brentford Railway</a>, and Windmill Lane to cross each other.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Western_Railway">Great Western Railway</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Great Western Railway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddington_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The interior of a large railway station with a curved roof supported by iron girders, supported by iron columns, four diesel trains standing at platforms, passengers on the platforms, in the distance daylight can be seen and the scene is illuminated by natural light through the centre section of the roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paddington_Station.jpg/220px-Paddington_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paddington_Station.jpg/330px-Paddington_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paddington_Station.jpg/440px-Paddington_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a>, still a mainline station, was the London <a href="/wiki/Terminal_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal station">terminus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a></figcaption></figure> In the early part of Brunel's life, the use of railways began to take off as a major means of transport for goods. This influenced Brunel's involvement in railway engineering, including railway bridge engineering.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1833, before the Thames Tunnel was complete, Brunel was appointed chief engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, one of the wonders of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> Britain, running from London to <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHO-Railways-45">[45]</a> The company was founded at a public meeting in Bristol in 1833, and was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> in 1835. It was Brunel's vision that passengers would be able to purchase one ticket at London Paddington and travel from London to New York, changing from the Great Western Railway to the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">Great Western</a> steamship at the terminus in <a href="/wiki/Neyland" title="Neyland">Neyland</a>, West Wales.<a href="#cite_note-BHO-Railways-45">[45]</a> He surveyed the entire length of the route between London and Bristol himself, with the help of many including his solicitor Jeremiah Osborne of Bristol Law Firm <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Clarke" title="Osborne Clarke">Osborne Clarke</a> who on one occasion rowed Brunel down the River Avon to survey the bank of the river for the route.<a href="#cite_note-Clifton_RFC-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunel_200_-_Working_With_Visionaries-47">[47]</a> Brunel even designed the Royal Hotel in Bath which opened in 1846 opposite the railway station.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Hotel_Bath-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rail track recedes into the distance where a steam train stands; the track has three rails, the middle of which is offset to the right in the foreground but switches to the left in the middle at some complex pointwork where three other rails join from the left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg/170px-Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg/255px-Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg/340px-Baulk_road_point_with_side_step.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-gauge">broad-gauge</a> train on <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">mixed-gauge</a> track</figcaption></figure> Brunel made two controversial decisions: to use a <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">broad gauge</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway">7 ft 1⁄4 in</a> (2,140 mm) for the track, which he believed would offer superior running at high speeds; and to take a route that passed north of the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Downs">Marlborough Downs</a>—an area with no significant towns, though it offered potential connections to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>—and then to follow the Thames Valley into London. His decision to use broad gauge for the line was controversial in that almost all British railways to date had used <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>. Brunel said that this was nothing more than a carry-over from the mine railways that <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> had worked on prior to making the world's first passenger railway. Brunel proved through both calculation and a series of trials that his broader gauge was the optimum size for providing both higher speeds<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49">[49]</a> and a stable and comfortable ride to passengers. In addition the wider gauge allowed for larger <a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">goods wagons</a> and thus greater freight capacity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Drawing on Brunel's experience with the Thames Tunnel, the Great Western contained a series of technical achievements— <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a> such as the one in <a href="/wiki/Ivybridge" title="Ivybridge">Ivybridge</a>, specially designed stations, and tunnels including the <a href="/wiki/Box_Tunnel" title="Box Tunnel">Box Tunnel</a>, which was the longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200220-51">[51]</a> With the opening of the Box Tunnel, the line from London to Bristol was complete and ready for trains on 30 June 1841.<a href="#cite_note-MacD1-52">[52]</a> The initial group of locomotives ordered by Brunel to his own specifications proved unsatisfactory, apart from the <a href="/wiki/GWR_Star_Class" title="GWR Star Class">North Star locomotive</a>, and 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch" title="Daniel Gooch">Daniel Gooch</a> (later Sir Daniel) was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_mechanical_engineer" title="Chief mechanical engineer">Superintendent of Locomotive Engines</a>. Brunel and Gooch chose to locate their <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Works" title="Swindon Works">locomotive works</a> at the village of <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, at the point where the gradual ascent from London turned into the steeper descent to the Avon valley at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg/170px-Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg/255px-Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg/340px-Weston_Junction_Station_-_drawing_by_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Drawings for <a href="/wiki/Weston_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Weston Junction railway station">Weston Junction Station</a>, by Brunel </figcaption></figure> After Brunel's death, the decision was taken that standard gauge should be used for all railways in the country. At the original Welsh terminus of the Great Western railway at <a href="/wiki/Neyland" title="Neyland">Neyland</a>, sections of the broad gauge rails are used as handrails at the quayside, and information boards there depict various aspects of Brunel's life. There is also a larger-than-life bronze statue of him holding a steamship in one hand and a locomotive in the other. The statue has been replaced after an earlier theft.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The present <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">London Paddington station</a> was designed by Brunel and opened in 1854. Examples of his designs for smaller stations on the Great Western and associated lines which survive in good condition include <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_railway_station" title="Mortimer railway station">Mortimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlbury_railway_station" title="Charlbury railway station">Charlbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridgend_railway_station" title="Bridgend railway station">Bridgend</a> (all <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Culham_railway_station" title="Culham railway station">Culham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan architecture">Tudorbethan</a>). Surviving examples of wooden <a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">train sheds</a> in his style are at <a href="/wiki/Frome_railway_station" title="Frome railway station">Frome</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingswear_railway_station" title="Kingswear railway station">Kingswear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Steam_Railway_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Swindon Steam Railway Museum">Swindon Steam Railway Museum</a> has many artefacts from Brunel's time on the Great Western Railway.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Didcot Railway Centre</a> has a reconstructed segment of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) track as designed by Brunel and working steam locomotives in the same gauge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Parts of society viewed the railways more negatively. Some landowners felt the railways were a threat to amenities or property values and others requested tunnels on their land so the railway could not be seen.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brunel's_"atmospheric_caper"">Brunel's "atmospheric caper"</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brunel's "atmospheric caper"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior in woodland. a short section of railway line on wooden sleepers with a cast iron pipe of approximately one foot diameter, running inline with the rails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg/220px-Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg/330px-Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg/440px-Brunel%27s_Atmospheric_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4023" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of Brunel's <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_railway" title="Atmospheric railway">atmospheric railway</a>, using a segment of the original piping at <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Didcot Railway Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Though unsuccessful, another of Brunel's uses of technical innovations was the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_railway" title="Atmospheric railway">atmospheric railway</a>, the extension of the Great Western Railway (GWR) southward from Exeter towards <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth, England">Plymouth</a>, technically the <a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_Company" title="South Devon Railway Company">South Devon Railway</a> (SDR), though supported by the GWR. Instead of using <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, the trains were moved by Clegg and Samuda's patented system of atmospheric (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>) traction, whereby stationary pumps sucked the air from a pipe placed in the centre of the track.<a href="#cite_note-buchanan-atmosrwy-58">[58]</a> The section from Exeter to Newton (now <a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot" title="Newton Abbot">Newton Abbot</a>) was completed on this principle, and trains ran at approximately 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-DandM_p22-59">[59]</a> Pumping stations with distinctive square chimneys were sited at two-mile intervals.<a href="#cite_note-DandM_p22-59">[59]</a> Fifteen-inch (381 mm) pipes were used on the level portions, and 22-inch (559 mm) pipes were intended for the steeper gradients.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The technology required the use of leather flaps to seal the vacuum pipes. The natural oils were drawn out of the leather by the vacuum, making the leather vulnerable to water, rotting it and breaking the fibres when it froze during the winter of 1847. It had to be kept supple with <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, which is attractive to <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>. The flaps were eaten, and vacuum operation lasted less than a year, from 1847 (experimental service began in September; operations from February 1848) to 10 September 1848.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Deterioration of the valve due to the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> has been cited as the last straw that sank the project, as the continuous valve began to tear from its rivets over most of its length, and the estimated replacement cost of £25,000 was considered prohibitive.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The system never managed to prove itself. The accounts of the SDR for 1848 suggest that atmospheric traction cost 3s 1d (three shillings and one penny) per mile compared to 1s 4d/mile for conventional steam power (because of the many operating issues associated with the atmospheric, few of which were solved during its working life, the actual cost efficiency proved impossible to calculate). Several <a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_engine_houses" title="South Devon Railway engine houses">South Devon Railway engine houses</a> still stand, including that at <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a> (scheduled as a grade II listed monument in 2007) and at <a href="/wiki/Starcross" title="Starcross">Starcross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A section of the pipe, without the leather covers, is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Didcot Railway Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2017, inventor Max Schlienger unveiled a working model of an updated atmospheric railroad at his vineyard in the Northern California town of Ukiah.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transatlantic_shipping">Transatlantic shipping</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transatlantic shipping">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Western_maiden_voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Western_maiden_voyage.jpg/220px-Great_Western_maiden_voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Great_Western_maiden_voyage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>The maiden voyage of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">Great Western</a> in April 1838</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowd of people watch a large black and red ship with one funnel and six masts adorned with flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/220px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/330px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg/440px-Launch-of-the-SS-GB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>The launch of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1843</figcaption></figure> Brunel had proposed extending its transport network by boat from Bristol across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City before the Great Western Railway opened in 1835. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Steamship_Company" title="Great Western Steamship Company">Great Western Steamship Company</a> was formed by Thomas Guppy for that purpose. It was widely disputed whether it would be commercially viable for a ship powered purely by steam to make such long journeys. Technological developments in the early 1830s—including the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">surface condenser</a>, which allowed boilers to run on salt water without stopping to be cleaned—made longer journeys more possible, but it was generally thought that a ship would not be able to carry enough fuel for the trip and have room for commercial cargo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200657–59-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200234–46-68">[68]</a> Brunel applied the experimental evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Beaufoy" title="Mark Beaufoy">Beaufoy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaufoy1834-69">[69]</a> and further developed the theory that the amount a ship could carry increased as the cube of its dimensions, whereas the amount of resistance a ship experienced from the water as it travelled increased by only a square of its dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrison1998188-70">[70]</a> This would mean that moving a larger ship would take proportionately less fuel than a smaller ship. To test this theory, Brunel offered his services for free to the Great Western Steamship Company, which appointed him to its building committee and entrusted him with designing its first ship, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">Great Western</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200657–59-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200234–46-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a large iron paddlewheel ship being launched sideways, with workmen thrusting large baulks of timber under a large drum of iron chains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg/220px-Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg/330px-Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg/440px-Great_eastern_launch_attempt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">Great Eastern</a> shortly before launch in 1858</figcaption></figure> When it was built, the Great Western was the longest ship in the world at 236 ft (72 m) with a 250-foot (76 m) <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a>. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. In addition to its steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheels</a>, the ship carried four masts for sails. The Great Western embarked on her maiden voyage from <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a>, Bristol, to New York on 8 April 1838 with 600 long tons (610,000 kg) of coal, cargo and seven passengers on board. Brunel himself missed this initial crossing, having been injured during a fire aboard the ship as she was returning from fitting out in London. As the fire delayed the launch several days, the Great Western missed its opportunity to claim the title as the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam power alone.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200658–59-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200226–32-72">[72]</a> Even with a four-day <a href="/wiki/Head_start_(positioning)" title="Head start (positioning)">head start</a>, the competing <a href="/wiki/SS_Sirius_(1837)" title="SS Sirius (1837)">Sirius</a> arrived only one day earlier, having virtually exhausted its coal supply. In contrast, the Great Western crossing of the Atlantic took 15 days and five hours, and the ship arrived at her destination with a third of its coal still remaining, demonstrating that Brunel's calculations were correct. The Great Western had proved the viability of commercial transatlantic steamship service, which led the Great Western Steamboat Company to use her in regular service between Bristol and New York from 1838 to 1846. She made 64 crossings, and was the first ship to hold the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> with a crossing time of 13 days westbound and 12 days 6 hours eastbound. The service was commercially successful enough for a sister ship to be required, which Brunel was asked to design.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200658–59-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200226–32-72">[72]</a> Brunel had become convinced of the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Propeller#Screw_propellers" title="Propeller">propeller</a>-driven ships over paddle wheels. After tests conducted aboard the propeller-driven steamship <a href="/wiki/SS_Archimedes" title="SS Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, he incorporated a large six-bladed propeller into his design for the 322-foot (98 m) <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, which was launched in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-Nasmyth-73">[73]</a> Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. She was the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Her maiden voyage was made in August and September 1845, from Liverpool to New York. In 1846, she was run aground at <a href="/wiki/Dundrum,_County_Down" title="Dundrum, County Down">Dundrum, County Down</a>. She was salvaged and employed in the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain#Australian_service" title="SS Great Britain">Australian service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">[1]</a> She is currently fully preserved and open to the public in Bristol, UK.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of ten men in nineteenth-century dark suits, wearing top hats, observing something behind the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg/170px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg/255px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg/340px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_preparing_the_launch_of_%27The_Great_Eastern_by_Robert_Howlett_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Brunel at the launch of the Great Eastern with <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Russell" title="John Scott Russell">John Scott Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_Earl_of_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a>, 1858</figcaption></figure> In 1852 Brunel turned to a third ship, larger than her predecessors, intended for voyages to India and Australia. The <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">Great Eastern</a> (originally dubbed Leviathan) was cutting-edge technology for her time: almost 700 ft (210 m) long, fitted out with the most luxurious appointments, and capable of carrying over 4,000 passengers. Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time mistakenly believed that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the start of the 20th century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200294–113-76">[76]</a> The ship has been portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephant</a>, but it has been argued by David P. Billington that in this case, Brunel's failure was principally one of economics—his ships were simply years ahead of their time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington198550–59-77">[77]</a> His vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington198550–59-77">[77]</a> Great Eastern was built at <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Russell" title="John Scott Russell">John Scott Russell</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napier_Yard,_Millwall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napier Yard, Millwall (page does not exist)">Napier Yard</a> in London, and after two trial trips in 1859, set forth on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York on 17 June 1860.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Though a failure at her original purpose of passenger travel, she eventually found a role as an oceanic <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> <a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">cable-layer</a>. Under Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Anderson">Sir James Anderson</a>, the Great Eastern played a significant role in laying the first lasting <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cable</a>, which enabled telecommunication between Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller2002130–148-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renkioi_Hospital">Renkioi Hospital</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renkioi Hospital">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renkioi_Hospital" title="Renkioi Hospital">Renkioi Hospital</a></div> Britain entered into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> during 1854 and an old Turkish barracks became the British Army Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Barracks" title="Selimiye Barracks">Scutari</a>. Injured men contracted a variety of illnesses—including <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>—due to poor conditions there,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> sent a plea to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> for the government to produce a solution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brunel was working on the Great Eastern amongst other projects but accepted the task in February 1855 of designing and building the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> requirement of a temporary, <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">pre-fabricated</a> hospital that could be shipped to <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and erected there. In five months the team he had assembled designed, built, and shipped pre-fabricated wood and canvas buildings, providing them complete with advice on transportation and positioning of the facilities.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Brunel had been working with <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Docks" title="Gloucester Docks">Gloucester Docks</a>-based <a href="/wiki/William_Eassie" title="William Eassie">William Eassie</a> on the launching stage for the Great Eastern. Eassie had designed and built wooden prefabricated huts used in both the Australian gold rush, as well as by the British and French Armies in the Crimea. Using wood supplied by timber importers Price & Co., Eassie fabricated 18 of the 50-patient wards designed by Brunel, shipped directly via 16 ships from Gloucester Docks to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Renkioi_Hospital" title="Renkioi Hospital">Renkioi Hospital</a> was subsequently erected near Scutari Hospital, where Nightingale was based, in the malaria-free area of <a href="/wiki/Renkioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Renkioi">Renkioi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-renkioi-83">[83]</a> His designs incorporated the necessities of <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>: access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, ventilation, drainage, and even rudimentary temperature controls. They were feted as a great success, with some sources stating that of the approximately 1,300 patients treated in the hospital, there were only 50 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In the Scutari hospital it replaced, deaths were said to be as many as ten times this number. Nightingale referred to them as "those magnificent huts".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The practice of building hospitals from pre-fabricated modules survives today,<a href="#cite_note-renkioi-83">[83]</a> with hospitals such as the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Royal_Infirmary" title="Bristol Royal Infirmary">Bristol Royal Infirmary</a> being created in this manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_artillery">Proposed artillery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed artillery">edit</a>]</div> In 1854 and 1855, with the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/John_Fox_Burgoyne" title="John Fox Burgoyne">John Fox Burgoyne</a>, Brunel presented the Admiralty with designs for floating gun batteries. These were intended as siege weapons for attacking Russian ports. However, these proposals were not taken up, confirming Brunel's opinion of the Admiralty as being opposed to novel ideas.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations_of_Brunel's_works">Locations of Brunel's works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Locations of Brunel's works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Map this section's coordinates using <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&section=Locations+of+Brunel%27s+works">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> Download coordinates as: <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&section=Locations+of+Brunel%27s+works">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&section=Locations+of+Brunel%27s+works">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&section=Locations+of+Brunel%27s+works">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&section=Locations+of+Brunel%27s+works">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Point </th> <th><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">Coordinates</a> (Links to map resources) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS Grid Ref</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station" title="Bath Spa railway station">Bath Spa</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3775_N_2.3564_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bath+Spa+station">51°22′39″N 2°21′23″W / 51.3775°N 2.3564°W / 51.3775; -2.3564 (Bath Spa station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST7519764387 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bradford-on-Avon_railway_station" title="Bradford-on-Avon railway station">Bradford-on-Avon</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3448_N_2.2527_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bradford-on-Avon+station">51°20′41″N 2°15′10″W / 51.3448°N 2.2527°W / 51.3448; -2.2527 (Bradford-on-Avon station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST8240160721 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_railway_station" title="Bridgend railway station">Bridgend</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5069_N_3.575_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bridgend+station">51°30′25″N 3°34′30″W / 51.5069°N 3.575°W / 51.5069; -3.575 (Bridgend station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SS9070579897 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_railway_station" title="Bridgwater railway station">Bridgwater</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.1272_N_2.9917_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bridgwater+station">51°07′38″N 2°59′30″W / 51.1272°N 2.9917°W / 51.1272; -2.9917 (Bridgwater station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST3061036961 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol Temple Meads</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.449_N_2.58_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bristol+Temple+Meads+station">51°26′56″N 2°34′48″W / 51.449°N 2.58°W / 51.449; -2.58 (Bristol Temple Meads station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5969972437 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Charfield_railway_station" title="Charfield railway station">Charfield</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.628051_N_2.399764_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Charfield+station">51°37′41″N 2°23′59″W / 51.628051°N 2.399764°W / 51.628051; -2.399764 (Charfield station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST7233192265 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Charlbury_railway_station" title="Charlbury railway station">Charlbury</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.872_N_1.49_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Charlbury+station">51°52′19″N 1°29′24″W / 51.872°N 1.49°W / 51.872; -1.49 (Charlbury station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SP3510819441 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Chippenham_railway_station" title="Chippenham railway station">Chippenham</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4625_N_2.1154_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Chippenham+station">51°27′45″N 2°06′55″W / 51.4625°N 2.1154°W / 51.4625; -2.1154 (Chippenham station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST9198373785 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Cirencester_Town_railway_station" title="Cirencester Town railway station">Cirencester Town</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.7145_N_1.9717_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Cirencester+Town+station">51°42′52″N 1°58′18″W / 51.7145°N 1.9717°W / 51.7145; -1.9717 (Cirencester Town station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SP0195401803 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Crediton_railway_station" title="Crediton railway station">Crediton</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.7832_N_3.6471_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Crediton+station">50°47′00″N 3°38′50″W / 50.7832°N 3.6471°W / 50.7832; -3.6471 (Crediton station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX8390299534 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Culham_railway_station" title="Culham railway station">Culham</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.654_N_1.237_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Culham+station">51°39′14″N 1°14′13″W / 51.654°N 1.237°W / 51.654; -1.237 (Culham station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU5277795350 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter St Davids</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.7296_N_3.5435_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Exeter+St+Davids+station">50°43′47″N 3°32′37″W / 50.7296°N 3.5435°W / 50.7296; -3.5435 (Exeter St Davids station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX9107793419 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Thomas_railway_station" title="Exeter St Thomas railway station">Exeter St Thomas</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.7171_N_3.5386_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Exeter+St+Thomas+station">50°43′02″N 3°32′19″W / 50.7171°N 3.5386°W / 50.7171; -3.5386 (Exeter St Thomas station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX9139692026 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Liskeard_railway_station" title="Liskeard railway station">Liskeard</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.447_N_4.469_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Liskeard+station">50°26′49″N 4°28′08″W / 50.447°N 4.469°W / 50.447; -4.469 (Liskeard station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX2472763775 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_railway_station" title="Mortimer railway station">Mortimer</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3721_N_1.0356_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Mortimer+station">51°22′20″N 1°02′08″W / 51.3721°N 1.0356°W / 51.3721; -1.0356 (Mortimer station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU6712064162 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5173_N_0.1774_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Paddington+station">51°31′02″N 0°10′39″W / 51.5173°N 0.1774°W / 51.5173; -0.1774 (Paddington station)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ2644681447 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Hilton_London_Paddington" title="Hilton London Paddington">Hilton Hotel, Paddington</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5157_N_0.1758_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Hilton+Hotel%2C+Paddington">51°30′57″N 0°10′33″W / 51.5157°N 0.1758°W / 51.5157; -0.1758 (Hilton Hotel, Paddington)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ2655981272 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/St_Germans_railway_station" title="St Germans railway station">St Germans</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.394_N_4.309_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=St+Germans+station">50°23′38″N 4°18′32″W / 50.394°N 4.309°W / 50.394; -4.309 (St Germans station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX3590157518 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station#Great_Western_Railway" title="Salisbury railway station">Salisbury</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.0709_N_1.8045_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Salisbury+%28GWR%29+station">51°04′15″N 1°48′16″W / 51.0709°N 1.8045°W / 51.0709; -1.8045 (Salisbury (GWR) station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU1369530251 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Stroud_railway_station" title="Stroud railway station">Stroud</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.745_N_2.219_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Stroud+station">51°44′42″N 2°13′08″W / 51.745°N 2.219°W / 51.745; -2.219 (Stroud station)</a> </td> <td class="note">SO8488105217 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Disused_railway_stations_on_the_Bristol_to_Exeter_Line#Weston_Junction" title="Disused railway stations on the Bristol to Exeter Line">Weston Junction</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3393_N_2.948_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Weston+Junction+station">51°20′21″N 2°56′53″W / 51.3393°N 2.948°W / 51.3393; -2.948 (Weston Junction station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST3397260505 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Yatton_railway_station" title="Yatton railway station">Yatton</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3909_N_2.8278_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Yatton+station">51°23′27″N 2°49′40″W / 51.3909°N 2.8278°W / 51.3909; -2.8278 (Yatton station)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST4240966142 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Angarrack_viaduct" title="Angarrack viaduct">Angarrack viaduct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.1933_N_5.3855_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Angarrack+viaduct">50°11′36″N 5°23′08″W / 50.1933°N 5.3855°W / 50.1933; -5.3855 (Angarrack viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">SW5839538138 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Avon_Bridge" title="Avon Bridge">Avon Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4497_N_2.5578_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Avon+Bridge">51°26′59″N 2°33′28″W / 51.4497°N 2.5578°W / 51.4497; -2.5578 (Avon Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST6124272503 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bridge" title="Bishop's Bridge">Bishop's Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5185_N_0.1796_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bishop%27s+Bridge">51°31′07″N 0°10′47″W / 51.5185°N 0.1796°W / 51.5185; -0.1796 (Bishop's Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ2629481574 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Chepstow_Railway_Bridge" title="Chepstow Railway Bridge">Chepstow Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.6436_N_2.6669_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Chepstow+Bridge">51°38′37″N 2°40′01″W / 51.6436°N 2.6669°W / 51.6436; -2.6669 (Chepstow Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5385594133 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Chippenham_railway_station#Chippenham_viaduct" title="Chippenham railway station">Chippenham viaduct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4612_N_2.1192_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Chippenham+viaduct">51°27′40″N 2°07′09″W / 51.4612°N 2.1192°W / 51.4612; -2.1192 (Chippenham viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST9171973642 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4549_N_2.6279_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Clifton+Suspension+Bridge">51°27′18″N 2°37′40″W / 51.4549°N 2.6279°W / 51.4549; -2.6279 (Clifton Suspension Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5637773121 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Carnon_viaduct" title="Carnon viaduct">Carnon</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.2234_N_5.1062_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Carnon+viaduct">50°13′24″N 5°06′22″W / 50.2234°N 5.1062°W / 50.2234; -5.1062 (Carnon viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">SW7846240623 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/St_Pinnock#St_Pinnock_Viaduct" title="St Pinnock">St Pinnock</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.4531_N_4.5685_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=St+Pinnock+Viaduct">50°27′11″N 4°34′07″W / 50.4531°N 4.5685°W / 50.4531; -4.5685 (St Pinnock Viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX1768764692 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Basin_(Bristol)#Swing_bridges" title="Cumberland Basin (Bristol)">Cumberland Basin swing bridges</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.448_N_2.6194_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Cumberland+Basin+swing+bridges">51°26′53″N 2°37′10″W / 51.4480°N 2.6194°W / 51.4480; -2.6194 (Cumberland Basin swing bridges)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5695872355 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bristol%E2%80%93Exeter_line#Weston-super-Mare_to_Taunton" title="Bristol–Exeter line">"Devil's Bridge", Uphill</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.3178_N_2.9677_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=%22Devil%27s+Bridge%22%2C+Uphill">51°19′04″N 2°58′04″W / 51.3178°N 2.9677°W / 51.3178; -2.9677 ("Devil's Bridge", Uphill)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST3256858133 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Gatehampton_Railway_Bridge" title="Gatehampton Railway Bridge">Gatehampton Railway Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5117_N_1.1279_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Gatehampton+Railway+Bridge">51°30′42″N 1°07′40″W / 51.5117°N 1.1279°W / 51.5117; -1.1279 (Gatehampton Railway Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU6051179607 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5061_N_0.12_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Hungerford+Bridge">51°30′22″N 0°07′12″W / 51.5061°N 0.12°W / 51.5061; -0.12 (Hungerford Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ3046080304 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Landore_Viaduct" title="Landore Viaduct">Landore Viaduct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.6453_N_3.934_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Landore+Viaduct">51°38′43″N 3°56′02″W / 51.6453°N 3.9340°W / 51.6453; -3.9340 (Landore Viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">SS6619895879 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Loughor_Viaduct" title="Loughor Viaduct">Loughor Viaduct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.6624_N_4.0827_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Loughor+Viaduct">51°39′45″N 4°04′58″W / 51.6624°N 4.0827°W / 51.6624; -4.0827 (Loughor Viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">SS5596998062 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Railway Bridge">Maidenhead Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5211_N_0.70167_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Maidenhead+Bridge">51°31′16″N 0°42′06″W / 51.5211°N 0.70167°W / 51.5211; -0.70167 (Maidenhead Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU9006881096 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Moulsford_Railway_Bridge" title="Moulsford Railway Bridge">Moulsford Railway Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.55806_N_1.1425_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Moulsford+Railway+Bridge">51°33′29″N 1°08′33″W / 51.55806°N 1.1425°W / 51.55806; -1.1425 (Moulsford Railway Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU5943984753 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.4076_N_4.2034_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Royal+Albert+Bridge">50°24′27″N 4°12′12″W / 50.4076°N 4.2034°W / 50.4076; -4.2034 (Royal Albert Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX4345058802 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_railway_station#Somerset_Bridge" title="Bridgwater railway station">Somerset Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.1164_N_2.986_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Somerset+Bridge">51°06′59″N 2°59′10″W / 51.1164°N 2.9860°W / 51.1164; -2.9860 (Somerset Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST3099335755 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Three_Bridges,_London" title="Three Bridges, London">Three Bridges, London</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5044_N_0.3554_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Three+Bridges%2C+London">51°30′16″N 0°21′19″W / 51.5044°N 0.3554°W / 51.5044; -0.3554 (Three Bridges, London)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ1412879722 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Usk_Railway_Bridge" title="Usk Railway Bridge">Usk Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5911_N_2.9945_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Usk+Bridge">51°35′28″N 2°59′40″W / 51.5911°N 2.9945°W / 51.5911; -2.9945 (Usk Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST3111288552 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Wharncliffe_Viaduct" title="Wharncliffe Viaduct">Wharncliffe Viaduct</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5108_N_0.3442_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Wharncliffe+Viaduct">51°30′39″N 0°20′39″W / 51.5108°N 0.3442°W / 51.5108; -0.3442 (Wharncliffe Viaduct)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ1488880453 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Railway_Bridge" title="Windsor Railway Bridge">Windsor Bridge</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4868_N_0.6179_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Windsor+Bridge">51°29′12″N 0°37′04″W / 51.4868°N 0.6179°W / 51.4868; -0.6179 (Windsor Bridge)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU9595077387 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Box_Tunnel" title="Box Tunnel">Box Tunnel</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4213_N_2.2262_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Box+Tunnel">51°25′17″N 2°13′34″W / 51.4213°N 2.2262°W / 51.4213; -2.2262 (Box Tunnel)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST8427569219 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Cockett_railway_station#Cockett_Tunnel" title="Cockett railway station">Cockett Tunnel</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.6353_N_3.972_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Cockett+Tunnel">51°38′07″N 3°58′19″W / 51.6353°N 3.9720°W / 51.6353; -3.9720 (Cockett Tunnel)</a> </td> <td class="note">SS6354394837 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Flying_arch#Notable_examples" title="Flying arch">Llansamlet arches</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.661_N_3.8782_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Llansamlet+arches">51°39′40″N 3°52′42″W / 51.6610°N 3.8782°W / 51.6610; -3.8782 (Llansamlet arches)</a> </td> <td class="note">SS7010697523 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Sapperton_Railway_Tunnel" title="Sapperton Railway Tunnel">Sapperton Tunnel</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.7236_N_2.1017_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Sapperton+Tunnel">51°43′25″N 2°06′06″W / 51.7236°N 2.1017°W / 51.7236; -2.1017 (Sapperton Tunnel)</a> </td> <td class="note">SO9297502820 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Sonning_Cutting" title="Sonning Cutting">Sonning Cutting</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4617_N_0.9132_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Sonning+Cutting">51°27′42″N 0°54′48″W / 51.4617°N 0.9132°W / 51.4617; -0.9132 (Sonning Cutting)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU7549474254 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_sea_wall" title="South Devon Railway sea wall">South Devon Railway sea wall</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.5871_N_3.4551_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=South+Devon+Railway+sea+wall">50°35′14″N 3°27′18″W / 50.5871°N 3.4551°W / 50.5871; -3.4551 (South Devon Railway sea wall)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX9700477450 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5031_N_0.0544_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Thames+Tunnel">51°30′11″N 0°03′16″W / 51.5031°N 0.0544°W / 51.5031; -0.0544 (Thames Tunnel)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ3501880083 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Bank,_Somerset" title="Wellington Bank, Somerset">Wellington Bank, Somerset</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.9585_N_3.2825_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Wellington+Bank">50°57′31″N 3°16′57″W / 50.9585°N 3.2825°W / 50.9585; -3.2825 (Wellington Bank)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST0993618522 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Dock" title="Brentford Dock">Brentford Dock</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4818_N_0.3022_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Brentford+Dock">51°28′54″N 0°18′08″W / 51.4818°N 0.3022°W / 51.4818; -0.3022 (Brentford Dock)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ1787877291 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.45_N_2.6_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Bristol+Harbour">51°27′N 2°36′W / 51.45°N 2.6°W / 51.45; -2.6 (Bristol Harbour)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5831072560 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Basin_(Bristol)" title="Cumberland Basin (Bristol)">Cumberland Basin</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4481_N_2.6194_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Cumberland+Basin">51°26′53″N 2°37′10″W / 51.4481°N 2.6194°W / 51.4481; -2.6194 (Cumberland Basin)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5695872355 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Underfall_Yard" title="Underfall Yard">Underfall Yard</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4468_N_2.6174_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Underfall+Yard">51°26′48″N 2°37′03″W / 51.4468°N 2.6174°W / 51.4468; -2.6174 (Underfall Yard)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST5709872214 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Millbay_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Millbay Docks">Millbay Docks</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.368_N_4.148_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Millbay+Docks">50°22′05″N 4°08′53″W / 50.368°N 4.148°W / 50.368; -4.148 (Millbay Docks)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX4725854284 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Westport_Canal" title="Westport Canal">Westport Canal</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51_N_2.85_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Westport+Canal">51°00′N 2°51′W / 51°N 2.85°W / 51; -2.85 (Westport Canal)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST4036222693 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_engine_houses" title="South Devon Railway engine houses">Starcross engine house</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=50.6266_N_3.447_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Starcross+engine+house">50°37′36″N 3°26′49″W / 50.6266°N 3.4470°W / 50.6266; -3.4470 (Starcross engine house)</a> </td> <td class="note">SX9766581829 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Steventon_railway_station#Headquarters_of_the_GWR" title="Steventon railway station">Brook House, Steventon</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.622_N_1.3192_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Brook+House%2C+Steventon">51°37′19″N 1°19′09″W / 51.6220°N 1.3192°W / 51.6220; -1.3192 (Brook House, Steventon)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU4712591735 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Crew%27s_Hole,_Bristol#Tar_works" title="Crew's Hole, Bristol">Crew's Hole tar works</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.454_N_2.537_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Crew%27s+Hole+tar+works">51°27′14″N 2°32′13″W / 51.454°N 2.537°W / 51.454; -2.537 (Crew's Hole tar works)</a> </td> <td class="note">ST6269172970 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace#Crystal_Palace_Park" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace water towers</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.42209_N_0.076_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Crystal+Palace+water+towers">51°25′20″N 0°04′34″W / 51.42209°N 0.0760°W / 51.42209; -0.0760 (Crystal Palace water towers)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ3375971041 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace#Crystal_Palace_Park" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace water towers</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.42209_N_0.076_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Crystal+Palace+water+towers">51°25′20″N 0°04′34″W / 51.42209°N 0.0760°W / 51.42209; -0.0760 (Crystal Palace water towers)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ3375971041 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.5031_N_0.17_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Great+Exhibition">51°30′11″N 0°10′12″W / 51.5031°N 0.17°W / 51.5031; -0.17 (Great Exhibition)</a> </td> <td class="note">TQ2699979876 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td class="fn org"><a href="/wiki/Malmaison_Hotel,_Reading" title="Malmaison Hotel, Reading">Malmaison Hotel, Reading</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&params=51.4574_N_0.9718_W_region:GB_scale:2000&title=Malmaison+Hotel%2C+Reading">51°27′27″N 0°58′18″W / 51.4574°N 0.9718°W / 51.4574; -0.9718 (Malmaison Hotel, Reading)</a> </td> <td class="note">SU7143173713 </td> <td class="note"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> On 10 June 1830 Brunel was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Brunel married Mary Elizabeth Horsley (b. 1813) on 5 July 1836. She came from an accomplished musical and artistic family, being the eldest daughter of composer and organist <a href="/wiki/William_Horsley" title="William Horsley">William Horsley</a>. They established a home at Duke Street, Westminster, in London.<a href="#cite_note-brunel200-1830s-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cubical white marble work of masonry, approximately three feet wide, 18 inches deep and two feet high, inscribed with names of members of the Brunel family, surrounded by marble chippings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg/220px-Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg/330px-Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg/440px-Brunel_Family_Grave_-Kensal_Green_Cemetery_-5July2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>The Brunel family grave, <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>, London</figcaption></figure> While performing a <a href="/wiki/Magic_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic trick">conjuring trick</a> for the amusement of his children in 1843 Brunel accidentally inhaled a <a href="/wiki/Half_sovereign" title="Half sovereign">half-sovereign</a> coin, which became lodged in his windpipe. A special pair of <a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">forceps</a> failed to remove it, as did a machine devised by Brunel to shake it loose. At the suggestion of his father, Brunel was strapped to a board and turned upside-down, and the coin was jerked free.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He recuperated at <a href="/wiki/Teignmouth" title="Teignmouth">Teignmouth</a>, and enjoyed the area so much that he purchased an estate at Watcombe in <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>, Devon. Here he commissioned William Burn to design <a href="/wiki/Brunel_Manor" title="Brunel Manor">Brunel Manor</a> and its gardens to be his country home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETudor200719-91">[91]</a> He never saw the house or gardens finished as he died before it was completed.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Brunel, a heavy smoker,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> who had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_disease" title="Bright's disease">Bright's disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> suffered a stroke on 5 September 1859, just before the Great Eastern made her first voyage to New York.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> He died ten days later at the age of 53 and was buried, like his father, in <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> He is commemorated at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in a window on the south side of the nave.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Many mourned Brunel's passing, in spite and because of his business ventures; an obituary in <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle" title="The Morning Chronicle">The Morning Chronicle</a> noted: <blockquote>Brunel was the right man for the nation, but unfortunately, he was not the right man for the shareholders. They must stoop who must gather gold, and Brunel could never stoop. The history of invention records no instance of grand novelties so boldly imagined and so successfully carried out by the same individual.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></blockquote> Brunel was survived by his wife, Mary, and three children: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Brunel_Junior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isambard Brunel Junior (page does not exist)">Isambard Brunel Junior</a> (1837–1902), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marc_Brunel" title="Henry Marc Brunel">Henry Marc Brunel</a> (1842–1903) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Mary_Brunel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Mary Brunel (page does not exist)">Florence Mary Brunel</a> (1847–1876). Henry Marc later became a successful <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BrisUniArchive-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan20067–8-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bronze metal sculpture of a nineteenth century man wearing a long jacket or coat, trousers, waistcoat, with draughtsman's tools in his hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg/170px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg/255px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg/340px-Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_-_Bronze_-_Temple_-_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Brunel at <a href="/wiki/Temple_tube_station" title="Temple tube station">Temple</a> in London</figcaption></figure> A celebrated engineer in his era, Brunel remains revered today, as evidenced by numerous monuments to him. There are statues in London at <a href="/wiki/Temple_tube_station" title="Temple tube station">Temple</a> (pictured), <a href="/wiki/Brunel_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel University">Brunel University</a> and Paddington station, and in Bristol, Plymouth, Swindon, Milford Haven and Saltash. A statue in <a href="/wiki/Neyland" title="Neyland">Neyland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was stolen in August 2010.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The topmast of the Great Eastern is used as a flagpole at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Anfield" title="Anfield">Anfield</a>, Liverpool Football Club's ground.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Contemporary locations bear Brunel's name, such as <a href="/wiki/Brunel_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel University">Brunel University</a> in London,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> shopping centres in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Bletchley,_Milton_Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bletchley, Milton Keynes">Bletchley, Milton Keynes</a>, and a collection of streets in Exeter: Isambard Terrace, Kingdom Mews, and Brunel Close. A road, car park, and school in his home city of Portsmouth are also named in his honour, along with one of the city's largest public houses.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There is an engineering lab building at the University of Plymouth named in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A public poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 2001 to select the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>, Brunel was placed second, behind <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Brunel's life and works have been depicted in numerous books, films and television programs. The 2003 book and BBC TV series <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Industrial_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Industrial World">Seven Wonders of the Industrial World</a> included a dramatisation of the building of the Great Eastern. Many of Brunel's bridges are still in use. Brunel's first engineering project, the Thames Tunnel, is now part of the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> network. The <a href="/wiki/Brunel_Engine_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel Engine House">Brunel Engine House</a> at Rotherhithe, which once housed the steam engines that powered the tunnel pumps, now houses the <a href="/wiki/Brunel_Museum" title="Brunel Museum">Brunel Museum</a> dedicated to the work and lives of Henry Marc and Isambard Kingdom Brunel.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Many of Brunel's original papers and designs are now held in the Brunel Institute alongside the <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a> in Bristol, and are freely available for researchers and visitors.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Brunel is credited with turning the town of Swindon into one of the fastest-growing towns in Europe during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Brunel's choice to locate the Great Western Railway locomotive sheds there caused a need for housing for the workers, which in turn gave Brunel the impetus to build hospitals, churches and housing estates in what is known today as the 'Railway Village'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006115–22-111">[111]</a> According to some sources, Brunel's addition of a Mechanics Institute for recreation and hospitals and clinics for his workers gave <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> the basis for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG/220px-43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG/330px-43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG/440px-43003_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="First Great Western">FGW</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)" title="British Rail Class 43 (HST)">HST</a> 43003 power car</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/GWR_4073_Class" title="GWR 4073 Class">GWR Castle Class</a> steam locomotive no. 5069 was named Isambard Kingdom Brunel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Fleming1960H18-113">[113]</a> after the engineer;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1993P127-114">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways" title="Western Region of British Railways">BR Western Region</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_47" title="British Rail Class 47">class 47</a> diesel locomotive no. D1662 (later 47484) was also named Isambard Kingdom Brunel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden198466-115">[115]</a> GWR's successor <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> has named both its old <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_43_(HST)" title="British Rail Class 43 (HST)">InterCity 125</a> power car 43003 and new <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">InterCity Electric Train</a> 800004 as Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> struck two <a href="/wiki/%C2%A32_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="£2 coin">£2 coins</a> in 2006 to "celebrate the 200th anniversary of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his achievements".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The first depicts Brunel with a section of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> and the second shows the roof of Paddington Station. In the same year the Post Office issued a set of six wide commemorative stamps (SG 2607-12) showing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Box_Tunnel" title="Box Tunnel">Box Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington Station">Paddington Station</a>, the Great Eastern, the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Bridge">Maidenhead Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The words "I.K. BRUNEL ENGINEER 1859" were fixed to either end of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> to commemorate his death in 1859, the year the bridge opened. The words were later partly obscured by maintenance access ladders but were revealed again by <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> in 2006 to honour his bicentenary.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Brunel was the subject of <a href="/wiki/Great_(1975_film)" title="Great (1975 film)">Great</a>, a 1975 <a href="/wiki/Animated_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated film">animated film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Godfrey" title="Bob Godfrey">Bob Godfrey</a>. It won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film">Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/48th_Academy_Awards" title="48th Academy Awards">48th Academy Awards</a> in March 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Oscars1976-120">[120]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a>, Brunel was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> in a segment showing the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Brunel is a central character in <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rodman" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Rodman">Howard Rodman</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Eastern_(Rodman_novel)" title="The Great Eastern (Rodman novel)">The Great Eastern</a>, published in 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Melville_House_Publishing" title="Melville House Publishing">Melville House Publishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A fictionalized version of Brunel is a key figure in the construction of Even Greater London in the alternate-history comedy podcast Victoriocity.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_House" title="Lindsey House">Lindsey House</a> – Brunel's childhood home</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_Boring_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnel Boring Machine">Tunnel Boring Machines</a> (TBMs) used by <a href="/wiki/Crossrail#Tunnel_boring_machines" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> were named for Brunel's wife Mary and his mother Sophia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britanica-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britanica_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britanica_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isambard-Kingdom-Brunel">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIsambard-Kingdom-Brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpratt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Spratt, H.P. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://designmuseum.org/designers/isambard-kingdom-brunel">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. Nature. 181 (4626): 1754–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181.1754S">1958Natur.181.1754S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1811754a0">10.1038/1811754a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4255226">4255226</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4626&rft.pages=1754-55&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4255226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1811754a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.181.1754S&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesignmuseum.org%2Fdesigners%2Fisambard-kingdom-brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpratt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Spratt, H.P. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssgreatbritain.org/story/isambard-kingdom-brunel">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. Nature. 181 (4626): 1754–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181.1754S">1958Natur.181.1754S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1811754a0">10.1038/1811754a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4255226">4255226</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4626&rft.pages=1754-55&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4255226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1811754a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.181.1754S&rft.aulast=Spratt&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssgreatbritain.org%2Fstory%2Fisambard-kingdom-brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt" title="L. T. C. Rolt">Rolt, Lionel Thomas Caswall</a> (1957). Isambard Kingdom Brunel (first ed.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=Lionel+Thomas+Caswall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994202–03-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1994202–03_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1994">Wilson 1994</a>, pp. 202–03. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324130927/http://www.ssgreatbritain.org/Brunel.aspx">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. SS Great Britain. 29 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssgreatbritain.org/Brunel.aspx">the original</a> on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.pub=SS+Great+Britain&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssgreatbritain.org%2FBrunel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/">"Home"</a>. Brunel 200. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Brunel+200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel200.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunel18702-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunel18702_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunel1870">Brunel 1870</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimbs1860" class="citation book cs1">Timbs, John (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesinventor02timbgoog">Stories of inventors and discoverers in science and the useful arts</a>. London: Kent and Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesinventor02timbgoog/page/n119">102</a>, 285–86. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1349834">1349834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+inventors+and+discoverers+in+science+and+the+useful+arts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=102%2C+285-86&rft.pub=Kent+and+Co&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1349834&rft.aulast=Timbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesinventor02timbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brindle,_birth-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Brindle,_birth_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrindle2005" class="citation book cs1">Brindle, Steven (2005). Brunel: The Man Who Built the World. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84408-2"><bdi>978-0-297-84408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%3A+The+Man+Who+Built+the+World&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84408-2&rft.aulast=Brindle&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens" class="citation web cs1">Stephens, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artandthecountryhouse.com/catalogues/catalogues-index/thomas-mudge-1022">"Thomas Mudge"</a>. artandthecountryhouse.com. Retrieved 1 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artandthecountryhouse.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+Mudge&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartandthecountryhouse.com%2Fcatalogues%2Fcatalogues-index%2Fthomas-mudge-1022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tracingancestors-uk.com/genealogies-of-the-famous/isambard-kingdom-brunel-family-history">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Family History"</a>. tracingancestors-uk.com. 3 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tracingancestors-uk.com&rft.atitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%3A+Family+History&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftracingancestors-uk.com%2Fgenealogies-of-the-famous%2Fisambard-kingdom-brunel-family-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan18-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan18_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan18_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan18_14-2">c</a> Buchanan (2006), p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillings20061,_11-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillings20061,_11_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillings2006">Gillings 2006</a>, pp. 1, 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-1870p5-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1870p5_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1870p5_16-1">b</a> Brunel, Isambard (1870), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillings200611–12-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillings200611–12_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillings2006">Gillings 2006</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorth1999" class="citation book cs1">Worth, Martin (1999). Sweat and Inspiration: Pioneers of the Industrial Age. Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1660-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-1660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweat+and+Inspiration%3A+Pioneers+of+the+Industrial+Age&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1660-8&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200214–15-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200214–15_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Stearnes, R.E.C. "Toredo, or <a href="/wiki/Teredo_navalis" title="Teredo navalis">Shipworm</a>." The American Naturalist, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Feb. 1886), p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaseng1999" class="citation book cs1">Aaseng, Nathan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructionbuil00aase/page/36">Construction: Building The Impossible</a>. The Oliver Press, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructionbuil00aase/page/36">36–45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881508-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881508-59-5"><bdi>978-1-881508-59-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction%3A+Building+The+Impossible&rft.pages=36-45&rft.pub=The+Oliver+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-881508-59-5&rft.aulast=Aaseng&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructionbuil00aase%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-22"><a href="#cite_ref-smith_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Denis (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TA262F55asC&q=thames%20tunnel%20rotherhithe&pg=PA17">Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley</a>. Thomas Telford Ltd, for The <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2876-0"><bdi>978-0-7277-2876-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Engineering+Heritage%3A+London+and+the+Thames+Valley&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford+Ltd%2C+for+The+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2876-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TA262F55asC%26q%3Dthames%2520tunnel%2520rotherhithe%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sources disagree about where Brunel convalesced; Buchanan (p. 30) says <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, while Dumpleton and Miller (p. 16) say <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and connect this to his subsequent work on the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a> there. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200215-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200215_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolt198941–42-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolt198941–42_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolt1989">Rolt 1989</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-bagust8-26"><a href="#cite_ref-bagust8_26-0">^</a> Bagust, Harold, "The Greater Genius?", 2006, Ian Allan Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-3175-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-3175-4">0-7110-3175-4</a>, (pp. 97–100) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolt198953-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolt198953_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolt1989">Rolt 1989</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-brunel200-susbridge-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brunel200-susbridge_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brunel200-susbridge_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/suspension_bridge.htm">"The Clifton Suspension Bridge"</a>. Brunel 200. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Clifton+Suspension+Bridge&rft.pub=Brunel+200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel200.com%2Fsuspension_bridge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Professor G Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/brunel_isambard_01.shtml">"Brunel: 'The Practical Prophet'"</a>. BBC History. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Brunel%3A+%27The+Practical+Prophet%27&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Professor+G+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fbrunel_isambard_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryan-30"><a href="#cite_ref-bryan_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1999" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Tim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelgreatengin0000brya/page/35">Brunel: The Great Engineer</a>. Shepperton: Ian Allan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelgreatengin0000brya/page/35">35–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2686-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2686-5"><bdi>978-0-7110-2686-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%3A+The+Great+Engineer&rft.place=Shepperton&rft.pages=35-41&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-2686-5&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrunelgreatengin0000brya%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2006" class="citation news cs1">MacLeod, Donald (18 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/apr/18/highereducation.uk1">"Higher diary"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Higher+diary&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2006%2Fapr%2F18%2Fhighereducation.uk1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8261682/Isambard-Kingdom-Brunel-did-not-design-Clifton-Suspension-Bridge-says-historian.html">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel did not design Clifton Suspension Bridge, says historian"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8261682/Isambard-Kingdom-Brunel-did-not-design-Clifton-Suspension-Bridge-says-historian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel+did+not+design+Clifton+Suspension+Bridge%2C+says+historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F8261682%2FIsambard-Kingdom-Brunel-did-not-design-Clifton-Suspension-Bridge-says-historian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Hungerford Suspension Bridge". The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine: 223. May 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Practical+Mechanic+and+Engineer%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Hungerford+Suspension+Bridge&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1845-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Get set to pay more on suspension bridge". Bristol Evening Post. 6 January 2007. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Get+set+to+pay+more+on+suspension+bridge&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2007-01-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1992" class="citation web cs1">Dunning, RW (1992). CR Elrington, CR; Baggs, AP; Siraut, MC (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18640">"Bridgwater"</a>. A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 6. British History Online. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Somerset%3A+Volume+6&rft.atitle=Bridgwater&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=RW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D18640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.E._Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E. Gordon">Gordon, JE</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrlRAAAAMAAJ&q=brunel+">Structures: or why things don't fall down</a>. London: Penguin. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013628-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013628-9"><bdi>978-0-14-013628-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structures%3A+or+why+things+don%27t+fall+down&rft.place=London&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013628-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrlRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbrunel%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Brian (2007). Brunel's timber bridges and viaducts. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3218-7"><bdi>978-0-7110-3218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+timber+bridges+and+viaducts&rft.place=Hersham&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3218-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinding199330-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinding199330_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinding1993">Binding 1993</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109214743/http://www.royalalbertbridge.co.uk/html/history.html">"History"</a>. Royal Albert Bridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalalbertbridge.co.uk/html/history.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Royal+Albert+Bridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalalbertbridge.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenior_Archaeological_Officer2006" class="citation web cs1">Senior Archaeological Officer (20 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629185536/http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/moderngov/Data/Buckinghamshire%20Historic%20Environment%20Forum/20060920/Agenda/Item06.pdf">"Crossrail and the Great Western World Heritage site"</a> (PDF). Buckinghamshire Historic Environment Forum. Buckinghamshire County Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buckscc.gov.uk/moderngov/Data/Buckinghamshire%20Historic%20Environment%20Forum/20060920/Agenda/Item06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buckinghamshire+Historic+Environment+Forum&rft.atitle=Crossrail+and+the+Great+Western+World+Heritage+site&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft.au=Senior+Archaeological+Officer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buckscc.gov.uk%2Fmoderngov%2FData%2FBuckinghamshire%2520Historic%2520Environment%2520Forum%2F20060920%2FAgenda%2FItem06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/WorldHeritageSites1999.pdf">"World Heritage Sites: The Tentative List of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). Buildings, Monuments and Sites Division. Department for Culture, Media and Sport. 1999. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buildings%2C+Monuments+and+Sites+Division&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Sites%3A+The+Tentative+List+of+The+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gov.uk%2Fimages%2Fpublications%2FWorldHeritageSites1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/timber_viaducts.html">Brunel’s Timber Viaducts</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/features/windmill_lane_bridge/index.shtml">"Disused Stations: Station"</a>. disused-stations.org.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=disused-stations.org.uk&rft.atitle=Disused+Stations%3A+Station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disused-stations.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fwindmill_lane_bridge%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandunioncanalwalk.co.uk/">"Grand Union Canal Walk"</a>. grandunioncanalwalk.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandunioncanalwalk.co.uk&rft.atitle=Grand+Union+Canal+Walk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandunioncanalwalk.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BHO-Railways-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BHO-Railways_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BHO-Railways_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrittal1959" class="citation web cs1">Crittal, Elizabeth (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=102817">"Railways"</a>. A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 4. British History Online. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Wiltshire%3A+Volume+4&rft.atitle=Railways&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Crittal&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D102817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton_RFC-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_RFC_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723122827/http://www.cliftonrfchistory.co.uk/captains/press/press.htm">"Clifton Rugby Football Club History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliftonrfchistory.co.uk/captains/press/press.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clifton+Rugby+Football+Club+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliftonrfchistory.co.uk%2Fcaptains%2Fpress%2Fpress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunel_200_-_Working_With_Visionaries-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Brunel_200_-_Working_With_Visionaries_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/downloads/osborne_clarke_leaflet.pdf">"Brunel 200 – Working With Visionaries"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+200+%E2%80%93+Working+With+Visionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel200.com%2Fdownloads%2Fosborne_clarke_leaflet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Hotel_Bath-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Hotel_Bath_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819012415/https://www.royalhotelbath.co.uk/reasons-to-choose-the-royal">"Initially the Station Hotel, it was given the royal prefix as a reminder of Queen Victoria's visit to Bath"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalhotelbath.co.uk/reasons-to-choose-the-royal">the original</a> on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initially+the+Station+Hotel%2C+it+was+given+the+royal+prefix+as+a+reminder+of+Queen+Victoria%27s+visit+to+Bath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalhotelbath.co.uk%2Freasons-to-choose-the-royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-1">b</a> Pudney, John (1974). Brunel and His World. Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-13047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-13047-6">978-0-500-13047-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllivier1846" class="citation book cs1">Ollivier, John (1846). The Broad Gauge: The Bane of the Great Western Railway Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broad+Gauge%3A+The+Bane+of+the+Great+Western+Railway+Company&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Ollivier&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200220-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200220_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacD1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-MacD1_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermot1927" class="citation book cs1">MacDermot, E T (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, volume I 1833–1863. London: <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+Western+Railway%2C+volume+I+1833%E2%80%931863&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Great+Western+Railway&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=MacDermot&rft.aufirst=E+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/li/townguides/739515.Neyland___Brunel_s_railway_town/">"Neyland – Brunel's railway town"</a>. Western Telegraph. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Neyland+%E2%80%93+Brunel%27s+railway+town&rft.date=2006-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerntelegraph.co.uk%2Fli%2Ftownguides%2F739515.Neyland___Brunel_s_railway_town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-22126592">"Stolen statue of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in Neyland is replaced"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stolen+statue+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel+in+Neyland+is+replaced&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-22126592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=626">"Frome Station roof"</a>. Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frome+Station+roof&rft.pub=Engineering+Timelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering-timelines.com%2Fscripts%2FengineeringItem.asp%3Fid%3D626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5jMLQVVvC?url=http://www.southhams.gov.uk/AnitePublicDocs/00170783.pdf">"Kingswear Station"</a> (PDF). South Hams District Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southhams.gov.uk/AnitePublicDocs/00170783.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingswear+Station&rft.pub=South+Hams+District+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southhams.gov.uk%2FAnitePublicDocs%2F00170783.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914161015/http://www.steam-museum.org.uk/steam/steamv4-3.htm">"Steam: Museum of the Great Western Railway"</a>. Swindon Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steam-museum.org.uk/steam/steamv4-3.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steam%3A+Museum+of+the+Great+Western+Railway&rft.pub=Swindon+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steam-museum.org.uk%2Fsteam%2Fsteamv4-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buchanan-atmosrwy-58"><a href="#cite_ref-buchanan-atmosrwy_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, R A (May 1992). "The Atmospheric Railway of I.K. Brunel". Social Studies of Science. 22 (2): 231–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030631292022002003">10.1177/030631292022002003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/285614">285614</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146426568">146426568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Atmospheric+Railway+of+I.K.+Brunel&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-43&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146426568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F285614%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030631292022002003&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=R+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DandM_p22-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DandM_p22_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DandM_p22_59-1">b</a> Dumpleton and Miller (2002), p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkin, Jim (2000). Engineering Judgement and Risk. Institution of Civil Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2873-9"><bdi>978-0-7277-2873-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Judgement+and+Risk&rft.pub=Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2873-9&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolmar2014" class="citation book cs1">Woolmar, Christian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_htpAwAAQBAJ&q=Brunel+atmospheric+%28vacuum%29+traction+expensive&pg=PT33">The Iron Road: The Illustrated History of Railways</a>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241181867" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241181867"><bdi>978-0241181867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Road%3A+The+Illustrated+History+of+Railways&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0241181867&rft.aulast=Woolmar&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_htpAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBrunel%2Batmospheric%2B%2528vacuum%2529%2Btraction%2Bexpensive%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teignmuseum.org.uk/pages/museum/railway/">"Devon Railways"</a>. Teignmouth & Shaldon Museum. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon+Railways&rft.pub=Teignmouth+%26+Shaldon+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teignmuseum.org.uk%2Fpages%2Fmuseum%2Frailway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devonheritage.org/Places/Kenton/BrunelandTheAtmosphericCaper.htm">"Brunel and The Atmospheric Caper"</a>. Devon Heritage. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+and+The+Atmospheric+Caper&rft.pub=Devon+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devonheritage.org%2FPlaces%2FKenton%2FBrunelandTheAtmosphericCaper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205170134/http://www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk/guide/broadgauge.html">"Broad Gauge Railway"</a>. Centre Guide. Didcot Railway Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk/guide/broadgauge.html">the original</a> on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+Guide&rft.atitle=Broad+Gauge+Railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk%2Fguide%2Fbroadgauge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Davies, Alex (14 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/flight-rail-vectorr-atmospheric-railway-train/">"Meet the 89-Year-Old Reinventing the Train in His Backyard"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Meet+the+89-Year-Old+Reinventing+the+Train+in+His+Backyard&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fflight-rail-vectorr-atmospheric-railway-train%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200657–59-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200657–59_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200657–59_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2006">Buchanan 2006</a>, pp. 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckett_2006,_pp._171–173_67-3">d</a> Beckett (2006), pp. 171–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200234–46-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200234–46_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200234–46_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, pp. 34–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaufoy1834-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaufoy1834_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaufoy1834">Beaufoy 1834</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrison1998188-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarrison1998188_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrison1998">Garrison 1998</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200658–59-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200658–59_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan200658–59_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2006">Buchanan 2006</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200226–32-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200226–32_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200226–32_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, pp. 26–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasmyth-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasmyth_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasmyth1897" class="citation book cs1">Nasmyth, James (1897). Smiles, Samuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/476">James Nasmyth: Engineer, An Autobiography</a>. Archived at Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Nasmyth%3A+Engineer%2C+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Archived+at+Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Nasmyth&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLienhard2003" class="citation book cs1">Lienhard, John H (2003). The Engines of Our Ingenuity. Oxford University Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516731-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516731-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516731-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Engines+of+Our+Ingenuity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516731-3&rft.aulast=Lienhard&rft.aufirst=John+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="brunels-ss-great-britain" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssgreatbritain.org/">"Visit Bristol's No.1 Attraction | Brunel's SS Great Britain |"</a>. www.ssgreatbritain.org. The SS Great Britain Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ssgreatbritain.org&rft.atitle=Visit+Bristol%27s+No.1+Attraction+%7C+Brunel%27s+SS+Great+Britain+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssgreatbritain.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200294–113-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller200294–113_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, pp. 94–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington198550–59-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington198550–59_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington198550–59_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillington1985">Billington 1985</a>, pp. 50–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2005" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, John (2005). Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness. Arima Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84549-196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84549-196-3"><bdi>978-1-84549-196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zerah+Colburn%3A+The+Spirit+of+Darkness&rft.pub=Arima+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84549-196-3&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller2002130–148-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumpletonMiller2002130–148_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002">Dumpleton & Miller 2002</a>, pp. 130–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Atlantic Cable". The New York Times. 30 July 1866. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/392481871">392481871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Atlantic+Cable&rft.date=1866-07-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/crimea/popup/medical.htm">"Report on Medical Care"</a>. British National Archives. 23 February 1855. WO 33/1 ff.119, 124, 146–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Medical+Care&rft.pub=British+National+Archives&rft.date=1855-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fbattles%2Fcrimea%2Fpopup%2Fmedical.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/crimea/popup/prefab.htm">"Prefabricated wooden hospitals"</a>. British National Archives. 7 September 1855. WO 43/991 ff.76–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prefabricated+wooden+hospitals&rft.pub=British+National+Archives&rft.date=1855-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fbattles%2Fcrimea%2Fpopup%2Fprefab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-renkioi-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renkioi_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-renkioi_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000446/http://www.hdmagazine.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=2032207">"Lessons from Renkioi"</a>. Hospital Development Magazine. 10 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdmagazine.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=2032207">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hospital+Development+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Renkioi&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdmagazine.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D2032207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmswarrior.org/brunel/resources/palmerston_and_politics.pdf">"Palmerston, Brunel and Florence Nightingale's Field Hospital"</a> (PDF). HMSwarrior.org. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palmerston%2C+Brunel+and+Florence+Nightingale%27s+Field+Hospital&rft.pub=HMSwarrior.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmswarrior.org%2Fbrunel%2Fresources%2Fpalmerston_and_politics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/britainsmodernbrunels.shtml">"Britain's Modern Brunels]"</a>. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Modern+Brunels%5D&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fscience%2Fbritainsmodernbrunels.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrindle2005" class="citation book cs1">Brindle, Steven (2005). Brunel: The Man Who Built the World. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84408-2"><bdi>978-0-297-84408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%3A+The+Man+Who+Built+the+World&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84408-2&rft.aulast=Brindle&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/library/documents/special-collections/brunel-collection.pdf">"The Brunel Collection"</a> (PDF). University of Bristol. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Bristol&rft.atitle=The+Brunel+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.ac.uk%2Fmedia-library%2Fsites%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2Fspecial-collections%2Fbrunel-collection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA7961&pos=1">"Search Results"</a>. The Royal Society. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogues.royalsociety.org%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Persons%26id%3DNA7961%26pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brunel200-1830s-89"><a href="#cite_ref-brunel200-1830s_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/1830s.htm">"The 1830s"</a>. Brunel 200. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1830s&rft.pub=Brunel+200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel200.com%2F1830s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, T.F. Thiselton (2003). Strange Pages from Family Papers (1900). Kessinger Publishing. pp. 282–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5346-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5346-2"><bdi>978-0-7661-5346-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Pages+from+Family+Papers+%281900%29&rft.pages=282-83&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-5346-2&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=T.F.+Thiselton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETudor200719-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETudor200719_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTudor2007">Tudor 2007</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Judy (2006). Isambard's Kingdom: Travels in Brunel's England. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4282-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4282-7"><bdi>0-7509-4282-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard%27s+Kingdom%3A+Travels+in+Brunel%27s+England&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7509-4282-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_Villarreal2011" class="citation web cs1">Ignacio Villarreal (6 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artdaily.cc/news/43931/Churchill--The-Windsors-and-420-Million-Year-Old-Tree-Trunk-Star-in-Bonhams-Gentleman-s-Library-Sale--#.YL8q-zZKjOQ">"Churchill, The Windsors and 420 Million Year Old Tree Trunk Star in Bonhams Gentleman's Library Sale"</a>. Artdaily.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+The+Windsors+and+420+Million+Year+Old+Tree+Trunk+Star+in+Bonhams+Gentleman%27s+Library+Sale&rft.pub=Artdaily.com&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.au=Ignacio+Villarreal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartdaily.cc%2Fnews%2F43931%2FChurchill--The-Windsors-and-420-Million-Year-Old-Tree-Trunk-Star-in-Bonhams-Gentleman-s-Library-Sale--%23.YL8q-zZKjOQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2021" class="citation cs2">Lambert, Tim (14 March 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/brunel.html">A brief Biography of Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+Biography+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fbrunel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2003" class="citation book cs1">Cadbury, Deborah (2003). Seven Wonders of the Industrial World. Fourth Estate. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-716304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-716304-5"><bdi>978-0-00-716304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Wonders+of+the+Industrial+World&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-00-716304-5&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=bSZ8p4r59oEfaPyWrWfUqQ&scan=1">"Index entry"</a>. FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeBMD&rft.atitle=Index+entry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebmd.org.uk%2Fcgi%2Finformation.pl%3Fcite%3DbSZ8p4r59oEfaPyWrWfUqQ%26scan%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=196">"Grave of Isambard Kingdom Brunel"</a>. Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grave+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.pub=Engineering+Timelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering-timelines.com%2Fscripts%2FengineeringItem.asp%3Fid%3D196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1966" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Alfred Ruper (1966). The Abbey Scientists. London: Roger & Robert Nicholson. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2553524">2553524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abbey+Scientists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Roger+%26+Robert+Nicholson&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2553524&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Ruper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2003" class="citation book cs1">Dugan, James (2003). The great iron ship. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3447-6"><bdi>0-7509-3447-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52288259">52288259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+iron+ship&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52288259&rft.isbn=0-7509-3447-6&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrisUniArchive-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BrisUniArchive_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080733/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/03021207.html">"Brunel Collection: Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859) papers"</a>. Archives Hub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveshub.ac.uk/news/03021207.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+Collection%3A+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel+%281806%E2%80%931859%29+papers&rft.pub=Archives+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiveshub.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F03021207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchanan20067–8-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchanan20067–8_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2006">Buchanan 2006</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-11062264">"Brunel statue stolen from plinth"</a>. BBC News. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brunel+statue+stolen+from+plinth&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-11062264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollardPevsnerSharples2009" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, Richard; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Sharples, Joseph (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dl_ghLUNVGsC&q=flagpole%20great%20eastern%20liverpool&pg=RA1-PA397">Lancashire: Liverpool and the southwest</a>. Yale University Press. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10910-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%3A+Liverpool+and+the+southwest&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10910-8&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rft.au=Sharples%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDl_ghLUNVGsC%26q%3Dflagpole%2520great%2520eastern%2520liverpool%26pg%3DRA1-PA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/history">"History"</a>. Brunel University. 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Brunel+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121012101/http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-isambard-kingdom-brunel">"The Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Portsmouth | Our Pubs"</a>. J D Wetherspoon. 12 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/home/pubs/the-isambard-kingdom-brunel">the original</a> on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%2C+Portsmouth+%26%23124%3B+Our+Pubs&rft.pub=J+D+Wetherspoon&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdwetherspoon.co.uk%2Fhome%2Fpubs%2Fthe-isambard-kingdom-brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/about-us/university-structure/faculties/arts-humanities-business/student-hub/digital-design-fabrication">"Facilities at the University of Plymouth's Brunel Laboratories"</a>. University of Plymouth. Retrieved 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Plymouth&rft.atitle=Facilities+at+the+University+of+Plymouth%27s+Brunel+Laboratories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Funiversity-structure%2Ffaculties%2Farts-humanities-business%2Fstudent-hub%2Fdigital-design-fabrication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2509465.stm">"Churchill voted greatest Briton"</a>. BBC News online. 24 November 2002. Retrieved 4 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Churchill+voted+greatest+Briton&rft.date=2002-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F2509465.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel-museum.org.uk/">"Brunel Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brunel_Museum" title="Brunel Museum">Brunel Museum</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+Museum&rft.pub=Brunel+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel-museum.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="the-brunel-institute" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssgreatbritain.org/brunel-institute/visit">"Visit the Brunel Institute | Visit Bristol's No. 1 Attraction | Brunel's SS Great Britain"</a>. www.ssgreatbritain.org. The SS Great Britain Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ssgreatbritain.org&rft.atitle=Visit+the+Brunel+Institute+%7C+Visit+Bristol%27s+No.+1+Attraction+%7C+Brunel%27s+SS+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssgreatbritain.org%2Fbrunel-institute%2Fvisit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2006" class="citation news cs1">Tye, Stephanie (20 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/675915.how_town_was_put_on_the_map_by_brunel">"How Town was put on the map by Brunel"</a>. Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 22 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Town+was+put+on+the+map+by+Brunel&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swindonadvertiser.co.uk%2Fnews%2F675915.how_town_was_put_on_the_map_by_brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006115–22-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett2006115–22_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett 2006</a>, pp. 115–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/england/wiltshire/article_4.shtml">"A Model for the NHS?]"</a>. BBC Legacies. Retrieved 30 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Model+for+the+NHS%3F%5D&rft.pub=BBC+Legacies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fwork%2Fengland%2Fwiltshire%2Farticle_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEle_Fleming1960H18-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEle_Fleming1960H18_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFle_Fleming1960">le Fleming 1960</a>, p. H18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1993P127-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1993P127_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1993">Davies 1993</a>, p. P127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden198466-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsden198466_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsden1984">Marsden 1984</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223227/http://www.royalmint.com/RoyalMint/web/site/PackedSets/UKIBSP.asp">"2006 Brunel The Man £2 Silver Proof"</a>. Royal Mint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmint.com/RoyalMint/web/site/PackedSets/UKIBSP.asp">the original</a> on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Brunel+The+Man+%C2%A32+Silver+Proof&rft.pub=Royal+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmint.com%2FRoyalMint%2Fweb%2Fsite%2FPackedSets%2FUKIBSP.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoesmith2006" class="citation web cs1">Shoesmith, Kevin (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/690765.brunels-stamp-of-success-celebrated/">"Brunel's stamp of success celebrated"</a>. Swindon Advertiser. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swindon+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Brunel%27s+stamp+of+success+celebrated&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Shoesmith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swindonadvertiser.co.uk%2Fnews%2F690765.brunels-stamp-of-success-celebrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/legacy/brunel_200_events/british_postal_museum.htm">"Brunel 200 Legacy: The British Postal Museum & Archive"</a>. www.brunel200.com. Brunel 200. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brunel200.com&rft.atitle=Brunel+200+Legacy%3A+The+British+Postal+Museum+%26+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brunel200.com%2Flegacy%2Fbrunel_200_events%2Fbritish_postal_museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040247/http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=1840&NewsAreaID=17&SearchCategoryID=-1">"Brunel Bicentennial Celebrations"</a> (Press release). www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=1840&NewsAreaID=17&SearchCategoryID=-1">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+Bicentennial+Celebrations&rft.pub=www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk%2FContent%2FDetail.asp%3FReleaseID%3D1840%26NewsAreaID%3D17%26SearchCategoryID%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscars1976-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Oscars1976_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1976">"The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners"</a>. oscars.org. Retrieved 2 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oscars.org&rft.atitle=The+48th+Academy+Awards+%281976%29+Nominees+and+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2012" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, Danny (28 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://descrier.co.uk/uk/2012/07/london-2012-danny-boyle-welcomes-the-world-to-london/">"Danny Boyle Welcomes The World To London"</a>. The Descrier. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Descrier&rft.atitle=Danny+Boyle+Welcomes+The+World+To+London&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdescrier.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2012%2F07%2Flondon-2012-danny-boyle-welcomes-the-world-to-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhpbooks.com/books/the-great-eastern/">The Great Eastern » Melville House Books</a>. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Eastern+%C2%BB+Melville+House+Books&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhpbooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-great-eastern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecambridgegeek.com/posts/2019/01/20190123-a.php">"Victoriocity – Podcast Review"</a>. The Cambridge Geek. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Geek&rft.atitle=Victoriocity+%E2%80%93+Podcast+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecambridgegeek.com%2Fposts%2F2019%2F01%2F20190123-a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaufoy1834" class="citation book cs1">Beaufoy, Mark (1834). Beaufoy, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6I_AAAAcAAJ">Nautical and Hydraulic Experiments, with numerous Scientific Miscellanies</a>. Vol. I. South Lambeth, Surrey, UK: Privately published by the editor. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nautical+and+Hydraulic+Experiments%2C+with+numerous+Scientific+Miscellanies&rft.place=South+Lambeth%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Privately+published+by+the+editor&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Beaufoy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6I_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> Only the first of a planned three volumes was published</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2006" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Derrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelsbritain0000beck_o9n7">Brunel's Britain</a>. David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-2360-1"><bdi>978-0-7153-2360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Britain&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-2360-1&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrunelsbritain0000beck_o9n7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington1985" class="citation book cs1">Billington, David P (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towerbridgenewar00bill">The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02393-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02393-9"><bdi>978-0-691-02393-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tower+and+the+Bridge%3A+The+New+Art+of+Structural+Engineering&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02393-9&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=David+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowerbridgenewar00bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinding1993" class="citation book cs1">Binding, John (1993). Brunel's Cornish Viaducts. Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-906899-56-7"><bdi>0-906899-56-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Cornish+Viaducts&rft.place=Penryn%2C+Cornwall&rft.pub=Atlantic+Transport+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-906899-56-7&rft.aulast=Binding&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunel1870" class="citation book cs1">Brunel, Isambard (1870). The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer. Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3202088">3202088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%2C+civil+engineer&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3202088&rft.aulast=Brunel&rft.aufirst=Isambard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> (This is Isambard Brunel Junior, IKB's son.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, R. Angus (2006). Brunel: the life and times of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-525-3"><bdi>978-1-85285-525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-525-3&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=R.+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brunel,_Isambard_Kingdom">"Brunel, Isambard Kingdom" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brunel%2C+Isambard+Kingdom&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1993" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Ken (April 1993). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part fourteen: Names and their Origins – ... Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society" title="Railway Correspondence and Travel Society">RCTS</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901115-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901115-75-1"><bdi>978-0-901115-75-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Locomotives+of+the+Great+Western+Railway%2C+part+fourteen%3A+Names+and+their+Origins+%E2%80%93+...&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=RCTS&rft.date=1993-04&rft.isbn=978-0-901115-75-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Dumpleton, Bernard; Miller, Muriel (2002). Brunel's Three Ships. Intellect Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-800-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-800-9"><bdi>978-1-84150-800-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Three+Ships&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-800-9&rft.aulast=Dumpleton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Miller%2C+Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1998" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Ervan G. (1998). History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods (2nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849398100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849398100"><bdi>978-0849398100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Engineering+and+Technology%3A+Artful+Methods&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0849398100&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Ervan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillings2006" class="citation book cs1">Gillings, Annabel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunel0000gill">Brunel (Life & Times)</a>. Haus Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-44-8"><bdi>978-1-904950-44-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel+%28Life+%26+Times%29&rft.pub=Haus+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904950-44-8&rft.aulast=Gillings&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrunel0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Fleming1960" class="citation book cs1">le Fleming, H.M. (1960) [1953]. White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part eight: Modern Passenger Classes (2nd ed.). Kenilworth: <a href="/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society" title="Railway Correspondence and Travel Society">RCTS</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901115-19-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901115-19-5"><bdi>978-0-901115-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Locomotives+of+the+Great+Western+Railway%2C+part+eight%3A+Modern+Passenger+Classes&rft.place=Kenilworth&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=RCTS&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-901115-19-5&rft.aulast=le+Fleming&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1984" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Colin J. (1984). BR Locomotive Numbering. Shepperton: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1445-9"><bdi>978-0-7110-1445-9</bdi></a>. EX/1184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BR+Locomotive+Numbering&rft.place=Shepperton&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-1445-9&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Colin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNokes1895" class="citation book cs1">Nokes, George Augustus (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorygreatwe00nokegoog">A History of the Great Western Railway</a>. Digby, Long & co. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Great+Western+Railway&rft.pub=Digby%2C+Long+%26+co.&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Nokes&rft.aufirst=George+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorygreatwe00nokegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> (373 pages) Online at Internet Archive</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolt1989" class="citation book cs1">Rolt, L.T.C. (1989) [1957]. Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Prentice Hall Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-10744-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-10744-1"><bdi>978-0-582-10744-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-582-10744-1&rft.aulast=Rolt&rft.aufirst=L.T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2007" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Geoffrey (2007). Brunel's Hidden Kingdom. Paignton: Creative Media Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0954607128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0954607128"><bdi>978-0954607128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Hidden+Kingdom&rft.place=Paignton&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0954607128&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1991" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Adrian (1991). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Engineering Knight-Errant. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-4636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-4636-5"><bdi>978-0-7195-4636-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%3A+Engineering+Knight-Errant&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-4636-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-301-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-301-5"><bdi>978-1-85573-301-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Rock%3A+The+Story+of+Metals+Since+Earliest+Times+and+Their+Impact+on+Civilization&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-301-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsambard_Brunel1970" class="citation book cs1">Isambard Brunel (1970) [1870]. The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer. David & Charles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%2C+Civil+Engineer&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Isambard+Brunel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> Written by Brunel's son</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelia_Brunel_Noble1938" class="citation book cs1">Celia Brunel Noble (1938). The Brunels, Father and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brunels%2C+Father+and+Son&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Celia+Brunel+Noble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> Written by Brunel's granddaughter, it adds some family anecdotes and personal information over the previous volume</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Alfred_Pugsley1976" class="citation book cs1">Sir Alfred Pugsley, ed. (1976). The Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel: An Engineering Appreciation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%3A+An+Engineering+Appreciation&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> A technical presentation of Brunel's opus</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Powell1985" class="citation book cs1">Rob Powell (1985). Brunel's Kingdom – Photography and the Making of History. Watershed Media Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9510539-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9510539-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9510539-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Photography+and+the+Making+of+History&rft.pub=Watershed+Media+Centre&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-9510539-0-4&rft.au=Rob+Powell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> A study of how early photography portrayed Victorian industry and engineering, including the celebrated picture of Brunel and the launching chains of the Great Eastern</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Brindle2004" class="citation book cs1">Steven Brindle (2004). Paddington Station: Its history and architecture. English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-70-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-70-0"><bdi>978-1-873592-70-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paddington+Station%3A+Its+history+and+architecture&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-873592-70-0&rft.au=Steven+Brindle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mathewson_and_Derek_Laval1992" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Mathewson and Derek Laval (1992). Brunel's Tunnel...and where it led. Brunel Exhibition Rotherhithe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9504361-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9504361-1-1"><bdi>978-0-9504361-1-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunel%27s+Tunnel...and+where+it+led&rft.pub=Brunel+Exhibition+Rotherhithe&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-9504361-1-1&rft.au=Andrew+Mathewson+and+Derek+Laval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_Byrne_and_Simon_Gurr2006" class="citation book cs1">Eugene Byrne and Simon Gurr (2006). Isambard Kingdom Brunel: a graphic biography. Brunel 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%3A+a+graphic+biography&rft.pub=Brunel+200&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Eugene+Byrne+and+Simon+Gurr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Silver2007" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Silver (2007). Renkioi: Brunel's Forgotten Crimean War Hospital. Valonia Press 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557105-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557105-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9557105-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renkioi%3A+Brunel%27s+Forgotten+Crimean+War+Hospital&rft.pub=Valonia+Press+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9557105-0-6&rft.au=Christopher+Silver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Webb2010" class="citation book cs1">Derek Webb (2010). Is. Parthian Books. Children's book about the reincarnation of IKB with KeyStage 2 UK curriculum links. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906998-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906998-11-0"><bdi>978-1-906998-11-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is&rft.pub=Parthian+Books.+Children%27s+book+about+the+reincarnation+of+IKB+with+KeyStage+2+UK+curriculum+links.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906998-11-0&rft.au=Derek+Webb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Canning1971" class="citation book cs1">John Canning (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/50greathorrorsto00cann">50 Great Horror Stories</a>. Guild Publishing. Anthology of true historical events with elements of horror. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5171367-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5171367-1-3"><bdi>978-0-5171367-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Horror+Stories&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing.+Anthology+of+true+historical+events+with+elements+of+horror&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-5171367-1-3&rft.au=John+Canning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F50greathorrorsto00cann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isambard Kingdom Brunel"> Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41210">The life of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Civil Engineer</a> by Isambard Brunel Junior, at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Brunel%2C%20Isambard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Isambard%20Brunel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brunel%2C%20Isambard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Isambard%20Brunel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brunel%2C%20I%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Isambard%20Brunel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Brunel%2C%20Isambard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Isambard%20Brunel%22%29%20OR%20%28%221806-1859%22%20AND%20Brunel%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704081013/http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Brunel%20Obituary.html">"Obituary in"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Brunel%20Obituary.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obituary+in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vauxhallsociety.org.uk%2FBrunel%2520Obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> 19 September 1859</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designmuseum.org/design/isambard-kingdom-brunel">Brunel biography with additional images</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Design_Museum" title="Design Museum">Design Museum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/brunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml">"Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859)"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel+%281806%E2%80%931859%29&rft.pub=www.bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbrunel_kingdom_isambard.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikbrunel.org.uk">Brunel portal</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607072041/http://www.bris.ac.uk/is/library/collections/specialcollections/archives/brunel/">"Brunel Archives"</a>. University of Bristol. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/is/library/collections/specialcollections/archives/brunel/">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunel+Archives&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2Fis%2Flibrary%2Fcollections%2Fspecialcollections%2Farchives%2Fbrunel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830153111/http://www.mrsite.co.uk/usersitesv34/willrobinsonwriter.com/wwwroot/page6.htm">"Review of "The Intemperate Engineer" by Adrian Vaughan"</a>. Will Robinson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrsite.co.uk/usersitesv34/willrobinsonwriter.com/wwwroot/page6.htm">the original</a> on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+%22The+Intemperate+Engineer%22+by+Adrian+Vaughan&rft.pub=Will+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrsite.co.uk%2Fusersitesv34%2Fwillrobinsonwriter.com%2Fwwwroot%2Fpage6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429185828/http://www.josephwallace.co.uk/independent-film#/brunel/">"'The Life and Death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel' Short film"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephwallace.co.uk/independent-film#/brunel/">the original</a> on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Life+and+Death+of+Isambard+Kingdom+Brunel%27+Short+film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephwallace.co.uk%2Findependent-film%23%2Fbrunel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsambard+Kingdom+Brunel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel200.com/legacy/index.html">Brunel 200 Legacy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Template:Isambard Kingdom Brunel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Template talk:Isambard Kingdom Brunel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isambard Kingdom Brunel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_and_Exeter_Railway" title="Bristol and Exeter Railway">Bristol and Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_and_Gloucester_Railway" title="Bristol and Gloucester Railway">Bristol and Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_and_South_Wales_Union_Railway" title="Bristol and South Wales Union Railway">Bristol and South Wales Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_and_Great_Western_Union_Railway" title="Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway">Cheltenham and Great Western Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway" title="Cornwall Railway">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_and_Torbay_Railway" title="Dartmouth and Torbay Railway">Dartmouth and Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Somerset_Railway" title="East Somerset Railway">East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_branch_line" title="Brentford branch line">Great Western and Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llynvi_and_Ogmore_Railway#Llynvi_Valley_Railway" title="Llynvi and Ogmore Railway">Llynvi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Worcester_and_Wolverhampton_Railway" title="Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway">Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_Company" title="South Devon Railway Company">South Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_and_Tavistock_Railway" title="South Devon and Tavistock Railway">South Devon and Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Railway" title="South Wales Railway">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Mineral_Railway" title="South Wales Mineral Railway">South Wales Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway" title="Taff Vale Railway">Taff Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Neath_Railway" title="Vale of Neath Railway">Vale of Neath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Cornwall_Railway" title="West Cornwall Railway">West Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway" title="West Somerset Railway">West Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilts,_Somerset_and_Weymouth_Railway" title="Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway">Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station" title="Bath Spa railway station">Bath Spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford-on-Avon_railway_station" title="Bradford-on-Avon railway station">Bradford-on-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_railway_station" title="Bridgend railway station">Bridgend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_railway_station" title="Bridgwater railway station">Bridgwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol Temple Meads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charfield_railway_station" title="Charfield railway station">Charfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlbury_railway_station" title="Charlbury railway station">Charlbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippenham_railway_station" title="Chippenham railway station">Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirencester_Town_railway_station" title="Cirencester Town railway station">Cirencester Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crediton_railway_station" title="Crediton railway station">Crediton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culham_railway_station" title="Culham railway station">Culham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Thomas_railway_station" title="Exeter St Thomas railway station">Exeter St Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liskeard_railway_station" title="Liskeard railway station">Liskeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_railway_station" title="Mortimer railway station">Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Station" title="The Railway Station">The Railway Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_London_Paddington" title="Hilton London Paddington">Hilton Hotel, Paddington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Germans_railway_station" title="St Germans railway station">St Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station#Great_Western_Railway" title="Salisbury railway station">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_railway_station" title="Stroud railway station">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disused_railway_stations_on_the_Bristol_to_Exeter_Line#Weston_Junction" title="Disused railway stations on the Bristol to Exeter Line">Weston Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatton_railway_station" title="Yatton railway station">Yatton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Bridges and viaducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angarrack_viaduct" title="Angarrack viaduct">Angarrack viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avon_Bridge" title="Avon Bridge">Avon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_railway_station#Civil_engineering" title="Bath Spa railway station">Bath:St James's Bridge; Skew Bridge; St James' Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Bridge" title="Bishop's Bridge">Bishop's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepstow_Railway_Bridge" title="Chepstow Railway Bridge">Chepstow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippenham_railway_station#Chippenham_viaduct" title="Chippenham railway station">Chippenham viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Railway_viaducts" title="Cornwall Railway viaducts">Cornwall Railway viaducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnon_viaduct" title="Carnon viaduct">Carnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pinnock#St_Pinnock_Viaduct" title="St Pinnock">St Pinnock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Basin_(Bristol)#Swing_bridges" title="Cumberland Basin (Bristol)">Cumberland Basin swing bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol%E2%80%93Exeter_line#Weston-super-Mare_to_Taunton" title="Bristol–Exeter line">"Devil's Bridge", Uphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehampton_Railway_Bridge" title="Gatehampton Railway Bridge">Gatehampton Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landore_Viaduct" title="Landore Viaduct">Landore Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughor_Viaduct" title="Loughor Viaduct">Loughor Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead_Railway_Bridge" title="Maidenhead Railway Bridge">Maidenhead Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain,_Steam_and_Speed_%E2%80%93_The_Great_Western_Railway" title="Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway">Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulsford_Railway_Bridge" title="Moulsford Railway Bridge">Moulsford Railway Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_railway_station#Somerset_Bridge" title="Bridgwater railway station">Somerset Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bridges,_London" title="Three Bridges, London">Three Bridges, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usk_Railway_Bridge" title="Usk Railway Bridge">Usk Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharncliffe_Viaduct" title="Wharncliffe Viaduct">Wharncliffe Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Railway_Bridge" title="Windsor Railway Bridge">Windsor Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Tunnels and earthworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_Tunnel" title="Box Tunnel">Box Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockett_railway_station#Cockett_Tunnel" title="Cockett railway station">Cockett Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_arch#Notable_examples" title="Flying arch">Llansamlet arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapperton_Railway_Tunnel" title="Sapperton Railway Tunnel">Sapperton Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonning_Cutting" title="Sonning Cutting">Sonning Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Banks" title="South Devon Banks">South Devon Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_sea_wall" title="South Devon Railway sea wall">South Devon Railway sea wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Bank,_Somerset" title="Wellington Bank, Somerset">Wellington Bank, Somerset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Ships, harbours and waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Steamship_Company" title="Great Western Steamship Company">Great Western Steamship Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">SS Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_rudder" title="Balanced rudder">Balanced rudder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS Great Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern">Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern</a> (1857 photograph)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Archimedes" title="SS Archimedes">SS Archimedes</a> borrowed by Brunel, used for propeller tests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Dock" title="Brentford Dock">Brentford Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Basin_(Bristol)" title="Cumberland Basin (Bristol)">Cumberland Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfall_Yard" title="Underfall Yard">Underfall Yard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbay" title="Millbay">Millbay Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport_Canal" title="Westport Canal">Westport Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Other engineering and building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_Railway_engine_houses" title="South Devon Railway engine houses">Atmospheric railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_flange_girder" title="Balloon flange girder">Balloon flange girder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway#Brunel's_7-foot_gauge_and_the_"gauge_war"" title="Great Western Railway">Broad gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steventon_railway_station#Headquarters_of_the_GWR" title="Steventon railway station">Brook House, Steventon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew%27s_Hole,_Bristol#Tar_works" title="Crew's Hole, Bristol">Crew's Hole tar works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace#Crystal_Palace_Park" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace water towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> (Brunel on committee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malmaison_Hotel,_Reading" title="Malmaison Hotel, Reading">Malmaison Hotel, Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renkioi_Hospital" title="Renkioi Hospital">Renkioi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_A,_B,_C" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society A, B, C">Fellow of the Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> (VP from 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Breguet" title="Abraham-Louis Breguet">Abraham-Louis Breguet</a> (trained Brunel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pearson_Brereton" title="Robert Pearson Brereton">Robert Pearson Brereton</a> (Chief assistant)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Kingdom" title="Sophia Kingdom">Sophia Kingdom</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_House" title="Lindsey House">Lindsey House</a> (childhood home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">University of Caen Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV" title="Lycée Henri-IV">Lycée Henri-IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Marc_Brunel" title="Henry Marc Brunel">Henry Marc Brunel</a> (second son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_from_A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream">Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream</a> (picture commissioned by Brunel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_Manor" title="Brunel Manor">Brunel Manor</a> (commissioned by Brunel for his retirement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Guppy" title="Sarah Guppy">Sarah Guppy</a>, whose portrait was painted by Brunel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Legacy and commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Statues of Brunel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel,_Victoria_Embankment" title="Statue of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Paddington" title="List of public art in Paddington">Paddington Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Bristol#Temple" title="List of public art in Bristol">Bristol Temple Meads Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_Museum" title="Brunel Museum">Brunel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain#Being_Brunel" title="SS Great Britain">Being Brunel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didcot_Railway_Centre#Broad_Gauge_Line" title="Didcot Railway Centre">Broad gauge running line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_the_Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="List of English Heritage blue plaques in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Blue plaque</a>, 98 Cheyne Walk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Historic_Mechanical_Engineering_Landmarks" title="List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks">List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks</a> (<a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Britain" title="SS Great Britain">SS Great Britain</a> #97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_University_of_London" title="Brunel University of London">Brunel University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NR_Brunel" title="NR Brunel">NR Brunel</a> (Network Rail typeface)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_Award" title="Brunel Award">Brunel Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> (Brunel #2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_pound_coin#Variants" title="Two pound coin">Two Brunel £2 coins in 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Green_and_Pleasant_Land_(21:04–21:09)" title="2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2012 London Olympics opening ceremony</a> featured Brunel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_(opera_project)" title="Brunel (opera project)">Brunel (opera project)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>• <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_of_Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Category:Works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Other works of Brunel</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Track_gauge_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Template talk:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_track_gauge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox track gauge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Track_gauge_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minimum-gauge_railway#Installations" title="Minimum-gauge railway">Minimum-gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Minimum-gauge_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Minimum-gauge railways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen-inch_gauge_railway" title="Fifteen-inch gauge railway">15 in</a> (381 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="400 mm gauge railway">400 mm</a> (15+3⁄4 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ridable_miniature_railways#16_in" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ridable miniature railways">16 in</a> (406 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="18 in gauge railway">18 in</a> (457 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_in_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="19 in gauge railway">19 in</a> (483 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_mm_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="500 mm gauge railway">500 mm</a> (19+3⁄4 in)</li> <li>20 in (508 mm)</li> <li>21 in (533 mm)</li> <li>1 ft 10 in (559 mm)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">2 foot and 600 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="List of 2 ft 3 in gauge railways">2 ft 3 in</a> (686 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/750_mm_gauge_railways" title="750 mm gauge railways">750 mm</a> (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian gauge">760 mm</a> (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="2 ft 6 in gauge railways">2 ft 6 in</a> (762 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_mm_gauge_railways" title="800 mm gauge railways">800 mm</a> (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in)</li> <li>891 mm (2 ft 11+3⁄32 in) <a href="/wiki/Swedish_three_foot_gauge_railways" title="Swedish three foot gauge railways">Swedish three foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/900_mm_gauge_railways" title="900 mm gauge railways">900 mm</a> (2 ft 11+7⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways" title="3 ft gauge railways">3 ft</a> (914 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">950 mm</a> (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railways_in_Italy#Italian_metre-gauge_lines_(950_mm)" title="Narrow-gauge railways in Italy">Italian metre gauge</a></li> <li>1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">1,050 mm</a> (3 ft 5+11⁄32 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_for_Rail_Transport" title="National Company for Rail Transport">1,055 mm</a> (3 ft 5+1⁄2 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_ft_6_in_gauge_railways" title="3 ft 6 in gauge railways">3 ft 6 in</a> (1,067 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping%E2%80%93Uttersberg%E2%80%93Riddarhyttan_Railway" title="Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway">1,093 mm</a> (3 ft 7 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tram" title="Santa Teresa Tram">1,100 mm</a> (3 ft 7+5⁄16 in),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway#Four_foot_and_1200_mm_gauge" title="Narrow-gauge railway">1,200 mm</a> (3 ft 11+1⁄4 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_foot_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Four foot gauge railway">4 ft</a> (1,219 mm)</li> <li>4 ft 1 in (1,245 mm), <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Railway" title="Middleton Railway">Middleton Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="4 ft 6 in gauge railway">4 ft 6 in</a> (1,372 mm), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_and_Newtyle_Railway" title="Dundee and Newtyle Railway">4 ft 6+1⁄2 in</a> (1,384 mm), Scotch gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation_Tramways" title="Glasgow Corporation Tramways">4 ft 7+3⁄4 in</a> (1,416 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_ft_8_in_gauge_railways" title="4 ft 8 in gauge railways">4 ft 8 in</a> (1,422 mm), almost standard gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro_rolling_stock" title="Washington Metro rolling stock">4 ft 8+1⁄4 in</a> (1,429 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway#Modern_almost_standard_gauge_railways" title="Standard-gauge railway">1,432 mm</a> (4 ft 8+3⁄8 in)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">Standard gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">4 ft 8+1⁄2 in</a> / 1,435 mm, Stephenson gauge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Moritz%E2%80%93Corviglia_funicular" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Moritz–Corviglia funicular">1,440 mm</a> (4 ft 8+11⁄16 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Italy" title="Track gauge in Italy">1,445 mm (4 ft 8+7⁄8 in)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">1,450 mm</a> (4 ft 9+3⁄32 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_and_Mahoning_Valley_Railroad" title="Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad">4 ft 9+3⁄8 in</a> (1,457 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">1,458 mm</a> (4 ft 9+13⁄32 in)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto-gauge_railways" title="Toronto-gauge railways">4 ft 10+7⁄8 in</a> (1,495 mm), Toronto gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">5 ft / 1,524 mm and 1,520 mm</a> (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), Russian gauge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Subway%E2%80%93Surface_Trolley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPTA Subway–Surface Trolley Lines">5 ft 2+1⁄4 in</a> / 1,581 mm and <a href="/wiki/Five_foot_two_and_a_half_inch_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Five foot two and a half inch gauge railways">5 ft 2+1⁄2 in</a> / 1,588 mm, Pennsylvania gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_3_in_gauge_railways" title="5 ft 3 in gauge railways">5 ft 3 in</a> (1,600 mm), Irish gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_4%C2%BD_in_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="5 ft 4½ in gauge railways">5 ft 4+1⁄2 in</a> (1,638 mm), Baltimore gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian gauge">1,668 mm</a> (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in), Iberian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway">5 ft 6 in</a> (1,676 mm), Indian gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Arend_(locomotive)" title="De Arend (locomotive)">1,945 mm</a> (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in), De Arend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-foot-%C2%BC-inch_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="7-foot-¼-inch gauge railway">7 ft 1⁄4 in</a> (2,140 mm), Brunel gauge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitspurbahn" title="Breitspurbahn">3,000 mm</a> (9 ft 10+1⁄8 in), Breitspurbahn</li> <li>8,200 mm (26 ft 10+27⁄32 in), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4rchwandschr%C3%A4gaufzug" title="Lärchwandschrägaufzug">Lärchwandschrägaufzug</a></li> <li>9,000 mm (29 ft 6+5⁄16 in), <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_ship_lift" title="Krasnoyarsk ship lift">Krasnoyarsk ship lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of track gauge articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_track_gauges" title="List of track gauges">List of track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram track gauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Miniature_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Minimum-gauge_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Minimum-gauge railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway#Large_amusement_railways" title="Ridable miniature railway">Large amusement railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gauge differences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie_exchange" title="Bogie exchange">Bogie exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_of_gauge" title="Break of gauge">Break of gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">Dual gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">Gauge conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gauge_conversions" title="List of gauge conversions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_gauge" title="Variable gauge">Variable gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport mode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram and light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridable_miniature_railway" title="Ridable miniature railway">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling_scales" title="Rail transport modelling scales">Scale model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_country" title="Category:Track gauges by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_imperial_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by imperial unit">by imperial units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_metric_unit" title="Category:Track gauges by metric unit">by metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Track_gauges_by_name" title="Category:Track gauges by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_track_gauges" title="Category:Lists of track gauges">lists of track gauges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Western_Railway_locomotives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GWR_Locomotives" title="Template:GWR Locomotives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GWR_Locomotives" title="Template talk:GWR Locomotives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GWR_Locomotives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GWR Locomotives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Western_Railway_locomotives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_Great_Western_Railway" title="Locomotives of the Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway locomotives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Works" title="Swindon Works">Swindon</a> <a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">broad gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunel</a> (1833–1837)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Haigh_Foundry_locomotives" title="GWR Haigh Foundry locomotives">Haigh Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Mather,_Dixon_locomotives" title="GWR Mather, Dixon locomotives">Mather, Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Sharp,_Roberts_locomotives" title="GWR Sharp, Roberts locomotives">Sharp, Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Charles_Tayleur_locomotives" title="GWR Charles Tayleur locomotives">Charles Tayleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Hurricane_locomotive" title="GWR Hurricane locomotive">Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Thunderer_locomotive" title="GWR Thunderer locomotive">Thunderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch" title="Daniel Gooch">Gooch</a> (1837–1864)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Ariadne_Class" title="GWR Ariadne Class">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Banking_Class" title="GWR Banking Class">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Bogie_Class" title="GWR Bogie Class">Bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Caesar_Class" title="GWR Caesar Class">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Firefly_Class" title="GWR Firefly Class">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Hercules_Class" title="GWR Hercules Class">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Iron_Duke_class" title="GWR Iron Duke class">Iron Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Leo_Class" title="GWR Leo Class">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Metropolitan_Class" title="GWR Metropolitan Class">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Premier_Class" title="GWR Premier Class">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Prince_Class" title="GWR Prince Class">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Pyracmon_Class" title="GWR Pyracmon Class">Pyracmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Star_Class" title="GWR Star Class">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Sun_Class" title="GWR Sun Class">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Victoria_Class" title="GWR Victoria Class">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Waverley_Class" title="GWR Waverley Class">Waverley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Armstrong_(engineer)" title="Joseph Armstrong (engineer)">J. Armstrong</a> (1864–1877)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Hawthorn_Class" title="GWR Hawthorn Class">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Iron_Duke_class" title="GWR Iron Duke class">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Sir_Watkin_Class" title="GWR Sir Watkin Class">Sir Watkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_388_class" title="GWR 388 class">Standard Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Swindon_Class" title="GWR Swindon Class">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1076_Class" title="GWR 1076 Class">1076</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_(engineer)" title="William Dean (engineer)">Dean</a> (1877–1902)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Dean_experimental_locomotives" title="GWR Dean experimental locomotives">Experimental locomotives (8, 14, 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3001_Class" title="GWR 3001 Class">3001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3501_class" title="GWR 3501 class">3501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3521_Class" title="GWR 3521 Class">3521</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_railway_works" title="Wolverhampton railway works">Wolverhampton</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Armstrong_(engineer)" title="Joseph Armstrong (engineer)">J. Armstrong</a> (1854–1864)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Joseph_Armstrong_locomotives_(Wolverhampton)#The_7_Class" title="GWR Joseph Armstrong locomotives (Wolverhampton)">7/8/30/110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Joseph_Armstrong_locomotives_(Wolverhampton)#The_17_Class" title="GWR Joseph Armstrong locomotives (Wolverhampton)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Joseph_Armstrong_locomotives_(Wolverhampton)#The_111_Class" title="GWR Joseph Armstrong locomotives (Wolverhampton)">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Joseph_Armstrong_locomotives_(Wolverhampton)#The_302_Class" title="GWR Joseph Armstrong locomotives (Wolverhampton)">302</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_(engineer)" title="George Armstrong (engineer)">G. Armstrong</a> (1864–1897)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_34_Class" title="GWR 34 Class">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_108_Class" title="GWR 108 Class">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_119_Class_(tank_engine)" title="GWR 119 Class (tank engine)">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_322_Class_(tank_engine)" title="GWR 322 Class (tank engine)">322 (tank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_517_Class" title="GWR 517 Class">517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_633_Class" title="GWR 633 Class">633</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_645_and_1501_Classes" title="GWR 645 and 1501 Classes">645</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_655_Class" title="GWR 655 Class">655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_850_Class" title="GWR 850 Class">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1016_Class" title="GWR 1016 Class">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_645_and_1501_Classes" title="GWR 645 and 1501 Classes">1501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1901_Class" title="GWR 1901 Class">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3571_class" title="GWR 3571 class">3571</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Works" title="Swindon Works">Swindon</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch" title="Daniel Gooch">Gooch</a> (1855–1864)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#57_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#69_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#77_and_167_classes" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">77/167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#79_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#91_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#93_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#131_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">131/310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#"England"_or_"Chancellor"_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">149 England/Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#"Sharps"_or_157_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">157 Sharps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#320_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch_standard_gauge_locomotives#322_or_"Beyer"_Class" title="Daniel Gooch standard gauge locomotives">322 Beyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Armstrong_(engineer)" title="Joseph Armstrong (engineer)">J. Armstrong</a> (1864–1877)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Queen_Class" title="GWR Queen Class">55 Queen/Sir Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_455_Class" title="GWR 455 Class">455 Metro Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_56_Class" title="GWR 56 Class">56/717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_927_Class" title="GWR 927 Class">927 Coal Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_360_Class" title="GWR 360 Class">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_378_Class" title="GWR 378 Class">378 Sir Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_388_class" title="GWR 388 class">388 Standard Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_439_Class" title="GWR 439 Class">439 Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_481_Class" title="GWR 481 Class">481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_806_Class" title="GWR 806 Class">806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1076_Class" title="GWR 1076 Class">1076</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_(engineer)" title="William Dean (engineer)">Dean</a> (1877–1902)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Dean_experimental_locomotives" title="GWR Dean experimental locomotives">Experimental locomotives (1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 34, 35, 1490, 1833)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_7_(Armstrong)_Class" title="GWR 7 (Armstrong) Class">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_No._36" title="GWR No. 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_River_Class" title="GWR River Class">69 River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_157_Class_(Dean)" title="GWR 157 Class (Dean)">157 Sharpies/Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1661_Class" title="GWR 1661 Class">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1813_Class" title="GWR 1813 Class">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1854_Class" title="GWR 1854 Class">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2021_Class" title="GWR 2021 Class">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2201_Class" title="GWR 2201 Class">2201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2301_Class" title="GWR 2301 Class">2301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2361_Class" title="GWR 2361 Class">2361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2600_Class" title="GWR 2600 Class">2600 Aberdare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2602_Class" title="GWR 2602 Class">2602 Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2721_Class" title="GWR 2721 Class">2721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3031_Class" title="GWR 3031 Class">3031 Dean Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3201_Class" title="GWR 3201 Class">3201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3206_Class" title="GWR 3206 Class">3206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3232_Class" title="GWR 3232 Class">3232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3252_Class" title="GWR 3252 Class">3252 Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3300_Class" title="GWR 3300 Class">3300 Bulldog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3521_Class" title="GWR 3521 Class">3521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3600_Class" title="GWR 3600 Class">3600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4100_Class" title="GWR 4100 Class">4100 Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_850_Class#Crane_tanks" title="GWR 850 Class">Crane tanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Churchward" title="George Jackson Churchward">Churchward</a> (1902–1921)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_101_Class" title="GWR 101 Class">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_102_La_France" title="GWR 102 La France">102 La France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_103_President" title="GWR 103 President">103 President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_111_The_Great_Bear" title="GWR 111 The Great Bear">111 The Great Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1361_Class" title="GWR 1361 Class">1361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2221_Class" title="GWR 2221 Class">2221 County Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2800_Class" title="GWR 2800 Class">2800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2900_Class" title="GWR 2900 Class">2900 Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5100_Class" title="GWR 5100 Class">3100 (later 5100)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3150_Class" title="GWR 3150 Class">3150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3700_Class" title="GWR 3700 Class">3700 City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3800_Class" title="GWR 3800 Class">3800 County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3901_Class" title="GWR 3901 Class">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4000_Class" title="GWR 4000 Class">4000 Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4200_Class" title="GWR 4200 Class">4200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4300_Class" title="GWR 4300 Class">4300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4400_Class" title="GWR 4400 Class">4400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4500_Class" title="GWR 4500 Class">4500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4600_Class" title="GWR 4600 Class">4600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4700_Class" title="GWR 4700 Class">4700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_petrol-electric_railcar" title="GWR petrol-electric railcar">Petrol-electric railcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_steam_rail_motors" title="GWR steam rail motors">Rail motors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Collett" title="Charles Collett">Collett</a> (1922–1941)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_No._12" title="GWR No. 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1101_Class" title="GWR 1101 Class">1101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1366_Class" title="GWR 1366 Class">1366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2251_Class" title="GWR 2251 Class">2251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_2884_Class" title="GWR 2884 Class">2884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3000_Class" title="GWR 3000 Class">3000 (ex-ROD 2-8-0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3100_Class" title="GWR 3100 Class">3100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_3200_Class" title="GWR 3200 Class">3200 (later 9000) Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4073_Class" title="GWR 4073 Class">4073 Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4575_Class" title="GWR 4575 Class">4575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1400_Class" title="GWR 1400 Class">4800 (later 1400)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_4900_Class" title="GWR 4900 Class">4900 Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5101_Class" title="GWR 5101 Class">5101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5205_Class" title="GWR 5205 Class">5205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5400_Class" title="GWR 5400 Class">5400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5600_Class" title="GWR 5600 Class">5600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5700_Class" title="GWR 5700 Class">5700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5800_Class" title="GWR 5800 Class">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6000_Class" title="GWR 6000 Class">6000 King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6100_Class" title="GWR 6100 Class">6100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6400_Class" title="GWR 6400 Class">6400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6800_Class" title="GWR 6800 Class">6800 Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_7200_Class" title="GWR 7200 Class">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6400_Class" title="GWR 6400 Class">7400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_7800_Class" title="GWR 7800 Class">7800 Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_5100_Class" title="GWR 5100 Class">8100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_railcars" title="GWR railcars">Diesel railcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_diesel_shunters" title="GWR diesel shunters">Diesel shunters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_D3/10" title="British Rail Class D3/10">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hawksworth" title="Frederick Hawksworth">Hawksworth</a> (1941–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1000_Class" title="GWR 1000 Class">1000 County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1500_Class" title="GWR 1500 Class">1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_1600_Class" title="GWR 1600 Class">1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_6959_Class" title="GWR 6959 Class">6959 Modified Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_9400_Class" title="GWR 9400 Class">9400</a></li> <li>Gas turbine-electric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_18000" title="British Rail 18000">18000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_18100" title="British Rail 18100">18100</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Proposed designs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Cathedral_Class" title="GWR Cathedral Class">8000 Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Absorbed locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Company" title="Barry Railway Company">Barry Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_A" title="Barry Railway Class A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_B" title="Barry Railway Class B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_B1" title="Barry Railway Class B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_C" title="Barry Railway Class C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_D" title="Barry Railway Class D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_E" title="Barry Railway Class E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_F" title="Barry Railway Class F">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_G" title="Barry Railway Class G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_H" title="Barry Railway Class H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_K" title="Barry Railway Class K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_J" title="Barry Railway Class J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Railway_Class_L" title="Barry Railway Class L">L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway" title="Rhymney Railway">Rhymney Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_A_class" title="Rhymney Railway A class">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_P_class" title="Rhymney Railway P class">AP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymney_Railway_B_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymney Railway B class (page does not exist)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymney_Railway_I_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymney Railway I class (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymney_Railway_K_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymney Railway K class (page does not exist)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymney_Railway_L_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymney Railway L class (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymney_Railway_L1_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymney Railway L1 class (page does not exist)">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_M_class" title="Rhymney Railway M class">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_P_class" title="Rhymney Railway P class">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_P_class" title="Rhymney Railway P class">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_R_class" title="Rhymney Railway R class">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_S_class" title="Rhymney Railway S class">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymney_Railway_S_class" title="Rhymney Railway S class">S1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway" title="Taff Vale Railway">Taff Vale Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_A_class" title="Taff Vale Railway A class">A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_C_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway C class (page does not exist)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_D_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway D class (page does not exist)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_E_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway E class (page does not exist)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_H_class" title="Taff Vale Railway H class">H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_K_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway K class (page does not exist)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_L_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway L class (page does not exist)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_M1_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway M1 class (page does not exist)">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_N_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway N class (page does not exist)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_O_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway O class (page does not exist)">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_O1_class" title="Taff Vale Railway O1 class">O1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_O2_class" title="Taff Vale Railway O2 class">O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_O3_class" title="Taff Vale Railway O3 class">O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_O4_class" title="Taff Vale Railway O4 class">O4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_S_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway S class (page does not exist)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_T_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway T class (page does not exist)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_U1_class" title="Taff Vale Railway U1 class">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_U1_class" title="Taff Vale Railway U1 class">U1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taff_Vale_Railway_V_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taff Vale Railway V class (page does not exist)">V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_absorbed_locomotives" title="Great Western Railway absorbed locomotives">Other absorbed locomotives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow gauge</a> locomotives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Corris_Railway" title="Corris Railway">Corris Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Haydn_(locomotive)" title="Sir Haydn (locomotive)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(locomotive)" title="Edward Thomas (locomotive)">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Welshpool_and_Llanfair_Light_Railway" title="Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway">Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welshpool_and_Llanfair_Light_Railway_No.1_The_Earl_and_No.2_Countess" title="Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway No.1 The Earl and No.2 Countess">822–823</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Rheidol_Railway" title="Vale of Rheidol Railway">Vale of Rheidol Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rheidol_(locomotive)" title="Rheidol (locomotive)">1198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_Rheidol_Tanks" title="GWR Rheidol Tanks">7–9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Wheel_arrangement" title="Wheel arrangement">wheel arrangement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_0-4-0ST" title="GWR 0-4-0ST">0-4-0ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_0-6-0PT" title="GWR 0-6-0PT">0-6-0PT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_0-6-2T_locomotives" title="Welsh 0-6-2T locomotives">0-6-2T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GWR_locomotive_numbering_and_classification" title="GWR locomotive numbering and classification">Locomotive numbering and classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWR_oil_burning_steam_locomotives" title="GWR oil burning steam locomotives">Oil burning steam locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GWR_standard_classes_with_two_outside_cylinders" title="List of GWR standard classes with two outside cylinders">2-cylinder standard classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotives_of_British_Railways" title="Steam locomotives of British Railways">British Railways steam locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_Great_Western_Railway" title="Locomotives of the Great Western Railway">GWR locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway">LMS locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway">LNER locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_Southern_Railway_(UK)" title="Locomotives of the Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway locomotives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207380#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066758632">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25385167">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14033/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd7r7hQ9W9yKBDVPgYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117638099">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041053">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145446481">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145446481">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01059102">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023093">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002157554&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070355290">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90180323">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000093434&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrttl9z4l10mmb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813657097405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259110105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14157691">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500029621">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/133967">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/24240">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797073">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1000002">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117638099.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117638099">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085620203">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64r8k89">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tb1bqn">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/70335">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&oldid=1259655586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&oldid=1259655586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1806_births" title="Category:1806 births">1806 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_deaths" title="Category:1859 deaths">1859 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Category:Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_civil_engineers" title="Category:English civil engineers">English civil engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_bridge_engineers" title="Category:British bridge engineers">British bridge engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_railway_pioneers" title="Category:British railway pioneers">British railway pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_inventors" title="Category:19th-century British inventors">19th-century British inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Category:People of the Industrial Revolution">People of the Industrial Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_naval_architects" title="Category:British naval architects">British naval architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_railway_civil_engineers" title="Category:British railway civil engineers">British railway civil engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_structural_engineers" title="Category:British structural engineers">British structural engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viaduct_engineers" title="Category:Viaduct engineers">Viaduct engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architectural_designers" title="Category:Architectural designers">Architectural designers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Western_Railway_people" title="Category:Great Western Railway people">Great Western Railway people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_buildings_and_structures" title="Category:Isambard Kingdom Brunel buildings and structures">Isambard Kingdom Brunel buildings and structures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Brunel_University_London" title="Category:People associated with Brunel University London">People associated with Brunel University London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Portsea,_Portsmouth" title="Category:People from Portsea, Portsmouth">People from Portsea, Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineers_from_Portsmouth" title="Category:Engineers from Portsmouth">Engineers from Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_people_of_French_descent" title="Category:English people of French descent">English people of French descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV_alumni" title="Category:Lycée Henri-IV alumni">Lycée Henri-IV alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery">Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_nephritis" title="Category:Deaths from nephritis">Deaths from nephritis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_engineers" title="Category:19th-century British engineers">19th-century British engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_architects" title="Category:19th-century English architects">19th-century English architects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architects_from_Portsmouth" title="Category:Architects from Portsmouth">Architects from Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Portsmouth" title="Category:Businesspeople from Portsmouth">Businesspeople from Portsmouth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_September_2013" title="Category:EngvarB from September 2013">EngvarB from September 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_coordinates" title="Category:Lists of coordinates">Lists of coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_coordinate_lists" title="Category:Geographic coordinate lists">Geographic coordinate lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Geo" title="Category:Articles with Geo">Articles with Geo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 10:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-xjnh6","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.329","walltime":"2.794","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21558,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":650350,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33845,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":482476,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2391.656 1 -total"," 23.40% 559.760 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.89% 332.218 8 Template:Navbox"," 13.11% 313.449 1 Template:Infobox_engineer"," 10.28% 245.817 1 Template:Navbox_track_gauge"," 9.84% 235.225 51 Template:Cite_book"," 8.60% 205.734 52 Template:Cite_web"," 7.44% 178.003 65 Template:PoIgb"," 6.85% 163.823 32 Template:Sfn"," 6.72% 160.717 51 Template:Track_gauge"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.430","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19449082,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaseng1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Mathewson_and_Derek_Laval1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaufoy1834\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckett2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillington1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinding1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrindle2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrunel1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadbury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelia_Brunel_Noble1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Silver2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrittal1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerek_Webb2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumpletonMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugene_Byrne_and_Simon_Gurr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrison1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillings2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnacio_Villarreal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsambard_Brunel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Canning1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLienhard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDermot1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsden1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortimer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasmyth1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNokes1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllivier1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollardPevsnerSharples2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRob_Powell1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolt1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenior_Archaeological_Officer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoesmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Alfred_Pugsley1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpratt1958\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStephens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Brindle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimbs1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTye2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolmar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFle_Fleming1960\"] = 1,\n [\"brunels-ss-great-britain\"] = 1,\n [\"the-brunel-institute\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Brunel\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear right\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Brunel, Isambard Kingdom\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"GWR Locomotives\"] = 1,\n [\"GeoGroup\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox engineer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Navbox track gauge\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"PoIgb\"] = 65,\n [\"PoIgb end\"] = 1,\n [\"PoIgb start\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"RailGauge\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SS\"] = 14,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"Stnlnk\"] = 18,\n [\"Track gauge\"] = 1,\n [\"TrackGauge\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 5,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","21.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.8"],["getArgs \u003CModule:Arguments:57\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.5"],["[others]","460","28.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7b457d66f4-bb2mn","timestamp":"20241126121923","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207380","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207380","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-08T14:52:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/Robert_Howlett_%28Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel_Standing_Before_the_Launching_Chains_of_the_Great_Eastern%29%2C_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_-_restoration1.jpg","headline":"British mechanical and civil engineer (1806-1859)"}</script> </body> </html>